1ST Q - Module 1

Jose Rizal Institute
Parang Parang, Orani, Bataan

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Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters and Major Mountain belts

Learning Goals
At the end of this module, the students are expected to:
1. identify the different layers and boundaries of the earth;
2. generalize the theories regarding the movement of the crust.
3. describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major mountain belts to
plate tectonic theory;
4. Create a model that shows the inner layers of Earth and their relative thickness ENCOUNTER
Test Your Knowledge
1. Which of these is false statement about lithospheric plates?
A. Have the same thickness everywhere
B. Include the crust and upper mantle
C. Thickest in the mountain regions
D. Vary in thickness
2. What do we call the broken segments present in the entire lithosphere of the Earth?
A. Tectonic C. mantle
B. Plates D. None of these.
3. We can determine the location of earthquake by using P- and S-wave arrival times.
A. True C. Sometimes True
B. False D. Always False
4. The theory of _________ states that new ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at
deep-sea trenches.
A. Seafloor spreading C. Pangaea
B. Tectonic plates D. Continental drift
5. These are the major layers of the Earth except,
A. Mantle C. Crust
B. Core D. Lithosphere
6. The only liquid layer of the Earth is the ___________.
A. Crust C. Mantle
B. Inner Core D. Outer Core
7. A large landmass, also known as supercontinent is called _________
A. Seafloor spreading C. Volcano
B. Pangaea D. Mountain
8. Which evidence does not support Wegener’s concept of continental drift?
A. Seas and oceans in different parts of the world have the same pH and salt content with their
coasts containing the same type of sand.
B. Matching plant fossils in south America, Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica.
C. Matching early mammal fossils found in South America and Africa.
D. Evidence of glaciers is present in regions with warm, dry climates.
9. Why do you think earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and mountain ranges occur randomly on Earth?
A. Because they are related to each other.
B. Because their occurrence is a result of geological processes that originated from the movement
of lithospheric plates.
C. Because they are all connected from north to south and from east to west.
D. Because they are the products of Earth’s major geologic processes that began billions of years
ago.
Page 1 of 17
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Jose Rizal Institute (Orani, Bataan)
10. This map is most useful for identifying ________.
a. Biomes b. Continents c. Tectonic plates d. Global wind patterns
ENGAGE
Analyze the given pictures below, answer the question.
Between the two sets of pictures, what difference do you observe? What do you think is the reason
behind this difference?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Page 2 of 17
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ENCODE/EXTRACT
Earth is blessed with so many land features such as mountains and volcanoes. These features can be
source of different minerals or can be used for agricultural purposes.
In this module, we will study thoroughly the framework that will enable us to understand how and why
several features of the Earth continuously change. This Theory is what we call “Plate Tectonics”.
WHAT IS PLATE TECTONIC?
Earth has four distinct layers, the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core – each with distinct properties.
Refer to the textbook Lesson 1.1 Layers of Earth on pages 4-6 and visit this link:
https://youtu.be/24wO1G_7fyc to dee pen your understanding about it. After doing it, answer the
following questions below.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the three major layers of the Earth?
____________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the outermost layer of the Earth?
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What layer of the Earth is below the crust?
____________________________________________________________________________
4. How can you differentiate the two layers of Earth’s core?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
To deepen your understanding about the interior, let us move on to the interfaces of the Earth, explore
and read the article provided on the link below and answer the questions that follows
Clickable link: https://www.iasgyan.in/blogs/discontinuities-inside-the-earth
Guide Question:
1. Differentiate the three discontinuities of Earth.
2. Create an illustration depicting the three discontinuities based on their position towards the core.
Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the crust and the upper part of the mantle. This part of module will
focus on the outermost layer which is called the crust.
Crust is the solid and relatively thin layer of the geosphere that lies below both landmasses and oceans. It
has an average density of 2.8g/cm3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50km.
In figure 1 below you will notice that there are two types of Crust: the thicker but less dense is the
Continental Crust and the Oceanic Crust which is relatively thinner but denser than continental crust.
Figure 1. Types of Crust

