KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION NOTE!

𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 +
1 2
𝑔𝑡
2
1 2 2
A projectile’s trajectory consists of both horizontal and vertical motions 𝑦 = 0+0+ 2
(− 9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(2. 3 𝑠)
x-axis y-axis with constant velocity and constant acceleration. These two 𝑦 =− 11. 27 𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
components are independent of each other.
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑔𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 Hence, the position of the ball along the horizontal is 20.01 m, and
1 2 1 2 along the vertical is 11.27 m after 2.3 seconds. The negative position
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑦𝑡 + 2 𝑔𝑡
Let’s Practice! along the vertical implies that the ball’s final position is below its
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜) =
2 2
(
𝑣𝑥+𝑣𝑜𝑥
2 )𝑡 (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜) =
2 2
( 𝑣𝑦+𝑣𝑜𝑦
2 )𝑡 1. Riff off of a cliff’s edge, a stunt rider has jumped with his
initial position.

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 2𝑔 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜) 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 + 2𝑔 (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜) 3. Calculate how high a ball will fall if it is thrown forward with a
motorcycle with a horizontal velocity of 9.0 𝑚/𝑠. Determine the
motorcycle’s position 1 second after it tool off the cliff’s edge. final velocity of 10 m/s and lands 30.5 m away horizontally.

KINEMATICS IN TWO DIMENSION

Given: Given:

❖ Projectile Motion For Horizontal For Vertical For Time For Vertical
➢ A projectile refers to any object that has an initial velocity, but
𝑣0 = 9. 0 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 = 1𝑠 𝑣 = 10 𝑚/𝑠 𝑣𝑜 = 20 𝑚/𝑠
proceeds through a parabolic path, called a trajectory, entirely 2 𝑥 = 30. 5 𝑚 2
influenced by the acceleration due to gravity and air resistance. 𝑡 = 1𝑠 𝑔 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 𝑔 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
𝑥0 = 0 𝑚

Horizontally Launched Projectile 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡 ⇒ 𝑡 =

𝑥
𝑣𝑜𝑥
➢ A projectile is an object whose motion, in the absence of air 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡 30.5 𝑚
𝑡= 10 𝑚/𝑠
resistance, consists of horizontal motion with constant velocity 𝑥 = 0 + (9. 0 𝑚/𝑠)(1 𝑠)
𝑡 = 3. 05 𝑠
and vertical motion with constant acceleration. 𝑥 = 9. 0 𝑚 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
1 2
1 2 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
Calculating Components of Projectiles 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
2
1 2
𝑦 =0+0+
1 2 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(1 𝑠) 𝑦 = 0+0+ 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(3. 05 𝑠)
2
Position (𝑚) 𝑦= − 4. 9 𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) 𝑦 =− 45. 6 𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)

Horizontal Vertical
Hence, the position of the motorcycle along the horizontal is 9.0 m, Hence, the ball’s final position along the vertical is -45.6 m. This
2 and along the vertical is -4.9 m after it tool cliff’s edge. The negative means that the ball fell from an elevated height of 45.6 m.
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡 1
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡
2 position along the vertical implies that the motorcycle’s final position
(in the problem’s context) is below its initial position. 4. A block of wood fell off a horizontal desk with a velocity of 1.1
m/s and loaded on the floor after 0.48 s. Calculate how high the
Velocity (𝑚/𝑠)
2. Billie threw a ball forward with a horizontal velocity of 8.7 m/s. desk is from the floor and how far from the desk the wood will
Horizontal Vertical Calculate the ball’s position after 2.3 seconds. be when it hits the floor.

