Chapter

(A) Force, Work, Power and Energy

Force
SYLLABUS

Turming forces conoept; moment of a fore; forces in equilibrium; centre of gravity. (discussions using simple
examples and simple direct problems).
Scope of syllabus Elementary introduction of translational and rotational motions; moment (turning effect) of a force,
-

called torgue and its C.GS. and S.I. units; common examples - door, stering wheel, bicycle pedal, etc; clockwise and
also
anhclockwise moments: conditions for a body to be in equilibrium (translational and rotational); principle of moments and
ts ventication using a metre nule suspended by two spring balances with slotted weights hanging from it; simple numerical
problems; centre of gravity (qualitative only) with examples of some regular bodies and iregular lamina.

i) Unifom circular motion.

Scope of syllabus As an example of constant speed, though acceleration (force) is present. Difference between centrifugal
and centripetal force.

In class X, we have read that a force when applied on a rigid body can cause only the motion
in it. while when applied on a non-rigid body can cause both the change in its size or shape and
the motion in it. In mathematical form, (force applied on a body is defined as the rate of change in

its linear momentum i.e., F = = d(m or F = ma (if mass m is constant). The force is a
dt dt
vector quantity and its S.I. unit is newton (symbol N) or kilogram-force (symbol kgf) where
i kgf = g N if g is the acceleration due to gravity (= 9:8 m s2 on average).

(A) MOMENT OFA FORCE AND EQUILIBRIUM

1.1 TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL called the linear or translational motion. For
MOTIONs example in Fig. 1.1, on pushing a ball lying on
a floor, it begins to move.
rigid body when acted upon by a force,
can
(A
have wo kinds of motion : (2) Rotational motion
and If the body is pivoted at a point and the force
Hlinear or translational motion,
is applied on the body at a suitable point, it
12 rotational motion.
rotates the body about the axis passing through
(1) Linear or translational motion turning effect of the
This is the
the pivoted point.
When a force acts on a stationary rigid body force and the motion of body is called the
which is free to move, he body starts moving in rotational motion. For example, if a wheel is
a straight path in the direction of force. This is pivoted at its centre and a force is applied
Ball tangentially on its rim as
shown in Fig. 1.2, the
Wheel
Pivot
Push wheel rotates about its
Direction of
motion centre. Similarly when a
force is applied normally
Fig. 1.1 Translational motion on the handle of a door, Fig. 1.2 Rotational motion

1
the door begins to rotate about an axis passing Moment of force about the axis passing through the
the hinges on which the door rests. point O
through
1.2
=
Forcex Perpendicular distance
1.2 MOMENT (TURNING EFFECT) OFA of force from the point O
FORCE OR TORQUE = F x OOP
Considera body which is .1.1)
Note: For producing maximum tuming
effect on
pivoted at a point 0. If a 90 a body by a given force, the force is applied on
foree F is applied horizontally PIVOT the body at a point Jor
on the body with its line of which the perpendicular
distance of line of action of the force from the axis
action in the direction AP as
of rotation is maximum so that the given force may
shown in Fig. 1.3. the force is Fig. 1.3 Moment provide the maximum torque to tum the body.
unable to produce linear of a force
motion of the body in its Units of moment of force
direction because the body is not free to move, Unit of moment of force
but this force tums (or rotates) the body about the unit of force x unit of distance
vertical axis passing through the point 0, in the The S.I. unit of force is newton and that of
dirction shown by the arow in Fig. I.3 (i.e., the distance is metre, so
force rotates the body anticlockwise).
the S.I. unit of moment
of force is newton x metre. This is abbreviated
Factors afecting the turning of a body as N m.
On a body. the turning effect of a force The C.G.S. unit of moment of force is
depends on the following nvo factors dynex cm.
1)the magninude of the force applied, and But if force is measured in gravitational unit,
2)the perpendicular distance of line of action then the unit of moment of force in S.I. system
f the force from the axis of rotation (or 1s KgT x m and in C.G.S. system, the unit is

pivoted point). gfx cm.

Indeed. the turning effect the body depends
on These units are related as follows :
on the product of both the above stated factors. 1Nm=10 dyne x l0 c
This product is called the moment of force (or = 10 dyne cm
torque). Thus, the body rotates due to the moment 1 kgf x m = 9.8 N m (1.2)
of force (or torque) about the pivoted point. In
and 1 gf x cm =980 dyne cm
other words,
Clockwise and anticlockwise moments :
The turning efect on the body about an axis is
Conventionally, if the effect on the body is to turn
e to the moment of
force (or torque) applied it anticlockwise, moment of force is called the
on the body.
anticlockwise moment and it is taken positive,
Measurement of moment of force (or torque) while if the effect on the body is to turn it
The moment clockwise, the moment of force is called the
of a force (or torque) is equal to clockwise
the product of the magnitude o f the force and DE moment
mOe and it is taken negative.
the perpendicular distance of the line of action The moment of force is a vector quantity. The
of force from the axis of direction of anticlockwise moment is along the
rotation.) axis of rotation outwards, while of clockwise
In Fig. 1.3, the line of action of force F is moment is along the axis of rotation inwards.
shown by the dotted line AP and the
perpendicular drawn from the pivoted point O on The unit N m of moment offorce (or torque) is not written joule
However the unit N n for work or energy is written joule (J becaus
the line of action of force is
OP. Therefore, torque is a vector. while work or energy is a sealar quantty

n l y btim hat whim o fonee At ufhen a ediy, i bo

 On applying force 8
a
pivoted body,
on a its
FRAME
direction of rotation depends on (a) the point of (fixed in wall)
HINGE
application of the force, and (b) the direction of 9
force. Thus the direction of rotation of a HANDLE
body can HINGE
be changed by two
ways
(1) By changing the point of application of
D
force -

