JAPANESE

HEGEMONY
(1941-1945)
Causes of Japanese
Expansionism
➢ Japan needed territories to accommodate its excess
population.
➢ As there was no large consumer market at home, Japan had
to look for markets abroad.
➢ Being poor in natural resources, Japan needed sources of raw
materials to fuel her industries.
➢ Japan wanted to become a leader of Asian nations. It
established the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
where Asian countries would become cooperating members of
the union.
 1910: colonized (Choson) Korea
 1922: annexed Formosa (Taiwan) as part of its war
indemnity with China in 1894-1895
 1930s: after experiencing a period of economic crises,
militarists took over the Japanese government
 1931: annexed Manchuria and withdrew from the League
of Nations
 1937: Japan proved an undeclared war with China and
occupied several parts of the country and massacred the
inhabitants of Nanjing
World War
II
World War II
➢ It was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.
➢ Allied: United States of America, Great Britain, and
Russia
➢ Axis: Germany, Japan, and Italy
World War II
➢ Beginning:
It is generally considered to have begun on September 1,
1939, with the invasion of Poland by Germany and
subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France
and the United Kingdom
World War II
➢ Ending:
1. capture of Berlin by Soviet troops
2. suicide of Adolf Hitler
3. German unconditional surrender on May 8 , 1945
4. surrender of Japan on August 9, 1945
WWII in the
Pacific
Defense Plans
 War Plan Orange – a contingency plan prepared by the US War Plans Division in 1925 as a
way of “fortifying” the Philippine Islands for any eventuality of war between America and
Japan.
 United States Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) – was activated on July 26, 1941 of
which Gen. Douglas MacArthur was designated commanding general. On September 1,
1941, the War Plans Division was abolished and replaced by the USAFFE.
 Division of the USAFFE into four tactical commands:
North Luzon Force- commanded by Maj. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright
South Luzon Force- under Brig.Gen. George M. Parker
Harbor Defense Command- under Brig.Gen. George F. Moore
Visayas-Mindanao Force- commanded by Brig.Gen. William A. Sharp
➢ United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP)
On March 11, 1942, MacArthur left the Philippines to
become the Supreme Commander of the Southwest
Pacific Area Command with Australia as headquarters.
When MacArthur left, he organized the United States
Forces in the Philippines (USFIP) and placed Gen.
Jonathan Wainwright in command on March 22, 1942.
War in the Pacific
➢ Japan launched its first attack against Changsha, a strategically important Chinese city,
but was repulsed by late September. Despite several offensives by both sides, the war
between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940.
➢ To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position
Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and
occupied northern Indochina in September 1940.
➢ As early as 1939, the United States opposing Japanese expansionism imposed a series
of economic sanctions (e.g., Export Control Acts, which banned U.S. exports of
chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan and increased economic pressure on
the Japanese regime). US also froze Japanese assets in American banks. To negotiate
with the Americans and lift the economic sanctions, the Japanese sent Admiral K.
Nomura to negotiate.
➢ While negotiations between Americans and Japanese
were ongoing in Washington, D.C., Japanese naval
bombers attacked American naval at Pearl Harbor and
other military installations in Hawaii on December 7,
1941, 7:55 AM (December 8, 1941, 2:30 AM, Monday,
Philippine time).
➢ After attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese also
attacked Hong Kong, Guam, Wake Island, Midway,
and the Philippines.
Japanese Invasion
➢ Areas where the Japanese advance force landed:
Batan Island in Batanes
Aparri, Cagayan
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Legazpi, Albay
Davao
Jolo, Sulu
➢ On January 2, 1942, the advance Japanese forces entered Manila led by
Gen. Masaharu Homma, commander-in-chief of the Japanese invasion
forces.
 On April 9, 1942, Gen. Edward P. King, commander of the
Bataan forces, with his 78, 000 men surrendered. The Filipino-
American prisoners were forced to march at gunpoint from
Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga with a distance of about
101 kilometers. So many died that the march has been
dubbed as the “Death March.”
 By May 6, 1942, Gen. Jonathan Wainwright surrendered all
forces in the Philippines
Guerilla Warfare
➢ During the latter half of 1942, guerrilla organizations were
established:
1. Mindanao under Colonel Wendell Fertig
2. Negros under Colonel Salvador Abcede
3. Cebu under Lieutenant Colonel James Cushing
4. Bohol under Major Ismael Ingeniero
5. Panay under Colonel Macario Peralta
➢ By the end of 1943, the Allied communications network covered most of
the southern Philippines as submarine operations carrying supply and
personnel increased and were extended to Central Visayas and Palawan
by the first half of the succeeding year.
➢ Independent guerrilla commands in Luzon:
1. forces of Major Robert Lapham in Central Luzon
2. the Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon (Hukbalahap) in Pampanga
3. the East-Central Luzon Guerrilla Area (ECLGA) under Colonel Edwin
Ramsey
4. Hunters ROTC of Colonel Eleuterio Adevoso in Cavite
5. President Quezon’s Guerrillas in Batangas.
➢ By early 1944, the guerrilla command in northern Luzon fell
under Major Russell Volckmann and was designated as the
United States Army Forces in the Philippines, Northern Luzon
(USAFIP-NL).
➢ Through intelligence reports provided by guerrilla
organizations across the archipelago, the preparations for the
Philippines' liberation campaign was largely complete.
➢ On October 20, 1944, MacArthur’s invasion of Leyte signaled
all guerrilla organizations to launch an open assault against
the Japanese
Japanese Occupation
➢ On January 2, 1942, Japanese forces entered Manila, and it
was then declared as an open city by Jorge Vargas.
➢ On January 3, 1942, the day after the occupation of Manila,
Gen. Masaharu Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the
Japanese Imperial Forces in the Philippines, proclaimed the
establishment of the Japanese Military Administration to
supervise the political, economic, and cultural affairs.
➢ On January 23, 1943, the Philippine Executive Commission was
established by the Japanese High Command. It was composed of Mayor
Vargas, as Chairman, and the six Filipino department secretaries:
1. Benigno S. Aquino (Commissioner of the Interior)
2. Antonio de las Alas (Commissioner of the Finance)
3. Jose P. Laurel (Commissioner of Commerce)
4. Claro M. Recto (Commissioner of Education, Health and Public Welfare)
5. Quintin Paredes (Commissioner of Public Works and Communication)
6. Jose Yulo (Chief Justice of the Supreme Court)
➢ On June 18, 1943, a Preparatory Commission for
Philippine Independence was created known as the
Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas or
KALIBAPI.

