Com Mcqs Communication

Analog Communication Test Questions - Set 1
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1) Amplitude modulation is
a. Change in amplitude of the carrier according to modulating signal

b. Change in frequency of the carrier according to modulating signal
c. Change in amplitude of the modulating signal according to carrier signal
d. Change in amplitude of the carrier according to modulating signal frequency
Answer Explanation Related Ques
ANSWER: Change in amplitude of the carrier according to modulating signal

Explanation:
Amplitude modulation is defined as change in the amplitude of the high frequency carrier wave in accordance with th
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
2) The ability of the receiver to select the wanted signals among the various incoming signals
termed as
a. Sensitivity
b. Selectivity
c. Stability
d. None of the above
ANSWER: Selectivity
Explanation:
The ability of the receiver to select the wanted signals among the various incoming signals is termed as Selectivity. It
the other signals at closely lying frequencies. Selectivity is determines performance of a radio receiver that how much
responds only to the radio signal it is required to receive.
3) Emitter modulator amplifier for Amplitude Modulation
a. Operates in class A mode

b. Has a low efficiency
c. Output power is small
d. All of the above
ANSWER: All of the above

Explanation:
Emitter modulator amplifier for Amplitude Modulation operates in class A mode and has a very low efficiency. The o
the modulator is very small, therefore, it is not suitable for modulation at high level.
4) Super heterodyne receivers
a. Have better sensitivity

b. Have high selectivity
c. Need extra circuitry for frequency conversion
d. All of the above

Explanation:
A super heterodyne receiver mixes the incoming signal frequency with the locally generated signal frequency to conv
received signal to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF). A local oscillator in the receiver generates a signal, which mixe
the incoming signal, and then shifts that to intermediate frequency. The IF signal is filtered and is used to detect the o
signal. Super heterodyne receivers have better sensitivity, high selectivity but need an extra circuitry for frequency
conversion.
5) The AM spectrum consists of
a. Carrier frequency
b. Upper side band frequency
c. Lower side band frequency
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The amplitude modulated signal consists of a carrier frequency component along with two sidebands around the main
The frequencies obtained in the spectrum after the amplitude modulation are fc+fm and fc+fm where fc is the carrier freq
and fm is the modulating signal frequency.
6) Standard intermediate frequency used for AM receiver is
a. 455 MHz
b. 455 KHz
c. 455 Hz
ANSWER: 455 KHz

Explanation:
Standard intermediate frequency used for AM receiver is 455KHz. Intermediate frequency (IF) is obtained by mixing
incoming signal frequency with the locally generated signal frequency. The output is the IF which is a fixed frequency
which original information is detected using filters and amplifiers.
7) In the TV receivers, the device used for tuning the receiver to the incoming signal is
a. Varactor diode
b. High pass Filter
c. Zener diode
d. Low pass filter
ANSWER: Varactor diode

Explanation:
Varactor diodes have variable capacitance as a function of variable input voltage. Varactor diodes work in reverse-bia
are used for tuning the receivers according to incoming signal. Varactor diodes are used in voltage controlled oscillato
in almost all radio, cellular and wireless receivers. They are also used in RF filters for tuning purposes such as tuning
television sets to electronically tune the receiver to different stations.
8) The modulation technique that uses the minimum channel bandwidth and transmitted powe
a. FM
b. DSB-SC
c. VSB
d. SSB
ANSWER: SSB
Explanation:
Single Side band Transmission carries only one of the sidebands of the AM wave, which is much less than the total po
required by the AM signal or the DSB-SC signal.
The total power in an AM is given by
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Where Pc is the carrier power and m is the modulation index.
If carrier is removed, the carrier power is also deducted and then sideband power remains.
And SSB transmission needs half the power of DSB-SC signal.
9) Calculate the bandwidth occupied by a DSB signal when the modulating frequency lies in th
from 100 Hz to 10KHz.
a. 28 KHz
b. 24.5 KHz
c. 38.6 KHz
d. 19.8 KHz
ANSWER: 19.8 KHz

Explanation:
Here the fm = 100Hz to 10 KHz = 10000 - 100 = 9900 Hz
Therefore, Bandwidth = 2 fm = 2 * 9900 = 19.8KHz

10) In Amplitude Demodulation, the condition which the load resistor R must satisfy to discha
capacitor C slowly between the positive peaks of the carrier wave so that the capacitor voltage
discharge at the maximum rate of change of the modulating wave (W is message bandwidth an
carrier frequency, in rad/sec) is
a. RC < 1/W

b. RC > 1/W
c. RC < 1/ω
d. RC > 1/ω
ANSWER: RC < 1/W

Explanation:
The discharging time constant RC must be so that it ensures the capacitor to discharge slowly through the load resisto
between the positive peaks of the carrier wave, but not so long that the capacitor voltage will not discharge at the max
rate of change of the modulating wave, that is
RC < 1/W
Where, W is the message bandwidth. The result is that the capacitor voltage or detector output is nearly the same as th
envelope of the AM wave.
11) A modulation index of 0.5 would be same as
a. 0.5 of Modulation Depth

b. 1/2% of Modulation Depth
c. 5% of Modulation Depth
d. 50% of Modulation Depth
ANSWER: 50% of Modulation Depth

Explanation:
Modulation depth is typically the modulation index expressed as a percentage of the figure. Thus a modulation index
expressed as a modulation depth of 50%. However, often the two terms and figures may be used interchangeably. For
modulation index of 1.0, it means 100% modulation, i.e., the carrier level falls to zero level and rises to twice of its un
modulated level.
12) A 3 GHz carrier is DSB SC modulated by a signal with maximum frequency of 2 MHz. The
minimum sampling frequency required for the signal so that the signal is ideally sampled is
a. 4 MHz
b. 6 MHz
c. 6.004 GHz
d. 6 GHz
ANSWER: 6.004 GHz

Explanation:
According to Nyquist sampling criteria, a bandlimited signal should be sampled equal to greater than twice the maxim
frequency of the signal.
Here, the spectrum obtained after the conversion has a maximum frequency of 3000MHz + 2MHz = 3002MHz. So th
sampling frequency required to prevent aliasing is 6004MHz i.e., 6.004GHz.
13) The function of multiplexing is
a. To reduce the bandwidth of the signal to be transmitted

b. To combine multiple data streams over a single data channel
c. To allow multiple data streams over multiple channels in a prescribed format
d. To match the frequencies of the signal at the transmitter as well as the receiver
ANSWER: To combine multiple data streams over a single data channel

Explanation:
Multiplexing is a process where multiple data streams from different sources are combined and transmitted over a sin
channel. Multiplexer or MUX is placed at the transmitting end to combine the signals and a De multiplexer or DEMU
placed at the receiver that separates the received signals and sends them to their corresponding destinations.
Multiplexing techniques are classified as Time-division multiplexing (TDM) and Frequency-division multiplexing (F
14) Aliasing refers to
a. Sampling of signals less than at Nyquist rate

b. Sampling of signals greater than at Nyquist rate
c. Sampling of signals at Nyquist rate
ANSWER: Sampling of signals less than at Nyquist rate

Explanation:
Aliasing refers to the sampling of signals less than at Nyquist rate. Nyquist rate states that the rate of sampling of sign
should be greater than or equal to twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal. Aliasing is reduced if the sampling is
higher rate than nyquist rate of sampling.
15) The amount of data transmitted for a given amount of time is called
a. Bandwidth
b. Frequency
c. Noise
d. Signal power
ANSWER: Bandwidth
Explanation:
Bandwidth is the amount of data that may be transmitted over a communication channel in a specified time. It is also
transmission data rate measured in bits per second (bps). It is the amount of information that may be carried over a ch
from one point to another point in a given time period.
16) An AM broadcast station transmits modulating frequencies up to 6 kHz. If the AM station is

transmitting on a frequency of 894 kHz, the values for maximum and minimum upper and lower
sidebands and the total bandwidth occupied by the AM station are:
a. 900 KHz, 888 KHz, 12 KHz
b. 894 KHz, 884 KHz, 12 KHz
c. 894 KHz, 888 KHz, 6 KHz
d. 900 KHz, 888 KHz, 6 KHz
ANSWER: 900 KHz, 888 KHz, 12 KHz

Explanation:
Maximum Frequency fUSB = 894 + 6 = 900 kHz
Minimum Frequency fLSB = 894 - 6 = 888 kHz
Bandwidth BW = fUSB fLSB = 900 888 = 12 kHz OR = 2(6 kHz) = 12 kHz
17) The total power in an Amplitude Modulated signal if the carrier of an AM transmitter is 800
it is modulated 50 percent.
a. 850 W
b. 1000.8 KW
c. 750 W
d. 900 W
ANSWER: 900 W
Explanation:
The total power in an Amplitude Modulated wave is given by
PT = PC (1+ m22)
Here, PC = 800W,

m = 0.5
therefore,
PT = 800 (1+ (0.5)2/2) = 900 W

18) An un modulated AM signal produces a current of 5.4 A. If the modulation is 100 percent,
calculate (a) the carrier power,

(b) the total power,
(c) the sideband power when it is transmitted through an antenna having an impedance of 50Ω.
a. 1458 W, 2187.5 W, 729.25 W

b. 278 W, 2187.5 W, 1917.25 W
c. 1438 W, 2187.5 W, 759.25 W
d. 280 W, 2187.5 W, 750.25 W
ANSWER: 1458 W, 2187.5 W, 729.25 W

Explanation:
a) PC=I2R = (5.4)2*50 = 1458W
b) IT = Ic√(1+m2/2) = 5.4√(1+12/2)

=6.614 A
PT = IT2R
= (6.614)2 * 50
= 2187.25 W
c) PSB = PT - PC
= 2187.25 - 1458 W
= 729.25W (for two bands)
For single band, PSB = 729.25/2

= 364. 625 W
19) Calculate the depth of modulation when a transmitter radiates a signal of 9.8KW after mod
and 8KW without modulation of the signal.
a. 80%
b. 67%
c. 50%
d. 100%
ANSWER: 67%
Explanation:
Ptotal = 9.8KW
Pc = 8KW
Power of the signal (Ptotal) transmitted by a transmitter after modulation is given by
Ptotal = Pc (1+ m2/2)
Where Pc is the power of carrier i.e., without modulation
M is the modulation index
Therefore,
9.8= 8 (1+ m2/2)
9.8/8=1+ m2/2
m=0.67 = 67%
20) When AM signal is of 25KHz, calculate the number of channels required in Medium Freque
(MF) band of 300KHz-3000KHz.
a. 94
b. 69
c. 85
d. 54
ANSWER: 54
Explanation:
Medium Frequency (MF) is the band of frequencies from 300 KHz to 3MHz. The lower portion of the MF band (300t
kilohertz) is used for ground-wave transmission for reasonably long distances. The upper and lower ends of the mf ba
used for naval purpose.
Frequency available in MF band= 3000 - 300 = 2700 KHz
The bandwidth required by 25 KHz signal = 2 * 25= 50 KHz
Therefore the number of channels available = 2700/ 50 = 54

1) Calculate the power in one of the side band in SSBSC modulation when the carrier power is
and there is 80% modulation depth in the amplitude modulated signal.
a. 89.33 W
b. 64.85 W
c. 79.36 W
d. 102 W
ANSWER: 79.36 W
Explanation:
Modulation Index = 0.8
Pc = 124W
Power in sidebands may be calculated as = m2 Pc/4
= (0.8)2 * 124/4
= 79.36 W
2) Calculate the total modulation Index when a carrier wave is being modulated by two modula
signals with modulation indices 0.8 and 0.3.
a. 0.8544
b. 0.6788
c. 0.9999
d. 0.5545
ANSWER: 0.8544
Explanation:
Here, m1 = 0.8
m2 = 0.3
total modulation index mt = √( m12 + m22 )

= √( 0.82 + 0.32 )
= √ 0.73
= 0.8544 = 85.44%
3) Calculate the frequencies available in the frequency spectrum when a 2MHz carrier is modu
two sinusoidal signals of 350Hz and 600Hz.
a. 2000.35, 1999.65 and 2000.6, 1999.4

b. 1999.35, 1999.65 and 2000.6, 2000.4
c. 2000.35, 2000.65 and 2000.6, 2000.4
d. 1999.35, 1999.65 and 1999.6, 1999.4
ANSWER: 2000.35, 1999.65 and 2000.6, 1999.4