Fig. 1.4(a) shows the anticlockwise Fig. 1.5 Opening of a door

and clockwise moments
produced in a disC (2) The upper circular stone of a hand flour
pivoted at its centre by changing the point grinder is provided with a handle near its rim
of application of the force F from
point A to (i.e., at the maximum distance from the
point B.
B centre) so that it can easily be rotated about
the iron pivot at its centre by applying a
DISC PIVOT
small force at the handle.
DISC
(3) For turning a steering wheel, a force is
A A
ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE
applied tangentially on the rim of the wheel
(POSITIVE) (NEGATIVE) Fig. 1.6). The sense of rotation of wheel is
(a) By changing the point of application of force
changed by changing the point of application
of force without changing the direction of
AXLE force. In Fig. 1.6 (a), when force F is applied
AXLE at the point A of the wheel, the wheel rotates
ANTICLOCKWISE CLOCKWISE anticlockwise, while in Fig. 1.6 (b), the wheel
(POSITIVE) (NEGATIVE)
(6) By changing the direction of force rotates clockwise when the force F in same
Fig. 1.4 Anticlockwise and clockwise moments direction is applied at the point B of the
(2) By changing the direction of force wheel
Fig. 1.4(b) shows the anticlockwise and
clockwise moments produced on a pivoted
axle by changing the direction of force F at
F
the free end of the axle. (a) ANTICLOCKWISE (b) CLOCKWISE
ROTATION ROTATION
Common examples of moment of force
Fig. 1.6 Sense of rotation changed by the clhange
(1) To open or shut a door, we apply a force (push
ofpoint of application of force
or pull) F normal to the door at its handle P
which is provided at the maximum distance (4) In a bicycle, to turn the rear wheel
from the hinges as shown in Fig. 1.5. anticlockwise, a small force is applied on the
foot pedal of a toothed wheel of size bigger
We can notice that if we apply the force at a
than the rear wheel so that the perpendicular
point Q(near the hinge R), much greater force distance of the point of application of force
is required to open the door and if the force
is applied at the hinge R, we will not be able F
to open the door howsoever large the force FOOT
PEDAL
may be (because for the force at R, torque
will be zero). Thus the handle P is provided
near the free end of the door so that a smaller
AXLE
force at a larger perpendicular distance from
REAR WHEEL
the hinges produces he moment of force
Fig. 1.7 Turning of toothed wheel of a bicycle
required to open or shut the door.
3
 from the axle of wheel is large (Fig. 1.7). along the same line, form a couple. A couple i
The toothed wheel is joined to the rear wheel always needed to produce a rotation. For example,
by a chain through their tooth. when we open a door, the rotation of door is

spanner used to tighten or loosen a nut, has
(5) A
a long handle to produce a large moment of
force by a small force applied normally at the
end of its handle as shown in Fig. 1.8. The
spanner is tumed anticlockwise to loosen the
nut by applying the force in the direction
shown in Fig. 1.8. while it is turned clockwise
to tighten the nut by applying the force in a
direction opposite to that shown in Fig. 1.8.
HANDLE
NUT
IFORCE
Fig. 1.8 Spanner (wrench) used to loosen a nut
produced by a couple consisting of two forces
(i) the force which we exert at the handle of the
door, and (i) an equal and opposite force of
reaction at the hinge.
Some times we require a larger turning effect.
then two forces, equal in magnitude and opposite
in directions, are applied on the body explicitly
such that both the forces turn the body in the
same direction.
Example : To open the nut of a car wheel,
we apply equal forces, each F, at the two ends
of the wrench's arm in opposite directions as
shown in Fig. 1.9.

(6 A jack screw used to lift a heavy load such

as a vehicle. has a long arm so that a less
effort is needed to rotate it so as to raise or
lower the jack. HOLDING
A NUT-

Conclusion : From the above examples, we (a) Car rench (b) Wrench
conclude that the turning of a body about an axis Fig. 1.9 Opening the nut ofa car wheel by a wrench
depends not only on the magnitude of force, but
it also depends on the perpendicular distance of Similarly while turning a water tap (Fig. 1.10),
the line of action of the applied force from the tightening the cap of an inkpot (Fig. 1.11),
axis of rotation. Larger the perpendicular distance, turning the key in the hole of a lock (Fig. 1.12),
less is the force needed to turn the body. winding a clock (or a watch) with the key,
turning the steering of a car (Fig. 1.13), driving
1.3 COUPLE
A single force applied on a pivoted body
alone does not cause rotation of the body.
Actually the rotation is always produced by a
pair of forces. In the above examples, the rotation
is due to the force externally applied and the
force of reaction produced at the pivoted point.
The force of reaction at the pivot is equal in Fig. 1.10 Turning a Fig. 1.11 Tightening
but opposite in direction to the applied water tap
magnitude,
force. The moment of the force of reaction about
the cap

the pivot is zero because its distance from the

axis of rotation is zero, so the force of reaction
at the fixed point (or
pivot) is not shown in
Fig. 1.3 to Fig. 1.8. The pair of external force and
the force of reaction is called a couple. Thus two
Fig. 1.12 Turning a key Fig. 1.13 Turning a
equal and opposite parallel forces, not acting in a lock steering wheel

4
the pedals of a bicycle, etc., a pair of forces change the state of rest or linear motion of the
(couple) is applied for rotation. body, and (i) the algebraic sum of moments of
Moment of couple Fig. 1.14 illustrates the all forces about the fixed point is zero, so
the
effect produced by couple. AB is a bar which
a they do not change the rotational state of
IS pivoted at a point 0. At the ends A and B, two body, then the body is said to be in equilibrium.

equal and opposite forces, each of Thus

magnitude F,
are applied. The perpendicular distance between When a number of forces acting on a body
the two forces is AB (= d) which is called the in its state of rest or of
produce no change
couple a7m. The two forces cannot produce the rotational motion, the body is said to
linear or
translational motion as their resultant sum in any
direction is zero. but each force has the tuming
| be in equilibrium.
effect on the bar in the same direction. Thus the
two forces together form a couple which rotates
Kinds of equilibrium
the bar about the point O. In Fig. 1.14, the two
The equilibrium is of two kinds : (1) static
equilibrium, and (2) dynamic equilibrium.
forces rotate the bar in anticlockwise direction.
(1) Static equilibrium : When a body remains
in the state of rest under the influence of several
orces, the body is in static equilibrium.
Examples Fig. 1.15, if a body lying
() In
on the table top is pulled by a force F to
its left

Fig. 1.14 Couple action and by an equal force F to its right (along the
same line), the body does not move. The reason
Moment of force F at the end A is that the applied forces are equal and opposite
= Fx OA (anticlockwise) along the same line, so they balance each other
Moment of force F at the end B (i.e., there is no net horizontal force on the body).
Hence the
body remains at rest (i.e., in static
= Fx OB (anticlockwise)
of both
equilibrium).
rn
Total moment of couple (i.e., moment
the forces) = F x OA + Fx OB
= Fx (OA + OB) = Fx AB F