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 Given: Given:

2 2
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 2𝑔 (𝑦 − 𝑦0) For Horizontal For Vertical For Horizontal For Vertical

𝑣0 = 8. 7 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 = 2. 3 𝑠 𝑣0 = 81. 1 𝑚/𝑠 𝑡 = 0. 48 𝑠

2
Acceleration (𝑚/𝑠 ) 2 𝑡 = 0. 48 𝑠 𝑔 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
2
𝑡 = 2. 3 𝑠 𝑔 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
Horizontal Vertical

𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡
𝑎𝑥 = 0 2
𝑎𝑦 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (1. 1 𝑚/𝑠)(0. 48 𝑠)
𝑥 = 0 + (8. 7 𝑚/𝑠)(2. 3 𝑠)
𝑥 = 20. 01 𝑚 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙) 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = 0. 53 𝑚 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 +
1 2
𝑔𝑡 - Duration of a projectile’s flight that refers to the amount of 𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) 𝑡 +
1
𝑔𝑡
2
2 2
1 2 2 time it takes the object to reach the surface from the time it 𝑜 1 2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0 + 2
(− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(0. 48 𝑠) has been launched. 𝑦 = (32 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑠𝑖𝑛49 )(1. 5 𝑠) + 2
(− 9. 8 )(1. 5 𝑠)
𝑦 − 𝑦0 =− 1. 13 𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙) 2𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑦 = 25. 20 𝑚 (𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙)
𝑡= 2
9.8 𝑚/𝑠
Hence, the desk’s height from the ground is 1.13 m and the distance Hence, the baseball’s position along the horizontal and along the
Maximum Height (H)
the wood traveled from the desk’s edge is 0.53 m. vertical are 31.29 m and 25.20 m, respectively.
- Refers to the point in its trajectory when the velocity along
the y-axis is equal to zero. 𝑜
Projectile Launched at an Angle 2 2 3. A pumpkin is launched at an angle of 30 to the horizontal with
𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝐻= an initial velocity of 25 m/s. Calculate
2
● Angle θ 2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 ) a. The maximum height reached by the pumpkin.
● Height, range, and time of flight of the projectile Range (R) b. Its flight duration, and
● Gravity acts on a projectile launched at an angle. - Refers to the projectile’s horizontal displacement. The c. Its range
acceleration in the horizontal component does not exist since
gravity acts vertically at all times. Given:
2
𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ 𝑣0 = 25 𝑚/𝑠
𝑅= 2
θ = 30
𝑜
9.8 𝑚/𝑠

2 2
𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ 2
(25 𝑚/𝑠) 𝑠(𝑖𝑛(30))
2
𝐻= = = 7. 97 𝑚
Let’s Practice!
2 2
2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 ) 2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠

2𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
1. A ball has been launched from a launching device with an initial 𝑡= 2 =
2(25 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑠𝑖𝑛30)
2 = 2. 55 𝑠
𝑜 9.8 𝑚/𝑠 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
velocity of 30 m/s at an angle of 29 to the horizontal. Determine
velocity along the horizontal is constant, as signified by the arrow the horizontal component of the ball’s velocity after 3 seconds. 2
𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ 2
(25 𝑚/𝑠) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛(30) 𝑐𝑜𝑠(30)
along the x-axis. 𝑅= 2 = 2 = 55. 23 𝑚
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
Given:
Velocity Components of a Projectile 𝑣0 = 30 𝑚/𝑠 Hence, the maximum height reached by the pumpkin is 7.97 m. It had
𝑡 = 3𝑠 a maximum horizontal distance, or range, of 55.23 m and its entire
Initial Velocity 𝑜 flight took 2.55 s.
θ = 29
Horizontal Vertical
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ 𝑜 FORCE
𝑣𝑥 = (30 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑐𝑜𝑠29 )
𝑣𝑥 = 26. 24 𝑚/𝑠 Push or Pull exerted upon an object. The SI Unit for force is newton
Position (N). 1 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠
2

