Group 1 - Bsce 3 Day

MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD
CONTINENT: EURASIA (includes

neighboring island countries of Asia)
BSCE 3 DAY
BAQUIANO, JEYVHAN ROBERT
GALGAO, LHOREN BABE
LAURENTE, ARDAVE
MORALES, ZEUS JONJE
PATALINGHUG, TRISHIA MAE
QUIROS, HELYN
10 MAJOR BIOMES IN THE
WORLD
Coniferous
Tropical Forest
Forest
Savannah Mountains
Desert Tundra
Desert Scrubs
Mediterranean
Temperate
Grassland
Temperate
Deciduous Forest
MAJOR BIOMES
GEORGIA, ARMENIA, KAZAKHSTAN AND AZERBAIJAN
BAQUIANO, JEYVHAN ROBERT BSCE 3 DAY

GEORGIA
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST BIOME
This loblolly pine plantation in north Georgia is in its fourth
growing season. It will likely be harvested in 18-20 years after
several fertilizer applications, and - depending on objectives -
thinnings.

The scrubland subregion is situated on white
sands near the coast where soils are acidic,
highly leached, very low in nutrients, and
extremely droughty. On undisturbed sites a
scrub oak community, composed primarily of
live, turkey, and blackjack oaks (Quercus
virginia, Q. laevis, and Q. marilandica,
respectively) forms the natural vegetation.
Spanish bayonet (Yucca spp.), a monocot, is
also common here.In areas undisturbed by
fire, lie thick forests of saw-palmetto
(Serenoa repens), the most abundant of the
native palms and a monocot. Pine stands of
sand pine (Pinus clausa) are often found on
sites extremely low in nutrients. This species
closely resembles jack pine of the Lake
States, with one of its varieties having
serotinous cones typical of "fire species."
Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) is
likely to be found on moist, well-drained sites
in association with nearly all the southern
oaks, tulip-poplar, sweetgum, the ashes, and
the hickories.

ARMENIA

KAZAKHSTAN
The Kazakh semi-desert is an ecoregion in
the deserts and xeric shrublands biome,
located in Kazakhstan. The climate is semi-
arid and continental, with a total annual
precipitation of 160 millimetres (6.3 in), and
mean temperatures in January averaging
−15 °C (5 °F) and in July 23 °C (73 °F). It is a
transitional area between the steppes and
the deserts of Central Asia and supports
flora found in both biomes, predominantly
grasses, particularly Stipa species, and
shrubs such as Artemisia species. A number
of mammals and birds are found in this
ecoregion but the habitat is threatened by
overgrazing and fragmentation from human
encroachment. However, a recent reduction
in livestock numbers in Kazakhstan is
allowing the native plants a greater
opportunity to regenerate.

AZERBAIJAN

Mountain forests in Gakh
Mountain forests of Gakh region

are located in the southern side of
the Greater Caucasus in west of
Azerbaijan. There are forests
territories from 350 to 2000 meters
above sea level on the mountains.
Caucasian Hornbeam (Carpinus
caucasica) Georgian Oak (Quercus
iberica) are dominant trees on the
dry and warm areas of the
mountains. Oriental Hornbeam
(Carpinus orientalis) and Oriental
Beech (Fagus orientalis) are
widespread on the dry lands of the
mountains.The timberline includes
Trautvetter Maple (Acer
trautvetteria) and Persian Oak
(Quercus macranthera).In the
mountain forests of Gakh, there
can be found Tree Hazel (Corylus
iberica), which is an endemic
species, and only specific to the
western territories of the country.

Mountain forests in Oguz
Mountain forests in Oguz are situated in the eastern Greater Caucasus. From
650 to 1900 meters above sea level, forests areas are located. The trees that
are specific to Oguz forests are Caucasian Oak (Quercus iberica), Persian Oak
(Quercus macranthera), Caucasian Hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica), and
Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis).
Mountain forests in Altiaghaj

Scrublands and sparse forests are particular for the region that is located in
the eastern Greater Caucasus. Juniper shrubs can be found in Altiaghaj. Their
height reaches to 4 meters. There are other ligneous types of plants such as
Viburnum lantana, Spirea crenata, and Berberis vulgaris. 1300 meters above
sea level, hornbeam forests are distributed.

