REPORT 2

SENSOR ENGINEERING CLASS

ELYSA NENSY IRAWAN (NB22502)

1. SUMMARIZATION OF THE REFERENCE PAPER

Tittle : Neural Network Based Electronic Nose for The Classification of Aromatic
Species
Authors : J. Brezmes*, B. Ferreras, E. Llobet, X. Vilanova, X. Correig
Aim : In this work, an "Electronic nose" that can distinguish between five
different aromatic species—cinnamon, red pepper, thyme, pepper, and
nutmeg—is introduced. Nine commercially available tin oxide chemical
sensors are used in the system, and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
serves as the processing mechanism for pattern identification.
Method : a. Experimental Set-up
The experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Experimental Set-up

Nine Taguchi gas sensors (TGS 800, TGS 813, TGS 822, TGS 824, TGS
825, TGS 830, TGS 842, TGS 880, TGS 882) made up the sensor array.
An acquisition data card (PC-LabCard PCL-8 18, 12-bit ADC) was
installed in an IBM compatible personal computer to monitor the
electrical response of the nine gas sensors. On the computer screen,
the experimental data was shown in real-time and saved as text files.
For the graphical presentation, Excel was used. For data analysis,
MATLABTM, PLS Toolbox, and Neuralex were utilized.
b. Procedures
When the resistance of the gas sensors remained constant to a high
value (typically 200 k%1 MR), the experiment was declared to have
begun. For an hour, the sensors' responses were recorded and
acquired once every 5 seconds. There were 50 tests conducted in all,
with 10 experiments for each species, yielding a total of 50 unique sets
of values recorded by each sensor.
Results and : a. Data Conditioning
Discussion Experimental tests revealed that the process of scent evaporation was
extremely slow. Because of this, it took up to 30 minutes after the
species were placed inside the test chamber for some sensor signals
to completely stabilize. The sensor response varied gradually following

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 a sudden initial switch. Therefore, three distinct time periods (750 s,
1500 s, and 3500 s) were taken into consideration to assess the
discrimination performance of the system to choose the best
measurement time. The greatest overall results for discrimination
came from samples taken 1500 seconds after the species was
introduced within the test chamber.
They looked at four alternative pre-processing algorithms. According
to preliminary research, the normalized electrical resistance
increment outperformed the normalized conductance. As can be
observed, each species has a distinct pattern, and different
measurements of the same species show only tiny variations in their
patterns. This is likely because to shifting ambient factors and
inconsistent sensor performance.
b. PCA Analysis
Before the pre-processed signals from the feedforward ANN were fed
to the input data after it had been acquired, a PCA verified the sensor
array's capacity for discriminating. There is a distinct division between
each. However, there is a small overlap between classes A (red
pepper) and B (cinnamon). The separation between the overlapping
classes did not improve with the usage of three major components.
Redundancy between the input signals was also discovered with the
use of the PCA analysis.
The number of sensors in the array was reduced after it was
discovered that three of them provided redundant data. The loadings
for sensors 5 (TGS 822), 8 (TGS 825), and 9 (TGS 882) are relatively
near together These three sensors were providing comparable data
since similar loadings suggest collinearity and redundancy. As a result,
before using an ANN to categorize the 50 observed samples, deleting
sensors 8 and 9 from the array was considered.
c. Neural Network Processing Algorithm
Two alternative approaches were used to gauge network
performance. 1. The "leave one out" strategy was employed to assess
the technique for utilizing ANN to identify species. Using 49 training
vectors out of the 50 measured samples and evaluating with the
remaining one, this method trains 50 distinct networks (all with the
same structure). 2. Five randomly chosen vectors from the 10 supplied
for each species were used to train a network to test its capacity for
discrimination. As test vectors, the remaining 25 were employed.
The tested ANN were feedforward fully connected networks with
seven input neurons (one for each pre-processed sensor signal
removing redundant sensors) or nine input neurons (for the non-
reduced array), a hidden layer with several neurons between 15 and
30, and an output layer with five neurons (one for each aromatic
species), as part of the feedforward architecture. An ideal output
would produce a 0 for the remaining neurons and a 1 for the neuron
assigned to the species sampled. Figure 8 shows how the network is