= Fx d1 (anticlockwise)
Fig. 1.15 Abody is statie equilibrium
Thus
Moment of = Either force x perpendicular| (i) If a book is lying on a table, the weight
distance between the two forcesof the book exerted on the table vertically
couple
(or couple arm) (1.3) downwards is balanced by the equal and opposite
force of reaction exerted by the table on the book
1.4 EQUILIBRIUM OF BODIES vertically upwards. Thus, the book is in static
equilibrium.
We have read that when a force acts on a
translational motion if the (iii) In a beam balance when the beam is
body, it can produce clockwise
body is free to move or can produce
rotational balanced in horizontal position, the
motion if the body is fixed at a point. But in moment of force due to object on its right pan
balances the anticlockwise moment of force due
certain circumstance it is possible to apply
a

to weights on its left and beam

number of forces (two or more) such that (i) the the has
no
pan
resultant of all forces is zero, so they do not rotational motion i.e., it is in static equilibrium.
5
 2) Dynamic equilibrium taking the algebraic sum of the moment of each
When a body
remains in the of motion (translational
same state force about that point. To find the algebraic sum,
or rotationa), under the influence of the several the anticlockwise moment is taken positive, while
1orces, the body is said to be in dynamic the clockwise moment is taken negative.
equilibrium. According to the principle of moments, if the
Pxamples: (i) A rain drop reaches the earth algebraic sum of moments of all the forces, acting
surtace with a constant velocity. The weight of on the body, about the axIS of rotation is zero,
the talling drop is balanced by the sum of the the body is in equilibrium. Thus
buoyant force and the force due to friction (or the principle of
viscosity ) of air. Thus, the net force on the drop
|According to moments, in
equilibrium
is zero. so it falls down with a velocity.
constant sum of the anticlockwise moments
ii) An aeroplane moves at a constant
height sum of the clockwise moments .(1.4)
when upward lit on it balances its weight
downwards. A physical balance (or beam balance) works
A stone tied at the end of a string when the principle of moments.
(ii on
whirled in a circular path with a uniform
speed Verification of the principle of moments
is in dynamic equilibrium because the tension in
string provides the centripetal force required for Suspend a metre rule horizontally from a fixed
circular motion* support by means of a strong thread at O as
shown in Fig. 1.16. Now suspend two spring
Similarly
the motion of a planet around the
balances A and B on the metre rule on either side
sun or the motion of a satellite around the
planet of the thread. Suspend some slotted weights W
or the motion of an electron around the nucleus
and W, on the spring balance. The metre rule
of an atom. are in dynamic
equilibrium. In each may tilt to one side. Now adjust either the slotted
case. the force of attraction on the
moving body weights on the spring balance or the position of
provides the centripetal force for circular motion. the spring balance on either side of thread in such
Conditions for equilibrium a way that the metre rule
again becomes
From the above examples, we find that the norizontal.
wA r SUPPORTT
following wo conditions must be satisfied for a
body to be in equilibrium. -1-
B -2-
The resultant of all the forces acting on the
LlLIlLLLlLlmulmuluulul
body should be zero.
(2The algebraic sum of moments of all the
forces acting on the body about the point of
rotation should be zero i.e., the sum of the
N2 W.
anticlockwise moments about the axis of
Fig. 1.16 Verification of principle of moments
rotation must be equal to the sum of the
clockwise moments about the same axis. Let the weight suspended from the spring
balance A on the right side of thread be W at
1.5 PRINCIPLE OF MOMENTS
a distance OA
When several forces act on a pivoted body,
l» while the weight suspended
=

from the spring balance B on the left side of the

they tend to rotate it about an axis passing thread be W, at a distance OB
through the pivot. The resultant moment of all the l2. =

The weight W, tend to turn the metre rule

forces about the pivoted point is obtained by
clockwise, while the weight W tend to tum ne
Refer article 1.7.
metre rule anticlockwise.
6
 rule is
Clockwise moment of weight W, about the In equilibrium, when the metre
horizontal, it is found that W = W2'2
point O =
W, x

Anticlockwise moment of weight W, about the i.e., clockwise moment = anticlockwise moment
point O = W, x This verifies the principle of moments.

EXAMPLES
I. A body is pivoted at a Let the force required be F newton, then
point. A force of 10 N is |
applied at a distance of 30 cm from the pivot. Moment of force = Fx 3 Nm (1)
Calculate the moment of force about the pivot. From eqns. (i) and (ii),
Given. F = 10 N. r = 30 cm = 03 m
Fx3 150
Moment of force = Fx r= 10 x 0.3 =3Nm 150
F 50 N
2. The moment of a force of 5 N about a point P is
roller of diameter 0-4m is raised on
2 m. Calculate the distance of point of application 5. In Fig. 1.17, a

of the force from the point P. the pavement XY by

Given. moment of force = 2 N m, F= 5N the forces F
and F
each of magnitude
If the distance of point of application of force from the X
10 N. Compare the
point P is r metre, then
Moment of force = force x distance
torques produced by
the two forces.
2 5 xr Given, F = F = 10 N Fig. 1.17
2
= 0-4 m
Perpendicular distance of point of rotation X from
the force F is d, = 0.4 m while that of force F2 is
3. A mechanic can open a nut by applying a force of
150 N while using a lever handle of length 40 cm. d, = x 04 m 02 m
How long handle is required if he wants to open it
by applying a force of only 50N? Torque produced byforceeF Fxd
Torque produced by force F2 F d2
In the first case, F 150 N, r = 40 cm = 0.4 m
10Nx04m 2
The moment of force needed to open the nut
= 150 N x 0-4 m = 60 N m )
10Nx0-2m 1
6. The wheel shown in the diagram (Fig. 1.18) has a
In the second case, F = 50 N,
fixed axle passing through O. The wheel is kept
If he uses the handle of length Lm, then
stationary under the action of () a horizontal force
Moment of force =50NxLm=50 L Nm ) F, at A and (ii) a vertical force F, at B.
From eqns. (i) and (i),
(a) Show the direction of force F, in the diagram.
50 L = 60
(b) Which of the force F
or L= =12 m or F, is greater?

The iron door of a building is 3 m broad. It can be (c) Find the ratio between
4.
the forces F, and F2.
opened by applying a force of 100 N normally at
the middle of the door. Calculate (a) the torque Given AO = 2:5 cm,
needed to open the door, (b) the least force and its BO' = 15 em and O'O
to open the door. 2:0 emn. Fig. 1.18
point of application
(a) Given. F = 100 N, distance of point of application of (a) The force F applied at A
force. r = x breadth of door = x 3 m = 1.5 m produces a clockwise
F
2 moment on the wheel.
Moment of the force needed to open the door It can be balanced by
= Fxr = 100 Nx 1-5m = 150 N m ) applying the force F, at B
(b) The force required will be least if it is applied at the in a direction such that it
farthest point from the hinges. Therefore the force should produces an anticlockwise
be applied at the free end of the door. ie., at distance of moment. Therefore the
3 m from the hinges. vertical force at B should Fig. 1.19
7
 about the point X is to
wo forces
in the downard dirrction as shown in I (b) (i) The effect of the rotation.
sed produce the
clockwise

