Measuring Materials Parameters With A Texture Analyzer

10/15/2020 Measuring Materials Parameters with a Texture Analyzer
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Texture Analyzers Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)

(https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/TAXTplus.html) are very often
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used for quality control of irregular products by the use of empirical
measurements. Metals Store (/metals)
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The force required to crush a tablet or the distance a biscuit bends before it snaps are invaluable pieces of
Journals (/materials-journals-index.aspx)
information to manufacturers looking to develop new products or ensuring products perform correctly during spot
checks. This type of test is ideal for products that have an unusual geometry, but it is also useful for testing more
Software (/engineering-software-index.aspx)
complicated systems, such as the combination of a product and its packaging (a box of eggs, the force to open a
ring pull can or a yoghurt in its pot) with the added
Courses bene t of time saved by allowing a product to be tested straight
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o the supply line.
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However, a large number of users use the suite of Texture Analyzers
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(https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/TAXTplus.html) to calculate more fundamental parameters by taking into
account the geometry and dimensions of the sample as well as the speci cs of the test set up along with the
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relevant engineering equations. This type of testing allows easier comparison of di erent samples and comparison
with literature data, but does require more sophisticated analysis to convert forces to stress and distances to
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strain.
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https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=19351 1/10
Materials parameters can be performed on a range of instruments of di ering load capacity. Image Credit: Stable Micro
Systems
Typical Fundamental Tests that can be performed on a Texture

Analyzser
Indentation Testing

Indentation testing, for instance, is often used to measure the force required to penetrate a probe into a sample’s
Articles (/articles.aspx)
surface a set distance. Instrumented (computer controlled) indentation testing has now been in use for many
years, and involves the collection of force, displacement
Directory and time data, which is why the Texture Analyzer is so well-
(/materials-engineering-directory.aspx)
suited to this type of measurement.
It is a very useful test for monitoring the quality of irregular objects (such as the rmness of apples at di erent
temperatures) by simply indenting to aVideos (/materials-videos-index.aspx)
set distance and looking at the force peak. However, this test setup can also
provide some more fundamental parameters if the sample has a at surface and a homogeneous structure,
Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)
providing accurate measurements are made during the test. During an indentation, the loading arm moves down
at a constant speed, pushing the probe into the sample until it reaches a set force or distance. This force (or
distance) is held for a given time period and the probe withdraws from the sample surface at a second constant
speed. A residual imprint of the indenter is leftMetals
behind in the
Store sample, which corresponds to the amount of plastic
(/metals)
(/) deformation that took place. The majority of elastic deformation is released as the probe withdraws from the
sample. Journals (/materials-journals-index.aspx)
Courses (/courses/courses.aspx)
Indentation test (Brinell tablet hardness) using spherical probe. Image Credit: Stable Micro Systems
Instrumented indentation is a quick and simple technique, and once the analysis procedure has been established
by use of an Exponent macro, several useful parameters are calculated at the press of a button with no additional
input from the user. Stable Micro Systems currently provide conical probes of various internal angles, spherical
probes of various radii (for Brinell testing) and Vickers probes. Once the area function is known, several parameters
can be calculated, including hardness, indentation modulus and plastic and elastic indentation energies.
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Vickers Hardness
Equipment probe and typical curve obtained. Image Credit: Stable Micro Systems
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After indentation testing, tension, compression and bending tests are some of the simplest to perform on a
Texture Analyzer.
Tensile Testing Advertise (/advertise)
Tensile testing (https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/tensile-testing.html)