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
AFFECTING THEIR SURROUNDING ECOSYSTEMS ANF BIOMES

ARMENIA
Armenia’s environment became severely polluted during the Soviet period. The Soviet government pushed heavy industry
development to a massive scale, throughout the Soviet Union. The government ignored the environmental harm caused by
these industries for too long, but in the 1980s liberalizing political reforms in the USSR resulted in the formation of
environmental groups, which began to express concerns about the state of the environment.
Due to the pressure of these groups, several factories in Armenia that were sources of severe pollution were closed, starting
from 1989. One of these, a rubber and chemical plant in Nairit, reopened in 1992. as Armenia needed the income generated
by exporting the plant’s products. Although national environmental laws have been put into effect in Armenia since it
became independent, no comprehensive environmental protection program has emerged, and environmental initiatives are
typically addressed to an ad hoc basis.
In an attempt to offset a six-year-old energy crisis caused by blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, the Armenian government
in mid-1995 reactivated a nuclear power plant at Metsamor, close since 1988. after the catastrophic earthquake in northern
Armenia. Environmental groups opposed reopening of the plant, since it poses an environmental threat. Although it is in an
earthquake-prone area, it was not built to withstand earthquakes. Portions of Armenia also were rapidly deforested during
the winters of 1992, 1993, and 1994, as trees were often the only available source of fuel.
Armenian government claims they are ready to shut the plant down, as soon as they get able to replace its energy
production with alternative energy sources. Soil intoxication is yet another problem and a result of reckless use of pesticides,
in order to increase the yield. Usage of DDT has poisoned both soil and the rivers.
The country is almost entirely dependant on importing energy. The only domestic energy resource in use is hydropower,
providing about 30% of energy demands, and the single nuclear power plant. All the natural gas for now comes from Russia,
and existing inaccurate estimate of coal reserves is basis for opening a state owned coalmine.
Renewable energy sources are scarce except for the water and the wind, which might represent significant resources for the
future. From 2001, 7.6% of the land in Armenia has obtained the status of protected areas.In further attempts to protect
biodiversity, 10 fauna species have received a status of endangered species, from 2001 onwards.

• Climate change:
• Caucasus region already suffers serious consequences of climate changes on
biodiversity and deposition of ice and snow, but climate would also have a significant
effect on climate-dependent economy. One of most obvious effect on nature will be
landscape zones shift towards higher altitudes, such as desert and semi-desert area
which will expand for 33%, while sub-alpine and alpine zone will be reduced up to
22%. It is expected reduction of river flow, precipitation in continental regions and of
agriculture yield, and increase of draught rate, precipitation in Sevana lake area, as
well as expander of habitats of natural carriers of malaria and plague.
• Armenia, bordering Georgia and Azerbajan, is sharing some of the same ecosystems
and biodiversity of the Caucasus region, which is one of the riches areas in diversity,
in Europe. However, species extinction within the region is reaching alarming rate.
Therefore, the country will face same consequences of Caucasus range ice sheet
melting, water reserves and biodiversity loss as two other neighboring countries.

KAZAKHSTAN
• Kazakhstan, has serious environmental issues such as radiation from nuclear testing
sites, the shrinking of the Aral sea, and desertification of former agricultural land.
These issues are due in large part to Kazakhstan's years under the Soviet Union.
• Partly because of the country's enormous semi-arid steppe, the Soviet government
used Kazakhstan as its nuclear testing site. Along with near-absent pollution
controls, this has contributed to an alarmingly high rate of disease in many rural
areas. Kazakhstan has identified at least two major ecological disasters within its
borders: the shrinking of the Aral Sea, and radioactive contamination at the
Semipalatinsk nuclear testing facility (in fact a large zone south of Kourchatov
(Курчатов)) and along the Chinese border.

MOST OF KAZAKHSTAN’S WATER SUPPLY HAS BEEN POLLUTED BY INDUSTRIAL AND
AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF AND, IN SOME PLACES, RADIOACTIVITY. THE ARAL SEA, WHICH
IS SHARED WITH UZBEKISTAN, HAS SHRUNK TO THREE SEPARATE BODIES OF WATER
BECAUSE OF WATER DRAWDOWNS IN ITS TRIBUTARY RIVERS. A SOVIET-ERA BIOLOGICAL
WEAPONS SITE IS A THREAT BECAUSE IT IS LOCATED ON A FORMER ISLAND IN THE ARAL
SEA THAT IS NOW CONNECTED WITH THE MAINLAND. THE REDUCTION IN THE ARAL
SEA’S WATER SURFACE HAS EXACERBATED REGIONAL CLIMATIC EXTREMES, AND
AGRICULTURAL SOIL HAS BEEN DAMAGED BY SALT DEPOSITS AND ERODED BY WIND.
DESERTIFICATION HAS ELIMINATED SUBSTANTIAL TRACTS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND.
PLANTS IN INDUSTRIAL CENTERS LACK CONTROLS ON EFFLUENTS INTO THE AIR AND
WATER. THE SAMEY REGION IN THE NORTHEAST HAS LONG-TERM RADIATION
CONTAMINATION FROM SOVIET-ERA WEAPONS TESTING. THE MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IS UNDERFUNDED AND GIVEN LOW PRIORITY. SOME
NEW ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF THE OIL INDUSTRY BEGAN IN 2003, BUT NEW
OIL OPERATIONS ON KAZAKHSTAN’S CASPIAN COAST ADD TO THAT SEA’S ALREADY
GRAVE POLLUTION. INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS TO SAVE THE ARAL AND CASPIAN SEAS
HAVE NOT RECEIVED MEANINGFUL COOPERATION FROM KAZAKHSTAN OR OTHER
MEMBER NATIONS.