Fg 1 19 In equslhbnum, F, x OA =
F, x O0, about the point Y is to
the two forces
h Since the perpe ndic ular distance OA of point of (ii) The effect of
clockwise rotation.
of foree from O is greater than the produce the
apyplsc ation F,
perpemdscular diatance O0 of point of application of of magnitude 2 N act vertically
8. Two forces each at the two ends
the forr 1. from ), n in magnimde. the force F, is downwards respectively
upwards and
gmate than the fonve I mn which is pivoted at its
of a uniform rod of length
Mcment of fore F, ahout O = F, x OA (clockwise) of the a r r a n g e m e n t and
centre, Draw a diagram
Moment of force F, ahit O = F, x O0 moment of forces about the
determine the resultant
(anticlockwise) of the rod.
mid-point
shown in Fig. 1.21 given
below. AB
When the whoel is in equilibrium position, The arrangement is
at its centre O.
is the rod which is pivoted
Cliwise moment = Anticlockwise moment

FOA - F, x O0
F 2N
OA
(1)
O0 B
A
Gven. OA = 25 cm and O0' = 20 cm
Suhstituting the values of OA and 00' in eqn. (i), F 2N
Fig. 1.21
the rato of forces
OA = OB = 0-5 m
Given, AB 1 m ..

F20 o F, : F, =5:4 Moment of force F (= 2 N) at A about the point O

The follow ing diagram (Fig. 1.20) shows two = Fx OA = 2x 05 = 1-0 Nm (clockwise)
parallel and opposite forces F, and F^ each of B about the point O
Moment of force F (= 2 N) at
magnitude 5 N. with their lines of action separated = Fx OB = 2x0-5 = 1-0 N m (clockwise)
by a distance of 2 m. A point X lies midway
between F, and F, while a point Y lies on F. Total moment of forces about the mid-point O
(a Calculate the total moment of the fwo forces 1-0+ 10 = 20 N m (clockwise).
about the points (i) X, and (i) Y. 9. A uniform metre rule rests horizontally on a knife
bState the effect produced by the two forces
edge at the 60 cm mark when a mass of 10 g is
about the points X and Y.
suspended from one end. Draw diagram of the
arrangement.
Fp 5 N (a) At which end must this mass be suspended?
(b) What is the mass of the rule?
(a) Fig. 1.22 shows a uniform metre rule AB which
F. = 5N rests horizontally on the knife edge at O (60 cm mark).
Fig. 1.20 Let M g be the mass of the rule. A uniform rule has
Perpendicular distance of point X from either of the same distribution of mass throughout its length, so its
(a) 0)

weight Mg will act at its middle point i.e., at the 50 cm

forces F, or F, is x 2 m = lm
mark.
Moment of force F, about X =5 Nxlm
5 Nm (clockwise) 50 60 100 cm
and moment of force F, about X = 5 Nx I m
A B

= 5Nm (clockwise) 10g

Hence total moment of the two forces about X
= 5 +5 = 10 N m (clockwise) Mg
() Perpendicular distance of point Y from the force F, is Fig. 1.22
m. while it is zero from the force F The weight Mg of rule produces an anti-clockwise
Moment of force F, about Y = 5 N x 2 m
moment about the knife edge O. In order to balance
= 10 N m (clockwise) it, 10 g mass must be suspended at the end B (i.e., at
atid momet of force F, about Y = 0 the mark 100 cm) to produce a clockwise moment
Hence total moment of the wo forces about Y about the knife edge O.
= 10 N m (clockwise)

8
b) From the principle of moments,
spring balance, the rule will turn clockwise about
Anticlockwise moment = Clockwise moment the pivot A due to weight 40 kgf at the 40 cm
Mg x (60 50) 10 gx (100 -60)
-

= mark. To keep the rule in equilibrium (i.e., horizontal),

Mgx 10 =10 g x 40 a force F (say) is needed upwards at the end B as
Mass of rule M = 40 g. shown in Fig. 1.24 which is provided by the
10. On a sce-saw, two children of masses
30 kg and spring balance. So the reading of the spring balance
50 kg are sitting on one side of it at
distances 2 m will be F.
and 25 m
respectively
from its middle. Where
A -100 c m
should a man of 74 kg
balance it ?
mass sit to
Let two children be 40 cm
sitting on the left arm. They will
produce anticlockwise moment due to their weights 40 kgf
about the middle point of see-saw.
Fig. 1.24
Total anticlockwise moment
In equilibrium, as shown in Fig. 1.23,
30 kgf x 2 m + 50 kgf x 2.5 m
Clockwise moment about the point A
= 60 kgf xm+ 125 kgf x m
=185 kgf x m = Anticlockwise moment about the point A
To balance it. the should sit
the right arm so
man on or 40 kgf x 40 em = F x 100 cm
as to
produce a clockwise moment about the middle
F 40x40
point. Let his distance from the middle be x m. Then kgf =16 kgf
100
Clockwise moment = 74 kgf x x m =74 xkgfx m
Thus the reading of spring balance will be 16 kgf.
By the principle of moments, in equilibrium
Anticlockwise moment = Clockwise moment
ci) When the rule is of mass 20 kg ie., weight 20 kgf.
The weight 20 kgf of the rule will act at the
185 = 74 x
50 cm mark, since the metre nule is uniform. As
185
or 74 m = 2:5 m (on the other side). shown in Fig. 1.25, both the weight 40 kgf and
the weight of rule 20 kgf produce clockwise
The man should sit at a distance 2:5 m from the middle
moments about the point O, so a force F is needed
on the other side.
upwards at the end B to keep the rule horizontal.
11. Fig. 1.23 below shows a uniform metre rule AB
pivoted at its end A at the zero mark and supported 100 m

at the other end B by a spring balance when a 0 cm

40 cm
weight of 40 kgf is suspended at its 40 em mark.
20 kgf
This rule stays horizontal. Find the reading of the
40 kgf
spring balance when the rule is of (i) negligible
mass, (ii) mass 20 kg. Fig. 1.25

SPRING BALANCE In equilibrium, as shown in Fig. 1.24,

A, Total clockwise moment about the point A
B
PIVOT
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 cm Anticlockwise moment about the point A
or 40 kgf x 40 cm +20 kgf x 50 cm
40 kgf
= Fx 100 cm
Fig. 1.23
(40x40)+ (20x50)
(i) When the rule is of negligible mass.
or F
100 kgfkgf= 26
In the absence of support at the end B by the Thus the reading of spring balance will be 26 kgf.

EXERCISE-1(A)
. State the condition when on applying a force, the body|2. Define moment of force and state its S.I. unit.
has State whether the moment of force is a scalar or vector
(a) the translational motion, (b) the rotational motion. quantity ? Ans. Vector quantity
Ans. (a) When the body is free to move
(b) When the body is pivoted at a point. /4. State wo factors affecting the turning effect of a force.