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 organized. A modified backpropagation training algorithm was
utilized, with a momentum term of 0.8 and an adaptive learning rate
of 0.01.
A network with seven inputs and five outputs was trained and tested
with the array dimension decreased. To achieve the greatest
outcomes, the concealed layer's neuronal density was adjusted. Using
25 training and 25 evaluation vectors, a success rate of 100% in the
identification process was achieved. On the other side, evaluating the
technique utilizing the "leave one out" strategy resulted in a 98%
success rate for identification (1 error: a pepper measurement was
classified as cinnamon). These findings are in strong accord with the
conclusions of the PCA, which discovered redundancy between
sensors 5, 8, and 9, and are nearly identical to the ones obtained using
the nine-sensor array.
Conclusion : The sensor's normalized resistance changes, recorded 1500 seconds after
species exposure, produce the best findings overall. Two of the nine
sensors were deleted since the PCA identified duplication in the sensor
array. In that situation, a network with a 7 input, 20 hidden inputs, and 5
outputs, trained with 25 samples, and assessed with 25 test patterns,
displays a 100% success rate in pattern recognition. The leave-one-out
method was used to evaluate the identical network structure and had a
98% success rate. These findings demonstrate that employing low-cost,
non-selective chemical sensors, adequate electrical processing resulted in
good scent recognition.
Comments : The flow of writing this article is very good. Methods are explained in a
coherent and clear manner so that readers can easily understand what the
authors are doing. The results and discussion are also well analyzed, and
the research results provide novelty to previous research, namely
introducing the Neural Network method for the "Electric Nose" application.
I feel I can understand 95% of the research conducted by the author. I am
very interested in knowing the development of this research in the future
related to increasing the number of variations of the aroma used.

2. TACTILE SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION

2.1 The Basic Types of Tactile Sensor

The basic sensory components of tactile cells, nerve endings, and tactile corpuscles in skin
tissues, which enable humans to perceive mechanical stimuli like touch, pressure, and pain as well
as thermal stimuli, are directly responsible for the human body's tactile sensibility (cold or heat).
One of the key aspects of robot intelligence is multiple dimensional perception, which gathers data
from target objects and external environments. A tactile sensor is a specific type of sensing tool that
robots use to simulate human tactile capabilities including identifying the properties of things being
touched and providing tactile feedback in response to mechanical stimuli like impact and
compression. The basic types of tactile sensor are capacitance, piezoresistivity, and piezoelectricity.
The explanation of those types as bellow.
2.1.1 Capacitance Type

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 Two metallic plates or wires in parallel could serve as the electrodes. At the boundary
between the insulator and electrodes, charges tend to build up. Capacitance is a term used to
describe the capacity of electrically stored charges. Two conducting plates and an insulating
substance (dielectric) are placed together to form a capacitor. The capacitance C can be expressed
as,
𝐴𝜀
𝐶= (1)
𝑑
𝐴 is the area of the overlap of the two plates, 𝜀 is the material permittivity, and d is the thickness
of the dielectric.
Transparence and stretchability have recently gained some popularity in pressure sensors. A
transparent pressure sensor that is encased between two stretchy ionic conductors was created by
[1]. This device is promising for application in wearable or implantable devices like E-skin because
to its biocompatibility and excellent stretching capabilities (1%-500%). [2] introduced a very
sensitive and adaptable pressure sensor to increase sensitivity. One of the essential layers in a
transistor's construction, the insulating layer, was made using the biocompatible elastomer PDMS.
Additionally, their gadgets showed ultra-high sensitivity that was greater than that of earlier
research. Multifunctional strain sensors that can track movement in both the knee joint and the
thumb have been reported by [3] and are based on flexible Ag NW electrodes. The integration of
multifunctional sensors with other wearable technology is a possibility.
The microstructure of a dielectric elastomer is the fundamental component of capacitive
pressure sensors. Due to its stretchability, durability, biocompatibility, and ecologically favorable
attributes, PDMS is a well-known dielectric elastomer that is chosen for capacitive pressure sensors.
Due to these characteristics, PDMS is the most widely used material for pressure sensing capacitive
dielectric layers. The sensitivity of a capacitive sensor based on a flat PDMS film, however, is typically
quite low (0.1 kPa-1). The compressed PDMS films require a few seconds to relax because of their
visco-elastic properties. Practical applications do not favor the slow relaxing time.
A microscale elastic pyramid array built on PDMS is frequently used to increase the sensitivity
and reaction time of capacitive sensors [4], [5]. A PDMS pyramid array's intricate manufacture from
a Si mold is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Schematic Fabrication Process of The Microstructured PDMS Arrays

