ChemistrY

project
Topic :
‘‘ Study of Constituents
of an Alloy ’’
Submitted by : sagar tiwari
Class : 12 ‘a’
th

Roll no. : 12123

Submitted to : mr. R.K. porwal
 ChemistrY
project
Topic :
‘‘ Study of Constituents
of an Alloy ’’
Submitted by : vishesh mishra
Class : 12 ‘a’
th

Roll no. : 12130

Submitted to : mr. R.K. porwal
 certificate
TH
This is to certify that “Sagar Tiwari” of class 12 “A” has
successfully completed his chemestry project on topic “Study of
Constituents of An Alloy” as prescribed by “Mr. R.K. Porwal”
during the academic year 2022-2023 as per the guidelines given by
“Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2 Indore” .
Teacher’s name - Mr. R.K. Porwal

Teacher’s sign Sign of external

Principal’s sign
 certificate
This is to certify that “Vishesh Mishra” of class 12TH “A” has

successfully completed his chemestry project on topic “Study of

Constituents of An Alloy” as prescribed by “Mr. R.K. Porwal”

during the academic year 2022-2023 as per the guidelines given by

“Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 2 Indore” .

Teacher’s name - Mr. R.K. Porwal

Teacher’s sign Sign of external

Principal’s sign
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our
chemistry teacher “Mr. R.K. Porwal” for his guidance, support
and encouragement thoughout the duration of the project. Then
I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of the projects.
Without their motivation and help the successful completion of
this project would not have been possible.

Thanking You

Sagar Tiwari

XII ‘A’
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me a great pleasure to express my gratitude towards our
chemistry teacher “Mr. R.K. Porwal” for his guidance, support
and encouragement thoughout the duration of the project. Then
I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped
me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of the projects.
Without their motivation and help the successful completion of
this project would not have been possible.

Thanking You

Vishesh mishra

XII ‘A’
 Index
1. Introduction
2. Some Common Alloy
3. Preperation of Alloy
4. Analysis of an Alloy
5. Experiment – 1
6. Experiment – 2
7. Experiment –3
8. Uses of Alloy
 Introduction
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-
metal.
An Alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam.
Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloy,
depending on the atomic arrangement that forms the alloy. They can
be further classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single phase), or
heterogeneous (consisting of two or more phases) or intermetallic.
Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often less
ductile and less malleable. Thus the hardness of gold is increased by
addition of copper to it. The melting point of an alloy is always lower
than the melting points of the constituent metals. Other properties
such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen and moisture,
mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc. also under goes a change
when an alloy is made from its constituents (metals). This change of
properties is very useful and makes an alloy beneficial.
Some of the alloys along with their composition is given below:
1. Brass :-
It consists copper-50-90%.
Zinc. : 20-40%
and small amounts of tin, lead and iron.
2. Bronze : It consists copper 60-90%.
3. Tin : 5-35%
and also contains small amounts of lead, iron and zinc.
Duralumin : It consists A1 : 95%, Cu = 4%
Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%
4. Gun Metal : It consists copper 85 - 90%
5. Zinc. : 1-3%
6. Tin : 8-12%
The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the
quality of the alloy though the main components remain the same.
 Some Common Alloy
1. Duralumin: It is an alloy of aluminium. It contains 95% of
aluminium, 4% of copper, 0.5% of magnesium and 0.5% of
manganese. It is stronger and lighter than aluminium.
Duralumin is used for making bodies of air crafts, helicopters,
jets, kitchenware like pressure cooker, etc. It is also used for
making bodies of ships (due to its resistance to seawater). It is
also known as duralium.
2. Amalgam: An alloy of mercury and one or more other metals is
known as an amalgam. It may be solid or liquid. A solution of
sodium metal in liquid mercury metal is called sodium amalgam
and is used as reducing agent. An amalgam of silver, tin and
zinc is used by dentists for filling in teeth.
3. Brass: Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc(Zn). It contains
80% of copper and 20% of zinc. It is more malleable and
 stronger than pure copper. Brass is used for making cooking
utensils, condenser sheets, pipe, screws, bolts, wire, scientific
instruments, ornaments, etc.
4. Bronze: It is an alloy of copper. It contains 90% of copper and
10% of tin. It is highly resistant to corrosion and used for
making utensils, statues, cooking pipes, coins, hardware, etc.
5. It is an alloy of lead (50%) and tin (50%). It is used for soldering
(or welding) electrical wires together.
 Preperation of Alloy
There are four commonly employed methods for the manufacture of
alloys: The fusion method, The electro-deposition method, The
reduction method, and Powder metallurgy.
1. The Fusion Method :
This method uses alloying elements in a fixed proportion and
fuses them together in a refractory melting pot or in a brick-
lined crucible. The component metal with a higher melting point
is melted first and then the other component with a lower
melting point is added to the melt. Both metal components are
mixed well and allowed to melt further. The molten mass is
covered by powdered Carbon to avoid oxidation of the molten
alloy components because they are very reactive to the
surrounding atmospheric oxygen. The resulting molten mass is
allowed to cool at room temperature.
2. The Electro-Deposition Method :
This method involves simultaneous deposition of different
component metals from the electrolytic solution containing their
salts solution mixture by passing direct electricity.
3. The Reduction Method :
Metal may exist in the form of compounds. Reduction is a
chemical process in which a compound of one component can be
separated from another component, to get a pure metal. This
method is performed in an electric furnace.
4. Powder Metallurgy :
Powder metallurgy may be defined as the art of producing fine
metal powders and then making articles from individual metal
powders or alloyed metal powders.
 Analysis of an Alloy
The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps.
1. Qualitative Analysis :
This involves identification of the components of the alloys.
2. Quantitative Analysis :
This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It
involves the separation of the components from the alloy
quantitatively followed by determination of percentage of each
component volumetrically or gravimetrically.
 Experiment – 1
Aim : To analyze a sample of brass qualitatively.
Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and
common laboratory reagents.