Page 3 of 17
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Surf the Net
Part 1: Draw and Tell

Before you start learning about plate tectonics, answer the questions in the worksheet below and draw
what is required. Write and draw your response in the second column or “My Response Before Surfing
the Net”. You may use Paint or Photoshop to make your drawing and save a JPEG file of the image.
Alternatively, you can replicate the Draw & Tell worksheet in a paper, then scan or take a photo of your
output, and upload it in the google forms provided. Make sure to keep both the hard and soft copies. File
name should be Last Name_Draw&Tell.
Question My Response Before My Response After Surfing

Surfing the Net the Net
Look at this map of the world.
Do you see that the west coast of Africa

and the East coast of South America
look like they might fit together like a
jigsaw puzzle? Do you think there is a
reason for that? Why?
Source:
https://freevectormaps.com/world-
maps/WRLD-EPS-01-0005?
ref=home_map
What happens when Earth’s plates
move?
What drives the plates to move? Draw a

cross section of the Earth to further
illustrate your answer.
Part 2: Theories regarding the Movement of the Crust

For an introduction of plate tectonics, explore your textbook on pages 8-11 and click on this link below to
watch the video.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmC-vjQGSNM Plate tectonics, By Bozeman Science (9.21minutes).
In addition, use the link below to get more information about the plate tectonics. Save it as PDF in your
device. Read pages 157-159 and 164-165.
https://tclauset.org/20_ESbk/ch08.pdf Chapter 8 Plate Tectonics in PDF
Page 4 of 17
Process Questions
1. What is continental drift?
2. Why did scientist reject Wegener’s idea of Continental Drift?
3. What is plate tectonic?
4. What is the source of energy that drives the movement of lithospheric plates? Why do you think
this is the source?
Part 3: Uncovering the Evidence
Previously, you watched the video “Plate Tectonics” by Bozeman Science. Can you recall any evidence
mentioned by Mr. Anderson? In this section, you will examine further the lines of evidence that
support plate movement.
Click the link below to know more.

https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap1-Pioneers-of-Plate-Tectonics/Alfred-Wegener
Wegener supported his Continental Drift idea with 5 lines of evidence.
After reading, accomplish the Concept Wheel with 6 Spokes graphic organizer. Write the evidence
within each spoke with a short description. Use the box at the right for additional information or
ideas. Then submit your work.
Source: https://www.dailyteachingtools.com/images/ConceptWheel6.jpg
Process Questions:
1. What evidence have you gathered that support the theory of plate tectonics? Discuss.
2. Can you identify and describe at least 2 fossil evidence that support plate movement? Cite and
support your ideas.
3. What do glacial deposits suggest about plate movement?
4. Why are magnetic patterns important evidence for plate tectonics?
Page 5 of 17
ESTABLISH
Part 1. Answer the following question based on what you have learned.
1. What are the different layers and discontinuities in the inner Earth? Describe each layer/
discontinuity.
2. How can you differentiate oceanic crust and continental crust?
Part 2. Complete the concept map below about continental drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics.
Continental Seafloor
Drift Spreading
Evidences Evidences
Caused by movement and interactions of

sections of Earth’s crust and upper mantle
Page 6 of 17
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LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES
Name: Date:
Section:
Objectives:
1. Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major mountain belts;
and
2. Determine the scientific basis for dividing the lithospheric plates.
Materials:
 Figure 4: Map of Earthquake distribution
 Figure 5: Map of Active Volcanoes of the World
 Figure 6: Mountain ranges of the world
 2 pieces of plastic sheet used for book cover, same sized as a book page.
 Marking pens (red/blue/black)
Procedures:
1. Study Figure 1. showing the earthquake distribution around the world. Trace the approximate
Figure 1. Map of Earthquake distribution
(Red, green and blue dots represent earthquake epicenters)
locations of several earthquake “clusters” using marking pen on one of the plastic sheets.
Question 1. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?
Page 7 of 17
Question 2. Where are they located?
Question 3. Why is it important for us to identify areas which are prone to earthquakes?
2. Study the map of active volcanoes in Figure 2.