GEORGIA
LAND AND FOREST DEGRADATION
THE GEORGIAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AND NATURAL RESOURCES
PROTECTION RATES 35% OF ITS AGRICULTURAL LAND AS BEING DEGRADED AND, AS
PER THE MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, 60% OF AGRARIAN LAND IN GEORGIA IS OF LOW
OR MIDDLE PRODUCTION QUALITY. SIGNIFICANT DRIVERS OF LAND DEGRADATION ARE
OVERGRAZING, UNPLANNED URBAN SPRAWLING, AND DEFORESTATION. GEORGIA HAD
A 2018 FOREST LANDSCAPE INTEGRITY INDEX MEAN SCORE OF 7.79/10, RANKING IT
31ST GLOBALLY OUT OF 172 COUNTRIES.
SOIL EROSION PROCESSES, ALTHOUGH CONSIDERED NATURAL PHENOMENA, ARE
EXACERBATED BY DIFFERENT KINDS OF UNSUSTAINABLE HUMAN ACTIVITIES. SOME OF
THESE ARE UNSUSTAINABLE MINING AND CONSTRUCTION (E.G. HYDROPOWER
INFRASTRUCTURES LIKE SHUAKHEVI HYDRO POWER PLANT), UNCONTROLLED
LOGGING, POORLY REGULATED URBANIZATION, INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IN RIVERBEDS,
AND A LACK OF COMPLIANCE WITH LAND USE REGULATIONS AND WITH
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HYDROLOGICAL STANDARDS.[4]
DUE TO THE DETERIORATION OF LAND AND THE OVERLOOKED ISSUES REGARDING THE
ENVIRONMENT, FLOOD CONTROL AND DETERMENT OF SUCH PERIODICAL CALAMITIES
CAUSED BY LANDSLIDES AND FLASH FLOODS ARE IMMINENT.

AZERBAIJAN
THE AZERBAIJANI FORESTS EXPERIENCE PROBLEMS OF DIFFERENT CHARACTERS. MOST
OF THEM ARE LINKED WITH THE LACK OF AWARENESS AMONG THE LOCAL
POPULATION ON ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, IMPACT OF CLIMATE
CHANGE ON THE FORESTS AND THE INSUFFICIENT ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING LAWS
ON FOREST PROTECTION.
THE OCCUPATION OF THE PART OF THE COUNTRY'S TERRITORY BY ARMENIA
(NAGORNO-KARABAKH AND THE TERRITORIES SURROUNDING IT) CAUSED A
SIGNIFICANT DAMAGE TO THE FORESTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE LOCATED IN THE
MOUNTAINOUS AREAS.
ANOTHER CRITICAL PROBLEM IS THE CONTINUOUS PRACTICE OF ILLEGAL GRAZING FOR
FIREWOOD IN THE FORESTS WHICH ARE DAMAGING THE BIODIVERSITY AND ARE
RESULTING IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL LOSSES. ILLEGAL LOGGING REMAINS A
CHALLENGE FOR THE AZERBAIJANI FOREST SECTOR SINCE COUNTRY’S INDEPENDENCE.
DUE TO THE POOR MANAGEMENT IN MANY REGIONS, AND ESPECIALLY VILLAGES
LOCATED IN PROXIMITY TO THE FORESTS, ACTS OF ILLEGAL LOGGING EXIST AND POSE A
SIGNIFICANT THREAT TO THE FORESTS. THE SAME THREAT COMES FROM THE
UNSUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND RECREATION PRACTICES. AT THE SAME TIME THE
FORESTS OF AZERBAIJAN FEEL THE IMPACT OF THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE WITH AN
INCREASE OF FOREST FIRES DURING THE SUMMER.

GALGAO, LHOREN BABE BSCE 3 DAY
BIOMES
Republic of Moldova
ARDAVE LAURENTE BSCE 3 - DAY

BIOMES
Republic of Moldova
At the landscape level, the territory of the
Republic of Moldova is situated within
three natural zones – forest, forest-
steppe and steppe.

FORESTS
Forests occupy 386,000
hectares in Moldova – around
12% of the Republic's territory.
Compared to other European
countries, this is a low
percentage. However, until
recently, it was hard to assess
the state of these comparatively
meagre forest resources. The
situation began to change in
2008.

FOREST-STEPPES
Moldova's natural habitat is
characterized by forest steppes,
a temperate-climate habitat type
composed of grassland
interspersed with areas of
woodland or forest.

STEPPES
A small portion in southern
Moldova is in the steppe zone,
although most steppe areas
today are cultivated.