Metals Store (/metals) involves a sample held in two grips a set
(/) distance apart. The loading arm (attached to the top grip) moves up at a constant speed to deform the sample, rst
deforming it elastically then plastically. If the force
Journals required to break the sample is within the limit of the load cell,
(/materials-journals-index.aspx)
fracture will occur. This test setup can also provide useful stress-strain data if the sample has a uniform cross-
Softwareare
section, providing accurate measurements (/engineering-software-index.aspx)
made of the sample’s dimensions. “Dogbone” shaped specimens are
often used in tension, with two wide sections tapering to a narrower central section. This central section has a
uniform cross-section. These specimens are designed to encourage deformation away from the grips and into the
central section in a controlled manner. Dogbone specimens are not mandatory, however. As long as the sample
has a uniform cross-section, is long enough to grip properly and does not break o at the grips, it will be suitable
for tensile testing. Books (/book-reviews-index.aspx)
Pneumatic tensile grips holding a plastic dogbone specimen and resulting stress-strain graph. Image Credit: Stable Micro
Systems
As with all tests, the force applied, the distance moved by the probe and the time are all recorded in Exponent
software. The force-distance graph usually begins with a straight section that corresponds to elastic (reversible) A
deformation, then most samples show a curved section that shows plastic (irreversible) deformation. Di erent Co
samples will give di erent load-distance responses – stronger and sti er samples show higher forces, brittle
samples break before any plastic deformation occurs and tough samples show a large area under the curve
corresponding to a large amount of energy required for deformation.
Di erent materials show very varied graph shapes. Several useful parameters can be calculated from a tensile
stress-strain graph, using the standard engineering
Aboutequations for stress and strain of a beam undergoing tension.
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Round and at tensile dog-bones are common in tensile testing but samples with a cross-section of an irregular

shape may be used if their cross-sectional area can be calculated. Once the y-axis has been set to show stress and
the x axis strain, the resultant stress-strain curve can be used for the fundamental analysis. The most frequently
calculated parameters from a tensile test are yield stress, yield strain, resilience, 0.2% proof stress, Young’s
modulus, ultimate tensile strength, breaking strain, energy to failure, necking onset, hysteresis, strength coe cient,
strain hardening and strain rate.
For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behaviour, the
values of tangent, secant or chord moduli are (/materials-videos-index.aspx)
Videos useful in estimating the Related Stories
change in strain for a speci ed stress range. Measuring the Texture of Dairy
Products (/article.aspx?
Compression Testing Advertise (/advertise)
ArticleID=19386)
Texture Analysis: Its Importance
Depending on the sample type, compression isMetals
often Store
used (/metals)
in preference
for 3D Printed Food
(/) to tensile testing. Compression testing
Development (/article.aspx?
(https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/compression-testing.html)
Journals (/materials-journals-index.aspx) ArticleID=19201)
involves a self-supporting sample being compressed under a at probe
3D Printing and the Need to
Software
large enough to cover the whole sample. The(/engineering-software-index.aspx)
loading arm (attached to
Measure Physical and
the probe) moves down at a constant speed to deform the sample, rst
Courses (/courses/courses.aspx) Dimensional Properties
deforming it elastically then plastically (if it is not completely brittle). If the
(/article.aspx?ArticleID=19159)
force required to break the sample is within the limit of the load cell,
fracture may occur. However, this is not always the case in compression
as many samples are stronger (or tougher) in compression than in
tension, especially ceramic samples, and very plastic samples tend to atten with increasing stress.
ProbeBy
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Most of the tensile parameters can also be measured from a compression graph. However, these parameters may
all have values di erent from those expected from the same sample tested under tension (although Young’s A
modulus is generally the same for either test type). Stress values at a given strain under compression are usually Co
higher than they would be in tension.
Additionally, if a compression test is set up in such a way as to constrain the sample on all sides, the bulk modulus
can be measured.The bulk modulus is a de ned as the relative change in a sample’s volume when a unit
compressive or tensile stress acts uniformly over its surface. It is a measure of how resistant a substance is to pure
compression. Its measurement is possible by the use(/aboutus.aspx)
About of a Texture Analyzer, providing care is taken over the sample
setup. A cylinder probe and cylindrical container with very similar diameters must be used for performing a bulk 
modulus test, as the whole sample mustNews
be in(/materials-news-index.aspx)
compression. If the probe is much smaller than the container, it
becomes a penetration test.
Bend testing
When a consumer is presented with an elongated

