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Automation in Street Lights Using IR Sensors and LDR

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 chapter-12

AUTOMATION IN STREET LIGHTS

USING IR SENSORS AND LDR
Jay Singh1, Shiva Pujan Jaiswal2, Monika Jain3, A. Ambika Pathy4, Vikas S Bhadoria5, Syed Asad1
1
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, G.L. Bajaj Institute of Technology and
Management, India
2
Department of Electrical Electronics and Communication Engineering, SET, Sharda University,
Greater Noida, India
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, ITS Engineering College, Greater
Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering College of Engineering & Technology,
Greater Noida, India
5
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ABES Engineering College, Ghaziabad,
India

abstract
This paper is all about the modifications in the street light glowing system by using motion
detection techniques. The main aim of bringing this modified and advanced version technique in street
light system is to reduce the power consumption at the street and eliminate the manpower. Controlling
of street light is of very much required in developing country like India to reduce power consumption.
This paper presents a street light control system which combines various technologies: LDR (light
dependent resistor) is an electronic component whose resistance decreases with increase in incident light
intensity and vice versa; LEDs (light emitting diodes) are semiconductor light source. Power LEDs are
used because of their high energy efficiency, long lifespan, conservation of energy and it reduces carbon
emissions. IR (infrared sensors) sensors is an electronic equipment which is used to sense the certain
characteristics in its surroundings by emitting infrared radiations. A programmable Microcontroller is
used to provide different duty cycle for different intensities at different density condition. Cycle for
different intensities at different density conditions.

Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2020-2021 771

 Key Words: Street light, Sensor, Movement of Vehicle.

1. INTRODUCTION
Street lights are the major requirement in today’s life of transportation for safety purposes and
avoiding accidents during night. Despite that in today’s busy life no one cares about to switch off/on
the lights when not required. In this paper i will give you the solution to eliminate the manpower and to
reduce the power consumption at the street. Automatic street light system is one of the best technique
which is to be used nowadays as it provides intelligent street lightning mechanism. It provides light
automatically during night by the help of motion detection techniques without any human interference.
The main objectives of using this type of street lights are; Conservation of energy for future generation
as it reduces power consumption, reducing human efforts, improves the system in our daily life. In
the present days automated systems have less manual operations, high flexibility and accurate. The
basic components required in making of motion Detector Street lights are; LDR, LEDs, IR sensors,
Microcontroller. During day time there is no requirement of street lights so the LDR keeps the street
lights off until the light level is low or the frequency of light is low the resistance of the LDR is high.
This prevents current flowing to the base of the transistors. Thus the street lights do not glow. But
as soon as the light falling on the LDR has high frequency or have high intensity incident light then
the street lights will start glow. Power LEDs lights are used because it saves energy, has high energy
efficiency. IR sensors (infrared sensors) is an electronic instrument which senses the movement of
the object by emitting infrared radiations. IR sensors are used in Night Vision Devices, Hyperspectral
Imaging, Meteorology, Gas Detectors, Rail Safety, Petroleum exploration. An Embedded System is a
combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts,
designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system is a microcontroller-based, software
driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or human or network interactive, operating on
diverse physical variables and in diverse environments and sold into a competitive and cost conscious
market[1]. Microcontroller is a compact microcomputer designed to given the operation of embedded
systems in motor vehicles, robots, office machines, complex medical devices, mobile radio transceivers,
vending machines, home appliances, photocopiers, scanners, fax machines and printers.

2. PRESENT SYSTEM
Nowadays human has become too busy, and is unable to find time even to switch the lights off/on
whenever not necessary. The Present system is like the street lights will be switched on in the evening
before the sun sets and they are switched off the next day morning after there is sufficient light on
the roads [3]. This paper will give the best solutions for reduction in wastage of electrical power at
streets and also reduce the human efforts. Industry of street lighting systems are growing rapidly and
going to complex with rapid growth of industry and cities. Automation, Power consumption and Cost
Effectiveness are the important considerations in the present field of electronics and electrical related
technologies. To control and maintain complex street lighting system more economically, various street
light control systems are developed [4]. These systems are developed to control and reduce energy
consumption of a town’s public lighting system using different technologies. The existing work is

772 Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2020-2021

use the High intensity discharge lamp (HID). HID presently used for urban street light are based on
principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not been controllable by any voltage reduction method
as the discharge path is broken.
Disadvantages of Existing System:
• HID lamps consume more power.
• The life time of the HID lamps is very less.
• It cannot be used in all outdoor applications.
• It does not conserve energy.

3. FUTURE METHODOLGY
In this paper we will study the Future proposed system where we will discuss about the
basic hardware components used in making of motion detector streets lights are LDR, IR sensors,
LEDs, Microcontroller. Automation Power consumption and Cost Effectiveness are the important
considerations in the present field of electronics and electrical related technologies. Industry of street
lighting systems are growing rapidly and going to complex with rapid growth of industry and cities.
To control and maintain complex street lighting system more economically, various street light control
systems are developed. These systems are developed to control and reduce energy consumption
of a town’s public lighting system using different technologies. The Proposed work is to control
switching of street light automatically according to light intensity to develop flow based dynamic
control statistics using infrared detection technology and maintain wireless communication among
lamppost and control terminal using ZigBee Wireless protocol.

A. LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR)

LDR resistor are used to indicate a day/night time. LDR is light dependent resistor which has
very high resistance whose resistance decreases when the light falls on it. During day time there is
no requirement of street lights so the LDR keeps the street lights off until the light level is low or the
frequency of light is low the resistance of the LDR is high. This prevents current flowing to the base of
the transistors. Thus the street lights do not glow. But as soon as the light falling on the LDR has high
frequency or have high intensity incident light, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free electron and its whole
partner conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance. And thus the street lights will glow. So as soon
the intensity of incident lights increases the street lights will glow.

B. POWER LEDs
This proposed system utilizes the latest technology for the sources of light as LED Lamps
instead of generally used street lamps such as High Pressure Sodium Lamps, etc. The LED
technology is preferred as it offers several advantages over other traditional technologies like energy

Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2020-2021 773

saving due to high current luminous efficiency, low maintenance cost, high colour rendering index,
rapid start up speed, long working life etc. This proposed system makes use of infrared photoelectric
sensor for vehicle detection.

ADVANTAGES OF POWR LEDs:-

• Extra high radiant power

• Low forward voltage

• Suitable for high pulse current operation intensity • High reliability

C. IR SENSORS
IR Sensors are used for sensing the motion of the object i.e. it acts as a motion detector. The
purpose of IR sensors is to sense the vehicles and correspondingly lights the required power LEDs.
IR sensors (infrared sensors) is an electronic instrument which senses the movement of the object
by emitting infrared radiations.IR sensors are used in Night Vision Devices, Hyperspectral Imaging,
Meteorology, Gas Detectors, Rail Safety, Petroleum exploration. Microcontroller is a compact
microcomputer designed to govern the operation of embedded systems in motor vehicles, robots, office
machines, complex medical devices, mobile radio transceivers, vending machines, home appliances,
photocopiers, scanners, fax machines and printers.

D. MICROCONTROLLER AT89S52
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8bit microcontroller with 8K bytes
of in-system programmable Flash memory [2]. By combining a versatile 8bit CPU with in-system
programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which
provides a highly-flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The
AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O
lines[6], Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six vector two-level interrupt
architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52
is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable
power saving modes. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

774 Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2020-2021

 Fig.1. PIN CONFIGURATIONS OF AT89S52

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.2. Block diagram of Automatic Street Light

5. WORKING PRINCIPLE
Now let us talk about how it works. The working principle of the entire operation the system is
described in Fig2. During day time the lights are in off state when there is a sufficient day light. Now
what happen when it gets dark the led sensors senses the intensity of light and activate the power leds.
On a proper road at night time the result of this system can be divided into two cases. The first case on
being when there is a heavy traffic flow across the streets and second one when there is no traffic flow
across streets.

Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2020-2021 775

 CASE 1:- When there is heavy traffic flow:
In this case when IR pair sensors senses the vehicle the sensors detects the object and generates the
analog output which is then sent to the microcontroller and then microcontroller embedded the signals
and turn on the LEDs.

CASE 2:- When there is no traffic flow:

In this case when IR pair sensors does not senses a vehicle when there is no traffic flow across
the street the IR pair sensors does not detect any vehicle and hence the output voltage of the sensors is
higher than the reference voltage. When there is no vehicle on the highway, then all the inputs to the
microcontroller port 1 is ZERO. The special attribute here is that when there is no object detected the
power LEDs will glow at very less value than its rated requirement. This dimming effect can be set as
per once requirement of the region.

6. CONCLUSION
The new model presented in this paper will reduce the power consumption, cost effective, safest
way to save energy, reduces human efforts. Here we are saving a lots of power without any wastage
[5]. Street-lights are a large consumer of energy for cities using up to 50 percent of a city’s energy
budget. If every city installs the proposed system then a lot of power can be saved .Proposed system
is power saving mechanism for street lights by using LED lamps as replacement of normal lamps and
using special power savings mechanism for microcontroller rand ZigBee modules. It turns out most
reliable and time efficient way to switch ON/OFF streetlights. It provides an effective measure to save
energy by preventing unnecessary wastage of electricity, caused due to manual switching or lighting
of street-lights when it is not required. It adopts a dynamic control methodology for traffic flow. The
proposed system is especially appropriate for street lighting in remote urban and rural areas where the
traffic is low at times. The system we can design many more systems which can be done by using highly
advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology.

References
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Research Related to Traffic Control and Roadway Elements-Volume 2, Chapter 12: Highway
Lighting. Report No. FHWA-TS-82233. Federal Highway Administration.
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Mazidi, Pearson Education.
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Vol. 5, Issue 6, (Part-1) June 2015 pp 97-100.
4. Automatic street lights: Sakshee Srivastava Electronics and Communication Engineering Insti-

776 Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2020-2021

 tute of Technology and Management AL-1,Sector-7, GIDA, Gorakhpur, U.P., INDIA
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