Environmental Issues
Soil contamination and groundwater
pollution are associated problems.
Agriculture in Moldova is a dominant
but not very profitable activity. It is
contributing soil erosion, which is a
major problem in the country, while
fertility of the soil is in constant decline.
Another issue is deforestation where in
2010, Moldova had 358kha of natural
forest, extending over 11% of its land
area. In 2020, it lost 1.41kha of natural
forest.
BIOMES
Turkey

BIOMES
Turkey
The country has wide range biomes which include the temperate
broadleaf and mixed forests, temperate grasslands, savannas,
and shrublands, and the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and
scrub. Within these biomes, rich and diverse ecoregions arise to
give Turkey its vegetative characteristics and the diverse fauna.

TEMPERATE BROADLEAF AND
MIXED FORESTS
The Eastern Anatolian deciduous
forests ecoregion is located in
the mountains of eastern Turkey.
It is a Palearctic ecoregion in the
temperate broadleaf and mixed
forests biome.

TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
Grasslands and meadows
constitute about 19 % of Turkey's
total surface area.

SHRUBLANDS
Shrubland vegetation is common
in Mediterranean Region and
Aegean Region in Turkey.
Shrublands of these regions
include
about 90 maquis (Evergreen
shrubs and dwarf trees common in
Mediterranean climate zone
similar to chaparral in California)
and 60 woody shrub species
(Yılmaz 1993).

MEDITERRANIAN FORESTS
This mountainous ecoregion lies
completely within western Turkey
and forms a transitional zone
among Mediterranean, Euro-
Siberian and Irano-Turanian
vegetation types. Dominant
vegetation includes pure pine
forests and mixed pine and oak
woodlands and shrublands.

Turkey has been experiencing
environmental pressures due
to population growth,
industrialisation and rapid
urbanisation. These pressures
translate into a range of
environmental challenges
such as climate change,
desertification, deforestation,
water scarcity, nature
degradation and marine
pollution.
BIOMES
Uzbekistan

BIOMES
Uzbekistan
The physical environment of Uzbekistan is
diverse, ranging from the flat, desert
topography that comprises almost 80% of
the country's territory to mountain peaks in
the east reaching about 4,500 meters
(14,800 ft) above sea level.

DESERTS
Over half of the Uzbek territory is
covered by desert: the Kyzylkum,
Ustyurt desert plateau and
Aralkum formed on the former
bottom of the Aral Sea. They are
located in the country’s north-west,
gradually descending from east to
west.

MOUNTAIN PEAKS
Uzbek mountains are geologically
rather old with mainly smooth
slopes, but over millions of years
numerous rivers, flowing down
from the snowy peaks, washed out
deep picturesque canyons, such
as Gulkam, Langar, Kulasay and
others in many places.

FORESTS
About 3,276,000 ha of Uzbekistan
is forested and 635,000 ha of
these are planted forests.
Uzbekistan's forests contain 19
million metric tons of carbon in
living forest biomass. Uzbekistan
has some 494 known species of
amphibians, birds, mammals and
reptiles according to figures from
the World Conservation Monitoring
Centre.

Uzbekistan's main
environmental problems are
soil salinity, land pollution, and
water pollution. The Aral Sea
has been drying up and, as a
result, pesticides and natural
salts in its water have become
increasingly concentrated. The
nation's cities produce an
average of 45.8 million tons of
solid waste per year.

BIOMES
Tajikistan

BIOMES
Tajikistan
The major ecosystems in Tajikistan include forests,
woodlands, rangelands (steppe and grasslands), deserts
and wetlands. The vegetation changes from steppe
communities in the west to semi-desert and desert-like
formations in the south.

WOODLANDS
The eastern and southern districts
are characterized by open, rocky
slopes having extensive woodlands
dominated by juniper (Juniperus)
and pistachio (Pistacia) species.

LOWLAND FORESTS
Lowland forests are found
on the floodplains and low river
terraces, generally growing on
alluvial, swampy, or moist
soils. Very few lowland forests have
been preserved, although some
stands remain

WETLANDS
Wetland ecosystems are found
throughout and include river
deltas, marshes, swamps, lakes,
and streams in alpine regions. A
variety of lakes are scattered
throughout Tajikistan, from small
alpine lakes to significant bodies of
water with highly specific fish
fauna which attract a variety
of waterfowl

RANGELANDS
The total area of rangelands and
pasturelands in the country is 3.9
million hectares. The largest
area under rangelands ( 60% of
the total rangelands in the country)
falls in Khatlon and Dushanbe.
Most of the rangelands are in hilly
and mountainous areas above
2,000 masl.

Desertification and
overgrazing are serious
problems in Tajikistan,
Overgrazing is a serious
problem in all of the Central
Asian countries. Too many
animals on too little land has
resulted in desertification and
soil erosion.