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The huge gap in the pyramid structure allows for the deformation of PDMS. In the low-pressure
regime (1 kPa), the pyramid-array dielectric film increases pressure sensitivity. In comparison to
unstructured PDMS film (0.02 kPa-1) and line-structured film (0.1 kPa-1), the structured film's
pressure sensitivity is five times higher (0.55 kPa-1) [6] . Additionally, the pyramid structure
considerably shortens the relaxation period (by about 1 s). Real-time health monitoring and signal
resolution depend on quick response and relaxation times.
Pyramidal ionic gel-based capacitive sensors were described by Cho et al. Poly
(vinylidenefluoride-co hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), a thermoplastic fluorinated polymer, was
employed as the host polymer in a mixture with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium bis
(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide ([EMI][TFSA]) like shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Schematic Device Structures with Micro-Patterned Ion-Gel Pyramids

The ion-gel micropyramids demonstrated appreciable pressure-dependent variations in

capacitance. The pressure sensitivity is over two orders of magnitude higher than that of its PDMS
equivalent and can reach up to 41 kPa-1 at pressures lower than 400 Pa.
2.1.2 Piezoresistivity Type
Due to their straightforward design, low power requirements, and outstanding performance
(e.g., high sensitivity, good stability, wide dynamic and linear range, durability), resistive sensors are
the most used touch sensors. Recent investigations have shown how they can be used to measure
the force, acceleration, temperature, friction, and grasp displacement. Piezoresistive sensors consist
of a pressure-sensitive component whose resistance fluctuates with applied force. It is possible to
express the voltage-current characteristic as
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 (2)
𝑉 is voltage, 𝐼 is current, and 𝑅 is the resistance of the material. Typically, the sensitivity, detection
range, response time, power consumption, and stability during fatigue testing characteristics can be
used to assess the effectiveness of flexible tactile sensors in detecting pressure.

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 By dividing the change in resistance of the device's (𝑑𝑅) with the change in applied force (𝑑𝐹),
the parameter sensitivity (𝑆), which may be derived, can be used to demonstrate the relationship
between pressure and material conductivity:
𝑑𝑅
𝑆= (3)
𝑑𝐹
The detection range is the working area where touch sensors can function properly and accurately
without risk of injury. Sensors' broad detection range suggested that they have more varied uses.
While piezo-resistive material hysteresis created a long response time, high-frequency pressure
trigging requires a quick response.
Due to the high carrier concentration in piezo-resistive materials, temperature, and light drift
cause mistakes in the measurement of pressure. To overcome these obstacles and close the
multifunctionality gap in the state-of-the-art of intelligent touch sensors, scientists are creating
novel materials and new device topologies. Conducive polymers and elastomers, such as PDMS, are
frequently combined to create piezoresistive pressure sensors. Despite having a flat structure, this
type of composite elastomer has a low sensitivity. To get around this problem, various structures
have been created. PDMS micro pyramidal array covered with conductive elastomeric composite
made of poly (3, 4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) and a polyurethane
(PU) dispersion was used by [7]. This structure achieved a sensitivity of 4.88 kPa-1 over the range of
pressure from 0.37 to 5.9 kPa compared to an unstructured film. An ultrasensitive and
multifunctional tactile sensor with hierarchical microstructure was recently developed by [8] and
shown a high sensitivity of 245 kPa-1. This sensor can detect small wrist pulses as well as human
movements. This sensor was made up of two ITO/PET films and two conductive graphite/PDMS
foam sheets. The great sensitivity of this tactile sensor was attained by carefully controlling the
porosity and graphite content. Additionally, by combining it with a rough PDMS layer, it can
determine how rough an object is.
Artificial intelligence systems like E-skin frequently use neuromorphic touch sensing devices
that are bioinspired. As a result, [9] proposed combining a pressure sensor with a Nafion-based
memristor. The memristor in this device worked as a synthetic synapse to process data and simulate
the perceptual learning process. Au/PDMS/micro pyramidal PET's shape improved sensitivity
(6.7x107 kPa-1 in 1–5 kPa and 3.8x105 kPa-1 in 5–50 kPa) while the memristor consumed less power
(10–200 pJ).
Strain sensors based on piezoresistivity are also helpful for usage in robotics, electronic skin,
and human motion detection. Sponge [10] and hierarchical microstructures [8], [11], which are
commonly used in pressure sensors, are also appropriate for strain sensors. [12] described a
transparent CVD graphene-based strain sensor with transparency levels between 75% and 80%. This
sensor, which is fastened to a hand glove, concurrently senses finger movements. However, under
extreme stress, these materials may disintegrate. As a result, Tadakaluru et al. [13] created highly
stretchy multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) strain sensors. These stretchable sensors were
multifunctional, sensing speed, acceleration, and frequency in addition to having high stretchability
(620%) and good reliability (400 cycles for 150%–500% strain range). Both earthquake detection and
health monitoring used these sensors. The list of piezoresistivity sensor materials is shown as
bellow.