Question 4. How are volcanoes distributed?
Figure 2. Map of Active Volcanoes

(Red areas represent presence of volcanoes)
Question 5. Where are they located?
Question 6. Based on the map, mention a country that is unlikely to experience a volcanic
eruption.
3. On the second plastic sheet, sketch the approximate locations of several volcanoes using
marking pen.
4. Place the earthquake plastic sheet over the volcano plastic sheet.
Question 7. Compare the location of majority of earthquake epicenters with the location of
volcanoes around the world.
Page 8 of 17
Figure 3. Map of Mountain Ranges of the World

(Orange portion indicate mountain ranges of the world)
5. Study Figure 3.
Question 8. How will you relate the distribution of mountain ranges with the distribution of
earthquake epicenters and volcanoes?
6. Now that you have seen the location of volcanoes, mountain ranges and majority of earthquake
epicenters, Study Figure 4 below, Map of Plate boundaries.
Figure 4. Map of Plate boundaries

Question 9. What do you think is the basis of scientists in dividing the Earth’s lithosphere into several
plates?
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Page 10 of 17
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FIND MY LOCATION
Earthquakes, volcanism and mountain building are the three of the most spectacular earth processes
related to tectonic activity.
For the last activity on this module, you will study how plate tectonics explain the relationship among the
distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major mountain belts based on the previous
activity.
Complete the Find my Location Worksheet below to organize and summarize what you learned from
your previous activity.
Procedures:
1. Put a check mark under either “Yes” or “No” column whichever corresponds to your answer.
2. Write a short explanation for your answer.
3. Provide additional supporting details under the “Back it up” column only if you find it necessary.
4. Finally, summarize everything in one concise paragraph in the “Wrap-up” box at the bottom.
Find my Location
Does it occur along plate boundaries?

Earth Explain your
Back it up
Process/Activity answer
Yes No
Earthquakes
Volcanism
Mountain Ranges
WRAP-UP
Page 11 of 17
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ENRICH
Think-Write-Conclude
For this activity, you will be grouped by your teacher. Please contact her for your respective groupings.
Afterwards, you and your groupmate/s will brainstorm and then answer the questions that follow.
1. How can you differentiate oceanic crust and continental crust?
2. What are the different layers and boundaries in the inner Earth? Describe each layer/
boundary.
3. How do plate tectonics explain the distribution of earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes
and major mountain belts?
4. How do Earth’s plate movements affect humans?
Page 12 of 17
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EVALUATE
I. Choose the best answer. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.
_______1. A tectonic plate consists of _________.