Greece
MORALES, ZEUS JONJE BSCE 3 DAY

Greece's biome is the Mediterranean Biome or the Chaparral Biome.
● The climate of Greece is mediterranean with summers that are usually hot and dry, and the
winters that can be quiet cold and wet. The upper part of Greece can be very cold during the
winter and snow is not uncommon.
● The chaparral biome is a part of each continent and consists of various types of terrain including
mountains and plains. It is often confused with the desert biome because they share many
similarities such as both being hot and dry. The chaparral biome receives more rainfall per year
than the desert biome.
● We can find Chaparral Biomes along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Existing environmental issues in Greece
● Natural resources of Mediterranean Greece have been exploited by civilizations since ancient
times. As the Greek civilization and population expanded, it progressively destroyed the forests for
firewood, charcoal (needed in firing pottery and other industrial processes), and lumber. The great
trees were often burned by accident or as part of a military operation, or simply to create more
open pastureland. Shipbuilding in ancient times resulted in deforestation and therefore to
degradation of soil nutrition, the devastation of natural habitats, and an increase in water pollution
due to sediment built up in bodies of water.

CZECH REPUBLIC

The Czech Republic belongs to the temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest biome for its largest part,
but two of its dry lowland areas belong to the forest-steppe biome.
● Landscapes corresponding to the coniferous forest biome and alpine tundra occur mainly as
temperate orobiomes in small areas. Eight altitudinal vegetation belts from lowland to alpine are
distinguished. There are high diversities of different vegetation types mainly in deep river valleys in
the Bohemian Massif, karst areas, sandstone pseudokarst areas, on solitary volcanic hills, in glacial
cirques, lowland riverine landscapes and serpentinite areas. Potential natural vegetation across
most of the country is deciduous and mixed forests of beech, oak, hornbeam and noble
hardwoods, and coniferous forests of spruce and fir. However, large areas of these forests have
been cleared or converted into forest plantations. Open landscape is covered mainly by arable
land and perennial grassland. Diversity, ecology, distribution, history and dynamics of the different
vegetation types defined in the national vegetation classification are described here in detail.

Existing environmental issues in Czech Republic
● With the extensive logging especially the large-sized clear-cutting, deforestation, and improper
land use, the ecological regions in the Czech Republic are threatened by the existence of human
activities in the area. Illegal logging also takes place in protected areas and soon vast areas of
forest cover will be left bare without the natural vegetation. Lack of native plant life has also led to
the absence of endemic biodiversity of some ecoregions.

ROMANIA

Romania falls into three biomes the steppe, temperate forest, and Mediterranean forests.
● The mixed forest biome of Europe has four seasons. It experiences mild weather, with warm to
cool summers, and moderately cold winters.
● A distinct feature of the flora of the Central European mixed forests is the presence of
thermophilous plant species typical of warmer and drier habitats, particularly in the south-eastern
part of the ecoregion, which borders the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine, Moldova and Romania.

● Air pollution and water pollution caused by industry are serious environmental problems in
Romania. The country’s factories, chemical plants, and electric power plants depend heavily on
burning fossil fuels, a process that emits high levels of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide - a key
component of acid rain.

CYPRUS

Cyprus belongs to the Mediterranean forest biome.
● Located in the Mediterranean Sea, this island ecoregion is home to a variety of flora and fauna.
More than 125 endemic plants are found here including the endangered Cyprus cedar (Cedrus
brevifolia) and the Cyprus oak (Quercus alnifolia). The island also serves as a stepping stone
between Europe and Africa for millions of migratory birds every year. Over 350 species of birds
can be found here, most of which are migratory. Some 46 residents and 27 migratory species
breed regularly on the island; about 10 species are endemic. The island is home to a number of
mammals such as the Cyprus moufflon (Ovis orientalis ophion), which is a rare type of wild sheep
found only on the island of Cyprus. Only eighteen percent of the island is covered by its original
habitat. Conversion of forest to pastures, urban development, forest fires, and tourism are all
causes of habitat loss and continue to be a threat to this ecoregion.

● There is a high potential of human impact, mainly due to the abrupt socio-political partition of the
island in July 1974. About 100 km² of forests on the northern part of the island were burned during
conflicts. Mismanagement of pastures and grazing, as well as tourism development (mainly urban
development in the coastal zone) are also considerably increasing the risk of forest fires. Ski
facilities and road construction represent a growing threat to important forest habitats and
endangered species.

BIOMES
UNITED KINGDOM
TURKMENISTAN
MONGOLIA
ICELAND
PATALINGHUG, TRISHIA MAE BSCE 3 DAY

UNITED KINGDOM
The United Kingdom is an island in western Europe. It has a total
land area of 241,930 sq. km and the climate of UK is temperate. The
major biome of the United Kingdom is the deciduous forest and has
four mainland-based ecosystems. These are: heaths, moorlands,
wetlands and woodland.