Hence the horizontal component of the ball’s velocity after 3 seconds

Horizontal Vertical
is 26.24 m/s and will remain so during the entire course of the flight. A spring balance is used to measure force.
𝑥 = (𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) 𝑡 1 2
𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) 𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡 2. A baseball has been hit with an initial velocity of 32 m/s at an Free-Body Diagram
𝑜
angle of 49 . Find the baseball’s position after 1.5 seconds.
Is used to illustrate all the external forces, including the unknown
Velocity
Given: ones, that act upon in an object,
Horizontal Vertical 𝑣0 = 32 𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 = 1. 5 𝑠 Force Label/Symbol Definition
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ + 𝑔𝑡 𝑜
θ = 49
Applied Force 𝐹𝑎𝑝𝑝 Force applied to an
Duration of Flight, Range and Maximum Height 𝑥 = (𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) 𝑡 object by another object
𝑜
𝑥 = (32 𝑚/𝑠)(𝑠𝑖𝑛49 )(1. 5 𝑠)
Duration of Flight (t) 𝑥 = 31. 49 𝑚 (ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙)
 3. Two trunks, A and B, with masses 15 kg and 13.5 kg, 1. A 0.02 kg blick of wood with a constant velocity slides on a
Gravitational Force 𝑊 Gravity of the Earth
respectively, are attached to a lightweight cord and are rest on a rough horizontal tabletop. If there is an external force of 2.50
frictionless horizontal surface, as show below. A horizontal 35 N newtons exerted upon the block of wood, calculate the
Friction Force 𝑓 Force exerted upon an
horizontal force is applied to the 13.5 kg trunk. Find the tension magnitude of the frictional forceacting on it.
object as it moves across
force between the two trunks.
a surface
Given:
𝑚 = 0. 20 𝑘𝑔
Normal Force 𝑁 Force exerted upon an
𝐹 = 2. 50 𝑁
object found on a surface
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹 − 𝑓
Tension Force 𝑇 Force exerted by a cord, 0 = 2. 50 𝑁 − 𝑓
string or rope that is 𝑓 = 2. 50 𝑁
pulled tight
Thus, the magnitude of the friction force acting on the block of wood is
Air Resistance Force 𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟 A frictional for opposing 2.50 N.
the motion of an object
that travels in air 2. A 180 pound cargo is found inside a freight elevator that heads
upward at a constant velocity. The rope of the elevator snapped
Spring Force 𝐹𝑒 Force exerted by a which causedit to fall. Determine the (a) weight of the cargo in
(Elastic) stretched string NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION N, and (b) the normal force exerted by the elevator’s floor to the
connected to an object. cargo before and after the rope broke off.
First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
Given:
“When no net force is acting upon an object, the object is either at rest 𝑚 = 180 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑡𝑜 81. 6 𝑘𝑔
Let’s Pracetice! or it moves with constant velocity.”
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
1. Draw a free -body diagram for a paperweight that is at rest on a Inertia - Mass 𝑊 = (81. 6 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )
2

desk. 𝑊 = 800 𝑁
An inertial frame reference is a perspective considered to identify
whether an object is at rest, or is moving with a constant velocity. Σ𝐹 = 𝑁 − 𝑊 = 0
𝑁=𝑊
1. With constant velocity 𝑁1 = 800 𝑁
2. Not accelerating
𝑁2 = 0 𝑁
3. First law is applicable
4. No frictious forces arise from it.
Thus, the weight (W) of the cargo in newtons is 800 N. The normal
No net force acts on an object at rest. We say that the object is in force acting on it, by virtue of the law of inertia is also 800 N. After the
equilibrium. elevator rope broke, the normal force became 0 N.

Σ𝐹 = 0 3. A 250 lb metal slab needed to be moved up inside a vehicle

2. Gregory pulled a 2 kg box attached to a rope along the Σ𝐹 = 𝐹 − 𝑓 using a smooth inclined plane with the following dimensions: L
frictionless surface of the floor with a force of magnitude 30.0 N, Σ𝐹 = 𝑁 − 𝑊 = 0.7 m, H = 0.3 m. What is the magnitude of the force required
He exerted this force at a 30-degree angle to the east. to move the slab with a constant velocity? Ignore the effects of
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 friction.

lbs -> kg (__x 0.454) Given:

𝑚 = 250 𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝑡𝑜 113. 5 𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 0. 7 𝑚
Let’s Practice! 𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0. 3 𝑚
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
2 2
𝑊 = (113. 5 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 ) Σ𝐹 = (3, 250 𝑘𝑔)(2. 5𝑚/𝑠 )
𝑊 = 1112. 3𝑁 Σ𝐹 = 8, 125 𝑁 FRICTION

𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 = 0. 7 𝑚 The net external force Σ𝐹 neede to accelerate the car is 8125 𝑁. ● Normal Force is the perpendicular component vector relative to
𝑂𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 = 0. 3 𝑚 the surface.
2. A net external force of 7.5 N is exerted upon a 4.65-kg object. If ● Corresponds to frictional force. It is always paralle but
𝑜𝑝𝑝 0.3 the object’s initial velocity is 2. 3 𝑚/𝑠 when the force is applied, opposite to the motion.
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = ℎ𝑦𝑝
= 0.7
= 0. 43
determine itsc displacement after 6 seconds.
Kinetic Friction
𝑊𝑥 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛θ = 1112. 3 𝑁 (0. 43) = 478. 29 𝑁
Given: - Is the type of friction
Σ𝐹 = 7. 5 𝑁 exerted on an object
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹 − 𝑊𝑥 = 0 when it is sliding on a
𝑚 = 4. 65 𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = 𝑊𝑥 𝑣𝑜 = 2. 3 𝑚/𝑠 surface, such that the
𝐹 = 478. 29 𝑁 two surfaces ar
𝑡 = 6𝑠
removing with respect
Thus, the magnitude of force required to move the slab up the inclined Σ𝐹 to each other.
Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 ⇒ 𝑎 =
plane is 478.29 N. 𝑚 - 𝑓𝑘 = µ𝑘𝑁𝑠
7.5 𝑁
𝑎= 4.65 𝑘𝑔
2
𝑎 = 1. 61 𝑚/𝑠 Static Friction
Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration) - Second type of friction that occurs when there is no relative
𝑑 = 𝑣𝑜𝑡 +
1
𝑎𝑡
2 motion between two surfaces.
2
If a net external force acts on object, acceleration occurs. The 1 2 2
- 𝑓𝑠 ≤ (𝑓𝑠)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = µ𝑠𝑁𝑠
direction of which is similar to that of the net force. The net force 𝑑 = (2. 3 𝑚/𝑠)(6 𝑠) + 2
(1. 61 𝑚/𝑠 )(6 𝑠)
vector (Σ𝐹) is the product of the body’s inertial mass (m) and the 𝑑 = 42. 78 𝑚
acceleration wector (a). Let’s Practice!
The displacement of the object after 6 seconds is 42.78 m.
“If a net external force acts on an object, acceleration occurs - the 1. A 2.5 kg crate is moved rightward across a horizontal surface by
direction of which is similar to that of the net external force. The net 3. A wind-driven iceboat, initially at rest on a horizontal ice rink, is a horizontal force such that it has constant velocity. If the
force vector is the product of the body’s inertial mass m and the pushed by the wind such that 3.5 seconds after its release, it is coefficient of the kinetic friction is 0.25, calculate the magnitude
acceleration vector.” travelling eastward at 20 kph. The boat and its rider has a of the kinetic friction force.
combined mass of 215.50 kg. Calculate the horizontal force Fx
Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 that the wind exerted on the boat. Given:
Σ𝐹
𝑚= 𝑎 𝑚 = 2. 5 𝑘𝑔
Σ𝐹 Given: µ𝑘 = 0. 25
𝑎= 𝑚 𝑡=3
𝑣 = 20 𝑘𝑝ℎ ⇒ 5. 56 𝑚/𝑠
Limitation of the Second Law 𝑚 = 215. 50 𝑘𝑔
Σ𝐹 = 0
2
1. Applies only to external forces 𝑣𝑥−𝑣𝑜𝑥 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 2. 5𝑘𝑔(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 ) = 24. 5 𝑁
2. Object’s mass is constant 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝑎 = 𝑡
5.56 𝑚/𝑠
𝑎= 3𝑠 𝑓𝑘 = µ𝑘𝑁𝑠
Let’s Practice! 2
𝑎 = 1. 85 𝑚/𝑠 𝑓𝑘 = (0. 25)(24. 5 𝑁)