Explanation:
The frequencies obtained in the spectrum after the amplitude modulation are
fc + fm and fc + fm
therefore,
the available frequencies after modulation by 0.350 KHz are

2000KHz + 0.350 KHz = 2000.35 and 2000KHz - 0.350 KHz = 1999.65
the available frequencies after modulation by 0.6 KHz are

2000KHz + 0 .6 KHz = 2000.6 and 2000KHz - 0.6 KHz = 1999.4
4) If an AM signal is represented by

v = ( 15 + 3 Sin( 2Π * 5 * 103 t) ) * Sin( 2Π * 0.5 * 106 t) volts
i) Calculate the values of the frequencies of carrier and modulating signals.

ii) Calculate the value of modulation index.
iii) Calculate the value of bandwidth of this signal.
a. 1.6 MHz and 8 KHz, 0.6, 16 MHz

b. 1.9 MHz and 18 KHz, 0.2, 16 KHz
c. 2.4 MHz and 18 KHz, 0.2, 16 KHz
d. 1.6 MHz and 8 KHz, 0.2, 16 KHz
ANSWER: 1.6 MHz and 8 KHz, 0.2, 16 KHz

Explanation:
The amplitude modulated wave equation is
v = ( 10 + 2 Sin( 2Π * 8 * 103 t) ) * Sin (2Π * 1.6 * 106 t) volts
Instantaneous value of AM signal is represented by the equation

v = {Vc + Vm Sin ( ωm t )} * Sin (ωc t )
comparing it with the given equation,
Vc = 10 V
Vm = 2V
ωc (= 2Π fc) = 2Π * 1.6 * 106
ωm (= 2Π fm) = 2Π * 8 * 103
(i) The carrier frequency fc is = 1.6 * 106 = 1.6 MHz

The modulating frequency fm is = 8* 103 = 8 kHz
(ii) The modulation index m = Vm/Vc = 2/10 = 0.2

(iii) The bandwidth BW = 2 fm = 16 kHz
5) An AM signal has a total power of 48 Watts with 45% modulation. Calculate the power in the
and the sidebands.
a. 39.59 W, 4.505 W
b. 40.59 W, 4.205 W
c. 43.59 W, 2.205 W
d. 31.59 W, 8.205 W
ANSWER: 43.59 W, 2.205 W

Explanation:
Given that Pt = 48 W
Modulation index m = 0.45

Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
= Pc ( 1 +0.452/2)
48 = Pc * 1.10125
Therefore, Pc = 48/ 1.10125

= 43.59 W
The total power in two sidebands is 4843.59 = 4.41 W
So the power in each sideband is 4.41/2 = 2.205 W
6) Calculate the power saved in an Amplitude Modulated wave when it is transmitted with 45%
modulation
- Without carrier
- Without carrier and a sideband
a. 90%, 95%
b. 82%, 91%
c. 82%, 18%
d. 68%, 16%
ANSWER: 90%, 95%

Explanation:
i) The total power in an AM is given by
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Given: m = 0.45
Therefore Pt = Pc ( 1 + 0.452/2 )
Pt= Pc *1.10125
Pc/ Pt = 1/1.10125
= 0.908
= 90%
This shows that the carrier occupies 90% of total power. So 90% of total power may be saved if carrier is suppressed
AM signal.
(ii) If one of the sidebands is also suppressed, half of the remaining power will be saved
i.e., 10/2 = 5 %. So a total of 95% (90% + 5% ) will be saved when carrier and a side band are suppressed.
7) What is the carrier frequency in an AM wave when its highest frequency component is 850H
the bandwidth of the signal is 50Hz?
a. 80 Hz
b. 695 Hz
c. 625 Hz
d. 825 Hz
ANSWER: 825 Hz
Explanation:
Upper frequency = 850Hz
Bandwidth = 50Hz
Therefore lower Frequency = 850 - 50= 800 Hz
Carrier Frequency = (850-800)/2

= 825 Hz
8) Noise figure of merit in SSB modulated signal is
a. 1
b. Less than 1
c. Greater than 1
ANSWER: 1
Explanation:
A figure of merit used to describe the performance of a system. The figure of merit γ is the ratio of output signal to no
to input signal to noise ratio of a receiver system. Figure of merit for SSB modulation is always 1.
9) For low level modulation, amplifier used is
a. Class A
b. Class C
c. Class A & C
ANSWER: Class A
Explanation:
When the modulation takes place prior to the output element of the final stage of the amplifier, it is low level modulat
Class A amplifiers are used for this purpose.
10) The antenna current of the transmitter is 10A. Find the percentage of modulation when the
antenna current increases to 10.4A.
a. 32%
b. 28.5%
c. 64%
d. 40%
ANSWER: 28.5%
Explanation:
It = Ic √(1+ m2/2)
10.4= 10 √(1+ m2/2)
√ (1+ m2/2) = 1.04
Therefore m = 0.285
= 28.5%
11) What is the change in the value of transmitted power when the modulation index changes
to 1?
a. 100%
b. Remains unchanged
c. 50%
d. 80%
ANSWER: 50%
Explanation:
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt= Pc ( 1 + 02/2) = Pc ..(1)
New total power Pt1= Pc ( 1 + 12/2)

= Pc *3/2 ..(2)
(2) / (1),
We get , Pt1/ Pt= 3/2= 1.5
Pt1= 1.5 Pt
i.e. there is increase in total power by 50%
12) Function of RF mixer is
a. Addition of two signals

b. Multiplication of two signals
c. Rejection of noise
ANSWER: Multiplication of two signals

Explanation:
RF mixer translates the frequencies of the two incoming signals from one band to another by multiplying them. When
incoming signals are mixed, the new frequencies obtained are the sum and difference of incoming signal frequencies
the two input signal frequencies are f1 and f2, then the output of the mixer will have signals at frequencies (f1 + f2) and
13) If a receiver has poor capacity of blocking adjacent channel interference then the receiver
a. Poor selectivity
b. Poor Signal to noise ratio
c. Poor sensitivity
ANSWER: Poor selectivity

Explanation:
Frequency selectivity means to separate out closely lying components of frequency. If the receiver has poor selectivity
poor capacity of blocking adjacent channel interference.
14) Advantage of using a high frequency carrier wave is

a. Signal can be transmitted over very long distances
b. Dissipates very small power
c. Antenna height of the transmitter is reduced
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The main advantage of high frequency signals is that the signal may be transmitted over very long distances and thus
dissipates very less power. The antenna height required for transmission is reduced at higher frequencies. Thus, the au
signals must be sent with the high frequency carrier signals for communication purpose.
15) Advantage of using VSB transmission is
a. Higher bandwidth than SSB

b. Less power required as compared to DSBSC
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Both a and b

Explanation:
In AM, the signal appears in the form of components at frequencies slightly higher and lower than that of the carrier
frequency. These sidebands carry the information.
Both the sidebands are similar to each other, so one of the sidebands may be rejected. Vestigial Side Band transmissio
similar to single-sideband (SSB) transmission, in which the second sideband is not completely removed, but is filtered
remove the range of frequencies that are not required.
16) Modulation is required for
a. Reducing noise while transmission

b. Multiplexing the signals
c. Reduction of Antenna height
d. Reduction in the complexity of circuitry
e. All of the above

Explanation:
Modulation is required as with modulation, the signal is transmitted at higher frequency that reduces the probability o
addition of noise while transmission and reduces the height of antenna at the transmitter. With modulation, there is red
in the complexity of circuitry and more signals may be transmitted using multiplexing technique.
17) Bandwidth required in SSB-SC signal is (fm is modulating frequency):
a. 2fm
b. < 2fm
c. > 2fm
d. fm
ANSWER: fm
Explanation:
In an amplitude modulated wave, total bandwidth required is from fc + fm to fc - fm
i.e. BW = 2fm where fc is carrier frequency.
In SSB-SC transmission, as the carrier and one of the sidebands are suppressed, the bandwidth remains as fm.
18) For over modulation, the value of modulation index m is
a. m < 1
b. m = 1
c. m > 1
d. Not predetermined
ANSWER: m > 1
Explanation:
In AM, the modulation index m is defined as the ratio of the amplitude modulation signal to the amplitude of carrier s
When m > 1, it is called over-modulation and it generates modulation with distortions in the envelope of the modulate
signal, from which it is difficult to recover the information.
For Under modulation m < 1
For Critical modulation m = 1
For Over modulation m > 1
19) Demodulation is:
a. Detection
b. Recovering information from modulated signal
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
Demodulation is the process of recovering the original information from a modulated carrier wave. Systems are desig
be used as demodulators that detect the information signal from the carrier. The envelope detector and product detecto
few of the AM detectors.
20) Calculate the side band power in an SSBSC signal when there is 50% modulation and the c
power is 50W.
a. 50 W
b. 25 W
c. 6.25 W
d. 12.5 W
ANSWER: 6.25 W
Explanation:
The side band power is given by
Pc m2/2
= 50 * (0.5) 2/2
= 6.25W

1) TRF receiver and super heterodyne receiver are used for
a. Detection of modulating signal

b. Removal of unwanted signal
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
TRF receivers and super heterodyne receivers are used for detection of modulating signal and removal of unwanted si
The receivers receive the modulated signal and detect the information signal from the received modulated signal.
2) Disadvantage of using a DSB or SSB signal modulation is
a. Difficult to recover information at the receiver

b. Carrier has to be locally generated at receiver
c. Both a and b are correct
ANSWER: Both a and b are correct

Explanation:
Disadvantage of using a DSB or SSB signal modulation is that it is difficult to recover information at the receiver.
Demodulation depends upon the carrier present in the received signal at the receiver. If the carrier is not present, carri
be regenerated at the receiver so a complex circuitry is required.
3) Calculate the modulation index when the un modulated carrier power is 15KW, and after
modulation, carrier power is 17KW.
a. 68%
b. 51.63%
c. 82.58%
d. 34.66%
ANSWER: 51.63%
Explanation:
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
17 = 15(1 + m2/2)
m2/2 = 0.134
m = 0.5163
= 51.63%
4) An AM transmitter has an antenna current changing from 5 A un modulated to 5.8 A. What
percentage of modulation?
a. 38.8%
b. 83.14%
c. 46.8%
d. 25.2%
ANSWER: 83.14%
Explanation:
Modulation index m is given by
m= √ (2{It/Ic}2-1)
= √ (2 (5.8/5)2 -1)
= √ (2 (5.8/5)2 -1)
= 0.8314
= 83.14%
5) Calculate the power in a DSB SC signal when the modulation is 60% with a carrier power of
a. 600 W
b. 540 W
c. 108 W
d. 300 W
ANSWER: 108 W
Explanation:
Pt = Pc (1 + m2/2)
Given: m = 0.6
Therefore DSB power = (m2/2)Pc
= 600* (0.6)2/2
= 108 W
6) Analog communication indicates:
a. Continuous signal with varying amplitude or phase

b. No numerical coding
c. AM or FM signal
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Analog communication means that the information is transmitted in the form of a continuous signal, such as a sound w
The signal has varying amplitude or phase or frequency.
Coding is not applied to the signal as in case of digital data. Amplitude modulated signal and frequency modulated sig
the examples of analog communication.
7) Types of analog modulation are:
a. Phase modulation
b. Frequency modulation
c. Amplitude modulation
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Modulation is a process by which some characteristics of signal such as amplitude or phase or frequency are varied in
accordance with the instantaneous value of the information signal .
The signal whose characteristics are varied is known as carrier signal, as it carries the information. The signal that car
information is known as modulating signal as according to it, the characteristics of carrier signal are varied.
Methods of analog modulations are
1) Amplitude modulation
2) Frequency modulation
3) Phase modulation
8) What is the effect on the transmitted power of AM signal when the modulation index change
0.8 to 1?
a. 0.1364
b. 0.3856
c. 1.088
d. 0.5
ANSWER: 0.1364
Explanation:
Pt = Pc (1 + m2/2)
Where Pc is the carrier power and m is the modulation index.
Therefore,
Pt1 = Pc (1 + 0.82/2) = 1.32 Pc

