Institute of Good

Manufacturing Practices
India

Centre for Nutrition & Dietetics Studies(CNDS)

TOPIC NAME- ADVANCE NUTRITION-1

By Asstt. Prof. Preeti Gupta

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 Energy Metabolism

Energy source
–Chemical energy in carbohydrates, fat, protein
•Catabolism
–Reactions that break down compounds into small units
•Anabolism
–Reactions that build complex molecules from smaller ones
•Food energy to cellular energy
–Stage 1: digestion, absorption, transport
–Stage 2: breakdown of molecules
–Stage 3: transfer of energy to a form cells can use

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 Catabolism

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 Anabolism

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 Basal Metabolic Rate
•Is defined as that fraction of total energy expenditure that is needed to maintain the vital
involuntary processes of the body like heart beat, kidney function etc.
• In other words, Basal Metabolic Rate is the minimal caloric requirement needed to sustain
life in a resting individual.
•It is expressed as kilocalories per 24 hours.

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 Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

•A closely related term used now is Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR).

•RMR is measured with the subject in a supine or sitting position in a
comfortable environment several hours after a meal and without any significant
activity.
• RMR is slightly higher than BMR but the difference is small.

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 Major components of energy expenditure
Resting energy expenditure (REE)
•Energy for basic body functions
•Affected by body size, composition, age, gender
–Physical activity
–Obligatory activities
–Discretionary activities,
–Thermic effect of food (TEF)
•Energy to digest, absorb, metabolize food

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 Your body uses fuel (expends energy) for 3 primary
purposes:
1. Maintain basic physiological functions: breathing, blood circulation, etc.
2. To power physical activity
3. To process food you eat

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 Components of Energy Expenditure

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 Obligatory activities

•Occupational work,
•Daily activities such as going to school,
•Attending to the home and family and
•Other demands made on children and adults by their economic, social
and cultural environment.

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 Discretionary activities
● The regular practice of physical activity for fitness and health,
● The performance of optional household tasks and
● The engagement in individually and socially desirable activities for
personal enjoyment, social interaction and community development.

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 Additional energy is required for the following conditions
Growth: The energy cost of growth has two components comprising of the
energy needed to synthesize growing tissues and the energy deposited in
these tissues. The energy cost of growth declines with age.

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Pregnancy

To meet the requirements of the growing

child and the changes in the maternal
metabolism, extra energy is needed by
the expectant mother.
 Lactation
Well nourished lactating women derive
part of the additional requirement for
feeding the child from body fat stores
accumulated during pregnancy.

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 FACTORS AFFECTING BMR

Body Size:The BMR is closely

related to the body surface area
as basal heat production is
directly proportional to surface
area.

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 Age
•The BMR is highest during the first 2
years of life.
• It declines gradually during childhood
and increases slightly during adolescence.
•It gradually declines in adulthood with a
greater decline in later years.

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 Sex
Women have a 6-10% lower BMR than
men.

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 Body Composition
•BMR is directly related to the lean body
mass.
•People with well developed muscles like
athletes have a higher BMR than obese
people whose body has a higher percentage
of adipose tissue.

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 Fever
The BMR is raised in fever
conditions.
For every 1 degree Fahrenheit rise
in body temperature, BMR is
increased by about 7%

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 Sleep
The BMR in sleep is about 5% less than in
the basal metabolic state.

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 Fear, Anxiety, Nervous Tension:

Such emotions tend to elevate

BMR

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 Average Body Composition

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 Energy Balance – Positive / Negative
•Energy Balance is achieved when Input (Dietary energy Intake) is equal to Output
(Total energy Expenditure).
•When energy balance is maintained over a prolonged period, an individual is
considered to be in a steady state.
•Positive Energy Balance is the condition in which Intake is greater than Output.
•Negative Energy Balance is the condition in which Intake is less than Energy
Expenditure

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Institute of Good Manufacturing Practices India
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 PHYTOCHEMICALS

Phytochemicals literally mean “plant chemicals.” Scientists have identified thousands of

different phytochemicals, found in vegetables, fruits, beans, whole grains, nuts and seeds.
Eating lots of plant foods rich in phytochemicals may help to prevent at least one in every
five cases of cancer, as well as other serious ailments such as heart disease
Stimulate the immune system, the body’s defense against viruses, bacteria and other
diseases‐causing agents.
• Block the potential for carcinogens (cancer‐ causing substances) to be formed in the
body from substances we eat, drink and absorb from the environment.
• Reduce oxidation, the damage to cells that occurs with aging and exposure to pollution.
Oxidation, caused by molecules called “free radicals,” can cause abnormalities in cells that
may eventually lead to cancer.
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 How do phytochemicals work?
● Antioxidant
● Hormonal action
● Stimulation of enzymes
● Antibacterial effect
● Physical action

It is recommended take daily at least 5 to 9 servings of fruits or vegetable.

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 THANK YOU

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