KALIBAPI framed the approved Constitution which

provided for the establishment of a unicameral National
Assembly whose members elected Jose P. Laurel as the
president of the new Philippine Republic.
Second Republic of the Philippines
➢ On October 14, 1943, the Japanese declared a republic (Japanese-
Sponsored Republic) to get the sympathy of the Filipinos and make them
consider the Japanese as their liberator.
➢ On October 24, 1943, the Second Republic was inaugurated with Jose
P. Laurel as the president.
➢ Under the Second Republic, the ministries were established, replacing
the Department of the defunct Philippine Executive Commission. Each
ministry was under a Minister, assisted by a Vice-Minister. New bureaus,
boards, and other offices were created.
➢ This government was considered as de facto.
Government-in-Exile
➢ In 1942, President Manuel L. Quezon left the Philippines for Australia, later America and
continued exercising his functions as President of the Commonwealth while there.
Hence, the government of the Philippines was then considered in exile in Washington,
USA. It existed from May 13, 1942, to October 3, 1944.
➢ In the intervening time, President Quezon became one of the members of the Pacific
War Council and soon became one of the signatories for the organization of the United
Nations. Because of his failing health, he later died at Lake Saranac, New York on
August 1, 1944. After Quezon’s death, Sergio Osmeña became the president of the
Commonwealth.
➢ On October 23, the Commonwealth Government was declared restores, with Tacloban
as the temporary capital.
➢ This government was considered as the de jure.
Liberation Period
➢ On June 29, 1944, the U.S. Congress upon Pres. Roosevelt’s
recommendations enacted two joint resolutions:
1. Joint Resolution No. 93 - provided that the “United States would drive
the treacherous, invading Japanese from the Philippine Islands, and
thereupon establish the complete independence of the Philippine
Islands.”
2. Joint Resolution No. 94 - “Created the US-Philippine Rehabilitation
Commission composed of nine Americans and nine Filipinos to study the
post-war economy of the Philippines and to formulate plans for the future
Philippine-American trade relations.”
➢ By October 20, 1944, Gen. Douglas MacArthur and the Allied
forces charged to liberate the Philippines from Japanese
landed in Palo, Leyte.
➢ On October 23 to 26, 1944, the so called the Battle of Leyte
Gulf marked the beginning of the liberation campaign here in
the Philippines.
➢ After the Japanese navy's defeat, Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita,
the successor to Gen. Kuruda, and higher Filipino officials on
December 21, 1944, moved to Baguio. The Japanese forces
retreated to the Yamashita Line – a battlefront stretching the
jungle of Sierra Madre from Antipolo to Aparri.
➢ On January 5, 1945, Gen. MacArthur struck at Luzon, landing in
full force at Lingayen. Then followed the liberation of Manila, which
was a month-long battle from February to March 1945.
➢ After the war in Europe ended (Victory-in-Europe Day), on July 4,
1945, Gen. MacArthur proclaimed that the Philippines had been
liberated from the enemy.
➢ On July 26, 1945, President Harry Truman issued the Potsdam
Proclamation calling upon Japan to surrender unconditionally. But
Japan did not do so. As a consequence, the Allied forces decided
to unleash the deadly atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki on
August 6 and 9, 1945.
➢ Now saddled with destruction and threat of another bomb,
Japan unconditionally surrendered to the Allied forces on
August 15, 1945.
➢ Two days after the surrender of the Japanese forces, on
August 17, 1945, President Jose P. Laurel then dissolved the
Second Republic of the Philippines.
➢ On September 2, 1945, Japan signed the terms of surrender
on board the battleship Missouri at Tokyo Bay, thereby ending
the war in the Pacific.
Impact of the Japanese Occupation
1. economic hardships
2. the breakdown of old social-elite class
3. social and moral breakdown
PHILIPPINE
REPUBLIC
(1946-1986)
On April 23, 1946, an election for the next Commonwealth government
officials was conducted. It resulted in the victory of Manuel Roxas and
Elpidio Quirino as the President and Vice-President, respectively. On May 6,
1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last President of the Philippine
Commonwealth.