A. The oceanic and continental crust only
B. The crust and the entire mantle
C. The asthenosphere only
D. The crust and the uppermost mantle
_______2. The plate tectonics theory states that…
A. Continental crust “plows through” oceanic crust
B. Oceanic crust “slides over” continental crust
C. Lithospheric plates move
D. Tectonic forces cause the most damage in the center of the plates.
_______3. The theory of Continental drift was ____________
A. Based on the distribution of rock types, fossils and structures.
B. Accepted by most geologists during Wegener’s lifetime.
C. Based on oceanic fossils and basalt
D. Suggested that the original land forms were large islands.
________4. The youngest supercontinent known is ___________ named by Alfred Wegener.
A. Gondwanaland C. Pangaea
B. Laurasia D. Borneo
________5. The theory of _________ states that new ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges and destroyed at
deep-sea trenches.
C. Seafloor spreading
D. Tectonic plates
E. Pangaea
F. Continental drift
________6. Which is the thickest layer of Earth?
A. Core C. Mantle
B. Crust D. Lithosphere
________7. Earth is made up of plates?
A. Asthenosphere C. Lithosphere
B. Atmosphere D. Mesosphere
________8. According to the Theory of Harry Hess, continents move because of _________
A. Pull of gravity C. Seafloor movement
B. Rotation of Earth D. Wind
________9. You were asked to locate the epicenter of a recent earthquake. Which correct sequence of events
should you follow?
i. Determine the difference in the arrival time of S and P waves recorded from each of the
seismological stations.
ii. Use the triangulation method to locate the center.
iii. Obtain data from three different seismological stations.
iv. Determine the distance of the epicenter from the station.
Page 13 of 17
A. i, iii, ii, iv B. iii, i, iv, ii C. iii, iv, i, ii d. iv, ii, i, iii
________10. Does Earth become smaller or bigger when plates move?
A. Bigger. New ocean floor is continously being formed at the Mid- Atlantic Ridge which means that
the Atlantic Ocean is expanding
B. Bigger. Iceland is located at the boundary between the North American plate, which moves to the
west and the Eurasian plate which moved to the east. The opposing movement increases the width
of the Iceland approximately two centimeters every year, about one centimeter to the left.
C. Smaller. Because subduction continuously takes place and some plates keep colliding. These form
new volcanoes and mountains in the Andes and the Himalayas.
D. Neither. When new crust is created at the Mid-Atlantic Rige, which is a divergent plate boundary,
the same amount of crust is absorbed into the earth during subduction at convergent plate
boundaries like Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate responsible for the
formation of the Andes Mountains, which are actively growing.
_______11. Why do tectonic plates move?
A. Due to active volcanism and earthquakes
B. Due to thermal convection in the mantle
C. Due to Earth’s gravitational force
D. Due to Earth’s rotation
_______12. Earthquake epicenters are randomly distributed on earth. Is this true or false?
A. True. Earthquakes can happen anywhere across the globe because the plates are moving.
B. True. Earthquakes are random events because earth is a geologically active planet.
C. False. Earthquake epicenters are found exclusively along the periphery of the Pacific Ocean Basin.
D. False. Earthquake epicenters are much more common at the ocean ridges and beside trenches, just
as volcanoes are.
_______13. Earthquakes, volcanism and mountain building are three of the most spectacular earth
processes related to tectonic activity. Which statement justifies the occurrence of a number of volcanoes
in the Pacific Ring of Fire?
A. The magma is most active in the peripheral areas of the Pacific Ocean Basin
B. The peripheral areas of the Pacific Ocean Basin contain the boundaries of several plates where
subduction takes place.
C. Earthquakes and tsunamis occurred when these volcanoes were formed, thus, changing the
landscape.
D. The plate beneath the Pacific Ocean is constantly moving, thus, forming more volcanoes.
For numbers 14 and 15. Describe how volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and mountain belts are distributed to
plate tectonics theory.
Page 14 of 17
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MINI-TASK
Inside the “Third Rock from the Sun”
Introduction
Referred to as the “third rock from the sun,” Earth is the only planet known to support life so far.
Its surface is 70 percent water and 30 percent land but beneath what you see are layers of
characteristically solid rocks, magma, minerals, and elements.
In this activity, you will make a model of the inner layers of Earth, as well as its discontinuities.
Objective: Create a model that shows the inner layers of Earth and their relative thickness
Materials:
2-3 pcs. short bond paper
Modeling clay (4 colors)
Drafting compass
Scissors
transparent ruler
Procedures:
1. Below is the approximate thickness of the layers of the equatorial cross section of Earth. Note that,
for the purpose of representation, this experiment assumes that Earth is spherical. In reality, it is
oblate spheroid. Use the given data to measure and mark the thickness of the layers of your model.
Use a scale of 1 mm:100 km.
Layer of Earth Thickness (km)
Crust 70
Mantle 2900
Outer Core 2300
Inner Core 1220
2. Fold the short bond paper crosswise along the center. Mark the center of the paper as well.
3. Using the compass and you and your marks, draw the equatorial cross section of Earth from the
“center” mark on the paper.
4. Fill each layer of Earth with a very thin layer of modeling clay. Use one color of clay for each layer. In
between layers, insert a strip of paper to represent the Mohorovicic, Gutenberg, and Lehmann
discontinuities.
5. Using the edge of transparent ruler, make a slight crease along the folded line of the paper. Fold the
paper to come up with a two-dimensional model of Earth.
6. Take a picture of your model.