9
 When does a
body ? State one way to change
rotate forces act at two different points of the
(b) the two
the direction of rotation of the separation r.
body. Give a suitable body at a
of forces
example to explain your answer Ans. Resultant force = 0, moment =
0, no
(a) motion (i) Resultant force = 0, moment of
Write the capression for the moment
of force about a forces = Fr The forces tend to rotate the body
given ais.
about the mid-point between the two forces,
What do you understand
by the clockwise and
the direction of
to show
neat labelled diagram
anticlockwise moment
of force ? When is it taken 18. Draw a
body produce rotation in it.
to
positive two forces acting on a
about which the rotation takes
State one way to reduce the moment of a given force Also mark the point O
about a given axis of oiation. place.
term couple ? State its
State orne way to obtain a greater moient of a force 19. What do you understand by the
o u r daily life where
ahout a given avis of rotation. effect. Give two examples in
10. Why is it casier t open a door by applying the force couple is applied to turn a body.
at the trer end of it ? Define moment of couple. Write its
S.I. unit.
20.
11. The stone of a hand flour grinder is provided with a 21. Prove that
handle near its rim. Give reason. Force couple armn.
Moment of couple x

t casicr to iurn thesmall 22. body ? of a

s

diameter than that of

steering
a
wheel
diameter.
of a large
Give reason.
What do you mean by equilibrium
23. State the condition when a body is in (i) static,
13. A spanner (or wrench) has a long handle. Why ? ii) dynamic, equilibrium. Give one example each of
14. A jack serew is provided with a long arm ?
Explai wh static and dynamic equilibrium.
15 A. B and C are the three forces 24. State two conditions for a body, acted upon by several
cach of magnitude 4 N acting in
0-8 forces, to be in equilibrium.
the plane of paper as shown in 0.9 m
9.0 ow 25. State the principle of moments. Name one device
Fig. 1.26. The point O lies in the
based on it.
same plane. al
26. Describe a simple experiment to verify the principle
) Which force has the least Fig. 1.26 of moments, if you are supplied with a metre rule, a
moment about O ? Give reason.
fulcrum and two springs with slotted weights.
ii) Which force has the greatest moment about O ?
Give reason. 27. Complete the following sentences
(ii Name the forces producing (a) clockwise, i) The S.I. unit of moment of force i s . .
b) anticlockwise moments. (ii) In equilibrium, algebraic sum of moments of all
(iv) What is the resultant torque about the point O ? forces about the point of rotation is...
Ans. (i) C, because the force C is nearest to O (iii) In a beam balance when the beam is balanced in a
(i) A. because the force A is farthest from O. horizontal position, it is in ...
(ii) (a) A and B, (b) C ((v) 4.4 N m (clockwise).
equilibrium.
iv) The moon revolving around the earth is in ..
**************
16. The adjacent diagram equilibrium.
(Fig. 1.27) shows , Ans. (i) N m (i) zero (iii) static (iv) dynamic
heavy roller, with its O
axle at O, which is to MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
be raised on a 1. The moment of a force
about a given axis depends:
pavement XY. If Fig. 1.27 (a) only on the magnitude of force
there is friction (6) only on the perpendicular distance of force from
between the roller and pavement, show by an arrow on the axis
the diagram the point of application and the direction (c) neither on the force
of force to be applied.
nor on the perpendicular
distance of force from the axis
17. A body is acted upon by two forces each of magnitude (d) both, on the force and its perpendicular distance
F, but in opposite directions. State the effect of the from the axis.
forces if Ans. (d) both, on the force and its
(a) both forces act at the same point of the body. perpendicular distance from the axis.

10
 length 4 m which is pivoted at its mid point O as
te grit s forcet
A kés
v uneqee!

gEW drertye e ne The effect hown in Fig I30. Determine the magnitudeof
resaltant mornent of forces about the pivot O.
Ans. 40 N m (clockwise)

Fig I hews two forces cach of nmagnitude 10 N

acting at the points A and B at a separation of 50 cm.
in oppoite directions. Calculate the resultant
moment of the fw forces ahout the point (i) A, (ii) B
and fii 0 situated etactly at the middle of the two
forces
i eaumelatmal mytar
F-10 NA

Nete er frem rve ite urghs at ote ad peend

The r m e e o l f e r f
10 hut fired ont 0 50 cm
F 10 N
h al wlat thr disit anre f the unt ) from
he er<t ntar f the fore Ans 05 m Fig. 1.31

oened wrenh of length 10 cm if the Ans. (5 N m clockwise, (i) 5 N m clockwise,

iean: frre reguard t u N . find the moment of force (i1) 5 N m clockwise
ee t tur the ut Ans. 05 N m 7. A steering wheel of diameter 0.5 m is rotated
Awhe of daameter n 1 anticlockwise by applying two forces each of
ho Fig28 with anle magnitude 5 N. Draw a diagram to show the
a 4forye 2N I application of forces and calculate the moment of the
applse at B in the direction forces applicd. Ans. 2:5 N m
show in figure Calculate
8. A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its mid-point. A
th cmctit of force about
weight of 50 gf is suspended at one end of it. Where
t h e n t r e ), and u)the Fig. 1.28 should a weight of 100 gf be suspended to keep the
paun A
ule horizontal ?
Am (lockwise ), (i) 4 N m (clockwise) Ans. At distance 25 em from the other end.
The
dhagrarm in
Pig 1.29 shows two forces F, =5N 9. A uniform metre rule balances horizontally on a knife
ant actng al ponts A and B of a rod pivoted edge placed at the 58 cm mark when a weight of
a a
pount 0 such that OA =
2 m and OB = 4 m. 20 gf is suspended from one end.
4m (i) Draw a diagram of the arrangement.
(ii) What is the weight of the rulee?
Ans. (ii) 105 gf
F3N 10. The diagram below (Fig. 1.32) shows a uniform bar
Fig 129
supported at the middle point O. A weight of 40 gf is
placed at a distance 40 cm to the left of the point O.
Calculal How can you balance the bar with a weight of
80 gf?
o n e n ! ut tore atbout O.
h
2 a! nent the Torees about O.

ARs. l0 Nm (anticlockwise), 30 20 10 10 20 30 40 Cm

w ise). (u)2N m (clockwise).