Heathlands are found in lowland areas, usually below
1000m. There are large areas of heath in the south of
England, such as the New Forest and the Dorset
Heaths. Heaths have dry, sandy soils (south and east
of the UK) or wet and peaty (north and west of the
UK). Heaths are home to some rare species of plants,
DORSET HEATHS such as the yellow centaury. Plants provide habitats
for a range of insects, which are consumed by birds
such as nightjars and rare lizards such as sand lizards.
HEATHS
MOORLANDS
Moorland is found in upland areas in Scotland, Wales
and Northern England. Moorlands provide habitats for a
range of animals and birds, including mountain hares
and hen harriers. Most moorland areas are used for
grazing sheep and raise grouse. Grouse eat young
shoots of heather and nest in it. New growth is
encouraged each year by burning the moorland.

Wetlands are typically found on floodplains such as
the Somerset Levels or near rivers and lakes such as
the Norfolk Broads. Wetlands are also found in some
upland areas. Wetlands occur where the land is
waterlogged for most of the year, e.g. bogs, fens and
marshes. Places which flood seasonally are also
examples of wetlands e.g. the Somerset Levels.
WETLANDS
SOMERSET LEVELS PATALINGHUG, TRISHIA MAE BSCE 3 DAY
WOODLANDS
Most of the UK was once covered in woodland. There
are still some small areas of woodland in the UK’s
lowlands. Large areas of woodland include The New
Forest, Kielder Forest and the Forest of Dean. Most
native woodlands in the UK are deciduous, which means
the trees lose their leaves in the Autumn. Woodlands in
the UK are home to a diverse range of species of animals
including foxes, badgers and grey squirrel. They also
provide habitats for birds such as owls and
woodpeckers.

For centuries, the United Kingdom has been a densely populated island nation, and
the country's current environmental issues are the result of these interactions
between the British and their natural surroundings. Since World War II, these
interactions have become somewhat more intense as increased national wealth
and globalization have necessitated the production of more goods, services, and
infrastructure.
Because of these increased demands, the UK ecosystem has yielded less and less
over time. Grazing, air pollution and the forces of climate change have significantly
affected the mountainous regions of the UK, according to the UK NEA. Grazing and
agricultural activities have also affected the country’s grassy lowlands.

TURKMENISTAN
Turkmenistan is occupied by deserts (80%) and forests (20%),
possesses a significant level of endemic biodiversity, and is noted as
one of the global centers of genetic diversity.

The Karakum Desert, also spelled Kara-Kum and
Gara-Gum, is a desert in Central Asia. Its second word
means sand; its first is a contraction of garaňky:
"dark" or may pre-date that in this language family.
The desert covers most of Turkmenistan, a long east–
west swath. It widely reaches dune crests, underlain
by rock, a few hundred metres above sea level.
DESERT
FOREST
Turkmenistan's forests contain 12 million metric tons

of carbon in living forest biomass.

Environmental issues in Turkmenistan are most visible in

three significant areas: desertification, the drying of the
Aral Sea, and chemical pollution. All three of these areas
are directly linked to agricultural practices in the country.

MONGOLIA
Mongolia a country located in north-central Asia. Mongolia's geography is
characterized by great diversity. From north to south, it can be divided into four
zones: the mountain forest, the alpine steppe and in the far south the semi-
desert and the desert (the desert is about 30% of the total territory).

MOUNTAIN FOREST
Forests cover about seven percent of the land. The

mountains and dense forests predominate central and
northern Mongolia and grasslands cover large areas of
this region.

The steppes (grasslands) predominate, covering
more than three-fourths of the national territory.
These huge expanses of pastureland are covered with
feather grass, couch grass, wormwood, and many
fodder plant species. In summer the steppes are
carpeted with brightly coloured wildflowers.
STEPPE
DESERTS
Mongolia is home to the Gobi, the coldest and most
northern of the world’s deserts. The Gobi desert is
composed primarily of rock and cliffs, but it also
contains sand dunes in arid regions near the southern
border.
It covers about one third of the surface of Mongolia,

and was on the way of the Silk Road.

Desertification
Human causes:
Urban Air
• Rapid development Pollution Illegal Timber
of farming Harvesting
• mining industry • Thermal power
• changes in livestock stations • Timber harvesting and the
composition (the • Smoke, produced trade in endangered species
number of goats by ger stoves are more specific to highly
has increased • Vehicles marginalized populations, but
threefold) despite their characterization
• overgrazing around as "legal enforcement"
settlement areas issues they are actually
and water sources. symptoms of economic
despair
ICELAND
Iceland, island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lying on the
constantly active geologic border between North America and Europe, Iceland is
a land of vivid contrasts of climate, geography, and culture. The major biome of
Iceland is artic tundra biome. Iceland's natural terrestrial ecosystems can be
roughly divided into four main categories; wetlands, woodlands, grasslands, and
barren or sparsely vegetated areas.

Arctic tundra is a very cold, windy, and
treeless biome that’s snow-covered for
much of the year.
Arctic Tundra
WOODLANDS
At the time of human settlement almost 1150 years ago,
birch forest and woodland covered 25-40% of Iceland's
land area. The relatively tall (to 15 m) birch forests of
sheltered valleys graded to birch and willow scrub
toward the coast, on exposed sites and in wetland areas
and to willow tundra at high elevations.

