ORAL COM

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental condition that act as a barrier in communication in
sending the message from sender to receiver.
Examples: People talking too loud, Noise from a construction site, Loud sound of a karaoke, Blaring of jeepney horns

Psychological Barriers are called as mental barriers. These refer to social and personal issues of a
speaker towards communicating with others.
Examples: trauma, shyness, lack of confidence, depression, fear, stage fright

Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people regarding their intrinsic
values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others. People’s culture affect the way they communicate
and relate to others
Examples: different beliefs, traditions, and customs, manners of dressing, speaking

Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings. Because words carry
denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes cause confusion and misunderstanding.
Meaning of words and symbols also vary depending on culture.
Examples: difference in language, accent and dialect, use of jargon and slang, speech defects or language impairments

External Noises are the “sight, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s attention away from intended
meaning.”
Examples: noise from vehicles, singing at the neighborhood, visual aids in front of the classroom, the dog barking, the
sound of airplane

Internal noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning.”
Examples: confrontation with a friend, fear of speaking in front of the class, racial prejudice

Semantic noises are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.”

This idea means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of the students. This is affected by
the language in which they grew and the culture in which they are exposed.
Examples: incorrect grammar, using excessive technical jargon, using idiomatic expressions

5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown (study detailed info)

Have Clarity of thought before speaking, Learn to Listen, Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others, Communicate Face to Face on the important issues

HERE ARE SOME STRATEGIES TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN:

Keep Focused Speak Intelligibly Listen with your Ears and Eyes Minimize Distractions Be Specific Do not Jump to Conclusions
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
Context refers to the setting in which the communication takes place. It helps to establish meaning and can influence what is said
and how it is said

• INTRAPERSONAL- talking to oneself; individual communicates Swithin themselves

• INTERPERSONAL- one person talks to another

 DYAD COMMUNICATION- duo/ close relationship

 SMALL GROUP- 3 or more

• PUBLIC- deliver/send message intended to the public; public communication is more specific

• MASS COMMUNICATION- imparting/exchanging info. through mass media to large segments of

devices (TV, newspaper, radio)

TYPES OF SPEECHES

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE

• INFORMATIVE OR EXPOSITORY SPEECH- gives information to an audience using verbal descriptions

and, sometimes, accompanying visuals or demonstrations.

• PERSUASIVE SPEECH- intention of convincing the audience to believe or do something.

• ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH- designed to captivate an audience's attention and regale or amuse them while
delivering a clear message.

TYPES OF SPEECH ACCORDING TO DELIVERY

• MANUSCRIPT SPEECH- word-for-word iteration of a written message

• MEMORIZED SPEECH- speaker commits an entire speech to memory

• EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH- outlined ideas

• IMPROMPTU SPEECH- speak in public without prior notice

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE

• INTIMATE- convo between close relationships; sharing personal or emotional convo

• CASUAL- informal; use of slang and simplified grammar

• CONSULTATIVE- informative but not persuasive (classroom discussion, doctor patient convo)

• FORMAL- prepared beforehand, straightforward (interview, ceremony, academic papers)

• FROZEN- fixed speech, most formal communicative style (pledge of allegiance, prayer)
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. CONTROL AND REGULATION - Communication functions to regulate and control the behaviour of a person
or group of people; imposing signages (student manual)

2. SOCIAL INTERACTION - Communication functions as means to casually interact with other people.

3. MOTIVATION - Communication functions to inspire or motivate a person or people to be or do better.

4. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION - Communication functions as a way to share information or data in order

to educate. (press release)

5. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION - Communicate functions as a way to connect to a person or people for the purpose
of affecting them emotionally. (expressing emotion)

TYPES OF SPEECH ACT - an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
• LOCUTIONARY (utterance)- utterance itself

• ILLOCUTIONARY (intention)- real intended meaning

• PERLOCUTIONARY (response)- response of listener to the utterance

TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS ( John Searle, 1986)

Assertive- have purpose and reason/ belief about the truth of a proposition

Directive- command

Commisive- getting the speaker to do something (I promise to exercise every day. I now covenant with thee. I solemnly swear
to tell the truth.)

Expressive- expresses feeling and attitude about something such as, asking for an apology, thanking/ congratulating someone

Declaration- declaring (“I know pronounce you husband and wife”)

Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Communication, both verbal and nonverbal, plays an integral part to human’s daily life. It bridges the gap between
individuals and allows the flow of information run quickly and accurately.

Verbal Communication refers to the use of words to convey a message. This type of communication can be
regarded efficient and successful if the receiver can easily process the message delivered by the sender.

1. Appropriateness- It pertains to the use of suitable language form applicable to the nature of the event or context of
situation (i.e. whether formal or informal).
 Formal communication is the type of communication used in formal, ceremonial or dignified
gatherings. Here, the exchange of information is controlled, well-thought out, and prepared. It also conforms to
certain rules and conventions as defined by the goals and values of particular groups or organizations.

Types of Formal Communication: Meetings, Interviews, Conferences, Formal One-on-Ones, Speeches, Presentations

Informal communication is characterized by free, casual and spontaneous exchange between two or
more persons. The exchange is a kind of interaction that is unrestrained by rules and conventions. It is also the type
of communication that occurs in everyday life.

Types of Informal Communication: Casual Conversations, Gossips, Tales, Inter-relational Activities, Family Social
Communication Culture, Inter-relational activities outside of the formal

2. Brevity
Speakers frequently opt to use simple and precise words in delivering their message.

3. Clarity
Clarity refers to using simple yet exact words that directly express your thoughts and emotion. It warrants that the purpose of the
message will be successfully delivered to the audience.

4. Ethics
Ethics pertains to moral standards that need to be considered when delivering a message.

5. Vividness
The purpose of this aspect of communication is to simplify thoughts for the audience to easily grasp the message through the use
of distinctive language

Nonverbal communication refers to a collaboration of movements that does not require any spoken words in order to
convey a message. This incorporates actions such as hand gestures, body language, facial expressions, stance, appearance and
others in order to convey a message.

• Some of the commonly used nonverbal means of communication are:

1. Bodily Kinesthetic
1.1. Head Movement 1.2. Eye Movement 1.3. Facial Expressions 1.4. Sitting 1.5. Standing

1.6. Walking 2. Attitude and/or Behavior to specific situations 3. Manner of Dressing 4. Tone of Voice

Importance of nonverbal communication:

• Makes the message more meaningful, Expresses message without the use of words, Makes audience more enthusiastic.
Defines the kind of speaker one is, Makes one a dynamic speaker, Gives confidence to the speaker.

Importance of nonverbal communication:

• Adds color to a speech, Connects the speaker to the audience, Gives the speaker a variety of ways to deliver his/her
message.