1. What net external force must be applied to make a vehicle 𝑓𝑘 = 6. 125 𝑁

2
𝐹𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥
accelerate at 2. 5 𝑚/𝑠 if it has a mass of 3250 kg? 2
𝐹𝑤 = (215. 50 𝑘𝑔)(1. 85 𝑚/𝑠 ) The magnitude of the kinetic friction force 𝑓𝑘 is 6. 125 𝑁.
Given: 𝐹𝑤 = 398. 68 𝑁
2
𝑎 = 2. 5 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 = 3, 250 𝑘𝑔 Thus, the horizontal force 𝐹𝑤 that the wind exerted on the boat is
398.68 N.
Third Law of Motion (Law of Interaction) Given:
Let’s Practice! 𝐴= 5
“If an object applies force to another object andr vise versa, such that 𝐵 = 10
the two forces compromise as respective action and reaction pair. 1. Calculate the dot product of 𝐴 and 𝐵 that is shown in the graph
𝑜
x-axis θ = 45
These two forces are equal magnitudes but opposite directions.” below: 𝑜
y-axis θ = 111
- 2 objects is always equal in magnitude and acts in the Given: 𝑜
opposite direction 𝐴𝑥 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 = 3. 54
𝐴 = 10
- Interaction between two objects 𝑜
𝐴𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 45 = 3. 54
𝐵 = 12
𝑜 𝑜
𝐹 𝐴𝑜𝑛𝐵 = − 𝐹𝐵𝑜𝑛𝐴 θ = 50 𝐵𝑥 = 10 𝑐𝑜𝑠 111 =− 3. 58
𝑜
𝐵𝑦 = 10 𝑠𝑖𝑛 111 = 9. 34
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
What is …? 𝐴 · 𝐵 = (10)(12) 𝑐𝑜𝑠50
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 77. 13
➢ Energy - ability to do work or ability to exert a force causing 𝐴 · 𝐵 = (3. 54)(− 3. 58) + (3. 54)(9. 34)
displacement of an object. The dot product between vectors A and B is equal to 77.13. 𝐴 · 𝐵 =− 12. 67 + 33. 06
➢ Power - the amount of energy transferred 𝐴 · 𝐵 = 20. 39
➢ Work - a measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object 2. Find the scalar product between the 𝐴 and 𝐵 that is shown in
is moved over a distance by an external force. the figure below: 𝐴· 𝐵 −1 𝐴· 𝐵
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 𝐴𝐵
⇒θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴𝐵
−1 20.39
Why is it important to know about DOT or Scalar Products? Given: θ= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (5)(10)
𝑜
𝐴 = 18 θ = 65. 93
They encode relative information about vectors, specifically, they tell 𝐵 = 12
us “how much” one vector is in the direction of another. 𝑜 The components of the vectors are 𝐴𝑥 = 3. 54, 𝐴𝑦 = 3. 54, 𝐵𝑥 =− 3. 58,
x-axis θ = 70
y-axis θ = 138
𝑜 𝐵𝑦 = 9. 34, the scalar product is equal to 20. 39and the angle between
𝑜
DOT OR SCALAR PRODUCT then is 65. 93 .
𝑜
𝐴𝑥 = 18 𝑐𝑜𝑠 70 = 6. 15
● The scalar product consists of two vectors, 𝐴 and 𝐵, and it is 𝑜 WORK
𝐴𝑦 = 18 𝑠𝑖𝑛 70 = 16. 91
written as 𝐴 · 𝐵. 𝑜
𝐵𝑥 = 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠 138 =− 8. 92 For a constant force (constant magnitude and direction), work can be
● With this notation, the scalar product can also be called a dot
𝑜 calculated as:
product. 𝐵𝑦 = 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 138 = 8. 03
● Although 𝐴 and 𝐵 are vectors, the quantity 𝐴 · 𝐵 is scalar.
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
● The scalar product can also be written and defined as: 𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
𝐴 · 𝐵 = (6. 15)(− 8. 92) + (16. 91)(8. 03) ● We can deduce from this that the work done by a force F is just
● For vectors given by their components: 𝐴 = (𝐴𝑥 , 𝐴𝑦) and dot product between the magnitude of the force and the
𝐴 · 𝐵 =− 54. 86 + 135. 79
𝐵 = (𝐵𝑥 , 𝐵𝑦), the scalar product could be written as: displacement of the object.
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 80. 93
● Work is scalar even if force and displacement are both vector
quantities.
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦𝐵𝑦 The scalar product between vectors A and B is equal to 80.93.
𝑜