WETLANDS
Iceland, an island in the North-Atlantic Ocean, has
diverse wetlands ranging from the coast to the interior
highland, including marshes, estuaries, ponds, lakes and
rivers.

Soil erosion is one of the most serious
environmental problem facing the country. It is
estimated that over half the vegetation cover of the
country has been lost since it was first settled 1,100
years ago, meaning that significant vegetation cover
has decreased from 50-60% to only 25%. This has
had a severe effect on vegetation and biological
diversity in extensive areas in certain parts of the
country.
Furthermore, Iceland has lost over 95% of its original

birch woodlands, which today cover only about 1%
of the total area. The underlying reason for this
extensive loss of soil and vegetation is mainly the
early clearing of woodlands and subsequent
overgrazing (mainly by sheep) throughout the
centuries. PATALINGHUG, TRISHIA MAE BSCE 3 DAY
BIOMES
AFGHANISTAN
CHINA
ISRAEL
IRAN
QUIROS, HELYN A. BSCE 3-DAY

AFGHANISTAN
Afghanistan is a country in Central Asia. Its total land
area is around 252,000 square miles, and features
spectacularly high mountainous landscapes, and a
collection of forests, grasslands and deserts.

Coniferous Forest
The East Afghan Montane Coniferous Forests [PA0506] are

found between 2,000 and 3,300 m. These temperate
coniferous forests of western Pakistan and north-eastern
Afghanistan support a variety of avifauna and harbor the
largest remaining populations of Chiltan markhor (Capra
falconeri chiltanensis).

Grasslands
Located in the northeast of Hunlunbeir, Inner Mongolia,

northern China, and covering a large area of 250, 557 square
kilometers, Hulunbuir Grassland is well protected and praised
as one of China's most beautiful and amazing grasslands.

Desert
The Gobi Desert is a vast, arid region in northern China and

southern Mongolia. It's known for its dunes, mountains and
rare animals such as snow leopards and Bactrian camels.

Unrelenting
Deforestation Land
Degradation
Uncontrolled
Urbanization
Solid Waste
Disposal
Air and Water
Pollution

The spread of illegal logging, which has
Unrelenting flourished as part of the war economy, remains

one of the biggest contributors to deforestation
Deforestation
in Afghanistan. The main reason of their
unrelenting deforestation is the illegal
harvesting and trade of timber.
Major causes of land degradation in Afghanistan

were include land clearance poor farming
Land practices, inappropriate irrigation, unstable land
Degradation management practice and land pollution
including industrial waste.
Some causes resulting from uncontrolled

urbanization in Afghanistan include poor
nutrition, pollution-related health conditions and
Uncontrolled communicable diseases, poor sanitation and
Urbanization housing conditions, and related health
QUIROS, HELYN A. BSCE 3-DAY conditions.

The rising population in Afghanistan have led to the
production of more waste, with every passing year people
Solid Waste
Disposal
have several kinds of stuff to use and discard that causes
more waste disposal.
Contributors to poor air and water quality in Afghanistan

Air and Water include industrial pollution, vehicle emissions, and poor
Pollution quality fuel, Low rainfall, irregular use of groundwater and
insufficient infrastructure.

CHINA
The People’s Republic of China encompasses an area of
3,705 square miles. Over this large tract of land are many
different landscapes. China is covered with deserts, forests,
mountains, and wetlands. Its biodiversity is found
throughout various biomes such as desert and xeric
shrublands, montane grasslands, temperate coniferous
forests, flooded grasslands and savannas, temperate
broadleaf and mixed forests.

Desert and Xeric Shrubland
Deserts and xeric shrubland are a biome defined by the World

Wide Fund for Nature. Deserts and xeric “dry” shrubland form the
largest terrestrial biome, covering 19% of Earth's land surface area.
Shrubland exists in all of the climate zones in China, from
subtropical to temperate and high cold regions, and they occupy
more than 20% of the land area.

Montane Grassland
Most of the Montane Grasslands found in some provinces in

China ncluding Tebit and Qinghai. The montane grasslands of
the Tibetian Plateau still support relatively intact migrations of
Tibetan antelope and kiang, or Tibetan wild ass Equus Hemionus.
These plant forms can reach elevations of 4,500–4,600 metres
(14,800–15,100 ft) above sea level.

Temperate Coniferous Forest
A Temperate Coniferous forest of China Located in Yinchuan,

Xinhua that is area of over 488,000 hectares.

Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest
In contrast to tropical rain forests, most biodiversity is

concentrated much closer to the forest floor. Temperate
Broadleaf and Mixed Forest (TBMF) are richest and most
distinctive biome in central China.

