The history of network models dates back to the 1970s, network models have been around for

quite some time. These networks were initially deployed for scientific purposes only, but

their evolution paved the way for today's Internet and other widespread systems. The US

Department of Défense's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was the

most notable early model, having been created in 1969. (Hauben, 2007). Packet switching

technology, which allowed data to be divided into smaller "packets" before being sent over

networks, was pioneered by this network. This innovation improved computer-to-computer

communication and is still widely used today. Thanks to these updated models, networks can

now adapt to changing conditions with greater efficiency. The Open Systems Interconnection

(OSI) model, created by the International Organization for Standardization, was the first

(ISO). Most modern networking models can trace their roots back to the Open Systems

Interconnection (OSI) model, which used a seven-layer approach to networking. The

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) model came next. It's the standard

today, but it wasn't around until the late 1970s (Hauben, 2007).

The TCP/IP model consists of four distinct layers: the application layer, the transport layer,

the internet layer, and the link layer. The application layer allows users to connect to the

network and is in charge of various applications that run over the internet, such as email and

web browsing. End-to-end communication between two systems relies on the transport layer,

which ensures the authenticity of the transmitted data (Alani, 2014). Services for directing

traffic and assigning IP addresses are provided by the Internet layer, which also handles

packet switching. When an error occurs, it is detected and corrected by the link layer.

Communication between nodes on a network is governed by a set of protocols. The

Transmission Control Protocol is an example of a protocol used in a network (TCP). The

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a type of connection-oriented protocol that creates a

two-way, or full-duplex, connection between computers (Rizzo, 1997). The application can
be used for a variety of tasks, including web browsing and file transfer, and provides

dependable transmission of data by employing sequence numbers and acknowledgments to

guarantee accurate data delivery.

References

Alani, M. M. (2014). Tcp/ip model. In Guide to OSI and TCP/IP models (pp. 19-50).

Springer, Cham.

Hauben, M. (2007). History of ARPANET. Site de l’Instituto Superior de Engenharia do

Porto, 17, 1-20.

Rizzo, L. (1997). Dummynet: a simple approach to the evaluation of network

protocols. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 27(1), 31-41.

Reply Raja

Hello Raja

Thank you so much for your Post. In addition to what you have said about development of

network models, Early models included the ARPANET, which was the basis of the modern

Internet, as well as the Token Ring, which was one of the most popular networking models at

the time. The development of networking models continued with the introduction of Ethernet,

which used a bus topology, and TCP/IP protocol suite, which is the basis of the modern

Internet (Hauben, 2007). The 1990s also saw the introduction of wireless networking and the

development of the IEEE 802.11 standard. Since the 2000s, networking models have

continued to evolve. This includes the introduction of virtualized networks, cloud computing,

Software-Defined Networking (SDN), and the Internet of Things (IoT). These new

technologies have changed the way networks are designed and managed, making them more

efficient and resilient

Reference

Hauben, M. (2007). History of ARPANET. Site de l’Instituto Superior de Engenharia do

Porto, 17, 1-20.

Reply Deepak

Your post is very informative I want to add some points on how the networking protocols

work. A network protocol are guidelines and conventions used to govern communication

over a network. Networking protocols dictate how data is sent, received, and stored over a

network. Examples of networking protocols include TCP/IP, the primary protocol used to

send data over the internet, and Wi-Fi, which is used to connect computers and devices to one

another wireless network (Rizzo, 1997). Other examples include Ethernet, which is used to

connect computers and other devices over wired networks, and Bluetooth, which is used for

short-range wireless communication between devices.

Reference

Rizzo, L. (1997). Dummynet: a simple approach to the evaluation of network

protocols. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 27(1), 31-41.