Pt2 = Pc ( 1 + 12/2) = 1.5 Pc
Increase in power = (1.5 Pc - 1.32 Pc)/ 1.32 Pc
= 0.1364
9) Synchronous detection means
a. Extracting week signal from noise

b. Need a reference signal with predetermined frequency and phase
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
Synchronous detection means demodulation of received signal and extracting information from it. It requires a referen
signal at the receivers with predetermined frequency and phase which is generated using extra circuitry. Synchronous
detection helps in extracting weak signals from noise.
10) Analog signal may be converted into digital signal by
a. Sampling
b. Amplitude modulation
c. Filtering
d. Mixing
ANSWER: Sampling
Explanation:
Conversion of analog signal into digital signal converts a continuous time signal in the form of digits. The conversion
with the help of sampling technique. A sample is a set of values at a point in time space. The average number of samp
obtained in one second is known as sampling frequency.
11) The minimum antenna height required for transmission in reference to wavelength λ is
a. λ
b. λ/4
c. λ/2
d. 4 λ
ANSWER: λ/4
Explanation:
For effective transmission of signal by the transmitter, the antenna height should be at least quarter length of the signa
wavelength i.e., λ/4
L= λ/4
= c/4f
Required antenna height decreases with increase in frequency of the signal so modulation is done. With modulation, t
frequency signals are shifted to high frequency signals.
12) Advantages of analog communication over digital communication are:
a. Data rate is low

b. Less transmission bandwidth is required
c. Synchronization is not needed
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Due to analog to digital conversion, the data rate becomes high in digital communication. So the transmission bandwi
also increased. Digital transmission also needs synchronization in certain applications which is not needed in case of a
communication systems.
13) Radio waves travel through
a. Electromagnetic waves
b. Water
c. Wires
d. Fiber optic cable
ANSWER: Electromagnetic waves

Explanation:
Radio communication or wireless communication takes place through electromagnetic waves.
The message is transmitted through open space via electromagnetic waves or radio waves. The waves are transmitted
open space through antenna after processing of signal.
14) AM wave may be represented as E(t) cos ωct where E(t) is
a. Envelope of the AM wave

b. Carrier signal
c. Amplitude of modulating signal
ANSWER: Envelope of the AM wave

Explanation:
An AM wave may be represented by
s(t) = [A+ x(t)] cos ωct
= E(t) cos ωct
Where x(t) is the modulating signal
A is the amplitude of carrier wave

E(t) is the Envelope of the AM wave
The envelope consists of the modulating signal that may be recovered from AM signal using demodulation technique
15) USB (Upper Side Band) is the band of frequency
a. Above the carrier frequency

b. Includes the carrier frequency
c. That lies in AM spectrum
d. Both a and c are correct
ANSWER: Both a and c are correct

Explanation:
USB (Upper Side Band) is the band of frequency above the carrier frequency that lies in AM spectrum. It is a part of
shifted spectrum obtained after amplitude modulation. It is denoted by ωc+ ωm where ωc is the carrier frequency and ω
modulating frequency.
16) LSB (Lower Side Band) is the band of frequency
a. Below the carrier frequency

b. Includes the carrier frequency
c. That lies in AM spectrum
d. Both a and c are correct
ANSWER: Both a and c are correct

Explanation:
LSB (Lower Side Band) is the band of frequency below the carrier frequency that lies in AM spectrum. It is a part of
shifted spectrum obtained after amplitude modulation. It is denoted by ωc- ωm where ωc is the carrier frequency and ωm
modulating frequency.
17) Bandwidth (B) of an AM signal is given by
a. B = 2 ωm
b. B = (ωc + ωm) - (ωc - ωm)
c. ωm
e. Both a and b are correct

Explanation:
Bandwidth of the AM wave is the difference in the two extreme frequencies of the AM signal. It is given by
B = (ωc + ωm)- (ωc - ωm)

= ωm
i.e., the bandwidth of the AM wave is twice the highest frequency present in the modulating signal.
18) An oscillator for an AM transmitter has a 100μH coil and a 10nF capacitor. If a modulating
frequency of 10 KHz modulates the oscillator, find the frequency range of the side bands.
a. 149 KHz to 169 KHz

b. 184 KHz to 296 KHz
c. 238 KHz to 296 KHz
d. 155 KHz to 166 KHz
ANSWER: 149 KHz to 169 KHz

Explanation:
Carrier frequency fc = 1/2Π√LC
= 1/ 2Π√100 * 10 - 6 * 10 * 10-9
= 1/2Π * 10-6
= 1.59 * 105 Hz
= 159 KHz
The modulating frequency fm is 10KHz
Therefore the range of AM spectrum is given by (fc fm ) to (fc + fm )
= (159 - 10) to (159 + 10)
= 149 KHz to 169 KHz
19) In Low level Amplitude Modulation
a. Modulation is done at lower power of carrier and modulating signal

b. Output power is low
c. Power amplifiers are required to boost the signal
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In a Low level Amplitude Modulation system, modulation is done at lower power of carrier and modulating signal. Th
the output power of modulation is low. So power amplifiers are required to boost the signal up to the desired power le
20) In High level Amplitude Modulation
a. Modulation is done at high power of carrier and modulating signal

b. Collector modulation method is High level Amplitude Modulation
c. Power amplifiers are used to boost the carrier and modulating signals before modulation
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In High level Amplitude Modulation system, Modulation is done at high power of carrier and modulating signals so P
amplifiers are used to boost the carrier and modulating signals before modulation. Collector modulation method is the
example of High level Amplitude Modulation.

1) Square law modulators

a. Have non linear current-voltage characteristics
b. Are used for Amplitude Modulation
c. Are used for frequency modulation
d. Both a and b are correct

Explanation:
Square law modulators are used for Amplitude Modulation. They have non linear current-voltage characteristics. Squ
modulators are highly nonlinear in low voltage region.
2) AM demodulation techniques are
a. Square law demodulator

b. Envelope detector
c. PLL detector
d. Both a and b are correct

Explanation:
AM signals are detected or demodulated using Square law demodulator or envelope detector. The demodulators extra
information from the received AM signal.
Square law demodulators are highly nonlinear in low voltage region so they are used for low level modulated signals.
Envelope detectors extract the envelope of the AM wave.
3) The process of recovering information signal from received carrier is known as
a. Detection
b. Modulation
c. Demultiplexing
d. Sampling
ANSWER: Detection
Explanation:
Detection or demodulation of the received signal is the recovery of information or the original message that was trans
by the transmitter after modulation. The process is also called demodulation it recovers the original signal from the m
signal received.
4) Ring modulator is
a. Is used for DSB SC generation

b. Consists of four diodes connected in the form of ring
c. Is a product modulator
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Ring modulator is a product modulator used for DSB SC generation. It consists of four diodes connected in the form o
In AM , the ring modulator acts as a product modulator for a square wave carrier and modulating signal and generated
Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier signal.
5) What is the maximum transmission efficiency of an AM signal?
a. 64.44%
b. 33.33%
c. 56.66%
d. 75.55%
ANSWER: 33.33%
Explanation:
The transmission efficiency (η) of AM wave is defined as the percentage of total power contributed by side bands of t
signal. The maximum transmission efficiency of an AM signal is 33.33%, i.e., only one third of the total transmitted p
carried by the side bands in an AM wave. The remaining two third of the total transmitted power gets wasted.
6) In synchronous detection of AM signal
a. Carrier is locally generated

b. Passed through a low pass filter
c. The original signal is recovered
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In synchronous detection of AM signal, the carrier signal is locally generated and then passed through a low pass filte
output of the low pass filter, the original modulating signal is recovered. The synchronous detection requires the gene
carrier at the receiver also. So additional circuitry is required at the receiver.
7) Requirements of synchronous detection of AM signal are:
a. Local generation of carrier

b. The frequency of the locally generated carrier must be identical to that of transmitted carrier
c. The phase of the locally generated carrier must be synchronized to that of transmitted carrier
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Synchronous detection of AM signal requires local generation of the carrier signal at the receiver. The frequency of th
locally generated carrier must be identical to that of transmitted carrier. And the phase of the locally generated carrier
synchronized to that of transmitted carrier otherwise the detected signal would get distorted.
8) Disadvantages of using synchronous detection of AM signal are:
a. Needs additional system for generation of carrier
b. Needs additional system for synchronization of carrier

c. Receiver is complex and costly
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Disadvantages of using synchronous detection of AM signal are that it needs an additional system for generation of ca
The frequency of the locally generated carrier must be identical to that of transmitted carrier. And the phase of the loc
generated carrier must be synchronized to that of transmitted carrier otherwise the detected signal would get distorted
needs an additional system for synchronization of carrier. This makes the receiver complex and costlier.
9) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is
a. Have same bandwidth used for two DSB-SC signals

b. Is also known as Bandwidth Conservation scheme
c. Is used in color television
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The modulation scheme Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) enables same bandwidth used for transmission of
DSB-SC signals. It is also known as Bandwidth Conservation scheme. However it needs synchronous detection so it n
additional system for generation of carrier. Also known as Quadrature Carrier Multiplexing, the scheme is used in col
television.
10) Pilot carrier is
a. Used with DSB-SC signal

b. A small carrier transmitted with modulated signal
c. Used for synchronization with local carrier at the receiver
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Pilot carrier is a small carrier transmitted with modulated signal from the transmitter. It is separated at the receiver and
to phase lock the locally generated carrier signal generated at the receiver. It provides synchronization at the receiver.
As a weak carrier is transmitted with the DSB signal, it is also referred to as partially suppressed carrier system, as the
is not totally suppressed. So it is a case of over modulation.
11) Generation of SSB SC signal is done by
a. Phase discrimination method

b. Frequency discrimination method
c. Product modulator
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
SSB-SC signals are the signals where only one of the sidebands is transmitted in an AM wave. The carrier is also sup
while transmitting the AM signal. SSBSC signal may be generated by two methods:
i) Frequency discrimination method or filter method

ii) Phase discrimination method or phase shift method
12) Limitations of Frequency discrimination method are:
a. Cannot be used for video signals

b. Designing of band pass filter is difficult
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
Limitations of Frequency discrimination method are that as the base band signal must be appropriately related to the c
signal frequency, the designing of band pass filter is difficult if the carrier frequency is quite higher than the bandwidt
baseband signal. The system is not useful for video communication purpose.
13) Phase shift method is
a. Includes two balanced modulators

b. Two phase shifting networks
c. Avoids the use of filters
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Phase shift method is one of the methods used for the generation of SSB-SC signals. This method includes two balanc
modulators and two phase shifting networks and avoids the use of filters. Both the balanced modulators produce side
an output.
The SSB-SC signals are generated using multiple tone modulating signals as if done with single tone modulating sign
do not carry any useful information.
14) Vestigial side band signals are detected by
a. Filters
b. Synchronous detection
c. Balanced modulator
ANSWER: Synchronous detection

Explanation:
Vestigial side band signals are detected by Synchronous detection or coherent detection technique. The distortions in
signal may be reduced by reducing the modulation index and increasing the width of VSB.
15) Automatic gain control is
a. Provides controlled signal amplitude at the output

b. Adjusts the input to output gain to a suitable value
c. Is used in AM radio receiver
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Automatic gain control provides controlled signal amplitude at the output even if there are amplitude variations at the
This controlled output adjusts the input to output gain to a suitable value so that the system may work properly even f
range of variations at the input.
The AGC is used in AM radio receivers for controlling the weak and strong sound signals.
16) In an Amplitude Modulation
a. Amplitude of the carrier varies

b. Frequency of the carrier remains constant
c. Phase of the carrier remains constant
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In an Amplitude Modulation, the amplitude of the carrier varies according to the instantaneous values of the baseband
The frequency and the phase of the carrier remain constant.
The envelope of the AM wave has the same shape as the message of the base band signal.
17) If modulation index is greater than 1
a. The baseband signal is not preserved in the envelope of the AM signal

b. The recovered signal is distorted
c. It is called over modulation
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Modulation index is the measure of extent to which the parameter of the carrier is varied in accordance with the modu
signal. If modulation index is greater than 1, or the modulation percentage is more than 100%, it is called over modula
The baseband signal is not preserved in the envelope of the AM signal and therefore, the recovered signal is distorted
output of the receiver.
18) Examples of low level modulation are
a. Square law diode modulation

b. Switching modulation
c. Frequency discrimination method
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
In a Low level Amplitude Modulation system, modulation is done at lower power of carrier and modulating signal. Th
the output power of modulation is low. So power amplifiers are required to boost the signal up to the desired power le
Examples of low level modulation are
i) Square law diode modulation

ii) Switching modulation
19) Frequency components of an AM wave (m = modulation index) are
a. Carrier frequency (ωc ) with amplitude A

b. Upper side band (ωc + ωm) having amplitude mA/2
c. Lower side band (ωc - ωm) having amplitude mA/2
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Frequency components of an AM wave having m modulation index are
- carrier frequency (ωc ) with amplitude A
- upper side band (ωc + ωm) having amplitude mA/2
- lower side band (ωc - ωm) having amplitude mA/2
with these components of AM wave, the frequency spectrum may be plotted as
20) Squelch circuit is
a. Suppresses output audio

b. Works when there is insufficient desired input signal
c. Is used to suppress the unwanted channel noise when there is no reception by the receiver
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Squelch circuit suppresses the output audio when there is insufficient desired input signal at the receiver.
The circuit is used to suppress the unwanted channel noise when there is no reception by the receiver.
Squelch circuits may be used in wireless microphones stay away from replicating the noise when enough signal
is not received. Regulating squelch is provided in some systems for the receiver