Remember if the θ = 90 , then the 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 0. Simply speaking, if the SI Unit of Work
3. Using the figure, find the following:
two vectors are perpendicular with each other, their scalar product is
a. The x and y-components of 𝐴 and 𝐵. ● In calculating work, the SI Unit that we use is the joule (j).
equal to zero.
b. The scalar product of the two vectors, where
𝐴 = 5 and 𝐵 = 10. 1 joule = (1 Newton)(1 meter)
● Using the scalar product, you may also find the cosine and
c. The angle between the two vectors. or
therefore the angle between two vectors using the following
equation: 1 J = 1 Nm
𝐴· 𝐵
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 𝐴𝐵
Values of Work
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
● If force is parallel to the direction of displacement, then work is 2
𝐹 = (10 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )
2
𝑃𝐸 = (1 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(5 𝑚)
positive. 𝐹 =− 98 𝑁 𝑃𝐸 = 49. 05 𝐽
● If force is opposite to the direction of displacement, then work is
negative. 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠θ The gravitational potential energy of the ball before dropping is 49.05J
● If force is perpendicular to the direction of the displacement, 𝑜
𝑊 = (− 98 𝑁)(45 𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 35
then work is zero. 2. A boy dropped a 1-kg ball on the window 5 m above the
𝑊 =− 3612. 46 𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 − 3612. 46 𝐽
ground. Find the kinetic energy of the ball upon hitting the
The work done by the Earth on the luggage bag is -3612.46 J. ground.
Let’s Practice!
ENERGY (Conservation of Mechanical Energy) Given:
1. Jenny had her groceries done. Inside the store, her cart was full 𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔
of things that she bought, She need to push her cart into the ℎ = 5𝑚
Conservative forces follow the conservation of mechanical energy, that
cashier area at a distance of 4.5 meters so she applied 50
states that the total mechanical energy on a system remains constant
Newtons on her cart to make it through the cashier. Determine 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
as long as the forces acting on the system are conservative forces.
the work done by the force of Jenny acting on the cart. 2
𝑃𝐸 = (1 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 )(5 𝑚)
𝑃𝐸 = 49. 05 𝐽
Given: Conservative Forces Nonconservative Forces
𝐾𝐸 = 0 𝐽
𝑑 = 4. 5 𝑚
𝐹 = 50 𝑁 Generate work depending on Generate work that is
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸
the initial and final position of dependent on the path taken by
𝑀𝐸 = 49. 05 𝐽 + 0 𝐽
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 an object. the object.
𝑀𝐸 = 49. 05 𝐽
𝑊 = (50 𝑁)(4. 5 𝑚)
𝑊 = 225 𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 225 𝐽 ● Gravitational Force ● Friction Force 𝑃𝐸ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡
● Magnetic Force ● Applied Force
The work done by the force acting on the system is 225 𝐽. 𝐾𝐸𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 49. 05 𝐽
● Electrostatic Force ● Air Resistance
● Spring Force ● Tension Force
2. A force 𝐹 = 15 𝑁 acting on a box 1.5 m along a horizontal The kinetic energy of the ball upon hitting the ground is 49.05 J.
𝑜
surface. The force acts at an 40 angle as shown in the figure
Conservation of Mechanical Energy 3. A cheetah that has a mass of 72 kg runs at its top speed of 93
below. Determine the work done by force F?
kph or 25.83 m/s. What is the kinetic energy of that cheetah?
The total mechanical energy (ME) on the system is equal to the sum of
Given:
its potential energy (PE) and kinetic energy (KE). Given:
𝑑 = 1. 5 𝑚
𝐹 = 15 𝑁 𝑚 = 72 𝑘𝑔
𝑜
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝐾𝐸 𝑣 = 25. 83 𝑚/𝑠
θ = 40 1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠θ Potential Energy Kinetic Energy 𝐾𝐸 =
1
(72 𝑘𝑔)(25. 83 𝑚/𝑠)
2
2
𝑜
𝑊 = (15 𝑁)(1. 5 𝑚) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 40 2
𝐾𝐸 = 24108 𝐽
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 1
𝑊 = 17. 24 𝑁 · 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 17. 24 𝐽 𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
The kinetic energy of the cheetah at its top speed is 24018 J.
The work done by the force on the box is 17.24 J.
Let’s Practice!
4. A slimy hotdog of mass 5 kg is being moved on a frictionless
3. Determine the work done by Eric if the luggage bag with 10 kg floor by a constant force of 8 N. Starting from rest, it traveled 5
1. A boy dropped a 1-kg ball on the window 5 m above the
𝑜
is pulled for 45 m vertically with an angle of 35 . meters across the surface of the floor. What is the final velocity
ground. What is the gravitational potential energy of the ball on
at the end of the 5-meter displacement?
the window?
Given:
𝑑 = 45 𝑚 Given:
Given:
𝑚 = 10 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 = 5 𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔
𝑜 𝐹 = 8𝑁
θ = 35 ℎ = 5𝑚
𝑑 = 5𝑚
𝑣𝑖 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 Given: Sum of its final mechanical energy and the energy transformed into
𝑚 = 1 𝑘𝑔 heat energy by friction.
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑣𝑖 = 0 𝑚/𝑠 (𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡)
𝑊 = (8 𝑁)(5 𝑚) 𝑣𝑓 = 1 𝑚/𝑠
𝑊 = 40 𝐽 POWER
1 2
𝐾𝐸𝑓 = 2
𝑚𝑣 It involves work as a combination of the potential and kinetic energy of
2(𝐾𝐸)
𝑣= 1 2
the individual. The SI Unit of Power is the watt (W).
𝑚 𝐾𝐸𝑓 = 2
(1 𝑘𝑔)(1 𝑚/𝑠)
2(40 𝑗)
𝑣= 5𝑚 𝐾𝐸𝑓 = 0. 5 𝐽
𝑊
𝑣 = 4 𝑚/𝑠 𝑃= 𝑡
1 2
𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 2
𝑚𝑣
The velocity of the hotdog after traveling a 5-meter displacement is 4 2
1
m/s. 𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 2
(1 𝑘𝑔)(0 𝑚/𝑠) Let’s Practice!
𝐾𝐸𝑖 = 0 𝐽
WORK - ENERGY THEOREM 1. How much power is produced by a desktop computer
𝑊 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖 consuming 750 J of work in 18 seconds?
Since there is a constant force applied and the object moves, there is
𝑊 = 0. 5 𝐽 − 0 𝐽
constant acceleration and change in speed. Thus, there is a change in Given:
𝑊 = 0. 5 𝐽
the object’s kinetic energy. 𝑊 = 750 𝐽
𝑡 = 18 𝑠
The net work done is 0.5 J.
Note from the diagram that once a force is applied to the car, its kinetic
𝑊
energy changes from 𝐾𝐸𝑖 𝑡𝑜 𝐾𝐸𝑓. The change in kinetic energy is given 𝑃= 𝑡
by Law of Conservation of Energy 𝑃=
750 𝐽
18 𝑠
𝑃 = 41. 67 𝑊
How is energy conserved?
● The term “conservation” implies that the value of a quantity has The power produced by a desktop computer is 42 W.
remained unchanged or constant over time, or, before and after
certain circumstances. 2. A 56.7 kg individual climbs up the stairs inside a four storey
∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 − 𝐾𝐸𝑖 building standing about 12.19 m. What would be the power
It states that the total energy of a system neither increases nor output to get her to the top floor in 780 seconds?
The work-energy theorem relates the work done on an object to the decreases; rather, it only gets changed from one form to another or
change in its kinetic energy, 𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸. transferred from one source to another, but its total amount remains Given:
unchanged. 𝑚 = 56. 7 𝑘𝑔
ℎ = 12. 19 𝑚
Let’s Practice! Conservation of Mechanical Energy 𝑎 = 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠
2

