reference crop evapotranspiration

ETo
rate of evapotranspiration from a reference surface which is a hypothetical reference crop with an assumed crop
height of 0.2 m, a fixed surface resisteance of 70 s/m and an albedo of 0.23.

Farm ditch losses

Seepage and percolation in farm ditches can be determined by using reference values of seepage and percolation
and canal dimensions or ponding method and inflow-outflow method.

aggregates
granular material of mineral composition such as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and
uncrushed stone or light weight materials.

backfill
the suitable material used to replace other materials removed during construction
base course
the layer of aggregate, soil-treated aggregate, treated soil, or soil aggregate that
rests upon the Subbase or if no Subbase, upon the sub-grade. Treatment may
include application of chemical-based soil additives such as soil-stabilizers and/or
any approved method
borrow
the suitable material used for embankments

bridge
structure, including supports, erected over a depression or an obstruction, such as
water, a highway, or a railway; having a roadway or track for carrying traffic or
other moving loads; and having an opening measured along the center of the
roadway between faces of abutments, spring lines of arches, or extreme ends of
the opening for multiple box culverts or multiple pipes that are 60 inches or more in
diameter and that have a clear distance between openings of not less than half of
the smallest pipe diameter

clearing
removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or other unwanted materials from the
ground surface
compaction
application of pressure to aggregates to result in a dense mass free of excessive
voids. Compaction minimizes settlement, decreases permeability and increases
strength
course
structural component of specified thickness. It may consist of one layer or more
culvert
drainage structure that may or may not, directly support and that extends across
and beneath a highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other public way

crushed gravel
product resulting from the mechanical crushing of gravel, with substantially all
fragments having at least one face resulting from fracture
drainage
removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and
other several structures
earthwork
operations connected with excavating and placing embankments with soil, earth or
rock
erosion control
protection of soil from disclosing by water, wind, or other agent

excavation
act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove material
fill
the embankment material placed above natural ground line

farm to market roads

access roads that connect major road arteries to the agricultural production areas
where farm produce are being mobilized and transported to the market by the
farmers and fishermen
grade
slope of a roadway, channel, or natural ground
gradation
property of a soil which describes the distribution of size groups

gradient
rate of increase or decrease in the level of the land, the slope expressed in
percentage

grading
preparation of the sub-grade, in line and elevation, for application of pavement
materials including base and surfacing materials

grubbing
removal and disposal of trees, and other unwanted materials below the ground
surface

lane roadway
roadway, which is divided into two (2) or more clearly marked lanes for vehicular
traffic

masonry
form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete, or other similar building materials
that have been bonded together with mortar to form a structure
one-lane earth road
earth roadway, which one way is a clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

one-lane gravel road

gravel roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic
one-lane asphalt pavement road
asphalt pavement roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular
traffic

one-lane concrete road

concrete roadway, which one way is clearly marked lane for vehicular traffic

riprap
quarried stone especially selected, graded and placed to prevent erosion and
thereby preserve the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying structure

road bed
graded portion of a highway between top and side slopes, prepared as a
foundation for the pavement structure and shoulder

roadway
space/location/site intended to employ traffic consideration for the transport of
agricultural products

road carriageway
travel way or crown portion of the roadway intended for the movement of vehicles,
exclusive of shoulders

road carriageway width

lateral design width for one lane or two lanes strip of roadway

roadway embankment
raised structure of soil, soil aggregate, sand or rock

road shoulder
part of the roadway next to the traveled way or auxiliary lanes that provide lateral
support of base and surface courses and is an emergency stopping area for
vehicles

salvage materials
saving of different existing materials from the projects which are removed and
intended to be used in other construction

specifications
written technical description of materials, equipment, construction systems,
standards, and workmanship that, in conjunction with the drawings, detail the
requirements for acceptable completion of the work

structures
refer to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings, foundations, water tanks,
transmission towers, cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar features
which may be encountered in the work and are classified as structures