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 Table 1. List of Piezoresistivity Sensor Materials

2.1.3 Piezoelectricity Type

The magnitude of the voltage potential produced when deforming the crystal lattice
determines how the resistance in a piezoelectric tactile sensor change. The sensitivity of certain
materials, and particularly some crystals, is dependent on the crystal structure. The piezoelectric
effect occurs when dipoles develop an internal polarization under pressure, and it is the basis for
piezoelectric-based pressure sensors. Mechanical energy can be converted into electrical energy by
it. Piezoelectric strain sensors have a high sensitivity and a low power requirement when compared
to conventional strain sensors. Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) [14] and the polymer P(VDF-TrFE) [15]
are typically used as piezoelectric materials.
A PZT-based skin-mounted pressure sensor with a quick response time (0.1 ms) and great
sensitivity was developed by Dagdeviren et al (0.005 Pa). These instruments could detect minute
changes in things like blood pressure and neck vibration when used with a transistor. Additionally,
employing the electrospinning technique, Persano et al. [15] reported a flexible piezoelectric
pressure sensor based on P(VDF-TrFE) nanofibers. At room temperature, P(VDF-TrFE) displayed a
stable piezoelectric crystalline phase. Flexible active-matrix strain sensors based on piezopotential-

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gated coplanar-gate graphene transistors were disclosed by [16]. A larger strain results in a higher
output current, as seen in Fig. 4 (A). Figure 4 (B) illustrates high sensitivity.

(A) (B)
Figure 4. Graphene Transistor Characteristics

In region I, the gauge factor (GF) is 389, which is significantly higher than that of the most advanced
strain sensor. A flexible piezotronics strain sensor based on carbon fiber-ZnO NW was also created
by [17]. The I-V characterization demonstrated an immediate reaction to mechanical loads, both
static and dynamic.

2.2 ADVANCE STUDY ABOUT TACTILE SENSORS

2.2.1 Self-Powered Flexible Tactile Sensors
Researchers have introduced a variety of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) with different
structures and materials, such as PZT, BaTiO3, polymeric polyvinylidine fluoride (PVDF), and P(VDF-
TrFE), since the first ZnO nanowire (NW) based PENGs were developed as flexible energy harvesters
in 2006 [18]. Recently, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been developed with great
conversion efficiency and a variety of materials. TENGs' high internal impedance and restricted
current output, however, pose certain difficulties for self-powered tactile sensors [19]–[21]. As a
result, new electromagnetic induction-based self-powered magnetoelectrical elastomers have been
presented, opening up new possibilities for flexible energy-capturing technologies [22], [23].
Because of the well-known power-generating capabilities of the electromagnetic induction
effect, electromagnetic harvesters to turn mechanical energy into electricity have been researched.
[24]'s biomechanical energy harvesters successfully generated enough electricity to power
prosthetic knee braces while walking. However, the essential part of power generation was entirely
inflexible, which caused some difficulties for a flexible, self-powered, miniature system. [25] started
a unique binary material design technique for flexible, self-powered sensors in 2019 to get around
this restriction. Creating a binary cooperative magnetoelectric elastomer by incorporating electrical
and magnetic binary functional blocks into the flexible silicone that acted as mechanical support.
The novel magnetoelectric elastomers may sense mechanical forces from the outside on their own.
The difference in magnetic flux between before and after deformation resulted from
electromagnetic interaction at a controlled distance. The elastomer-based magnetoelectric sensor
not only had a quick response time of 20 milliseconds and the ability to detect pressures as low as
690 Pa, but it also worked as a smart shoe for real-time healthcare monitoring to prevent elderly
people from experiencing unexpected syncope Fig. 5.