𝑡 = 780 𝑠
1. How much work is done on a bus initially at rest if it's kinetic 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑃𝐸2 = 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑃𝐸1
energy increases by 4000 J? 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝑃𝐸𝑖 + 𝑊𝑁𝐶 + 𝑂𝐸𝑖 = 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑃𝐸𝑓 + 𝑂𝐸𝑓 2
𝑊 = (56. 7 𝑘𝑔)(9. 8𝑚/𝑠 )(12. 19 𝑚)
Given:
𝑊 = 6773. 4954 𝐽
∆𝐾𝐸 = 4000 𝐽
Conservation of Energy with Frictional Forces
𝑊
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 𝑃= 𝑡
Frictional forces are nonconservative forces considered as dissipative 6773.4954 𝐽
𝑊 = 4000 𝐽 𝑃=
since they lessen the mechanical energy in the system. 780 𝑠
𝑃 = 8. 7 𝑊
Therefore, the work done is 4000 J.
𝐾𝐸𝑖 + 𝑃𝐸𝑖 += 𝐾𝐸𝑓 + 𝑃𝐸𝑓 + 𝑓𝑑
The power output required for the 56.7 kg individual to get her to the
2. A box of mass 1 kg is pushed from rest across a floor at a rate of top floor storey building is equal to 8.7 W.
1 2 1 2
1 m/s. Find the net work done on the box. 2
𝑚𝑣𝑖 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑖 = 2
𝑚𝑣𝑓 + 𝑚𝑔𝑦𝑓 + 𝑓𝑑
FORMULAS 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ + 𝑔𝑡
KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION WORK
2𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ
x-axis y-axis
Flight – 𝑡= 2
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
9.8 𝑚/𝑠 𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
2 2
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 𝑔𝑡 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑥𝑡 +
1 2
𝑔𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜𝑦𝑡 +
1
𝑔𝑡
2 Maximum Height – 𝐻= 2 POWER
2 2 2(9.8 𝑚/𝑠 )
2
(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜) = ( 𝑣𝑥+𝑣𝑜𝑥
2 )𝑡 (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜) = ( 𝑣𝑦+𝑣𝑜𝑦
2 )𝑡 Range – 𝑅=
𝑣𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ
2
𝑃=
𝑊
𝑡
2 2
𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜𝑥 + 2𝑔 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜)
2 2
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑦 + 2𝑔 (𝑦 − 𝑦𝑜) 9.8 𝑚/𝑠
POTENTIAL ENERGY
LAWS OF MOTION
PROJECTILES 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
1. Law of Inertia
Σ𝐹 = 0
Position (𝑚) KINETIC ENERGY
Σ𝐹 = 𝐹 − 𝑓
Horizontal Vertical Σ𝐹 = 𝑁 − 𝑊 1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 2
𝑚𝑣
𝑥 = 𝑥0 + 𝑣0𝑥𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑦0 + 𝑣0𝑦𝑡 +
1
𝑔𝑡
2 2. Law of Acceleration
2
Σ𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎
Velocity (𝑚/𝑠) 𝑚=
Σ𝐹
𝑎
Σ𝐹
Horizontal Vertical 𝑎= 𝑚

𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 𝑔𝑡 3. Law of Interaction

2 2 𝐹 𝐴𝑜𝑛𝐵 = − 𝐹𝐵𝑜𝑛𝐴
𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 2𝑔 (𝑦 − 𝑦0)

Acceleration (𝑚/𝑠 )
2 FRICTION
Kinetic Friction
Horizontal Vertical - 𝑓𝑘 = µ𝑘𝑁𝑠

𝑎𝑥 = 0 2
𝑎𝑦 =− 9. 8 𝑚/𝑠 Static Friction
- 𝑓𝑠 ≤ (𝑓𝑠)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = µ𝑠𝑁𝑠

PPROJECTILES (with angle)

DOT OR SCALAR PRODUCT
Initial Velocity
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ
Horizontal Vertical
𝐴· 𝐵
𝐴 · 𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠θ = 𝐴𝐵
𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑣𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ

Position If there is x-axis and y-axis

𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
Horizontal Vertical
𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ

𝑥 = (𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) 𝑡 1 2 𝐵𝑥 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 θ
𝑦 = (𝑣𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛θ) 𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡
𝐵𝑦 = 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ
Velocity
FORCE
Horizontal Vertical