Theory :
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Composition :
Cu = 60-90% and Zn. = 10-40%.
Thus Cu and Zn. form the main constituents of brass. Both these
metals dissolved in 50% of nitric acid due to formation of nitrates
which are soluble.
3 Cu + 8HNO3 (Dil) 3 Cu (NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
or
Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3– 3 Cu+2 + 2NO + 4H2O
4Zn + 10HNO3 (Dil) 4 Zn (NO2)2 + N2O + 5H2O
4Zn + 2NO3– + 10H+ 4 Zn+2 + N2O + 5H2O
The solution is boiled to expel the oxides of nitrogen and the resulting
solution is tested for Cu2+ and Zn+2 ions.
Procedure :
1. Place a small piece of brass in a china dish and heat this with
minimum quantity of 50% HNO3 so as to dissolve the piece
completely.
2. Continue heating the solution till a dry solid residue is obtained.
3. Dissolve the solid residue in dil. HCl and filter. Add distilled water
to the filtrate.
4. Pass H2S gas through the filtrate. A black precipitate of copper
sulphide is obtained. Separate the black ppt. and keep the filtrate for
the test of Zn+2 ions Dissolve black ppt. by heating them with 50%
HNO3. To this solution add ammonium hydroxide solution.
Appearance of deep blue colouration in the solution shows the
presence of copper ions in the solution.
5. To test Zn+2 ions, boil the filtrate to remove H2S gas, then add solid
NH4Cl to this and heat to dissolve NH4Cl. Add excess of NH4OH so
that a solution is ammoniacal. Now pass H2S gas through this
ammoniacal solution. Dirty white or grey precipitation indicate zinc.
Separate the precipitates and dissolve it in minimum amount of dil.
HCl. Boil to expel H2S gas and add potassium Ferro cyanide solution,
white or bluish white ppt. confirm Zn+2 ions in the solution.
Result :
The given sample of brass contains copper and zinc. metals as the
main constituents.
 Experiment – 2
Aim : Project Report to Analyze a Sample of Bronze Qualitatively.
Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and
common laboratory reagents.
Theory :
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin.
Composition :
Cu = 88-96% and Sn. = 4-12%.
Thus copper and zinc. form the main constituents of bronze. Both
these metals dissolved in nitric acid.
3 Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3– 3 Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
4Sn + NO3– + 10 H+ 4 Sn+2 + NH4+ + 3H2O
(Cold and Dil. Acid)
Sn + 4NO3– + 4H+ H2Sn O3 + 2NO2 + H2O
(Conc. acid) (Metastannic Acid)
Excess of nitric acid is removed by heating the solution. The resulting
solution now would contain Cu+2 ions and metastannic acid. This
solution is acidified with dil. HCl and H2S gas is passed when the
sulphides of copper and tin are formed.
Cu+2 + S2- CuS (Black ppt.)
H2SnO3 + 2H2S SnS2 (Black ppt.) + 3H2O
The sulphides are separated by boiling the ppt. with yellow
ammonium sulphide when SnS2 goes into solution as thiostannate
where as CuS is not affected.
SnS2 + (NH4)2S (NH4)2 SnS2 (Soluble)
Ammonium thiostannate.
CuS + (NH4)2S CuS (Unaffected)
Black ppt.
The soluble black ppt. is tested for Cu+2 ions and the solution is tested
for Sn2+ ions as in elementary qualitative analysis.
Procedure :
1. Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a china dish and add to
it 5-10 ml. of dil. HNO3.
2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and tin completely and
then boil the contents to a paste to remove excess of HNO3. All this is
carried out in cup board.
3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water containing HCl (1:1) to get a
clear solution.
4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass H2S in excess i.e. till
the precipitation is complete. Filter and reject the filtrate.
5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-3 ml. of yellow
ammonium sulphide and heat. Filter the contents. Black residue is