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 Figure 5. Self-Powered Magnetoelectric Sensor Integrated into Smart Shoes for Warning Of
Sudden Syncope In The Elderly

A magnetoelectric soft composite utilizing a powdery network approach was created Fig. 6 [22] to
unify the Young's moduli of magnetic/polymeric building components.

Figure 6. Flexible, Self-Powered Magnetoelectric Elastomers

Instead of the previously employed magnetic cubes, magnetic powders were equally disseminated
in polymeric elastomers, enabling simultaneous deformation and recovery of
magnetic/electrical/polymeric composites. The open-circuit voltage for a series of magnetoelectric
composites assembled under ideal conditions reached up to 277 V.
There are still a lot of restrictions and difficulties to overcome in the development of flexible
mechanoelectrical systems. Due to their high output impedance, triboelectric and piezoelectric
devices are not well suited for real-world applications. Cost-effective magnetoelectric elastomers
have been developed for mechano-magneto-electrical conversion to lower internal resistance. The
sensitivity and versatility of today's magnetoelectric sensors are limited by their relatively low
voltage output, which is especially problematic for powering flexible electronics and sensor
networks. Therefore, additional research into working processes, inventive structural layouts, and
cutting-edge materials is required.
2.2.2 Self-Healable Tactile Sensors
The past few decades have seen an increase in interest in self-healing tactile sensors that
feature both outstanding tactile sensational qualities and autonomous self-healing abilities. A key
strategy for wearable technology, soft robotics, and artificial intelligence is the creation and

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development of self-healing tactile sensors for sensing electrical impulses produced by external
stimuli. Enabling touch sensors to maintain their high sensing and self-healing performances is still
a formidable challenge.
Many researchers have been drawn to touch sensors' self-healing abilities since they should
be able to mend themselves after being harmed. Some researchers have been successful in creating
self-healing touch sensors using healable substrate materials. Low sensor sensitivity, low
stretchability, and low mechanical stability continue to be serious problems for these devices.
Recently, there has been a notable advancement in self-healing tactile sensors, which have
fascinating features like automatic healing, high sensitivity, stretchability, and high flexibility. This
progress has been made possible by the rapid improvements in new active and substrate materials,
synthesis methods, and signal acquisition techniques.
A self-healing tactile sensor typically has a sandwich construction made up of substrates and
active components. To transform external stimuli into electrical signals, active materials are
essential. Based primarily on conductive materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and
conductive polymers, active materials for self-healing touch sensors have been developed.
According to their healing mechanisms, self-healing tactile sensors can generally be divided
into two groups: (1) extrinsic healing behaviors, and (2) intrinsic healing behaviors. Catalysts and
external healing agents are typically used in the extrinsic healing activity to produce tiny capsules or
vascular networks. Entrap monomers and initiators are combined when these capsules or vascular
networks are damaged, which leads to the production of new polymer chains that repair crack faces
(Fig. 7) [26], [27].

Figure 7. Self-Healing Mechanism of The Tactile Sensor

A tactile sensor with frequently self-healing capabilities under ambient settings was created by Tee
et al. [28]. The reassociation of hydrogen bonds between the sliced surfaces is what causes touch
sensors to self-heal. The resulting self-healing tactile sensor can be utilized to incorporate electronic
skin systems because it is pressure- and flexion-sensitive. After being broken, the device's
mechanical qualities were completely recovered in only 10 minutes, and its initial conductivity was
over 90% restored in just 15 seconds. As a result, the application possibilities for tactile sensors are

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expanded by their exceptional self-healing and sensing capabilities. Typically, actuators or
stimulators are combined with self-healing tactile sensors to monitor human activity and personal
wellness. The sensor gadgets can analyze the body's state to learn more about various facets of
physiological health. A self-healing tactile sensor integrated into a robot's gripper can monitor the
execution of commands, and the operator receives the feedback stimulation through an electro-
tactile stimulator at the base of the user's wrist. The self-healing tactile sensors can be used for a
variety of intricate motions, including grabbing, tapping, and shaking hands. These findings highlight
the special advantages that self-healing tactile sensors can offer for upcoming classes of prostheses
and peripheral nervous system interface technologies.