1) In Automatic gain control of the AM receiver
a. Gain of the receiver is adjusted

b. The gain adjustment depends upon the strength of the received signal
c. The output provided is a DC voltage
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The automatic gain control (AGC) circuit is used to adjust the gain of the receiver depending upon the strength of the
received signal at the receiver. The AGC gives a DC voltage as an output that is proportional to the amplitude of the r
signal. In AGC, the output is a linear function of the input.
2) The factors that determine the sensitivity of super heterodyne receiver are
a. Gain of the IF amplifier

b. Noise figure of the receiver
c. Gain of RF amplifier
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Sensitivity of a receiver is defined as the ability of the receiver to amplify weak signals received by the receiver. It is
voltage that must be applied at the input terminals of the receiver to achieve a minimum standard output at the output
receiver. The factors that determine the sensitivity of super heterodyne receiver are -
- Gain of the IF amplifier

- Noise figure of the receiver
- Gain of RF amplifier
3) Selectivity of a receiver:
a. Changes with incoming signal frequency

b. Is poorer at high frequencies
c. Is the rejection of the adjacent channel at the receiver
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The ability of the receiver to select the wanted signals among the various incoming signals is termed as Selectivity. It
the other signals at closely lying frequencies. Selectivity is determines performance of a radio receiver that how much
responds only to the radio signal that is required to receive. Selectivity of a receiver changes with incoming signal fre
and is poorer at high frequencies
4) Advantages of using an RF amplifier are:
a. Better selectivity
b. Better sensitivity
c. Improved signal to noise ratio
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The RF amplifiers have greater gain that is they have better sensitivity. They have better ability to amplify weak signa
received by the receiver. The RF amplifiers have better selectivity i.e., better ability to select the wanted signals amon
various incoming signals. The incoming weak signals are raised to a higher level by the RF amplifiers and therefore th
improve signal to noise ratio.
5) Intermediate frequency (IF) should be carefully chosen as
a. High IF results in poor selectivity

b. High IF results in problems in tracking of signals
c. Image frequency rejection becomes poor at low IF
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Intermediate frequency (IF) should be carefully chosen as
- High IF results in poor selectivity and therefore poor rejection of adjacent channels.
- High IF results in problems in tracking of signals in the receivers.
- Image frequency rejection becomes poor at low IF or if very high.
6) Example of continuous wave analog modulation is
a. PCM
b. DM
c. AM
d. PAM
ANSWER: AM
Explanation:
Analog communication is a type of communication in which the message to be transmitted is analog in nature. Here t
message signal modulates a high frequency carrier signal. A continuous wave signal is defined continuously in time d
However if the signal is defined at discrete times, the signal is a discrete signal.
7) The standard value for Intermediate frequency (IF) in AM receivers is
a. 455 KHz
b. 580 KHz
c. 10.7 MHz
d. 50 MHz
ANSWER: 455 KHz

Explanation:
Intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency at which the received carrier frequency is shifted for detection of message
The IF is generated by mixing the received carrier with the locally generated signal. The IF is generated and is shifted
further amplifiers and detectors for amplification and detection of message signal respectively. In super heterodyne A
receivers, an intermediate frequency of 455 KHz is used.
8) The functions of radio receiver are

a. Receive the Incoming modulated carrier by antenna
b. Select the wanted signal and reject the unwanted signals and noise
c. Detection and amplification of the information signal from the carrier

d. All of the above

Explanation:
The radio receivers receive the incoming modulated carrier by the receiving antennas. Then they select the wanted sig
from the carrier and reject the unwanted signals and noise. The received signal is then amplified by the RF amplifiers.
Detection of the information signal is done from the received carrier and the information or the modulating signal is th
filtered and amplified.
9) Function of frequency mixer in super heterodyne receiver is
a. Amplification
b. Filtering
c. Multiplication of incoming signal and the locally generated carrier
ANSWER: Multiplication of incoming signal and the locally generated carrier

Explanation:
The function of a frequency mixer in a super heterodyne receiver is that it mixes or multiplies the incoming modulate
with the locally generated carrier. It then produces a number of frequencies. The produced frequencies are either the s
the differences of the frequencies of the received signals. The output of the mixer is used to detect the modulating or
information signal from the received modulated carrier.
10) The advantages of using an RF amplifier are
a. Better sensitivity
b. Improved signal to noise ratio
c. Better selectivity
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The RF amplifiers are used in super heterodyne receivers. The advantages of using RF receivers are
- They have better sensitivity i.e. they have improved gain to the signal
- They have better signal to noise ration than other amplifiers
- The selectivity is better as they have better rejection to the adjacent undesired signals.
11) The costas receiver is used for
a. FM signal
b. DSB-SC signal
c. PCM signal
d. DM signal
ANSWER: DSB-SC signal

Explanation:
Costas receiver is a synchronous receiver system used for demodulating DSB-SC waves. The incoming modulated ca
applied at two inputs of the coherent detectors of the receiver. The locally generated carrier applied to the two inputs i
however in phase quadrature with each other. The frequencies of the local carriers are adjusted as same as the carrier
frequency of the received signal.
12) Cross talk is -
a. The disturbance caused in the nearby channel or circuit due to transmitted signal
b. Adjacent frequency rejection
c. Generation of closely lying side bands
ANSWER: The disturbance caused in the nearby channel or circuit due to transmitted signal
Explanation:
Cross talk is the disturbance caused in the nearby channel or circuit due to transmitted signal. Cross talk is usually cau
undesired coupling of capacitors or inductors from one channel to another. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) causes
talk in the circuits or the channels. In crosstalk, the signals traveling closer to each other interfere with each other and
disturbance in the signal.
13) In terms of signal frequency (fs) and intermediate frequency (fi), the image frequency is giv
a. fs + fi
b. fs + 2fi
c. 2fs + fi
d. 2( fs + fi)
ANSWER: fs + 2fi

Explanation:
The image frequency is defined as the signal frequency added to twice the value of intermediate frequency. It is the
undesirable frequency generated at the receiver which also gets amplified with the message signal. The image frequen
causes interference and therefore two or more stations or sources may be received simultaneously at the receiver outp
14) In Frequency Modulation -
a. Amplitude of the carrier remains same

b. Frequency of the carrier varies in accordance with the modulating signal
c. The number of side bands are infinite
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In Frequency Modulation amplitude of the carrier remains same where as frequency of the carrier varies in accordanc
the modulating signal. The variation of the instantaneous carrier frequency is proportional to the modulating signal. T
number of side bands are infinite in FM signal.
15) Frequency deviation in FM is
a. Change in carrier frequency to the frequency above and below the centre frequency
b. Formation of side bands
c. The variation of the instantaneous carrier frequency in proportion to the modulating signal
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In Frequency Modulation, frequency of the carrier varies in accordance with the modulating signal. The variation of t
instantaneous carrier frequency is proportional to the modulating signal. A number of side bands are formed. There is
deviation of carrier frequency above and below the carrier frequency. This is known as frequency deviation.
16) Carrier swing is defined as
a. The total variation in frequency from the lowest to the highest point
b. Frequency deviation above or below the carrier frequency
c. Width of the side band
ANSWER: The total variation in frequency from the lowest to the highest point
Explanation:
Carrier swing is defined as the total variation in frequency from the lowest to the highest point. The carrier swing = 2
frequency deviation of the FM signal
= 2 * Δω
17) The amount of frequency deviation in FM signal depends on
a. Amplitude of the modulating signal

b. Carrier frequency
c. Modulating frequency
d. Transmitter amplifier
ANSWER: Amplitude of the modulating signal
Explanation:
The amount of frequency deviation or variation in FM signal depends on amplitude of the modulating signal. So in ca
audio signals, louder is the sound, more is the frequency deviation in the carrier signal and vice versa. The frequency
deviation helps in determining the bandwidth of the FM signal.
18) Drawbacks of using direct method for generation of FM signal are
a. Does not give high stability to FM signal frequency

b. Distorted FM signal is generated due to harmonics of modulating signal
c. Cannot be used for high power FM generation
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
In direct method of FM generation, as the carrier generation is directly affected by the modulating signal, it is not easy
high order stability in carrier frequency. The non linear characteristics of varactor diode produce a distorted FM signa
harmonics in the modulating signal.
19) Advantage of using direct method for generation of FM signal is
a. It gives high stability to FM signal frequency

b. Distortion free FM signal is generated
c. High power FM generation is possible
ANSWER: High power FM generation is possible

Explanation:
The direct method for FM generation is advantageous as it may be used for high power FM generation in several appl
Since there is direct generation of FM carrier in accordance with the modulating signal, the direct method is a cheaper
for generation of FM.
20) What are the disadvantages of using balanced slope detector for demodulation of FM sign
a. The detector operates only for small deviation in frequency

b. Low pass filter of the detector produces distortion in the detection
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
The linear characteristics of the detector are limited to only small deviations in the frequency. So the distortions occur
non linear characteristics of the detector at higher deviations in frequency. The low pass RC filter of the detector is no
band limited so it introduces distortions. But the circuit may be designed to keep the distortions minimum possible wi
adequate operation.

1) Drawbacks of Tuned Radio Receiver are
a. Oscillate at higher frequencies

b. Selectivity is poor
c. Bandwidth of the TRF receiver varies with incoming frequency
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The TRF receivers give unstable output as they have the tendency to oscillate at higher frequencies. The selectivity of
TRF receivers is poor to distinguish the desired signal from the undesired signal. With tuning range, there is variation
bandwidth with incoming frequency. The receiver selects adjacent undesired frequencies with the desired frequencies
variable bandwidth.
2) Sensitivity is defined as
a. Ability of receiver to amplify weak signals

b. Ability to reject unwanted signals
c. Ability to convert incoming signal into Image Frequency
d. Ability to reject noise
ANSWER: Ability of receiver to amplify weak signals

Explanation:
Sensitivity of a receiver is defined as the ability of the receiver to amplify weak signals received by the receiver. It is
voltage that must be applied at the input terminals of the receiver to achieve a minimum standard output at the output
receiver. The sensitivity is expressed in micro volts or Decibels. The typical value of sensitivity is 150μV for small br
band receiver.
3) In radio receivers, varactor diodes are used for
a. Tuning
b. Demodulation
c. Mixing
ANSWER: Tuning
Explanation:
Varactor diodes are variable capacitance diodes that have a variable capacitance which is a function of the voltage app
the input of its terminals. With the applied bias voltage, the capacitance of the diode can be varied. So the diodes are u
tuning at the receivers. Varactor diodes operate when they are reverse-biased. Varactor diodes are often used in RF ci
They are used in voltage controlled oscillators in a phase locked loop. Practical applications of varactor diodes are rad
receivers, cellular receivers and wireless receivers.
4) The standard value for Intermediate frequency (IF) in double conversion FM receivers is
a. 455 KHz
b. 580 KHz
c. 10.7 MHz
d. 50 MHz
ANSWER: 10.7 MHz
Explanation:
Intermediate frequency (IF) is a frequency at which the received carrier frequency is shifted for detection of message
The IF is generated by mixing the received carrier with the locally generated signal. The IF is generated and is shifted
further amplifiers and detectors for amplification and detection of message signal respectively. In double-conversion s
heterodyne receivers, an intermediate frequency of 10.7 MHz is used, and then a second intermediate frequency of 47
used.
5) Amplitude limiter in FM receivers are used to
a. Remove amplitude variations due to noise

b. Filteration
c. Demodulation
d. Amplification
ANSWER: Remove amplitude variations due to noise

