CL Lesson 3 (F2022) Slides

9/20/2022
Contrastive
Linguistics
Lesson 3
Instructor: Le Nguyen Nhu Anh
CHAPTER 3
PHONETIC AND
PHONOLOGICAL
CONTRASTIVE
ANALYSIS
English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics
Contents
• Phonetics and Phonology

• Contrastive Phonetics
• Articulatory Phonetics
• Acoustic Phonetics
• Auditory Phonetics
• Contrastive Phonology
• Phonological Contrastive Analysis
• Two Phonological Models
• Suprasegmental Contrastive Analysis
• The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch
• The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture
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3.1 Phonetics and Phonology
Phonetics Phonology
- Focus of study: human speech - Focus of study: specific speech
sounds in general => type of speech sounds employed in different
sounds languages => tokens of human
speech sounds
- how people physically produce - concerned with the meaning

and perceive different connected to speech sounds
sounds to create speech
What should a contrastivist do?

Contrastive Phonetics or Contrastive Phonology
3.1 Phonetics and Phonology
Contrastive Phonetics Contrastive Phonology

- Make detailed descriptions of the - Compare specific functions that
sounds of a pair of languages phonemes in different languages
- Equate these sounds perform in their own sound
interlingually for comparison systems
=> Compare the physiological and => Contrastive phonology compares

physical properties of speech the functions of speech sounds
sounds
3.2 Contrastive Phonetics
3 realities of sound
PHYSICAL
SOUNDS OF
PHYSIOLOGICAL HUMAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
LANGUAGE
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3 branches of phonetics
ARTICULATORY
ACOUSTIC PHONETICS AUDITORY

3.2.1 Articulatory Phonetics: deals with the way in which speech sounds
are produced
3.2.1.1 Vocal Organs (Articulators) and the Dynamics of Voice
Production
-Vocal organs = speech organs =
articulators
-Human vocal organs and their
close neighboring organs include:
chest muscles, diaphragm, lungs,
larynx, vocal cords, etc.)

Location of vocal organs
and possible places of
articulation. Retrieved
from phonetics (2010).
Encyclopædia Britannica.
Encyclopaedia Britannica
Ultimate Reference Suite.
Chicago:
Encyclopædia Britannica
Link:
https://www.britannica.co
m/science/phonetics#ref5
83940
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3.2 Contrastive Phonetics Modulated by

the position
and state of
The Dynamics of Voice Production Modulated by
the soft palate
the position and
state of the nasal
vocal cords cavity
Larynx
Chest Rib cage &
lungs (vocabl pharynx
muscles diaphragm
box)
Modulated by
the position
and state of oral
the tongue cavity
Modulated by the
position and state of
the uvula, lower teeth,
lower lip & tongue
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are produced
3.2.1.2 The Modulation of Speech Sounds
Three essential conditions of

the vocal organs determine
what a speech sound formed
is like:
(a) the position of the lips and
the tongue
(b) how far open the mouth is
(c) whether or not the vocal
cords are vibrating
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are produced
Example:
Oral cativity shaping
AIR STREAM vowel
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are produced
Example:
Oral cativity
[p/b], [t/d], [k/g]

AIR STREAM
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are produced
Example:
Oral cativity
AIR STREAM [f/v], [h/ð], [s/z],
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are produced
• The first approach to phonetic contrastive analysis: Physiological
- comparison of L1 and L2 sounds with a shared articulatory basis
(represented on the IPA Chart)
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Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glotal

Nasal m [m] n [n] nh [ɲ] ng/ngh [ŋ]
unaspirated p [p] t [t] tr [ʈʂ/ʈ] ch [c/ʈʂ] c/k/q [k~q]

Stop glotalized b [ɓ] đ [d]
aspirated th [ƭ (tʰ)]
kh [x (kʰ)]
voiceless ph [f, ɸ] x [s] s [ʂ] h [h]
Fricative
voiced v [v] d [z/j] gi [z/j] g/gh [ɣ]
r [z r ʒ ɣ]
Approximant u/o [w] l [l] y/[i, i:j]
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3.2.2 Acoustic Phonetics: concerned with the trip speech sounds make to
reach our ears => the physical properties of sound
• Frequency
• Amplitude of Vibration
• Timbre
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3.2.2.1 Frequency
• The frequency at which a sound vibrates determines the pitch of a
sound.
• The basic frequency (fundamental frequency): F0
infrasonic ultrasonic
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3.2.2.2 Amplitude of Vibration
The extent to which an air
particle moves to and fro
around its rest point
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3.2.2.2 Timbre (sound quality)
- Characteristics of a particular voice that enable the listener
to distinguish one voice from another
- When a sound is produced by an object vibrating in a
periodic way => multiples of the fundamental frequency
(overtones/harmonics)
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3.2.2.2 Timbre (sound quality)
The fundamental and the first six

