Grammar

rules in using the parts of speech and in sentence construction

Jessica is an IELTS candidate. She is currently reviewing for the exam.

Everyone is invited.
Everybody is wearing their costumes.

Parts of Speech and their functions

1. Noun - names of people, places, animals, events (terms we associate with

anything that can be perceive by our senses or anything that we can think of)

when to capitalize them?

Proper - capitalize (specific name/authentic/specific)

Common - do not capitalize (generic name)

months (January-December/Monday-Sunday/names of people (Joshua, Karen, etc/

countries/city/ provinces/

Singular or Plural

countable nouns - you can definitely

watch, apple, spoon, egg, computer, bag

pluralize - add s/es at the end of the word

uncountable

Water is needed to support life.

furniture
air
rice
beauty
fear
joy

collective nouns - accumulation or together

team
choir
orchestra
army
jury
community
crowd
audience
tribe
family

The team is working together to reach its goals.

The teams are competing against each other.

Compound noun - a noun that is made up of more than one word.

blackboard.
haircut
pineapple
dining room

2. Pronoun - words that we use to avoid or prevent to repetition or overusage of a

noun in a sentence

Personal pronouns - in place of a person

Point of View

First Person Personal Pronoun - ourselves

Second Person Personal Pronoun - referring to the person whom you are talking to
Third Person Personal Pronoun

Nominative case (subject)

First Person Singular - I

First Person Plural - We

Second Person Singular- (You)

Second Person Plural- (You)

Third Person Singular - He/she

Third Person Plural - they

I am eating
You are eating
He is eating
She is eating
We are eating
They are eating

Objective case (receiver of the action)

Direct Object - item/thing

Indirect Object - a person

The businessman passed the ownership of the company to Juan.

First Person - me
First Person Plural - us
Second Person Singular - you
Second Person plural - you
Third Person Singular - her/him
Third Person Plural - them

Possessive Case (ownership)

First Person Singular - my/mine
First Person Plural - our/ours
Second Person Singular - your/yours
Second Person Plural - your/yours
Third Person Singular - his/her/ his/hers
Third Person Plural - their/theirs
pronoun before the object of possession always use the one without s

I found my missing guitar.

That lost guitar is mine

Indefinite Pronouns
1. Always singular
2. Always Plural
3. Can be singular or plural

A. Always singular
1. Everyone
2. Everything
3. Everybody
4. Anyone
5. Anything
6. Anybody
7. No-one
8. Nothing
9. NObody
10. Either
11. Each
12. Little
13. Much
14. Someone
15. Something
16. Somebody

B. Always Plural
1. Both
2. Many
3. Few
4. Several
5. Others

C. Can be singular or plural

1. All
2. Some
3. None
4. Neither
5. Any
6. Most

without object they are singular

All of the assignments is/are completed.

All of the website is/are erased.

Neither is true
Relative Pronouns - introduce relative clauses

which - object/thing
who - person (subject
whom - object
whose - possessive
that - non definite
when - time
where - place
why - reason

Elon Musk, who is the owner of Tesla, purchased Twitter last month.

Boracay Island, where the sand is white, is a quite prominent tourist destination

Boracay Island, which has white sand, is a quite prominent tourist destination

London, where the Big Ben is located,

Demonstrative Pronoun - refer to the location of an object

This - singular/near
That - singular/far
These - Plural/near
Those - Plural/far

it - pronoun

Waling-waling is an endemic kind of orchid. It can be found in the _______________

its - possessive
it's - it is/ it was

3. Adjectives - add information or modify the meaning of a noun in a sentence

1. Before the noun - attributive adjective

2. After the noun - predicative adjective (linking verb)

Poodle

That brown poodle is owned by my friend.

The poddle which is owned by my friend is brown.

Order of adjective

1. Opinion
2. Measurement
3. Shape
4. Condition
5. Age
6. Color
7. Pattern
8. Origin
9. Material
10. Purpose

Degree of Comparison

1. Basic
2. Comparative (er)
3. Superlative (est)

smart
smarter
smartest

positive

intelligent
more intelligent
most intelligent

negative

worse
worst

4. Verb - a word that denotes action or state of being and used to begin the
predicate part of the sentence

Regular Verb - add d/ed to form their past tense

Irregular - change spelling

watch -watched - watched

walk -walked - walked
play- played - played
beg - begged - begged
drop - dropped - dropped

drink - drank - drunk

bring - brought - brought
buy - bought - bought
go - went - gone
fight - fought - fought

past participle

regular - the same

irregular - change the spelling

Transtive Verb - requires object

The visitors from overseas donated money to the charity

Intransitive Verb - does not require any object

He sleeps _______

Be verb

Present
am-is-are

Past
was-were

Auxiliary Verbs
has- have - had
do - does -did

Modal Verbs

can
could
will
would
shall
should
must
may
might

5. Adverb - modifier of verbs, adjective/ adverb

1. Adverb of manner - how something is done

quickly
slowly
smoothly
brightly
freely

2. Adverb of Frequency - how often something happens

always
sometimes
often
seldom
rarely
daily
frequently

3. Adverb of time - when something happens and for how much duration

later
tomorrow
no
yesterday
tonight
next year
annually
semi-annually
quarterly

4. Adverb of degree - indicates the intensity of the action

absolutely
definitely
surely
really
quite
somewhat
strongly
highly

6. Preposition - to connect the noun to the rest of the sentence

Noun - object of the preposition

Preposition of time

In - Century, Decade, Years, Months, Seasons, time of the day (in the afternoon, in
the evening, in the morning

On - Days of the week (On Monday, On Saturday, Specific date, On December 12 2022,
On June 19 1861.

At - specif time of the day, (noon, midnight, specific time (at 5:00 pm, at 12:30
pm. at 1:00 am.

Other prepositions: during, for, since, until, before, after, to,

Preposition of Place

In - Countries, Provinces, Cities, closed space (rooms) (In Malaysia, In Laguna, In

Manila City

On - things with surface (floors, walls, ceiling, table, etc)

At - specific addresses including house # or apartment number

Other preposition of place: near, in front of, behind, beside, below, under, above,
over etc

mass transportation - On
Private-small - in
Motorcycle - on
Bicycles - on

Preposition of Directions - point out the direction

to, from, along, through, under, away, across, opposite etc

7. Conjunction - connect complex structures

1. Coordinating - equal elements

words - words
phrases - phrases
clauses - clauses

and, but, yet, or, nor, so, for

compound sentence - combination of two independent clauses

2. Subordinating - connect a dependent clause to an independent clause

even if
because
however
despite
although
as
as long as
when
until
while
even though

complex sentence - independent and dependent clauses

3. Correlative Conjunctions (coordinating)

Always paired together

both.. and
either.. or
neither.. nor
whether.. nor
not only, but also
not.. but

3. Correlative

8. Articles

A
an
the

the - specific determiner (something particular

A/an - general determiner (in general)

An apple is a kind of fruit

The apple on the table is ripe

9. Interjection

short utterances to express emotion

wow!
yahoo!
ouch
whoa
uh-oh
yuck
hooray