MOCK EXAMS, EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

1. Most earthquakes occur due to the movement of ______. This slowly build up stresses that are suddenly
released during an earthquake.
2. What is the Formula for Moment Magnitude______?
3. Magnitude is not particularly revealing to the structural engineer. Engineers design structures for the
_______and _______ at the site.
4. The depth of the crust is fairly constant; the size of the earthquake is usually controlled by the _____ of the
fault.
5. Every day, regions of high seismicity experience many small earthquakes. However, structural damage does not
usually occur until the magnitude approaches _____.
6. Most structural damage during earthquakes is caused by the failure of the _______ or from strong shaking.
7. Most engineered structures are designed only to prevent ______. This is not only to save money, but also
because as a structure becomes stronger it attracts larger forces.
8. Most structures are designed to have sufficient _____ to survive an earthquake. This means that elements will
yield and deform but they will be strong in shear and support their load during and after the earthquake.
9. Common Types of Damage during an earthquake.
10. A _____ is the mass movement of rock, soil, and debris down a slope due to gravity
11. Clay minerals are very electrochemically active; thus, they affect________.
12. Usually, it is the ______to the foundation or an adjacent member rather than the foundation itself that is
damaged during a large earthquake.
13. Engineers will occasionally design foundations to ____ during earthquakes as a way of dissipating energy and of
reducing the demand on the structure
14. Curved, skewed, and eccentrically supported structures often experience a _______ during earthquakes.
15. ______ refers to one level of a building that is significantly more flexible or weak in lateral load resistance than
the stories above it 
16. The most catastrophic type of structural damage is the _________.
17. Flexural members are often designed to form _____during large earthquakes. This allows a member to yield and
deform while continuing to support its load.
18. _______is displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip along a fault. When the fault reaches the
surface, the ground can be pushed together, pulled apart, raised or dropped.
19. When buildings, bridges, and other structures are built too closely together, one problem is _______. It occurs
when the adjacent buildings start vibration out of phase during the seismic activity which causes collision.
20. However, pounding may also be beneficial when it prevents _____
21. More serious damage occurs when a poorly designed structure ______ onto an otherwise seismically resistant
structure. There are no benefits from this interaction.
22. ______are structures that are important or critical for a community to function, such as roadways, pipelines,
power lines, sewers, communications, and port facilities.
23. _____ is a structure forming gravel piles in sandy ground shortens horizontal draining distance and prevents
liquefaction by stopping the rise in pore water pressure that occurs during earthquakes.
24. The _______was found to be the most effective method for creating strong, highly ductile ground that does not
liquefy or settle. It is also the most expensive method, but the lack of noise and vibration makes it ideal for city
environments.
25. ______ are a popular way of preventing liquefaction of loose alluvium. However, the noise and vibration make it
unacceptable at some locations.
26. _____technique for bridges is to allow the foundation to rock during large earthquakes. As the foundation
rocks, the period is lengthened and damping is increased, all of which lowers the demand on the structure.
27. ____ foundations are commonly used for smaller projects, and when the top layer of soil can adequately
handle the distribution of weight.
28. ______ is a watertight structure which it is generally made up of timber, steel, and reinforced cement concrete
and constructed in connection with the excavation for the foundation of piers, bridges, and dock structures etc.
29. The use of _________ is one of the most commonly used methods to solve the construction of a deep
foundation pit in large tunnel working shafts.
30. ______ are cylinders filled with liquid silicon. When a load is applied, a piston pushes through the viscous fluid in
the cylinder, absorbing energy.
31. The portion of the building below the ground level
32. The portion of the building above the ground level
33. The portion of structure between ground level and floor level is called ______.
34. The system is designed for gravity as well as for lateral loads. Under lateral loads the walls act like cantilevers. It
carries a load of the structure from the upper flooring and transfers it to the foundation.
35. In______, the joints or connections between columns and beams are designed to be rigid. This causes columns
and beams to bend during an earthquake, so these structural members are designed to be strong in bending.
36. _____ is an economical alternative to moment-resisting frames.
37. These lateral load resisting systems let the building behave like a hollow cylindrical tube cantilevered
perpendicular to the ground.
38. 5 types of Tube System:
39. ________ structural system consists of closely spaced exterior columns that are rigidly connected with deep
spandrel beams running continuously along each facade and around the building corners.
40. Connected using steel bracing or concrete shear walls. This interconnection of exterior columns makes a rigid
box capable of resisting lateral shear by axial force in members rather than bending or curving.
41. ______ also known as “hull and core” arrangement. Here, a core tube is surrounded by an exterior tube.
42. ______ there are several interconnected tubes to form a multi-cell tube. It is one of the most efficient
structural systems against heavy wind loads.
43. _______ combines two or more structural forms in different parts of the structure.
44. _____ is a method of construction that uses a system of timber, metal connectors, fasteners and shear walls to
connect the structural frame of the house together. It ties the house together from the roof to the foundation.
45. The ______ elements are usually diaphragms, such as floor slab, and horizontal bracing in special floors.
46. The ______elements are the shear walls, braced frame, and moment-resisting frames.
47. _____ buildings are more affected, or shaken, by high frequency waves (short and frequent) while ____
buildings are more affected by long period, or slow shaking.
48. _____ arises from eccentricity in the building layout. It happens when the center of mass of the building does
not coincide with its center of rigidity
49. The point where the entire mass of the floor acts _____
50. The point where the entire stiffness of the building acts ______
51. If there is torsion, the building will rotate about its ______
52. ____is the capacity of building materials, systems, structures to undergo large inelastic deformations without
significant loss of strength or stiffness
53. Lateral-Force Resisting System:
54. ______ are lateral force‐resisting systems which consists of beams, columns, diagonal braces and joints
55. Consists of a reinforced concrete or steel beam and girder frame filled with masonry infill wall
56. Non-structural elements:
57. _____ have no significant physical discontinuities in plan or vertical configuration or in their lateral-force
resisting systems.
58. _____ have significant physical discontinuities in configuration or in their lateral force-resisting systems.

