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UNIT -II

LEVELS OF ORGANISATION

Levels of organization
Some living things contain one cell that performs all needed functions. Multicellular
organisms are made of many parts that are needed for survival. These parts are divided into
levels of organization. There are five levels: cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, and
organisms.

Protoplasmic level of body organization

Organisms which are made of just one cell are the simplest and the most primitive
creatures called unicellular organisms. Their level of body organization is at the lowest and
is called protoplasmic level of body organization.protozoans means protistans means
unicellular eukaryotes.since they are unicellular organisms they exhibit protoplasmic level
of organizations that is all the necessary life support in functions are carried out by the
single cell in its cytoplasm and nucleoplasm that is protoplasm.

Structural organization in metazoans

As stated above, the structural organization in metazoans starts from the smallest
fundamental unit the cell. And a group of cells that perform a similar function forms
tissues. When tissues group together to perform specific functions, they form organs.

1. Cellular level: in case of celluar level organization, a single cell is responsible for
all the metabolic activities. Cellular level organization is present in unicellular
animals and some of the Multicellular animals.
2. Tissue level: in case of tissue level organization, a group of cells is responsible for
all the metabolic activities, e.g. Coelenterates.
3. Organ level: in case of organ level organization, some specialized organs are
present for some specific functions, e.g. Platy helminthes.
4. Organ system level: in organ system level organization, complex organ systems are
present for various functions, e.g. Mollusca, chordate.

Diplobalstic organization

During embryonic development,

the tissues and organs of animals
originate from two or three embryonic
germ layers. On the basis of the origin
and development, animals are classified
into two categories: diploblastic and
triploblastic. Animals in which the cells
Dr.C.V.Narasimha murthy SVJC Jr.Inter 2020-21
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are arranged in two embryonic layers, the external ectoderm, and internal endoderm
are called diploblastic animals. In these animals the ectoderm gives rise to the
epidermis (the outer layer of the body wall) and endoderm gives rise to gastro
dermis (tissue lining the gut cavity). An undifferentiated layer present between the
ectoderm and endoderm is the mesoglea. (Corals, jellyfish, sea anemone) .

Triploblastic organization

Animals in which the developing embryo has three germinal layers are called
triploblastic animals and consists of outer ectoderm (skin, hair, neuron, nail, teeth,
etc), inner endoderm (gut, lung, liver) and middle mesoderm (muscle, bone, heart).
Most of the triploblastic animals show organ system level of organization (flat
worms to chordates)

Asymmetry

A thing which cannot be divided into two equal halves by any vertical plane example =
amoeba. Some of the animals are almost asymmetrical. Their body cannot be divided into
two equal halves from any plane, e.g. Sponges.

Symmetry
The word symmetry is the most commonly used concept in the study of reflections
of mages. It is often referred to as mirror or reflective symmetry; that means a line or plane
that can be drawn through an
object such that the
two halves are mirror
images
of each
other. It is of two
types

Radial .symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central axis, like rays on a sun
or pieces in a pie. Radially symmetrical animals have top and bottom surfaces, but no left
and right sides, or front and back. It is of two types

(a) biradial symmetry divides the animal into two equal halves. E.g. Ctenophora
and most anthozoa (e.g. Sea anemones)

(b) pentamerous radial divides into 5 equal parts e.g., star fish.

Dr.C.V.Narasimha murthy SVJC Jr.Inter 2020-21