The World War II ended with the total surrender of the Japanese forces to
the United Stated of America, which also led to the American occupation of
Japan.

On July 4, 1946, the Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated,

and Philippine independence from Americans was proclaimed (at present,
this eventual Philippine independence was regarded as Republic Day or
Filipino-American Friendship Day).
The day of the establishment of the Third Republic also marked the
ratification of the Treaty of General Relations and Protocol or the Treaty
of Manila of 1946.

This Agreement officially:

1.) Recognized the Philippines as an independent nation

2.) Relinquished U.S. sovereignty over the entire Philippine islands
3.) Gave the U.S. to diplomatically represent the Philippines in other
countries while a Foreign Service Office was pending to be established and
maintain its military bases.
Continuing relations
Just after the Philippines acquired its independence on July 4, 1946, several
treaties and agreements were concluded between the United States and the
Philippines. They were the following:
1. Treaty of General Relations
2. Philippine Trade Agreement of 1946 (Philippine Bell Trade Act of 1946)
3. Military Bases Agreement
4. Military Assistance Pact
5. Mutual Defense Treaty
Agrarian Reform
➢ Republic Act No. 3844 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) – signed into law in 1963 by
President Disodado Macapagal. Under this law, the tenancy system was gradually
abolished and replaced with an agricultural leasehold system.
➢ Republic Act No. 6657 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP)) –
signed into law by President Corazon Aquino on 11988. It declared that all public and
private agricultural lands are to be distributed to tenants.
Scope of the program:
1. Php 50 billion Agrarian Reform Fund
2. Reorganization and expansion of DAR
3. support services (e.g. infrastructure facilities, credit assistance, and technical support programs,
legal assistance)
Filipino First Policy
➢ It was a policy implemented by President Carlos P. Garcia as a response
to the impact of free trade and American economic dominance in the
Philippines for years following the World War II.
➢ Scope:
1. It is aimed at improving the economic condition of the Filipinos.
2. In all economic transactions, Filipino businessmen were given first priority.
3. The government gave preference to Filipinos over foreigners in the acquisition of
land and capital and in the operation of business, trade and industry in the
country.
4. Philippine-made products were also promoted and patronized.
Independent Foreign Policy
➢ Republic Act No. 708 (Foreign Service Act) – this law was passed on
1952, which aimed at strengthening the Department of Foreign Affairs
(D.F.A.) and its personnel.
➢ Republic Act No. 7157 (Philippine Foreign Service Act of 1991) – it is
an amendment to the previous enacted law, which laid down the three
pillars of Philippine Foreign Policy:
1. preserving and enhancing national security;
2. promotion and attainment of economic security; and,
3. protection of the rights and promotion of the welfare and interest of
Filipino overseas.
Proclamation 889 (Suspending the Privilege of the Writ of
Habeas Corpus in Certain Cases)
➢ It was issued on August 21, 1971, when the Plaza Miranda bombing happened,
and was amended on August 30.
➢ Contents:
1. The document specifically states that an atmosphere of lawlessness exists
because of the Communist Party of the Philippines (C.P.P.) agenda to supplant
the government.
2. The proclamation also tells about the Communists’ growing influence through
the C.P.P.’s efforts to expand its membership to society's different sectors.
3. The President officially holds the Communists responsible for the incident at
Plaza Miranda through its proclamation.
Habeas corpus
➢ It is a recourse in law through which a person can report an
unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that
the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison
official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the
detention is lawful.

Article 3, Section 15 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines

states that:
"The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended except in
cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety requires it".
Proclamation No. 1081
President Marcos then declared the Proclamation 1081 (Martial Law) in
September 21, 1972 due to:
1. Mindanao Crisis
2. Problems created by the NPA (New People’s Army)

➢ It was formally lifted on January 17, 1981 through Proclamation No.

2045.
➢ The President’s decision to lift Martial Law was based on:

1. Peace and order was restored in the country after the rebellion had
been contained by the Philippine Constabulary and the Armed Forces of the
Philippines
2. Political reforms were instituted after the ratification of the 1973
Philippine Constitution, which gave way to the reorganization of the local
government
3. Economic growth was achieved because of land reform, reliable
infrastructures, increased Gross National Product, and improved credit
standing, among others, and
4. Educational reforms were accomplished through reorientation of the
curriculum to cater to the needs of the economy.
End of Dictatorship
Two important events are considered as turning points that
marked the end of the Marcos administration.
1. The assassination of Senator Benigno “Ninoy” S. Aquino, Jr.
on August 21, 1983
2. The EDSA (People Power Revolution) on February 22 to 25,
1986