Fig. 1.32
Ans. By placing the weight of 80 gf at a distance
atutudr 10 Nat 20 em to the right of the point O.
T all upaard 11. Fig. 1.33 shows a uniform metre rule placed on a
fulerum at its mid-point O and having a weight 40 gf
at the 10 cnm mark and a weight of 20 gf at the 90 cm
iui rhds A atd B ig. 1.30 ON
ut a uEufou fud of
mark. (i) Is the metre rule in equilibrium ? If not, how
 20 (i) How can it be made horizontal by applying a
lcast force ?
e0 70 0 90 100 cm
Ans. (i) 500 gf cm (ii) By applying a force 5 gf
Fig. I.33 upwards at the 100 cm mark.
will the nule tum '(i) How 16. A uniform half metre rule can be balanced at the
can the nule be brought in
cquilibrium by using an additional weight of 40 gf ? 29-0 cm mark when a mass 20 g is hung from its one
Ans. (i)
No. The nile will tum anticlockwise cnd.
(1) By placing the additional weight of| (a) Draw a diagram of the arrangement.
40 gf at the 70 em mark. (b) Find the mass of the half metre rule.
12. When a hoy wcighing 20 kgf sits at one end of a 4 m Ans. (b) 105 g
Jong voc-saw, it gets depressed at this end. How can it
be brought to the horizontal 17. A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g is balanced on a
weighing 40 kgf.
position by a man fulcrum at mark 40 cm by suspending an unknown
mass m at the mark 20 cm.
Ans By sitting of man at distance I m from the centre
the side (i) Find the value of m.
on
opposite to the boy.
13. A physical balanee has its ams of length 60 cm and (ii) To which side the rule will tilt if the mass m is
40 moved to the mark 10 cm ?
cm. What weight kept on pan of longer arm wi
halance an
object of weight 100 gf kept on other pan? (ii) What is the resultant moment now ?
Ans. 66-67 gf iv) How can it be balanced by another mass of
The 50 g ?
14.
diagram in Fig. 1.34 shows a uniform metre rule |
weighing 100 gf. pivoted at its centre O. Two weights Ans. Gi) m = 50 g, (i) on the side of mass m,
150 gf and 250 gf hang from the (ii) S00 gfx cm (anticlockwise),
points A and B of the
metre rule such that OA 40 cm and OB =20 cm.|
= (iv) by suspending the mass 50 g at the mark 50 cm.
Calculate: (i) the total anticlockwise moment about O,
18. In Fig. 1.35, a unifom bar of length I m is supported
ii) the total clockwise moment about
0, (iii) the at its ends and loaded by a weight W kgf at its middle.
difference of anticlockwise and clockwise moments,
In equilibrium, find the reactions R, and R, at the ends.
and (iv) the distance from O where a 100
gf weight
should be placed to balance the metre rule.
40 cm-
20 cm
B W kgf
150 gf
Fig. 1.35
Fig. 1.34 250 gf
[Hint: In equilibrium R + R, = W
Ans. (i) 6000 gf cm. Gi) 5000 gf cm, (i) 1000 gf cm, |
(iv) 10 cm on the right side of 0. | and R, x = Rx l
15. A uniform metre rule of weight 10 gf is pivoted at its
0 mark. Ans.
R =
kgf and R, =kgf
(i) What moment of force depresses the rule?

(B) CENTRE OF GRAVITY

1.6 CENTRE OF GRAVITY
be considered to be made up of a
We have read in class IX that the
large number
gravitational of particles of weight w,
w, Wap . As the size
...

force between two masses is always attractive. of the body is quite small in comparison to the
The earth attracts every particle towards its centre size of the earth, the force of gravity w acting on
by the force of gravity on the particle wnich is these particles can be assumed to be parallel to
called the weight w of the particle. A body can each other shown in
as Fig. 1.36. All these
12
 (3) By the concept of centre of gravity, a

body of weight W can be considered as a point

W4 particle of weight W at its centre of graviy
W2 G
W Ws Centre of gravity of some regular objécts
Object Position of centre of gravity
3 Wa

W 1. Rod Mid-point of rod (Fig. 1.37).

2. Circular disc Geometric centre (Fig. 1.37).
w
3. Solid or hollow Geometric centre of the sphere.
Fig. I.36 Centre of gravity
sphere
parallel forces acting in the same direction (i.e.. Mid-point on the axis of cylinder
4. Solid or hollow
vertically downwards towards the centre of earth) oylinder (Fig. 1.37).
can be replaced by a single force W of magnitude 5. Solid cone At a height h/4 from the base, on its
equal to the sum of all these forces i.e., W = w axis (if h = height of cone).

+W,+ w, + where W is total weight of the 6. Hollow cone At a height h/3 from the base, onits
axis (if h = height of cone).
body. Now the question arises where should the
weight W act ? The weight W is considered to act 7. Circular ring Centre of ring (Fig. 1.37).
G such that the algebraic sum of 8. Triangular lamina The point of intersection of
at a point
moments due to weights wi, W2 . of each particle or scalene triangle medians (Fig. 1.37).
9. Parallelogram, The point of intersection of the
about the point G is zero. The point G is called
Jectangular lamina,| diagonals (Fig. 1.37).
the centre of gravity of the body. In other words,
square orrhombus
the body can be considered as a point particle of
weight W placed at its centre of gravity G Thus, Fig 1.37 shows the position of centre of gravity
The centre of gravity (C.G) of a body is by the point G for a circular ring, a circular disc,.
a triangular lamina, a rectangle, a parallelogram, a
thre point about which the algebraic sum of|
square lamina, a rod, and a cylinder.
moments of weights of all the particles
constituting the body is zero. The entire weight
ofthe body be considered to act at this
can
G G
point, howsoever the body is placed.

Note (1) The position of the centre of CIRCULAR RING CIRCULAR DISC TRIANGULAR LAMINA

graviry of a body of given its

mass depends on

shape i.e., on the distribution of mass (of

particles) in it. It changes if the body is
deformed.
RECTANGLE PARALLELOGRAM SQUARE
Example: The of gravity of a
centre
uniform wire is at the middle of its length. But
G
if the same wire is bent into the form of a
circle, its centre of gravity will then be at the ROD CYLINDER
Fig. 1.37 Centre of graviy of some regular ohjects
centre of the circle.
(2) It is not necessary that the centre ofCentre of gravity and the balance point