Air
Pollution Water
Pollution
Desertification
Cancer
Villages

The causes of China widespread air pollution can be attributed to a number of
Air factors: an enormous economic boom, a surge in the number of motorized
Pollution vehicles, population growth, output from manufacturing, and natural reasons
which include the city's surrounding topography and seasonal weather.
China's water supply has been contaminated by the dumping of toxic human
Water and industrial waste. Pollution-induced algae blooms cause the surface of
Pollution China's lakes to turn a bright green, but greater problems may lurk beneath the
surface; groundwater in 90 % of China's cities is contaminated.
Cancer The toxic chemicals have caused many environmental emergencies linked to water
Villages and air pollution. It goes on to acknowledge that such chemicals could pose a long-
term risk to human health, making a direct link to the so-called "cancer villages.
The major causes of land desertification in China are climate change and
Desertification human economic activities. Climate variation and desertification are

contributing factors to the phenomena of global climate change.

ISRAEL
Israel is located, between 29°-33° North of the equator,
characterized as a subtropical region, between the
temperate zone and the tropical zone. And it characterized
a wide range of biomes supports the Mediterranean
forests and woodlands biome.

Mediterranean Forest
This eco-region in Israel one of the most biologically diverse

and biome in the Mediterranean Basin. Extremely
mountainous, its high peaks and deep valleys create isolated
ecological niches resulting in a high level of plant endemism,
particularly among the bulbous species.

Woodlands
Woodlands located in the Middle East specifically in Israel,

along the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea. Over 200
million trees in forests and woodlands covering some 300,000
acres provide Israelis with a wide range of opportunities for
outdoor recreation and appreciation of nature.

Water
Shortage Shrinking of
the Dead Sea
Waste
Production &
Disposal
Air Pollution

Water Israel has suffered from a chronic water shortage for years. In recent years however, the
situation has developed into a crisis so severe that it is feared that by the next summer it
Shortage
may be difficult to adequately supply municipal and household water requirements.
And this is mainly cause in Increase in demand for water domestic uses.
The Dead Sea is shrinking. There are many reasons for this climate change is a
Shrinkage of contributing factor, as is human overuse of water as a resource. And also the
the Dead Sea wrongly use of their irrigation.
Waste Causing of waste production and disposal of Israel is overpopulation, urbanization,

Production & and the growing technology.
Disposal
The major causes of Air Pollution in their country might the reason of
Air Pollution climatic features aggravate such as climate change.

IRAN
Iran has a hot, dry climate characterized by long, hot,
dry summers and short, cool winters. The climate is
influenced by Iran's location between the subtropical
aridity of the Arabian desert areas and the subtropical
humidity of the eastern Mediterranean area. Iran is
part of three different biomes due to it's size and range
in elevation.

Forest Steppe
Mount Damavand in the Alborz Mountains of Iran, the tallest

mountain in the Middle East. The Elburz Range forest steppe
ecoregion is an arid, mountainous 1,000-kilometer arc south
of the Caspian Sea, stretching across northern Iran from the
Azerbaijan border to near the Turkmenistan border.

Temperate Grasslands
Located primarily in the hills and mountain ranges of central and

eastern Iran, with a small area in Pakistan, this ecoregion represents
part of the Irano-Turanian geobotanical region, an especially active
center of plant speciation. Scattered stands of pistacio and almond
forest and temperate grassland is characteristic. The mountains are
home to small surviving populations of endangered fauna, such as the
cheetah and leopard, and a number of other wild cats share the land
with gazelle, hares, wolves, lizards, snakes and other creatures.

Desert Lowlands
The Central Persian desert basins eco-region covers desert

basins of central Iran. The Lut Desert is in the southeast of the
Islamic Republic of Iran, an arid continental subtropical area
notable for a rich variety of spectacular desert landform.

Air
Pollution Water
Scarcity
Deforestation
Soil
Degradation

In regards to Iran's main causes of pollution, they would include sources such as vehicular
Air
fumes, including both basic motor vehicles such as cars and motorbikes, as well s heavy
Pollution duty vehicles such as trucks, lorries and buses above a certain weight that typically are
powered by diesel engines.
Iran's water resources have been depleted by a lack of rain, the building of
Water hydro-electric dams and farming of water-intensive products like rice, wheat
Scarcity and sugar cane. Farmers hit by water shortages are fleeing their villages to live
in precarious settlements on the outskirts of cities.
A number of factors have fueled deforestation in Iran, some caused by

Deforestation the country's aggressive pursuit of economic development, others outside Iranian
officials' control. Contributors include construction, illegal logging, overgrazing,
and wildfires spurred by climate change.
“Salinity, soil contamination, over use of chemicals, industrial wastewater,

Soil etc., are constituting threats against soil sustainability in Iran.
Degradation

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MAJOR BIOMES OF THE WORLD

CONTINENT: EURASIA (includes

BAQUIANO, JEYVHAN ROBERT BSCE 3 DAY

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Mountain forests of Gakh region

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Mountain forests in Altiaghaj

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Turkmenistan's forests contain 12 million metric tons