Explanation:
Amplitude limiter in FM receivers are used to remove the amplitude variations. The limiter does this by clipping the r
modulated wave. In FM signal the frequency of the carrier is varied. So if there are any variations in the amplitude of
received wave, it is due to noise or interference in the communication channel. So these amplitude variations are remo
the amplitude limiters.
6) Pre emphasis is done
a. For boosting of modulating signal voltage

b. For modulating signals at higher frequencies
c. In FM before modulation
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Pre-emphasis is done for boosting the relative amplitudes of the modulating voltages at higher audio frequencies. In th
method, the artificial emphasis of high frequency components of message signal is done before modulation in the tran
This is done because the noise is louder at higher frequencies. So pre emphasis is done before the noise is added in the
communication channel.
7) De emphasis is
a. is restoring of original signal power

b. is done at the detector output of the receiver
c. is the inverse process of Pre emphasis
d. All of the above

Explanation:
De emphasis is the inverse process of Pre emphasis. Pre-emphasis is done for boosting the relative amplitudes of the
modulating voltages at higher audio frequencies. In De emphasis, the original signal power is restored at the detector
of the receiver. In this process, the high frequency components of the noise are also reduced and therefore there is an
increase in signal to noise ratio of the receiver system.
8) Pre emphasis is done before
a. Before modulation
b. Before transmission
c. Before detection at receiver
d. After detection at receiver
ANSWER: Before modulation

Explanation:
Pre-emphasis is done for boosting the relative amplitudes of the modulating voltages at higher audio frequencies. In th
method, the artificial emphasis of high frequency components of message signal is done before modulation in the tran
As higher frequency signals are more prone to noise, the boosting of signals is done to avoid noise.
9) What is the effect on the deviation d of an FM signal when it is passed through a mixer?
a. Doubles
b. Reduces
c. Becomes half
d. Remains unchanged
ANSWER: Remains unchanged

Explanation:
When a carrier is Frequency modulated, the output signal has the frequency deviated above and below the carrier freq
this is known as Deviation.When the FM signal is passed through a mixer, the mixer changes the carrier frequency bu
deviation remains unchanged.
10) Armstrong method is used for the generation of
a. Direct FM
b. Indirect FM
c. SSB-SC
d. DSB-SC
ANSWER: Indirect FM
Explanation:
Armstrong method is used for generation of indirect FM signal. Armstrong method generates Frequency Modulated w
from a Pulse modulated wave. It has better frequency stability than other method such as reactance modulator as it us
crystal oscillators.
11) The modulation index of FM is given by
a. μ = frequency deviation/ modulating frequency

b. μ = modulating frequency /frequency deviation
c. μ = modulating frequency/ carrier frequency
d. μ = carrier frequency / modulating frequency
ANSWER: μ = frequency deviation/ modulating frequency

Explanation:
Modulation index is the measure of how much the modulation parameter changes from its un modulated value. The
modulation index of FM is given by
μ = frequency deviation/ modulating frequency
= Δf/ fm
Where Δf is the peak frequency deviation i.e. the deviation in the instantaneous value of the frequency with modulatin
signal.
fm is the value of modulating frequency
12) Disadvantages of FM over AM are
a. Prone to selective fading

b. Capture effect
c. Poorer signal to noise ratio at high audio frequencies
d. All of the above

Explanation:
FM systems have a much wider bandwidth than AM systems and therefore more prone to selective fading. FM receiv
tendency to capture one transmitting station only called capture effect. FM transmitter and receiver require booster cir
they have poorer signal to noise ratio at high audio frequencies.
13) What is the required bandwidth according to the Carson’s rule, when a 100 MHz carrier is
modulated with a sinusoidal signal at 1KHz, the maximum frequency deviation being 50 KHz.
a. 1 KHz
b. 50 KHz
c. 102 KHz
d. 150 KHz
ANSWER: 102 KHz

Explanation:
According to Carson’s rule, bandwidth of FM is given by 2(Δf+ fm) where Δf is the deviation in frequency and fm is
frequency of sinusoidal signal. The required bandwidth is therefore calculated as
2 * (50KHz + 1KHz)
= 2 * 51 KHz
= 102 KHz
14) The audio signal having frequency 500Hz and voltage 2.6V, shows a deviation of 5.2KHz in
Frequency Modulation system. If the audio signal voltage changes to 8.6V, calculate the new de
obtained.
a. 17.2 KHz
b. 19.6 KHz
c. 25.6 KHz
d. 14.6 KHz
ANSWER: 17.2 KHz

Explanation:
Deviation in FM is given by Δf = kf * Am
Therefore, kf = Δf/ Am
= 5.2/2.6
=2
When voltage changes to 8.6V = Am
New frequency deviation Δf = kf * Am
= 2* 8.6
= 17.2 KHz
15) According to Carson’s rule, Bandwidth B and modulating frequency fm are related as
a. B = 2(Δf + fm) Hz

b. B = fm Hz
c. B < 2fm Hz
d. B > 2fm Hz
ANSWER: B = 2(Δf + fm) Hz

Explanation:
According to Carson s rule, the bandwidth required to transmit an angle modulated wave is twice the sum of the maxi
frequency deviation and the maximum modulating signal frequency. Or,
B=2(Δf +fm) Hz.
16) What is the change in the bandwidth of the signal in FM when the modulating frequency in
from 12 KHz to 24KHz?
a. 40 Hz
b. 58 Hz
c. 24 Hz
d. Bandwidth remains unaffected
ANSWER: 24 Hz
Explanation:
According to Carson’s rule, the bandwidth required is twice the sum of the maximum frequency deviation and the ma
modulating signal frequency. Or,
B=2(Δf +fm) Hz
B= 2(Δf +12) Hz = 2 Δf + 24 Hz (1)
Assuming Δf to be constant,
B = 2 Δf + 48 Hz (2)
(2)-(1),
= 24Hz
Therefore the bandwidth changes by 24Hz.
17) What is the maximum frequency deviation allowed in commercial FM broadcasting?
a. 100 KHz
b. 75 KHz
c. 15 KHz
d. 120 KHz
ANSWER: 75 KHz
Explanation:
The maximum frequency deviation allowed in commercial FM broadcasting is 75KHz.
18) What is the maximum modulating frequency allowed in commercial FM broadcastings?
a. 40 KHz
b. 75 KHz
c. 15 KHz
d. 120 KHz
ANSWER: 15 KHz
Explanation:
Commercial FM broadcasting uses a maximum modulating frequency of 15 KHz
19) The ratio of actual frequency deviation to the maximum allowable frequency deviation is c
a. Multi tone modulation

b. Percentage modulation
c. Phase deviation
d. Modulation index
ANSWER: Percentage modulation

Explanation:
Percentage modulation in Frequency Modulation is the ratio of actual frequency deviation in the FM wave to the max
allowable frequency deviation.
20) The range of modulating frequency for Narrow Band FM is
a. 30 Hz to 15 KHz
b. 30 Hz to 30 KHz
c. 30 Hz to 3 KHz
d. 3 KHz to 30 KHz
ANSWER: 30 Hz to 3 KHz
Explanation:
Narrow Band FM signal contains a carrier component and a quadrature carrier linearly modulated by the modulating s
NBFM signal is band limited to fm i.e., modulating frequency. The bandwidth of NBFM is 2fm, hence occupies the sam
bandwidth as an Amplitude Modulated signal. The range of modulating frequency for Narrow Band FM is 30Hz to 3K

1) FM is advantageous over AM as
a. The amplitude of FM is constant. So transmitter power remains unchanged in FM but it changes in A

b. The depth of modulation in FM can be changed to any value by changing the frequency deviation. S
signal is not distorted
c. There is less possibility of adjacent channel interference due to presence of guard bands
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The amplitude of FM is constant. So transmitter power remains unchanged in FM but it changes in AM. The depth of
modulation in FM can be changed to any value by changing the frequency deviation. So the signal is not distorted. Th
less possibility of adjacent channel interference due to presence of guard bands so interference of noise is minimum in
2) VCO is used to generate
a. Direct FM
b. Indirect FM
c. SSB-SC
d. DSB-SC
ANSWER: Direct FM
Explanation:
Voltage controlled oscillator is used to generate Direct FM signal. In this type of modulation, the frequency of the car
varied directly by the instantaneous voltage of the modulating signal i.e., the instantaneous frequency of the output sig
directly proportional to the voltage of the input modulating signal. Direct FM modulation is obtained by directly givin
modulating signal as an input to the VCO.
3) Change in instantaneous phase of the carrier with change in amplitude of the modulating si
generates
a. Direct FM
b. Indirect FM
c. SSB-SC
d. DSB-SC
ANSWER: Indirect FM
Explanation:
Indirect FM is obtained by modulation of the phase of the carrier i.e., the instantaneous phase of the carrier varies wit
amplitude of the modulating signal. Crystal controlled oscillators are used to generate Indirect FM and then the result
passed through a frequency multiplier to convert the signal into wideband FM signal.
4) Phase-locked loop can be used as
a. FM demodulator
b. AM demodulator
c. FM receiver
d. AM receiver
ANSWER: FM demodulator
Explanation:
PLL or Phase Locked Loop is used as a FM demodulator. It is a high performance FM detector due to its key advanta
as Linearity and low manufacturing costs.
5) The increase or decrease in the frequency around the carrier frequency is termed as
a. Figure factor
b. Frequency deviation
c. Modulation index
d. Frequency pectrum
ANSWER: Frequency deviation

Explanation:
In FM, as the amplitude of the modulating signal changes, the frequency of the carrier changes from its central freque
This is known as Frequency Deviation.
6) Carson's rule is used to calculate
a. Bandwidth of FM signal
b. Signal to noise ratio
c. Modulation index
d. Noise figure
ANSWER: Bandwidth of FM signal

Explanation:
According to Carson s rule, the bandwidth required is twice the sum of the maximum frequency deviation and the ma
modulating signal frequency. Or,
B=2(Δf +fm) Hz.
7) The ratio of maximum peak frequency deviation and the maximum modulating signal freque
termed as
a. Frequency deviation
b. Deviation ratio
c. Signal to noise ratio
d. Frequency spectrum
ANSWER: Deviation ratio

Explanation:
In Frequency Modulation, Deviation ratio is the ratio of maximum peak frequency deviation and the maximum modu
signal frequency. Mathematically, the Deviation Ratio (DR) is given by
DR = Δf (max) /fm (max)
8) The equation v(t) = A cos [ωct + kp Φ(t)] represents the signal as
a. Phase modulated signal

b. SSBSC signal
c. DSB SC signal
ANSWER: Phase modulated signal

Explanation:
A phase modulated wave is given by
v(t) = A cos [ωct + kp Φ(t)]
A = amplitude
Φ(t) = baseband signal
ωc = carrier frequency
kp = phase sensitivity of the modulator.
Where, A is a constant that represents Amplitude and ωc represents carrier frequency and kp is the phase sensitivity of
modulator.
9) Calculate the maximum frequency deviation for the FM signal

v(t) = 10 cos (6000t+ 5sin2200t)
a. 2200 Hz
b. 6000 Hz
c. 1750 Hz
d. 11000 Hz
ANSWER: 1750 Hz
Explanation:
A standard FM signal is represented by
v(t) = Ac cos(2πfct + kfsin2πfmt)
Ac = carrier amplitude
fc = carrier frequency
kf = modulation index
fm = modulating frequency = 2200/2π = 350 Hz
kf = frequency deviation/modulating frequency
5 = freq deviation/ 350
Therefore, deviation = 5 * 350
= 1750Hz
10) Calculate the dissipation in power across 20Ω resistor for the FM signal
v(t)= 20 cos(6600t+ 10sin2100t)
a. 5W
b. 20W
c. 10W
d. 400W
ANSWER: 5W
Explanation:
fm = modulating frequency
the power dissipated across 20Ω resistor is given by
Vrms2/R
=(20/√2)2/R
= 5W
11) What is the value of carrier frequency in the following equation for the FM signal?
v(t)= 5 cos(6600t+ 12sin2500t)
a. 1150 Hz
b. 6600 Hz
c. 2500 Hz
d. 1050 Hz
ANSWER: 1050 Hz
Explanation:
fm = modulating frequency
therefore, fc = 6600/2π
= 1050Hz
12) Calculate the modulation index in an FM signal when fm (modulating frequency) is 250Hz a