gravity alwaysbe within the material of the body. A solid body can be balanced by supporting
Example: The centre of gravity of a ring
it at its centre of gravity. For example, a uniform
or a hollow sphere lies at its centre where metre rule has its centre of gravity at the
there is no material.
13
S0 cm mark. It be balanced on a knife edge
can
Determination of centre of gravity of an irregulr
(or
finger tip) by keeping it exactly below the 50 lamina by the method of balance using a
cm mark as shown in plunh
Fig. 1.38. It is possible line
because the algebraic sum of moments of the
Let A be an irregular
weights of all particles of rule about the knife
edge (or finger tip) is zeno. jlamina in Fig. 1.40, for
which the position of centre
Metre rule of gravity is to be
determined. Make three fine
Knife edge holes at a, b and c, near the
Fig. 138 A metre rule
supported on a knile edge edge of the lamina. Now
af its mid-point suspend the given lamina
Fig. 1.40 Centre of
along with a plumb line
Simlarly. a
square thin sheet (or lamina) can gravity of lamina
be balanced the from the hole a, using a
on
tip of a nail as shown in
pin (or
Fig. 1.39 a nail) clamped horizontally on a retort
stand. Check that the lamina is free to oscillate
on the nail about the point of suspension. When
lamina has come to rest, draw a straight line ad
SQUARE LAMINA along the plumb line.
Repeat the procedure by suspending the
lamina through the hole b and then through the
hole c for which we get straight lines be and cf
NAIL
respectively. It is noticed that the lines ad, be and
Fig. 139 Asquare sheet baianced on the tip ofa nail
cf intersect each other at a common point G
lta body is freely suspended from a point, it which is the position of centre of gravity of the
comes to rest (i.e. balances) in such a position lamina.
that its centre of gravity lies vertically below the
Note For the stable equilibrium of a body,
point of suspension. This fact can be used to
its centre of gravity must be as low as
locate the position of centre of gravity of an
imegular lamina.
possible. It must be above the base and near
the geometric centre of the body.

EXERCISE-1(B)
1. Define the ten 'centre of gravity of a body'. 5. At which pointis the centre of gravity situated in :

2. Can centre of gravity of a body be situated outside its (a) a triangular lamina and
material ? Give an example. (b) a circular lamina ?
Ans. Yes. e.g. C.G of a ring Ans. (a) At the point of intersection of its medians.

3. State factor on which the position of centre of gravity (b) At the centre of circular lamina
of a body depend. Explain your answer with an 6. Where is the centre of
gravity of a uniform ring
Cxample. situated? Ans. At the centre of ring
4. What is the position of centre of gravity of a: 7. A square card board is
suspended by passing a pn
(a) rectangular lamina (b) cylinder? through a narrow hole at its one corner. Draw a
diagram to show its rest position. In the diagram, mark
Ans. (a) Ar the point of intersection of its diagonals.
the point of suspension by the letter S and the centre
b) At the mid point on the axis of cylinder.
of gravity by the letter G.

14
 . Explain how you will determine experimentally the | 11. Fig. 1.42 shows three pieces of card board of uniform
poston of centre of gravity for a triangular lanmina thickness cut into three different shapes. On each
(or a thangular piece of card board). diagram draw two lines to indicate the position of
9. Statc whether the following statements arc tue or falsc. centre of gravity G.

( The position of centre of gravity of a body

(1)
remains unchanged even when the body is
deformed.
The centre of gravity of a freely suspended body
always lies vertically below the
point of
A Fig. 1.42
sispensson Ans. (i) False (i) Thue.
MULTIPIE CHOICE TYPE
10, A uniform flat circular nm is balanced on a sharp . The centre of gravity of a uniform ball is :
vertical na1l by supporting it at a point A, as shown
in Fig. 1.41. Mark the nsition of centre of gravity of (a) at its geometrical centre
the rim in the diagram by the letter Gi (b) at its bottom
(c) at its topmost point
CLAMP (d) at any point on its surface.
Ans. (a) at its geometrical centre

WALL
2. The centre of gravity of a hollow cone of height h is
RIM at distance x from its vertex where the value of x is:
(a) h/3 (b) h4
Fig. 1.41 c2h/3 (d) 3h/4 Ans. (c) 2h/3

(C) UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

B
1.7 UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION ANORTH
When a particle moves with a constant speed
in a circular path, its motion is said to be the |A WEST
uniform circular motion. In such a motion, the
EAST
particle uravels equal distance along the circular path
sOUTH
in equal intervals of ume, so the speed of particle
Fig. 1.43 Direction of velocity in uniform circular motion
is uniform, but the direction of motion of the
particle chnges at each point of circular path. The of motion of the particle is different at different
continuous change in the direction of motion implies points of the circular path. At any point, the
that the velocity of the particle is non-uniform (or direction of motion is along the tangent drawn at
variable) i.e.. the motion is accelerated. that point of the circular path.
Direction of velocity at any instant in At the point A, the direction of motion of the
circular path : Fig. 143 shows a particle moving particle is towards north; after completing
in a circular path in a horizontal plane with quarter of circle, at the point B, the direction of
uniform speed v in the anticlockwise direction. motion of particle is towards west; after
The particle travels each quarter of circle AB, BC, completing half circle, at the point C, the
CD and DA in same interval of time t = T4 direction of motion of particle is towards south
where T is the time taken by the particle in one and after completing three-quarters of circle when
round of the circular path. Thus, the speed of the particle is at the point D, its direction of
particle is constant (or uniform), but the direction motion is towards east. Thus, the velocity of

15
particle in circular motion is variable or the Examples:
circular motion is accelerated even though the (1) In an atom, an electron moves around the
nucleus in a circular path for which the
speed of particle is uniform.
is obtained from the
Difference between the uniform circular centripetal force
electrostatic force of attraction on the
motion and uniform linear motion: In uniform
negatively charged electron by the
lincar motion, the speed and velocity are constant
positively charged nucleus.
and acceleration is zero i.e., the uniform linear
motion i8 an unaccelerated motion, while in a (2) A planet moves around the sun in a circular

unifom circular motion the velociy is variable path for which the gravitational force of
attraction on the planet by the sun provides
(although the speed is uniform), so it is an
acceleratcd motion. the necessary centripetal force.
(3) The moon moves around the earth in a
1.8 CENTRIPETAL AND CENTRIFUGAL circular path for which the gravitational
FORCE force of attraction on the moon by the earth
Centripetal force: We have read that a force the centripetal force.
provides
is needed to change the direction of motion of
a (4) When a stonetied at the end of a string is
particle (or to change the velocity of the particle) whirled in a circular path holding its other
i.c. to produce acceleration. A paticle moving in
end in the hand, the tension in the string
a circular path, continuously changes its direction
of motion at each point of its path. This change provides the centripetal force. If this force
in direction of motion can not be brought without i.e., tension) is not present, the stone will
not turn to move in the circular path.
a force. Thus, the motion in circular path is
In all the above examples, the body moves in
possible only under the influence of a force which
Is termed as the centripetal force*. At each point
a circular path with a uniform speed under the
influence of a centripetal force and it is in
of circularpath, this force is directed towards the
centre of the circle as shown in Fig. 1.44. Thus dynamic equilibrium.
the direction of acceleration also changes at each Centrifugal force: A force assumed by an