Equipment or at food sample, one of the rst things they might do is snap
(/materials-equipment-index.aspx)
it between their hands. During this process, they are subconsciously assessing whether the food product is brittle
or ductile, sti or compliant, and strongVideos
or weak. Consequently, bend testing
(/materials-videos-index.aspx)
(https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/fracture-and-bend-testing.html) is a technique used very frequently by
Webinars
Texture Analyzer users, covering everything (/webinars-index.aspx)
from the snap of tablets to the toughness of dog chews. The analysis of
this type of testing is often in its most simple form of looking at a force peak and maybe the distance to fracture. It
is a very useful test for monitoring quality of irregular objects. However, this test setup can also provide useful
stress-strain data if the sample has a uniform cross-section, providing accurate measurements are made of the
Metals Store (/metals)
(/) sample dimensions. “Flexure” and “bending” have the same meaning and are often used interchangeably.
Three point bend testing is the most commonly used set up and involves a long sample being placed on two
supports (or “rollers” – named due to their curved
Software surface) a set distance apart, with a third roller moving down to
(/engineering-software-index.aspx)
contact the sample halfway between these supports. The loading arm moves down at a constant speed to bend the
sample, rst deforming it elastically then plastically. If the sample is su ciently brittle and the force required within
the limit of the load cell, fracture will occur.
Three point bend test of a cuboid wafer sample. Image Credit: Stable Micro Systems
Di erent samples will give di erent load-distance responses in bending – stronger and sti er samples show higher
forces, brittle samples break before any plastic deformation occurs and tough samples show a large area under the
curve corresponding to a large amount of energy required for deformation. The points on the sample that have the
highest stress applied are the top and bottom surfaces at the loading point, and this is where the sample is most
likely to fail. A
Co
Due to the often elongated nature of bend test samples, bend testing is frequently used along with, or instead of,
tensile testing, as both tests suit similar samples. However, bend testing has some advantages over tensile testing.
The main measurement that can be taken from a three-point bend test is the exural stress-strain response. From
this, the exural modulus, yield stress, ultimate exure stress and toughness can be calculated. As long as the
cross-section is uniform, any shape may be tested
Aboutin(/aboutus.aspx)
this way. The “ exural stress” and “ exural strain” are the
values for stress and strain at the outermost bres – top and bottom surfaces – and they depend on the force 
applied by the Texture Analyzer and the News (/materials-news-index.aspx)
distance the probe has moved as well as the sample geometry. Their
calculation depends strongly on the sample width and height as well as the gap between the supports. The support
gap is very easy to control as it can be measured accurately once then set to remain the same for each test. The
sample dimensions are best measured using digital calipers, taking three measurements along the length of the
sample and calculating the average. The larger the sample, the smaller the possibility of error.
Stable Micro Systems has incorporated a large number of test procedures and analysis methods suitable to obtain
fundamental materials parameters thatVideos
could(/materials-videos-index.aspx)
be used across a wide range of industries. Whilst the equipment can
provide a simple and exible empirical solution it is also able to o er the traditional measurements well
established within the materials industry.Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)
There is a summary of typical texture analysis tests that can be performed on materials
(https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/MaterialsTestingAttachments.html) or watch this to see the highlights:
(/) Materials video on Youtube:
Materials & Packaging PhysicalCourses

Characterisation
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10/15/2020 Measuring Materials Parameters with a Texture Analyzer

Texture Analyzers Webinars (/webinars-index.aspx)

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Typical Fundamental Tests that can be performed on a Texture

Market Reports (/reports-and-docs-index.aspx)

Tensile Testing Advertise (/advertise)

Tensile testing (https://www.stablemicrosystems.com/tensile-testing.html)

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higher than they would be in tension.

When a consumer is presented with an elongated

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Materials & Packaging PhysicalCourses

Market Reports (/reports-and-docs-index.aspx)

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Using NMR for Labeling in the Food Industry (/article.aspx?ArticleID=19674)

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How to Measure the (/materials-videos-index.aspx)

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