tested for Cu+2 ions and filtrate is tested for Sn+2 ions.
6. Analysis of black residue :
Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml. of
50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube. A light blue or green
sol. indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this sol. into two parts.
(a) To one part add excess of NH4OH a deep blue colouration
confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.
(b) Acidify the second part with acetic acid and add K4 [Fe (CN)6] i.e.
potassium ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown ppt. confirms the
presence of Cu+2 ions.
7. Analysis of filtrate :
Boil the filtrate with 1 ml. of dil. HCl. A yellow ppt. is obtained. Dissolve
in 1 ml. conc. HCl. To this solution add 0.5 g. of zinc. dust and boil it
for 2-3 minutes. Filter and to filtrate add 1-2 ml. of mercuric chloride
solution. A white ppt. turning grey on standing confirms the presence
of Sn+4 ions.
Result :
The given sample of bronze contains - Cu and Sn as the main
constituents.
 Experiment –3
Aim : To analyze a sample of duralumin qualitatively.
Requirements : China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and
common laboratory reagents.
Theory :
Duralumin is an alloy of copper and tin.
Composition :
Al = 95%, Cu = 4%, Mn = 0.5%, Mg = 0.5%
The alloy dissolves in aqua regia. The solution is tested as in an
elementary qualitative analysis.
Procedure :
1. Take about 1 g. of duralumin in a china dish. Add to it about 10 ml.
of aqua regia (Con. HNO3 : Con. HCl, 1:3).
2. Heat the contents of china dish strongly till the whole of the alloy
dissolves and then slowly to get a paste.
3. Dissolve the paste in dil. HCl in a test tube. Pass H2S gas in excess
through it till the precipitation is complete. A black ppt. is formed.
4. Filter the solution. Test the black ppt. for copper and filtrate for
aluminium.
5. Test of Black ppt. :
Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml. of
50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube. A light blue or green
sol. indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this sol. into two parts.
a) To one part add excess of NH4 OH - a deep blued calouration
confirms the presence of Cu+2.
b) Acidify the part with acetic acid and add K4[Fe(CN)6] i.e.
potassium ferrocyanide solution. A reddish brown ppl. confirms the
presence of Cu+2 ions.
6) Analysis of filtrate :
Boil the filtrate till H2S is completely removed. Add a drop of conc.
HNO3 and heat add 1g of solid NH4Cl, warm and cool. Add NH4OH
in excess till the solution smells of ammonia - A gelatinous white ppt
in minimum dil. HCl then add a drop of blue litmus solution. Add
NH4OH solution till it smells of ammonia (till it is alkaline).
A blue ppt (lake) floating in the colourless solution confirms the
presence of Al3+ ion.
Results :
The given sample of duralumin contains - Cu and Al as the main
constituents.

Uses of Alloy
1. To modify chemical reactivity :
When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be used
but its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be safely used
as reducing agent.
2. To increase hardness :
Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is
added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass.
3. To increase tensile strength :
Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium (95%)
has high tensile strength.
4. To lower the melting point :
Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has very less
meting point as compared to melting points of Sn and Pb.
5. To modify the colour :
Aluminium bronze an alloy of Cu and Al has beautiful golden colour.
6. To resist corrosion:
Iron gets rusted and corroded. Its corrosion takes place with time but
stainless steel, an alloy of iron and carbon get not rusted.
The composition of stainless steel is :
Iron - 98%
Carbon - 2%

The end !