point of the circular path, but its magnitude observer moving with the body to act on the body
remains same i.e., the acceleration is variable (or in direction away from the centre of circular path,
non-uniform). Hence for a body moving in a is called the centrifugal force. Thus centrifugal
circular path, a force is needed which acts as the force is in a direction opposite to the direction of
centripetal force. centripetal force. Its magnitude is the same as that
Thus. cen1ripetal force is the force acting on of the centripetal force. But the centrifugal force
a body moving in a circular path, in a direction s not the force of reaction of the centripetal force
towards the centre of circular path. because action and reaction do not act on the
B same body. lt is not the real force, but it is a
fictitious force assumed by an observer moving
in circular path alongwith the body. To understand
this force, consider the following experiment.
Experiment Fig. 1.45 shows a ball tied at
one end of a string, the other end of which is tied
at the centre of
D a merry-go-round. Initially wnen
the platform of mery-go-round is stationary, tne
Fig. 1.44 Direction of force in uniform circular motion.
ball is seen stationary and the string is loose. As
The word centripetal means centre seeking. the platform starts rotating, the string becomes
16
 The above two forces are equal and opposite,
Man (on the ground)
therefore the net force on the ball is zero. Hence
M it always remains stationary in front of him. Thus,
P
Japun 6u a personthe rotating platform can explain his
on

1Sue) observation only by considering the centrifugal

P A force.
Case: If the string breaks when the ball is
P
in position P as shown in Fig. 1.46, the force of
tension T in string ceases to act. Now the person
at M standing on the ground will observe that
Merry-go-round
the ball is moving in a straight line along the
Fig. 1.45 A ball ticd at the end of a string moving in
path PT (tangent drawn at the point P on the
a circular path on a merry-g0-round rcular path), while the person at A standing on
tight due to tension T in it. The motion of ball the merry-go-round will observe the ball at
is observed by two persons (i) standing outside positions P', P", P",... when he will be at
the merry-g0-round on the ground at M, and positions A', A"; A", .. respectively i.e., he will
(i) standing on the platform of merry-go-round observe that he bal always remains in front of
at A. him moving radially away from him _as if a
force acts on the ball away from
The person the ground at M centrifugal
standing on
the centre. Thus the person in rotating frame
outside the merry-go-round observes that the ball
has to assume the presence of
1s moving in a circular path (shown by dotted merry-go-round)
the centrifugal force.
line). while the person standing on the merry-go-
round at A observes that the ball is stationary Man (on the ground)

placed just in front of him at P. As the merry-

go-round rotates the position of person on the seen
platform changes from A to A', A", A", . and ball
broken
as

the ball reaches at the position P', P", P", ... i s

string
t h e

respectively, as if it remains at rest always just o f

path
after
in front of him. The different observations of the ctual
Actua
same motion by the two persons at M and A are
M

a t

explained as follows.
Mery-go-round
Explanation For the person at M, the ball
:

moves in a circular path because the tension T inn
the string provides the centripetal force needed
for the circular motion.
The person at A observes the ball stationary.
He considers the following wo forces to act
on
the ball in order to understand his observation.
i) the tension T of the string towards the
centre of merry-go-round, and
Fig. 1.46 Centrifugal force
Conclusion : The centrifugal force is not a
real force, it is a fictitious force. The only force
involved here is the force of tension in the string
acting towards the centre (i.e., the centripetal
force). A force which really does not exist, but
is considered to describe (or understand) a certain
motion, is called a fictitious force (or virtual

(ii) the centrifugal force away from the centre. force).

17
 EXERCISE-1(C)

1. Explain the meaning of unifom circular motion. Give | 13. A piece of stone
ied at the end of a thread is
circle with uniform speed with
in a horizontal
one
example of such motion. following questions
the help
2

Draw a neat labelled diagram for a particle moving in

of hand. Answer the
(a) Is the velocity of stone uniform or variable ?
circular path with a constant speed. In your e?
a
diagram Is the acceleration ofstone uniform or variable
show the direction of velocity at any instant. (b)
(c) What is the direction of acceleration of stone
Is it possible to have an accelerated motion with a at
any instant ?
constant speed ? Name such type of motion.
(d) What force does provide the centripetal for
Ans. Yes, uniform1 circular motion force
Give an exanple of motion in which speed remains
required for circular motion
(e) Name the force and its direction which acts.
unifom. but the velocity changes. on
the hand.
Ans. Circular motion
Ans. (a) variable (b) variable (c) towards the centre of
S.A uniform cireular motion is an accelerated motion. the
circular path (d) tension in the string (e) the reaction
Explain it. State whether the acceleration is uniform
of tension away from the centre of the circular path
or vanable ' Name the force responsible to cause this
acceleration. What is the direction of force at any 14. State two differences between the centripetal and
instant Draw diagram in support of your answer. centrifugal force.
Differentiate between a uniform linear motion and a 15. State whether the following statements are true or false
uniform circular motion. by writing T/F against them.
(a) The earth moves around the sun with a uniform
Name the force required for circular motion. State its
direction. Ans. Centripetal force velocity.
(b) The motion of moon around the earth in circular
S. What is a centripetal force ?
path is an accelerated motion.
9. Explain the motion of a planet around the sun in a
(c) A uniform linear motion is unaccelerated, while
circular path. a uniform circular motion is an accelerated
10. How does a centripetal force differ from a motion.
(a) |
centrifugal force with refrence to the direction in (d) In a uniform circular motion, the speed
which they act ? continuously changes because the direction of
(b) Is centrifugal force the force of reaction of the motion changes.
centripetal force ? (e) A boy experiences centrifugal force on his
(c) Compare the magnitudes of centripetal and hand when he rotates a piece of stone tied at
centrifugal force. one end of a string, holding the other end in the
Ans. (a) They actin opposite directions (b) No (c)1:1| hand. Ans. (a) F (b) T (¢) T (d) F (e) F
11. Is centrifugal force a real force? Ans. No
MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE
12. A small pebble tied at one end of a string is placed
1. Which of the following quantity remains constant in
near the periphery of a circular disc, at the centre of
which the other end of the string is tied to a peg. The
a
uniform circular motion:
disc is rotating about an axis passing through its centre. (a) velocity (b) speed
(a) What will be your observation when you are (c) acceleration (d) both velocity and speed.
standing outside the disc ? Explain. Ans. (b) speed
2. The
(b) What will be your observation when you are centrifugal force is
standing at the centre of the disc ? Explain. (a) a real force
Ans. (a) The pebble moves in a circular path because (b) the force of reaction of centripetal force
the tension in the string provides the required c) a fictitous force
centripetal force. (b) The pebble is stationary just in
front because the centrifugal force on the pebble (d) directed towards the centre of circular path
balances the tension in the string. Ans. (c) a fictitous force

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