overtones of a vibrating string
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3.2.2.2 Timbre (sound quality) Musical sound and noise
Vowels: musical sounds
Voiced consonants: musical

sounds tinged with some noises
Voiceless consonants: noises
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3.2.2 Acoustic Phonetics: deals with the way in which speech sounds are
produced
• The second approach to phonetic contrastive analysis: Physical
comparison of L1 and L2 sounds that
have much in common physically and
noting the differences accompanying
this similarity.
Waveform and spectrogram of the same

recording. An oscillating low frequency buzz
dominates the waveform, only the spectrogram
reveals where the bird is calling
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3.2.3 Auditory Phonetics: concerned with how speech sounds are
perceived by the listener => the psychological properties of sound
pit -> /p/ ≠ /p/ <- spit

[ph]: (aspirated) [p]: (unaspirated)
allophones : different forms of a phoneme
phoneme: the smallest unit of sound in a language which can
distinguish two words
English ear: [ph] & [p] perceived as the same phoneme /p/
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IPA broad transcription IPA narrow transcription
Phonemic transcription/notation Phonetic/allophonic transcription/notation
Transcribe only the more noticeable phonetic Describe phonetic variations of specific
features allophones
A representation of the phonemic structure A transcription of the phonetics of a language
(phonology) of a language
Suitable for providing pronunciation data in More accurate description of the phonetic
foreign language dictionaries system of a language => students
learn exactly the right sound
Cannot reflect the dialectal variations of a - Rarely representative of all speakers
language’s phonetic system - Involves a larger number of unfamiliar
symbols
/t/ /d/ /m/ /n/ [ph], [p],
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The third approach to phonetic contrastive analysis: Psychological
comparing tokens of the same type of L1 and L2 sounds
English phonemes [t] Viet phoneme [t]
Allophones [t] [th] [ʔ] [n] [ɾ] [t, t˺]
ta tôi tốt chút
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3.3 Contrastive Phonology

3.3.1 Phonological CA:
• The phonological system of a language:
- a set of sounds the language selects to use and their features
- rules which specify how sounds interact with each other.
• Contrastive phonology:
- identify comparable speech sounds for two or more languages and
- investigate what functions these sounds perform in the sound system of each
language
=> the functional statuses of comparable speech sounds in different languages
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3.3.1.1 The Functional Statuses of Comparable Speech Sounds in
Different Languages
English: [l] & [ɫ] => allophones of the same phoneme
Russian: [ɫ] & [lj] different status => differences in meaning
дал [daɫ] => gave дале [dalj] => far
objectively similar sounds of two languages can have different

functional statuses;
in L1 the differences may be disregarded and the two speech sounds viewed
as “the same,”
in L2 the same objective difference is upheld as constituting a functional
difference
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3.3.1.2 Pronunciation Problems Caused by Phonemic Asymmetries and
by Allophonic Differences
Example:
tattoo [th]_[th]_ -> tơ tu [t]_[t]_
=> error by allophonic differences
show /ʃ/ -> xâu /s/ ~ so
=> error by phonemic differences
=> A phonemic error is more grave than an allophonic one, because it

results in unintelligibility
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3.3.1.3 The Functional Loads of Comparable Phonological Contrasts in
Different Languages
Functional load: the relative importance of linguistic contrasts in a

language.
Example:
• Voiced/voiceless contrast has a high functional load in English
• Aspirated/unaspirated contrast of consonants in Chinese
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3.3.2 Two Phonological Models:
3.3.2.1 The Taxonomic or Structural Phonology
- Classify items into classes and then subclasses
Voiced
Stops
Voiceless
Consonants Fricatives
Sound
Vowels Nasals
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3.3.2.1 The Taxonomic or Structural Phonology
- Work pretty well on the whole
- Failure in CA: inability to to differentiate productive difficulty from
receptive difficulty
=> Assumption: what is difficult to perceive by the learner will in fact
be difficult for him to produce. <= not always the case
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3.3.2.2 Generative Phonology
- Generative phonology stems from America (Chomsky and Halle,
1968) but is rooted in European phonological theory of the 1940s.
- Assumption: the surface-structure phonology is derived from the
deep-structure phonology by means of transformations
- Failure in CA: the phonological deep structure is assumed to contain
forms which are deleted from the surface representation.
Example: SS: King [kɪŋ] <- ([g] deleted) <- DS: [kɪŋg]
 For CA, taxonomic phonology is