(frequency deviation) is 5KHz.
a. 20
b. 35
c. 50
d. 75
ANSWER: 20
Explanation:
Modulation index is the measure of how much the modulation parameter changes from its un modulated value. The
modulation index of FM is given by
μ = frequency deviation/ modulating frequency
= Δf/ fm
Where Δf is the peak frequency deviation i.e. the deviation in the instantaneous value of the frequency with modulatin
signal.
fm is the value of modulating frequency
μ = 5000/250
= 20
13) After passing the FM signal through mixer, what is the change in the frequency deviation Δ
the modulating frequency is doubled?
a. Becomes 2 Δ
b. Becomes Δ /2
c. Becomes Δ2
d. Remains unchanged
ANSWER: Remains unchanged

Explanation:
When a carrier is Frequency modulated, the output signal has the frequency deviated above and below the carrier freq
this is known as Frequency Deviation. When the FM signal is passed through a mixer, the mixer changes the carrier
frequency but the deviation remains unchanged.
14) In frequency modulation,
a. Armstrong method is used for generation

b. Multiple side bands are generated
c. The FM signal has infinite bandwidth
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Armstrong method is used for the generation of FM signal. The FM signal has a high quality of audio signal and redu
noise as compared to the AM wave. In FM, multiple side bands are generated therefore has infinite bandwidth though
the first few sets of sidebands are useful for detection of signal.
15) Maximum frequency deviation and the maximum bandwidth allowed for commercial FM br
is
a. 80KHz, 160Khz
b. 75KHz, 200Khz
c. 60KHz, 170Khz
d. 75KHz, 250Khz
ANSWER: 75KHz, 200Khz

Explanation:
Maximum frequency deviation allowed for commercial FM broadcast is 75KHz. Therefore approximate bandwidth al
is 2 * 75 = 150KHz. Guard bands of 25KHz are allowed on the either sides so the channel width becomes 2 (75 + 25)
200KHz. The guard bands are added to prevent the interference between adjacent channels.
16) Guard bands are provided in FM signal to
a. Prevent interference from adjacent channels

b. To increase the noise
c. To increase bandwidth
ANSWER: Prevent interference from adjacent channels

Explanation:
The guard bands are provided to prevent the interference between adjacent channels in FM signals. Guard bands of 25
are allowed on the either sides so the channel width becomes 2 (75 + 25) = 200KHz where 75KHz is the maximum
permissible frequency deviation allowed for commercial FM broadcast.
17) For a FM signal v(t) = 15 cos ( 10 * 108t + 10 sin 1220t), calculate
1. Carrier frequency
2. Modulating frequency
a. 159.1MHz, 194.1Hz
b. 185.5MHz, 200.15Hz
c. 350.1MHz, 200.1Hz
d. 159.1Hz, 194.1Hz
ANSWER: 159.1MHz, 194.1Hz

Explanation:
Standard expression for FM signal is given by
v(t) = A cos ( ωct + mf sin ωmt)
comparing with the given equation,
Carrier frequency is given by fc = 10 * 108/2Π
= 159.1MHz
Modulating frequency is given by fm = 1220/2Π
= 194.1Hz
18) For a FM signal v(t) = 25 cos (15 * 108t + 10 sin 1550t), calculate

Modulation index
Maximum frequency deviation
a. 10, 3000.1Hz
b. 20, 1550.9Hz
c. 10, 2465.9Hz
d. 10, 2000.0Hz
ANSWER: 10, 2465.9Hz

Explanation:
v(t) = A cos ( ωct + mf sin ωmt)
Comparing with the given equation,
Modulation index mf = 10
Maximum frequency deviation is given by
mf = Δf/fm
Δf = mf * fm
Here fm = 1550/2Π = 246.59 Hz
Δf = 10 * 246.59
= 2465.9Hz
19) For a FM signal v(t) = 20 cos ( 10 * 108t + 30 sin 3000t), calculate the power dissipated by th
wave in a 20Ω resistor.
a. 100 Watts
b. 10 Watts
c. 200 Watts
d. 20 Watts
ANSWER: 10 Watts
Explanation:
v(t) = A cos ( Ωct + mf sin Ωmt)
Comparing with the given equation,
A = 20
The dissipated power is given by P = V2rms/R
= (20/√2)2/ 20
= 10Watts
20) A 100MHz carrier is frequency modulated by 5 KHz wave. For a frequency deviation of 100
calculate the carrier swing of the FM signal.
a. 2000 KHz
b. 100 KHz
c. 105 KHz
d. 200 KHz
ANSWER: 200 KHz

Explanation:
Carrier frequency fc = 100MHz
Modulating frequency fm = 5 KHz
Frequency deviation Δf = 100 KHz
Carrier swing of the FM signal = 2 * Δf
= 2 * 100
= 200 KHz

1) A 100MHz carrier is frequency modulated by 10 KHz wave. For a frequency deviation of 50 K
calculate the modulation index of the FM signal.
a. 100
b. 50
c. 70
d. 90
ANSWER: 50
Explanation:
Carrier frequency fc = 100MHz
Modulation index of FM signal is given by
mf = Δf/fm
= 500 * 103/ 10 * 103
= 50
2) Narrow band FM has the characteristics:
a. The frequency sensitivity kf is small

b. Bandwidth is narrow
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
The bandwidth of the FM signal depends upon the frequency sensitivity kf. When kf is small, the bandwidth of the FM
becomes narrow and this is known as Narrow Band FM signal. The bandwidth of a narrow band FM signal is almost
that of an AM signal.
3) Wide band FM has the characteristics:
a. The frequency sensitivity kf is large

b. Bandwidth is wide
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
The bandwidth of the FM signal depends upon the frequency sensitivity kf. When kf is large, the bandwidth of the FM
becomes wide and this is known as Wide Band FM signal. A large number of sidebands are produced in a FM signal.
bandwidth of a wide band FM signal is very large as compared to that of an AM signal.
4) Determine the Bandwidth of a FM wave when the maximum deviation allowed is 75KHz and
modulating signal has a frequency of 10KHz.
a. 170 KHz
b. 200 KHz
c. 100 KHz
d. 1000 KHz
ANSWER: 170 KHz

Explanation:
According to Carson s rule, BW = 2(Δf + fm)
= 2 (75 + 10)
= 170 KHz
5) FM signal is better than AM signal because
a. Less immune to noise

b. Less adjacent channel interference
c. Amplitude limiters are used to avoid amplitude variations
d. All of the above

Explanation:
FM signal is better than AM signal because FM signals are less immune to noise. Guard bands are provided for less a
channel interference so it is easy to be recovered. Amplitude limiters are used to avoid amplitude variations that are ca
while transmission due to noise.
6) FM is disadvantageous over AM signal because
a. much wider channel bandwidth is required

b. FM systems are more complex and costlier
c. Adjacent channel interference is more
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
The guard bands are provided to prevent the interference between adjacent channels in FM signals. Guard bands of 25
are allowed on the either sides so the channel width becomes 2 (75+ 25) = 200KHz where 75KHz is the maximum
permissible frequency deviation allowed for commercial FM broadcast. So a much wider channel width is required fo
transmission. FM systems are more complex and therefore costlier than AM transmitters and receivers.
7) For a three stage cascade amplifier, calculate the overall noise figure when each stage has
of 12 DB and noise figure of 8dB.
a. 12
b. 24
c. 13.55
d. 8
ANSWER: 13.55
Explanation:
As the signal passes through various stages of an amplifier, the output has the original signal and some noise that gets
amplified at different stages of amplifiers. So the final noise figure of the cascaded amplifier is obtained by
FN = F1 + (F2 - 1)/ G1 + (F3 - 1)/ G1G2+......+(FN- 1)/ G1G2G3 GN
F1, F2, F3 .. FN, G1,G2, G3.... GN are the noise figures and the gains respectively of the amplifiers at different stages.
F1 = 12, F2 = 12, F3 = 12
G1 = 8, G2 = 8, G3 = 8
FN = 12 + (12- 1)/ 8+ (12- 1)/ 8 * 8
= 12 + 11/8 + 11/64
= 13.55
8) The Hilbert transform of the signal sinω1t + sinω2t is
a. sinω1t + sinω2t
b. cosω1t + cosω2t
c. sinω2t + cosω2t
d. sinω1t + sinω1t
ANSWER: cosω1t + cosω2t

Explanation:
In Hilbert transform, the signal gets shifted by 900.
So the signal sinω1t+ sinω2t gets shifted by 900

sinω1(t+900)+ sinω2(t+900)
= cosω1t+ cosω2t
9) The noise due to random behaviour of charge carriers is
a. Shot noise
b. Partition noise
c. Industrial noise
d. Flicker noise
ANSWER: Shot noise

Explanation:
Shot noise is caused due to random behaviour of charge carriers. Shot noise is generated due to random emission of e
from cathodes in electron tubes. In semiconductor devices, shot noise is generated due to random generation and
recombination of electron-hole pairs.
10) Transit time noise is
a. Low frequency noise

b. High frequency noise
c. Due to random behavior of carrier charges
d. Due to increase in reverse current in the device
ANSWER: High frequency noise

Explanation:
Transit time noise is the noise caused due to increase in conductance with increase in frequency. This causes the incre
power spectral density of the signal.
11) Figure of merit γ is
a. Ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input signal to noise ratio

b. Ratio of input signal to noise ratio to output signal to noise ratio
c. Ratio of output signal to input signal to a system
d. Ratio of input signal to output signal to a system
ANSWER: Ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input signal to noise ratio
Explanation:
The figure of merit γ is the ratio of output signal to noise ratio to input signal to noise ratio of a receiver system.
12) Signum function sgn(f), for f>0, f=0 and f<0, has the values:
a. -1 to +1
b. +1, 0, -1 respectively
c. -∞ to + ∞
d. 0 always
ANSWER: +1, 0, -1 respectively

Explanation:
The sgn(f) is a signum function that is defined in the frequency domain as
sgn(f) = 1, f> 0
= 0, f = 0
= -1, f< 0
Mathematically, the sign function or signum function is an odd mathematical function which extracts the sign of a rea
number and is often represented as sgn.
13) In Hilbert transform of a signal, the phase angles of all components of a given signal are s
by
a. +/- π
b. +/- π/4
c. +/- π/2
d. Any angle from 00 to 3600
ANSWER: +/- π/2

Explanation:
The Hilbert Transform g(t) of the signal g(t) is defined by
g(t) = (1/π)(τ)/(t - τ)d(τ), -∞ to + ∞
Hilbert transform may be obtained by first taking the Fourier Transform of the signal g(t), multiplying it by jsgn(f), th
taking the inverse Fourier Transform and therefore obtaining g (t). jsgn(f) is j for the positive frequency f, and therefo
Hilbert Transform shifts the signal by -900 for a linear system whose input is g(t) and output obtained is g(t).
14) The noise voltage (Vn) and the signal bandwidth (B) are related as
a. Vn is directly proportional to bandwidth

b. Vn is directly proportional to √bandwidth
c. Vn is inversely proportional to absolute temperature
d. Vn is inversely proportional to bandwidth
ANSWER: Vn is directly proportional to √bandwidth

Explanation:
Maximum Noise power is given by Pn = V2/ R
RL = R, for maximum power transfer from Vn to load resistor RL

In the above figure, according to voltage divider method,
V = Vn/2
Pn = V2/ R
= (Vn/2)2/ R
= Vn2/ 4R
Vn2 = 4R Pn
Vn = √(4R Pn)
Noise power Pn = KTB
Where
K = 1.381 × 10 - 23 J/K, joules per Kelvin, the Boltzmann constant
B is the bandwidth at which the power Pn is delivered.
T noise temperature
Therefore, Vn = √(4R KTB) or Vn is directly proportional to √bandwidth.
15) Noise factor for a system is defined as the ratio of
a. Input noise power (Pno) to output noise power (Pni)

b. Output noise power (Pno) to input noise power (Pni)
c. Output noise power (Pno) to input signal power (Psi)
d. Output signal power (Pso) to input noise power (Pni)
ANSWER: Output noise power (Pno) to input noise power (Pni)

Explanation:
The noise factor of a system is defined as the ratio of output noise power (Pno) to input noise power (Pni):
Fn = Pno/ Pni, at standard room temperature 290K
= Pno/GKBT0
The input noise power is Pni = GKBT0,