7. Create a PowerPoint presentation about your model.
8. Presentation includes the ff:

Page 15 of 17
Slide 1: Layers of Earth with its label that indicates their thickness, temperature, and composition.
Slide 2: Discontinuities and their brief description.
Slide 3: Seismic waves travels through each layer.
9. Present your output to the class. Explain the content of each slide.
Activity sheet: Inside the “Third Rock from the Sun”

Data
Layer of Earth Thickness (km) Scale (mm)
Crust 70
Mantle 2900
Outer core 2300
Inner core 1220
Conclusion
Compare the thickness of each layer.
Rubrics
CRITERIA Description SCORE
CONTENT The information presented is supported by scientific

(Presentation) (50%) evidence and research; correct and relevant.
NEATNESS
The model is showed neatness in all aspects.
(30%)
PARTICIPATION All of the members of the group participated during the
(20%) making of Inner Earth model and in the presentation.
Page 16 of 17
SELF-EVALUATION SURVEY
How well did you learn in Lesson 1 and 2? Complete the survey with full honesty. Tick (/) the box that
best represents your experience. Kindly leave a comment.
WRITING WITH
IMAGERY
Learning I learned it and I I learned it. I learned some of I didn’t learn it at
Objectives can confidently it. all.
share it with
others
Identify the
different layers
and boundaries of
the earth.
Explain the
theories regarding
the movement of
the crust.
Identify the
primary and
secondary plates
Comments:
Parking Lot
Do you anymore questions and clarification? Park your queries here:
References:
 Ferriols-Pavico, J.M et al., (2015). Exploring Life Through Science Series, The New Grade 10
Laboratory Manual. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
 Ferriols-Pavico, J.M et al, (2019). Exploring Life Through Science Series, The New Grade 10 Series
(2nd ed.). Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
 Acosta, H.D et al., (2015). Science 10 Learner’s Material (1st ed.). Department of Education.
 Learning Module. (2017). Private Education Assistance Committee.
https://peac.org.ph/download/2017_scig10q1/
 GYAN, I. (n.d.). DISCONTINUITIES INSIDE THE EARTH. Www.iasgyan.in. Retrieved July 15, 2022,
from https://www.iasgyan.in/blogs/discontinuities-inside-the-earth
 The Geological Society. (2019). Geolsoc.org.uk.
https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap1-Pioneers-of-Plate-Tectonics/Alfred-Wegener
 Bozeman Science (2011, May 22). Plate tectonics [video].
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JmC-vjQGSNM
 Google Images
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Jose Rizal Institute

Parang Parang, Orani, Bataan

Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters and Major Mountain belts

a. Biomes b. Continents c. Tectonic plates d. Global wind patterns

WHAT IS PLATE TECTONIC?

Figure 1. Types of Crust

Surf the Net

Part 1: Draw and Tell

Question My Response Before My Response After Surfing

Do you see that the west coast of Africa

What drives the plates to move? Draw a

Part 2: Theories regarding the Movement of the Crust

https://tclauset.org/20_ESbk/ch08.pdf Chapter 8 Plate Tectonics in PDF

Part 3: Uncovering the Evidence

Click the link below to know more.

2. How can you differentiate oceanic crust and continental crust?

Caused by movement and interactions of

LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Figure 1. Map of Earthquake distribution

(Red, green and blue dots represent earthquake epicenters)

Question 1. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?

Question 2. Where are they located?

2. Study the map of active volcanoes in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Map of Active Volcanoes

Figure 3. Map of Mountain Ranges of the World

Figure 4. Map of Plate boundaries

Does it occur along plate boundaries?

4. How do Earth’s plate movements affect humans?

_______1. A tectonic plate consists of _________.

6. Take a picture of your model.

8. Presentation includes the ff:

Activity sheet: Inside the “Third Rock from the Sun”

CRITERIA Description SCORE

CONTENT The information presented is supported by scientific

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_1. A tectonic plate consists of ___.