more practical & concrete
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Distinctive Feature phonology:
- Assumption: The phoneme is not the most convenient unit for
phonological analysis, since it can be analyzed into a set of
phonological “components” or features, which are more fundamental
than the phoneme itself (James, 1980).
- Features in the form of a binary opposition (either present [+] or
absent [-]). Example: English phoneme /t/ is a composite of the
features [+voiceless]. {+apical], [+stop]
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Distinctive Feature phonology: 2 advantages
1. A gain in economy: instead of 30-40 phonemes, a language can be
characterized using no more than a dozen distinctive features
The binarity of distinctive

feature specifications: the
presence (+) and absence (−)
of one and the same feature
can be used as a
classificatory index
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Distinctive Feature phonology: 2 advantages
2. The universality of distinctive features: serve as a TC for
phonological CA (James, 1980) => make fair comparisons between
sound systems of different languages.
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3.4 Suprasegmental CA
Juncture Tempo
Vowels
Suprasegmentals
(Prosodies/Prosodic
Segments features)
Semi- Consonants
vowels Pitch Stress
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3.4.1 The Contrastive Analysis of Pitch:
Pitch: the height of speech sounds perceived by a listener.
=> In suprasegmental phonology: Tone & Intonation
3.4.1.1 Tone: the height of pitch and a unit of change of pitch which is
associated with the pronunciation of syllables or words and which
affects the meaning of the word.
Tone is a distinctive feature in tone languages such as Vietnamese,
Chinese and Thai => the meaning of a word depends on the tone used
Tonal contasts in Vietnamese make phonemic distinction.
Example: A French speaker might say “Xin cháo” instead of “Xin chào”
=> Pronunciation errors resulting from phonemic asymmetries
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Example:
An American student stepped into a Chinese restaurant and said:
我要吃轿子。=> I want to eat a sedan chair.
Wǒ yào chī jiàozi.
Instead of
我要吃饺子。=> I want to eat dumplings.
Wǒ yào chī jiǎozi.
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3.4.1.2 Intonation (pitch movement): the change of pitch to convey
grammatical or attitudinal information rather than vocabulary
differences.
English Vietnamese
Perform grammatical functions Changes in pitch => distinguish words
with the same pronunciation
Give additional information Ma, mạ, mà, má, mã, mả
Indicate the speaker’s attitude to the
matter discussed or to the listener
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3.4.2 The Contrastive Analysis of Juncture:
Juncture:
1) a pause or other phonological feature or modification of a phonological feature,

such as the lengthening of a preceding phoneme or the strengthening of a
following one, marking a transition or break between sounds, especially
marking the phonological boundary of a word, clause, or sentence
2) the point in a word or group of words at which such a pause or other junctural
marker occurs.
Example: English:
Night-rate vs nitrate
Re-seed vs recede
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Alternative structure
A special kind of syntactic structure which includes alternative junctures
and allows for more than one deep structure being assigned to one
single surface structure => structural ambiguity
Example:
pregnant women and babies
“(pregnant women) and babies” or
“pregnant (womenand babies)?
Giữ gìn sạch đẹp đường phố không có người sử dụng ma túy là trách
nhiệm của mỗi người
=> Difficult for machine translation (MT) to treat alternative structures
automatically
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9/20/2022

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

• Phonetics and Phonology

3.1 Phonetics and Phonology

- how people physically produce - concerned with the meaning

What should a contrastivist do?

3.1 Phonetics and Phonology

Contrastive Phonetics Contrastive Phonology

=> Compare the physiological and => Contrastive phonology compares

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

ACOUSTIC PHONETICS AUDITORY

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics Modulated by

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

Three essential conditions of

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

Oral cativity shaping

AIR STREAM vowel

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

[p/b], [t/d], [k/g]

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

AIR STREAM [f/v], [h/ð], [s/z],

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glotal

unaspirated p [p] t [t] tr [ʈʂ/ʈ] ch [c/ʈʂ] c/k/q [k~q]

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

The fundamental and the first six

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

Vowels: musical sounds

Voiced consonants: musical

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

Waveform and spectrogram of the same

3.2 Contrastive Phonetics

pit -> /p/ ≠ /p/ <- spit

English and Vietnamese Contrastive Linguistics