2.3 SOME APPLICATIONS OF TACTILE SENSORS

2.3.1 Medicine and Health
The self-healing tactile sensor's pliable and elastic qualities make it compatible with the skin
surface of the human body, which is advantageous for its use in the medical and healthcare
industries. The example of the tactile sensor in the healthcare industries are shown in Fig. 8.

Figure 8. The Example of The Tactile Sensor in The Healthcare Industries

Many traditional medical testing apparatuses are stiff, requiring experienced medical personnel to
link several of them in the specified clinic. Additionally, the psychological condition of the patient
being tested will somewhat alter the test findings. The discomfort will be much lessened if a flexible
tactile sensor is utilized, and information gathering about the human body will be more accurate
and humanized. The tactile sensor can be utilized to diagnose illnesses as well as detect bodily
signals [29], [30].
Sweat and other bodily fluids are examples of human signals that can be quite informative. By
identifying and interpreting these signals, one might draw conclusions about the bodily health or
physiological state [31], [32]. The tissue pressure, movement, temperature, and humidity can all be
measured by the touch sensor. Additionally, the gadget is comfortable to wear on the body and
effectively gathers active signals from the brain, skeletal muscles, and heart [33]–[36]. The reticular
structure can blend in seamlessly with human tissue or body parts, ensuring that the detected areas
are breathable and unrestricted [37]–[40]. Researchers have created bionic tactile sensors for a
variety of circumstances for clinical purposes. An Au doped graphene-based mimic-sensual tactile
sensor may be employed for sweat-based diabetes diagnosis and feedback therapy, according to
[41].

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 A bioelectronic bandage for dermatosis made of sensors and actuators constructed of zirconia
titanate nanoparticles was created by [42]. The device can be utilized in direct contact with the
surface conformation of organs and tissues, and to detect skin stiffness and local changes, which
can aid in understanding and studying skin aging, skin characteristics, and skin health and aid in the
treatment of skin cancer. A flexible conformal reflecting pulse-blood meter with a laminated design
that attaches to the finger and emits light using a high-efficiency polymer light-emitting diode has
been created by [43]. Oxygen levels can be checked before and after surgery using an organic
photodetector, which measures the amount of oxygen in the blood and pulse. The tactile sensors
can be affixed to the surface of biological tissue for monitoring or treatment in addition to acting on
the skin's surface for detection and adjuvant therapy.
2.3.2 Legs with tactile function
Traditional prostheses are stiff and lack touch, making it challenging for users to move about
freely without feeling alone. Potentially replacing injured skin are self-healing touch sensors with
properties like skin [44]. The skin should be replaced by flexible electronics that allow the user to
manage their range of motion and feel the stimuli around them.
To detect various tactile elements including roughness, hardness, and force size, the self-
healing tactile sensor for prosthetics needs to be highly precise and sensitive. Before the prosthesis
may perform a different function, it must fully engage with and interact with the human neurological
system. Because biological structures and organic semiconductors share a similar carbon structure,
seamless integration between the two is very likely [45]–[47]. The neural interface, which can record
and stimulate brain activity and connect the external prosthesis to the internal nerve, can serve as
an artificial extension of the lost nervous system function [48]. Important materials for neural
interface applications include composites, conductive polymers, and organic materials.
In addition to having the capacity for perception, prostheses should also be capable of
creating and processing signals [49]. When the skin is stimulated by the environment, deep within
the skin, nerve cells sense the compression and create a signal that is sent to the brain via nerve
fibers, where the brain will recognize and evaluate the reaction. As a result, other factors that need
to be considered include signal processing, signal transmission, and the use of tactile sensors in the
field of prosthetics. Targeting nerve innervation and sensory substitution are two examples of
distinct approaches to sensory feedback. A digital tactile system (also known as DiTact) was
disclosed by Tee et al. DiTact, as depicted in Fig. 9, comprises of a pressure-sensitive tactile element
and an organic annular oscillator that collects pressure and simulates it using an organic transistor
circuit.

Figure 9. The Schematic Diagram of Ditact

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