G is the gain of the amplifier
K = 1.38 X 10-23 J/°K, Boltzmann's constant
B is the bandwidth of the network in hertz (Hz)
To = 290°K
Noise factor may also be defined as the ratio of Signal to Noise ratio at the output to Signal to Noise ratio at the input
i.e., Fn = Sni/ Sno
16) Noise Factor(F) and Noise Figure(NF) are related as

a. NF = 10 log10(F)
b. F = 10 log10(NF)
c. NF = 10 (F)
d. F = 10 (NF)
ANSWER: NF = 10 log10(F)
Explanation:
Noise figure (NF) and noise factor (F) signify the degradation of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for any system due to
components in a radio frequency (RF) signal . They give the performance of the system.The noise factor of a system i
defined as the ratio of output noise power (Pno) to input noise power (Pni):
F = Pno/ Pni, at standard room temperature 290K
Noise Factor when expressed in decibels, it is called noise figure.
i.e. NF = 10 log10(F)
17) The Noise Factor for cascaded amplifiers (FN) is given by (F1, F2, F3 .. FN, G1, G2, G3....GN) are
noise factors and the gains of the amplifiers at different stages:
a. FN = F1 + F2/ G1 + F3/ G1G2+ ..+ FN/ G1G2G3GN

b. FN = F1 + (F2 - 1)/ G1 + (F3 - 1)/ (G1+G2)+ ..+(FN - 1)/ (G1+G2+G3+...+GN)
c. FN = F1 + F2/ G1 + F3/ (G1+G2) +...+ FN/ (G1+G2+G3+...+GN)
d. FN = F1 + (F2 - 1)/ G1 + (F3 - 1)/ G1G2+...+(FN - 1)/ G1G2G3GN
ANSWER: FN = F1 + (F2 - 1)/ G1 + (F3 - 1)/ G1G2+...+(FN - 1)/ G1G2G3GN
Explanation:
As the signal passes through various stages of an amplifier, the output has the original signal and some noise that gets
amplified at different stages of amplifiers. So the final noise factor of the cascaded amplifier is obtained by
FN = F1 + (F2 - 1)/ G1 + (F3 - 1)/ G1G2+...+(FN - 1)/ G1G2G3GN
18) For a two stage amplifier, first amplifier has Voltage gain = 20, Input Resistance Rin1=700Ω,
equivalent Resistance Req1=1800Ω and Output Resistor Ro1 = 30KΩ. The corresponding values o
second amplifier are : 25, 80 KΩ, 12 KΩ, 1.2 MΩ respectively. What is the value of equivalent inp
noise resistance of the given two stage amplifier?
a. 2609.1Ω
b. 2607.1Ω
c. 107.1Ω
d. 2107.1Ω
ANSWER: 2607.1Ω
Explanation:
R1 = Rin1 + Req1 = 700 + 1800 = 2500Ω
R2 = (Ro1 Rin2)/ (Ro1 + Rin2) + Req2 = 30 * 80/(30 + 80) + 12 = 40.92KΩ
R3 = Ro2 = 1.2MΩ
Equivalent input noise resistance of a two stage amplifier is given by
Req = R1 + R2/ A21 + R3/ (A21 A22)
= 2500 + 40.92 * 103/(20)2 + 1.2 * 106/(20)2(25)2
= 2607.1Ω
19) The noise temperature at a resistor depends upon
a. Resistance value
b. Noise power
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Noise power

Explanation:
The noise temperature Tn of any white noise source is defined by
Tn = Pn/KB
Where Pn is the noise power
K = 1.381 × 10-23 J/K, joules per Kelvin, the Boltzmann constant
The equivalent noise temperature Tn in terms of noise figure may be defined as
Tn = T0 (F-1)
where F is the noise figure
T0 = 170C
= 290K
20) Noise voltage Vn and absolute temperature T are related as
a. Vn = 1/ √(4RKTB)
b. Vn = √(4RK)/ (TB)
c. Vn = √(4RKTB)
d. Vn = √(4KTB)/R
ANSWER: Vn = √(4RKTB)

Explanation:
In the following figure the maximum Noise power is given by Pn = V2/ R
RL = R, for maximum power transfer from Vn to load resistor RL

In the above figure, according to voltage divider method,
V = Vn/2
Pn = V2/ R
= (Vn/2)2/ R
= Vn2/ 4R
Vn2 = 4R Pn
Vn = √(4R Pn)
Noise power Pn = KTB
Where
T noise temperature
Therefore, Vn = √(4R KTB)

1) Notch filter is a
a. Band pass filter

b. Band stop filter
c. Low pass filter
d. High pass filter
ANSWER: Band stop filter

Explanation:
A notch filter allows to pass almost whole range of frequencies through it, except a specific range. The notch filter att
a narrow set of frequencies or the stop band to pass through. Electrical equivalent of the stop filter is given by
2) Noise is added to a signal in a communication system
a. At the receiving end

b. At transmitting antenna
c. In the channel
d. During regeneration of the information
ANSWER: In the channel

Explanation:
Noise is an unwanted electrical signal that is added with the transmitted signal while passing through the communicat
channel. The noise interferes with the signal and may produce distortions to the signal.
3) Noise power at the resistor is affected by the value of the resistor as
a. Directly proportional to the value of the resistor

b. Inversely proportional to the value of the resistor
c. Unaffected by the value of the resistor
d. Becomes half as the resistance value is doubled
ANSWER: Unaffected by the value of the resistor

Explanation:
The Noise power is given by
Pn = KTB
Where
T noise temperature,
which is unaffected by change in the value of the resistor.
4) Low frequency noise is
a. Transit time noise

b. Flicker noise
c. Shot noise
ANSWER: Flicker noise

Explanation:
With decrease in the frequency, the power spectral density of the flicker noise increases. It is generated due to fluctua
the density of the carrier that increases the conductivity of the material. Therefore, there is a voltage drop during the f
current. The flicker noise is considerable at low frequencies (below a few KHz).
5) Hilbert transform may be used in
a. Generation of SSB signals

b. Representation of band pass signals
c. Designing of minimum phase type filters
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Hilbert transform may be obtained by first taking the Fourier Transform of the signal g(t), multiplying it by jsgn(f), th
taking the inverse fourier transform and therefore obtaining g(t). jsgn(f) is j for the positive frequency f, and therefore
Hilbert Transform shifts the signal by -900 for a linear system whose input is g(t) and output obtained is g(t). Hilbert
transform may be used in generation of SSB signals, representation of band pass signals, and designing of minimum p
type filters.
6) At a room temperature of 300K, calculate the thermal noise generated by two resistors of 10
20 KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz.
a. 4.071 * 10-6 V, 5.757 * 10-6 V

b. 6.08 * 10-6 V, 15.77 * 10-6 V
c. 16.66 * 10-6 V, 2.356 * 10-6 V
d. 1.66 * 10-6 V, 0.23 * 10-6 V
ANSWER: 4.071 * 10-6 V, 5.757 * 10-6 V

Explanation:
Noise voltage Vn = √(4R KTB)
Where, K = 1.381×10-23 J/K, joules per Kelvin, the Boltzmann constant
T noise temperature
R is the resistance
Noise voltage by individual resistors
Vn1 = √(4R1 KTB)
= √(4 * 10 * 103 * 1.381 * 10-23 * 3000 * 10 * 103)
= √16.572 * 10-12
= 4.071 * 10-6 V
Vn2 = √(4R2 KTB)
= √(4 * 20 * 103 * 1.381 * 10-23 * 3000 * 10 * 103)
= √33.144 * 10-12
= 5.757 * 10-6 V
30 KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz and the resistors are connected in series.
a. 300.66 * 10-7
b. 284.48 * 10-7
c. 684.51 * 10-15
d. 106.22 * 10-7
ANSWER: 284.48 * 10-7

Explanation:
Where, K = 1.381 × 10-23 J/K, joules per Kelvin, the Boltzmann constant
T noise temperature
R is the resistance
Noise voltage by resistors when connected in series is
Vn = √{4(R1 + R2) KTB}
= √{4(20 * 103 + 30 * 103) * 1.381 × 10-23 * 293 * 10 * 103 }
= 284.48 * 10-7
30 KΩ when the bandwidth is 10 KHz and the resistors are connected in parallel.
a. 30.15 * 10-3
b. 8.23 * 10-23
c. 11.15 * 10-7
d. 26.85 * 10-7
ANSWER: 11.15 * 10-7

Explanation:
T noise temperature
R is the resistance
Noise voltage by resistors when connected in parallel is
Vn = √{4R KTB}
Here for resistors to be in parallel,
1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2
= 1/10K + 1/30K
= 0.1333
R = 7.502KΩ
Vn = √{4 * 7.502 * 103 * 1.381×10-23 * 300 * 10 * 103}
= √124.323 * 10-14
= 11.15 * 10-7
9) A periodic signal is
a. May be represented by g(t) = g(t + T0)

b. Value may be determined at any point
c. Repeats itself at regular intervals
d. All of the above

Explanation:
A periodic function repeats its values in regular intervals or periods. A periodic signal g(t) is a function of time that sa
the equation
g(t)= g(t + T0) for all the values of t.
t is time
T0 is a constant that denotes the complete cycle of g(t).
The signals that do not satisfy the equation are known as non periodic or aperiodic signals.
10) Sine wave is a
a. Periodic signal
b. Aperiodic signal
c. Deterministic signal
d. Both a and c
ANSWER: Periodic signal

Explanation:
A periodic function repeats its values in regular intervals or periods. The signal sine wave is a periodic function. Its va
may be determined at any point of time as it repeats itself at regular intervals.
11) Properties of Hilbert transform are:
a. The signal and its Hilbert transform have same energy density spectrum
b. The signal and its Hilbert transform are mutually diagonal
c. Both a and b are correct

Explanation:
Properties of Hilbert transform are:
1. The signal and its Hilbert transform have same energy density spectrum
2. The signal and its Hilbert transform are mutually diagonal
3. The signal and its Hilbert transform have same auto correlation function.
12) An even function f(x) for all values of x and x holds
a. f(x) = f(-x)
b. f(x) = -f(x)
c. f(x) = f(x)f(-x)
ANSWER: f(x) = f(-x)

Explanation:
If f(x) is a real-valued function of a real variable then f is even if the following equation holds for all the values of x a
f(x) = f(-x)
Or
f(x) - f(-x) = 0
13) Random signals is
a. May be specified in time

b. Occurrence is random
c. Repeat over a period
ANSWER: Occurrence is random

Explanation:
Random signals have their occurrence random in nature. These signals cannot be specified in time. The signals are irr
in nature, that is, they do not repeat with time. Thermal noise is a type of random signal.
14) Unit step function is
a. Exists only for positive side

b. Is zero for negative side
c. Discontinuous at time t=0
d. All of the above

Explanation:
Unit step function is a type of function that exists only for positive side and is zero for negative side. The unit step fun
discontinuous at time t=0.
The unit step function u(t) is defined as
u(t) = 0 for t<0
= 1 for t>0
15) In Unit impulse function

a. Pulse width is zero
b. Area of pulse curve is unity
c. Height of pulse goes to infinity
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In Unit impulse function
1. The width of the pulse is zero.
2. Area of pulse curve is always unity.
3. Height of pulse goes to infinity.
4. The height of the impulse is same as the area of the impulse.
16) For a Unit ramp function area of pulse curve is unity
a. Discontinuous at time t=0

b. Starts at time t=0 and linearly increases with t
c. Both a and b
ANSWER: Starts at time t=0 and linearly increases with t

Explanation:
A Unit ramp function is a continuous time function that starts at time t=0 and linearly increases with t. Denoted by r (
unit ramp function is represented by
r(t) = 0 for t<0
= t for t>0
17) Thermal noise is also known as

a. Johnson noise
b. Partition noise
c. Flicker noise
d. Solar noise
ANSWER: Johnson noise

Explanation:
Thermal noise is also known as Johnson noise or White noise. It is the random noise generated in resistive componen
rapid and random motion of atoms or electrons. Johnson noise is named after the scientist J.B. Johnson. Thermal nois
contains all frequency components in equal amount. The white noise has infinite average power and is not physically
attainable but it has suitable mathematical properties so it is used for system analysis in most of the systems.
18) Threshold effect is:
a. Reduction in output signal to noise ratio

b. Large noise as compared to input signal to envelope detector
c. Detection of message signal is difficult
d. All of the above

Explanation:
It is defined as the value of input signal to noise ratio below which the output signal to noise ratio decreases much rap
than the input signal to noise ratio. It is the property of envelope detectors used for the demodulation of modulated sig
occurs due to presence of large noise and therefore causes loss in the message signal. When the noise is very large as
compared to the input at envelope detector, the message signal at the output is mixed with noise.
19) The rms value of thermal noise voltage is related to Boltzmann's constant k as
a. Vn is Directly proportional to k2

b. Vn is Directly proportional to k
c. Vn is Directly proportional to √k
d. Vn is Directly proportional to k3
ANSWER: Vn is Directly proportional to √k
Explanation:
Noise voltage Vn is given by
√(4R KTB)
T noise temperature
R is the resistance
If K is the Boltzmann's constant, the rms value of thermal noise voltage is proportional to √k.
20) The spectrum of the sampled signal may be obtained without overlapping only if
a. fs ≥ 2fm
b. fs < 2fm
c. fs > fm
d. fs < fm
ANSWER: fs ≥ 2fm
Explanation:
If the signal of frequency fm is sampled at the rate fs ≥ 2fm only then the spectrum of the sampled signal is obtained wi
overlapping. The spectrum obtained is repetitive in nature and is completely without overlapping.