Subbase course
refers to the layer of the specified or selected materials of designated thickness in
a pavement structure immediately above the sub-grade and below the base
course

subgrade (earth road)

roadbed upon which the pavement structures is placed

subgrade (gravel road)

upper portion of material which act as foundation Subbase course

subgrade (bituminous, concrete road)

top surface of the roadbed upon which the pavement is placed

traffic
vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a route such as pedestrians,
vehicles, animals, etc.

two-lane earth road

earth roadway, which two(2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two-lane gravel road

gravel roadway, which two (2) ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two-lane asphalt pavement road

asphalt pavement roadway, which two ways are marked lanes for vehicular traffic

two-lane concrete pavement road

concrete pavement roadway, on which two lanes are marked for vehicular traffic

turn-out section
a widened, unobstructed shoulder area, about 30 meters long, that may be used
for emergency purposes or allow slow-moving vehicles to pull out of the
carriageway to give passing opportunity to following or incoming vehicles

angle of inclination
the tilt of the PV module with respect to the horizontal plane

controller
link between motor pump and solar generator that regulates the operation of PV array to pump and is classified into
two types: inverter (directly connected to pump set) and charge controller (with batteries)

charge controller
monitors the charging and discharging of the battery connected to the PV array

inverter
converts DC current from PV module to AC

photovoltaic (PV) array

composed of PV modules connected in combination of series and parallel connections, which convert energy from
the sun into electrical energy
pump
agricultural machinery that is used to lift or transfer water from one source to another

submersible pump
pump designed to operate fully submerged in the water source

surface pump
pump designed to operate above water surface

PV module
solar panel
assembly of photovoltaic cells mounted in a frame that uses sunlight as a source of energy to generate a DC
electricity

PV performance ratio
ratio of the input solar power to the PV module and the output power of the inverter/controller

ray of incidence
the angle with which a ray of sunlight strikes the surface of the PV module, measured with respect to a line
perpendicular to said surface

reservoir
water tank
temporary water storage that adds kinetic energy to facilitate water distribution

solar irradiance
amount of solar energy received by or projected onto a surface, expressed in Watts per square meter (W/m 2)

Solar Powered Irrigation System (SPIS)

irrigation system powered by solar energy, using PV technology, which converts solar energy into electrical energy to
run a DC or AC motor-based water pump. It consists of solar PV modules, pump set, electronic controls to operate
the pump, the required hardware, and in some cases other items like inverters and batteries

suction lift
the vertical distance from the free suction water level to the center line of the pump suction

system efficiency
ratio of the output power of the pump set and the total solar input power

system testing
testing undertaken by a recognized testing authority to verify the performance of the installed system in terms of
compliance to set specifications of the PV module, inverter/controller, pumpset and any other accessories

total dynamic head

total head
measure of energy increase imparted to the water by the pump and expressed by the algebraic difference between
the total discharge head and total suction head, expressed in meters (m)

average pressure
average sprinkler pressure of a lateral
design pressure
pressure required to overcome the elevation difference between the water source and the sprinkler nozzle, to
counteract friction losses and to provide adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water distribution

Pump Unit – delivers water from the source to the pipe system at an adequate capacity

Filtration System – consists of screen openings considerably lower than the nozzle diameter to prevent nozzles from
clogging

Sprinklers – device of various nozzle sizes which sprays water over the ground or crop.

Mainline and Submainlines – pipes which convey water from the pump to the laterals

Laterals – deliver water from the mainlines or submainlines to the sprinklers

Control head - consists of valves to control the discharge and pressure in the entire system which may have filters
and a a fertilizer or nutrient tank.

piping
internal erosion induced by regressive erosion of particles from downstream and along the upstream line towards an
outside environment

rockfill dam
dam that relies on rock, either dumped in lifts or compacted in layers, as a major structural element where an
impervious membrane is used as the water barrier and can be placed either within the embankment or on the
upstream slope

check dam
small barrier built across the direction of water flow on shallow rivers and streams intended to convey runoff during
peak flow and to slow and hold surface water long enough for the water to deposit sediment it is carrying; facilitates
irrigation by using the upstream bay of the dam as pump sump

gabion
stones wrapped in wire fence meshes for added stability and strength

pumping test
pumping of water from a fully developed well at a controlled rate and observing, with respect to time, the
drawdown in two or more observation wells, in order to determine the aquifer hydrologic properties