59. STIFFNESS IRREGULARITY: 63. TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY.

60. WEIGHT (MASS) IRREGULARITY 64. RE-ENTRANT CORNER IRREGULARITY
61. VERTICAL GEOMETRIC IRREGULARITY
62. DISCONTINUITY IN CAPACITY – WEAK STOREY
Answer Key 38. Framed Tube, Trussed Tube, Tube in Tube,
Bundled Tube, & Hybrid Tube
1. Fault
39. Framed tube
2. Whereas
40. Trussed Tube
Mo=GAD
41. Tube-in-tube
3. peak accelerations and displacement
42. Bundled Tube
4. Length
43. Hybrid Tube
5. 5.0
44. Continuous load path
6. surrounding soil
45. Horizontal Structural Elements
7. Collapse
46. Vertical Structural Elements
8. Ductility
47. Small Buildings, Large Buildings
9.
48. Torsion
49. Center of Mass
50. Center of Rigidity
51. center of rigidity
52. Ductility
53. (1) Moment-Resisting Frame System (2)
Bearing-Wall System (3) Dual System (4) Tube
System
54. Braced-frame systems
10. landslide  55. Infilled-Frame System
11. soil microstructures 56. Partition walls, infill walls, cladding
12. Connection 57. Regular Structures
13. Rock 58. Irregular Structures
14. Torsional Moment 59.
15. Soft Story
16. Failure of Connections
17. plastic hinges 60.
18. Surface faulting
19. Pounding
20. Resonance 61.
21. Collapses
22. Lifelines
23. Gravel Drains
62. A weak story is one in which the story strength
24. deep mixing method
is less than 80% of that in the story above.
25. Sand compaction piles
63.
26. Retrofit
27. Shallow
28. Caisson
29. diaphragm wall structure
64. projections of the structure beyond a re-
30. fluid viscous dampers (FVD)
entrant corner are greater than 15% of the
31. Sub-structure
plan dimension of the structure in the given
32. Super-structure
direction.
33. Plinth
34. Bearing-Wall System
35. moment resisting frames
36. Dual systems
37. Tube System