1) The desired signal of maximum frequency wm centered at frequency w=0 may be recovered
a. The sampled signal is passed through low pass filter
b. Filter has the cut off frequency wm
c. Both a and b

Explanation:
The original or desired signal may be recovered from the sampled signal by passing the signal through a low pass filte
low pass filter should have the cut off frequency equal to wm so that it allows only low frequencies up to the cut off fr
to pass through. The other higher frequencies in the sampled signal are rejected by the low pass filter.
2) A distorted signal of frequency fm is recovered from a sampled signal if the sampling freque
fs is
a. fs > 2fm
b. fs < 2fm
c. fs = 2fm
d. fs ≥ 2fm
ANSWER: fs < 2fm

Explanation:
If the signal of frequency fm is sampled at the rate fs ≥ 2fm only then the spectrum of the sampled signal is obtained wi
overlapping. For fs < 2fm the sampled signal spectrum overlap each other, and therefore the signal cannot be recovered
For reconstruction of signal to be free from distortion, the important condition is
fs ≥ 2fm
3) Calculate the minimum sampling rate to avoid aliasing when a continuous time signal is giv
x(t) = 5 cos 400πt
a. 100 Hz
b. 200 Hz
c. 400 Hz
d. 250 Hz
ANSWER: 400 Hz
Explanation:
In the given signal, the highest frequency is given by f = 400 π/ 2π
= 200 Hz
The minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing is given by Nyquist rate. The nyquist rate is = 2 * f
= 2 * 200
= 400 Hz.
4) Calculate the Nyquist rate for sampling when a continuous time signal is given by
x(t) = 5 cos 100πt +10 cos 200πt - 15 cos 300πt
a. 300Hz
b. 600Hz
c. 150Hz
d. 200Hz
ANSWER: 300Hz
Explanation:
For the given signal,
f1 = 100π/2π = 50Hz
f2 = 200π/2π = 100Hz
f3= 300π/2π = 150Hz
The highest frequency is 150Hz. Therefore fmax = 150Hz

Nyquist rate = 2 fmax
= 2 * 150
= 300Hz.
5) A low pass filter is
a. Passes the frequencies lower than the specified cut off frequency
b. Rejects higher frequencies
c. Is used to recover signal from sampled signal
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The low pass filter should have the cut off frequency equal to wm so that it allows only lower frequencies up to the cu
frequency to pass through. The other higher frequencies in the sampled signal are rejected by the low pass filter. The
or desired signal may be recovered from the sampled signal by passing the signal through a low pass filter.
6) The techniques used for sampling are
a. Instantaneous sampling
b. Natural sampling
c. Flat top sampling
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The techniques used for sampling are:
a) Instantaneous sampling
b) Natural sampling
c) Flat top sampling
The natural sampling and the flat top sampling techniques are used practically to sample a signal.
7) The instantaneous sampling
a. Has a train of impulses

b. Has the pulse width approaching zero value
c. Has the negligible power content
d. All of the above

Explanation:
The instantaneous sampling is also called ideal sampling or impulse sampling. The instantaneous sampling has a train
impulses. The pulse width of the samples has almost zero value. Therefore it has negligible power content and thus m
be used for transmission purpose.
8) The sampling technique having the minimum noise interference is
a. Instantaneous sampling
b. Natural sampling
c. Flat top sampling
d. All of the above
ANSWER: Natural sampling

Explanation:
The natural sampling is the technique that has the minimum noise interference to the sampled signal. It is obtained by
multiplying the input signal with the sampling function. It is a practical method used for sampling of signals. Choppin
principle is used to sample the signal in natural sampling and it satisfies the Nyquist criteria for sampling of signals.
9) Types of analog pulse modulation systems are
a. Pulse amplitude modulation

b. Pulse time modulation
c. Frequency modulation
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
In pulse modulation systems, the carrier is a train of pulses rather than a continuous signal. The parameters of the puls
varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. There are two types of pulse modulation system
- Pulse amplitude modulation
- Pulse time modulation
10) In pulse amplitude modulation,
a. Amplitude of the pulse train is varied

b. Width of the pulse train is varied
c. Frequency of the pulse train is varied
ANSWER: Amplitude of the pulse train is varied

Explanation:
Pulse amplitude modulation is a type of analog pulse modulation system. In pulse modulation systems, the carrier is a
pulses rather than a continuous signal. In PAM, the amplitude of the rectangular pulse train is varied according to the
instantaneous value of the modulating signal. The pulses in PAM signal may be flat top type or natural type samples.
11) Pulse time modulation (PTM) includes
a. Pulse width modulation

b. Pulse position modulation
c. Pulse amplitude modulation
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
In pulse modulation systems, the carrier is a train of pulses rather than a continuous signal. The parameters of the puls
varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. The carrier is a train of pulses rather than a cont
signal. In PTM, the timing of the pulses of the carrier is varied in accordance with modulating signal. PTM includes:
- Pulse width modulation
- Pulse position modulation
12) Drawback of using PAM method is

a. Bandwidth is very large as compared to modulating signal
b. Varying amplitude of carrier varies the peak power required for transmission
c. Due to varying amplitude of carrier, it is difficult to remove noise at receiver
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In PAM, Bandwidth is very large as compared to modulating signal frequency. In PAM, the amplitude of the rectangu
pulse train is varied according to the instantaneous value of the modulating signal. Due to this, the required power for
transmission is also varied. Due to varying amplitude of carrier, the interference of noise is very high in PAM. So it is
difficult to remove noise at receiver.
13) In Pulse time modulation (PTM),
a. Amplitude of the carrier is constant

b. Position or width of the carrier varies with modulating signal
c. Pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation are the types of PTM
d. All of the above

Explanation:
In Pulse time modulation (PTM), amplitude of the carrier is kept constant and the Position or width of the carrier vari
the amplitude of the modulating signal at the time of sampling. Pulse width modulation and pulse position modulation
types of Pulse Time Modulation.
As there is no variation in the amplitude of the carrier, the noise may be easily removed at the receiver.
14) In different types of Pulse Width Modulation,
a. Leading edge of the pulse is kept constant

b. Tail edge of the pulse is kept constant
c. Centre of the pulse is kept constant
d. All of the above
Explanation:
There are types of Pulse Width Modulation. In one of the variations, leading edge of the pulse is kept constant and pu
width is measured with respect to leading edge. In second type, tail edge of the pulse is kept constant and pulse width
measured with respect to it. And the third type has a constant centre of the pulse and the pulse width changes on both
sides of the centre of the pulse.
15) In pulse width modulation,
a. Synchronization is not required between transmitter and receiver

b. Amplitude of the carrier pulse is varied
c. Instantaneous power at the transmitter is constant
ANSWER: Synchronization is not required between transmitter and receiver

Explanation:
In pulse width modulation, the width of the carrier varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal at the time of sa
Pulse width modulation is a type of Pulse Time Modulation. As there is no variation in the amplitude of the carrier, th
may be easily removed at the receiver. It does not require synchronization between the transmitter and the receiver.
16) In PWM signal reception, the Schmitt trigger circuit is used
a. To remove noise

b. To produce ramp signal
c. For synchronization
ANSWER: To remove noise

Explanation:
In pulse width modulation, the width of the carrier varies with the amplitude of the modulating signal at the time of sa
In PWM signal reception, the received PWM signal is applied to the Schmitt trigger circuit. The Schmitt trigger circu
used to remove noise in the PWM waveform. This output is the supplied further for detection of the original informat
17) In Pulse Position Modulation, the drawbacks are
a. Synchronization is required between transmitter and receiver

b. Large bandwidth is required as compared to PAM
c. None of the above
d. Both a and b

Explanation:
In Pulse Position Modulation, the position of the pulse of the carrier is varied with reference to the position of a refere
pulse. The position is varied in accordance with the sampled modulating signal. In PPM, synchronization is required b
the transmitter and the receiver. Large bandwidth is required in Pulse position Modulation as compared to the Pulse
amplitude modulation.

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Analog Communication Test Questions - Set 1

 Home >> Category >> Electronic Engineering (MCQ) questions & answers

a. Change in amplitude of the carrier according to modulating signal

ANSWER: Change in amplitude of the carrier according to modulating signal

3) Emitter modulator amplifier for Amplitude Modulation

a. Operates in class A mode

ANSWER: All of the above

4) Super heterodyne receivers

a. Have better sensitivity

ANSWER: All of the above

5) The AM spectrum consists of

ANSWER: All of the above

6) Standard intermediate frequency used for AM receiver is

ANSWER: 455 KHz

ANSWER: Varactor diode

The total power in an AM is given by

Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)

Where Pc is the carrier power and m is the modulation index.

And SSB transmission needs half the power of DSB-SC signal.

ANSWER: 19.8 KHz

Therefore, Bandwidth = 2 fm = 2 * 9900 = 19.8KHz

a. RC < 1/W

ANSWER: RC < 1/W

11) A modulation index of 0.5 would be same as

a. 0.5 of Modulation Depth

ANSWER: 50% of Modulation Depth

ANSWER: 6.004 GHz

13) The function of multiplexing is

a. To reduce the bandwidth of the signal to be transmitted

ANSWER: To combine multiple data streams over a single data channel

a. Sampling of signals less than at Nyquist rate

ANSWER: Sampling of signals less than at Nyquist rate

15) The amount of data transmitted for a given amount of time is called

16) An AM broadcast station transmits modulating frequencies up to 6 kHz. If the AM station is

ANSWER: 900 KHz, 888 KHz, 12 KHz

Minimum Frequency fLSB = 894 - 6 = 888 kHz

Bandwidth BW = fUSB fLSB = 900 888 = 12 kHz OR = 2(6 kHz) = 12 kHz

PT = PC (1+ m22)

Here, PC = 800W,

PT = 800 (1+ (0.5)2/2) = 900 W

calculate (a) the carrier power,

a. 1458 W, 2187.5 W, 729.25 W

ANSWER: 1458 W, 2187.5 W, 729.25 W

b) IT = Ic√(1+m2/2) = 5.4√(1+12/2)

For single band, PSB = 729.25/2

Power of the signal (Ptotal) transmitted by a transmitter after modulation is given by

Ptotal = Pc (1+ m2/2)

Where Pc is the power of carrier i.e., without modulation

M is the modulation index

Frequency available in MF band= 3000 - 300 = 2700 KHz

The bandwidth required by 25 KHz signal = 2 * 25= 50 KHz

Therefore the number of channels available = 2700/ 50 = 54

Analog Communication Test Questions - Set 2

total modulation index mt = √( m12 + m22 )

a. 2000.35, 1999.65 and 2000.6, 1999.4

ANSWER: 2000.35, 1999.65 and 2000.6, 1999.4

the available frequencies after modulation by 0.350 KHz are

the available frequencies after modulation by 0.6 KHz are

4) If an AM signal is represented by

i) Calculate the values of the frequencies of carrier and modulating signals.

a. 1.6 MHz and 8 KHz, 0.6, 16 MHz

ANSWER: 1.6 MHz and 8 KHz, 0.2, 16 KHz