TYPES OF BONDS KOSSEL LEWIS APPROCH VALENCE BOND THEORY ( VBT)

THEORIES OF CO-VALENT BOND

IONIC/ELECTROVALENT
BOND
. Strong electro static
force of attraction
between positive and
negative ions.
. Crystalline in nature
. High M.P and B.P
. Soluble in Polar Solvents.
Eg: NaCl, MgCl2 etc.
A covalent bond is formed by the overlapping of
CO-ORDINATE BONDING H H
two half filled atomic orbitals.
HYDROGEN BOND COVALENT Atoms can combine either by
BOND . Bond formed by one sided transfer of e- or by sharing
. Bond formed when the -ve C : : C
sharing of electrons. of valence e- in order to have
end of one molecule . Bond formed by mutual ie: one atom donates a an Complete octet in their H H
attracts the +ve end of sharing of e-. . Pair of e- while other valence shell. Type of overLapping
H. . Low M.P. and B.P. accepts it.
1. Intermolecular: H– Bonding . Bad conductor of . Bad conductors of
occur within one single electricityv electricity.
molecule. Octet Rule
. Insoluble in Polar Solvents . Sparingly soluble in polar
2. Intermolecular: H Bonding but soluble in non-polar solvents but readily soluble
between two different solvent. in non-polar solvents.
molecules of same or Ex: CH4, H2, Cl2.
LEWIS SYMBOLS Sigma(σ) Pi(π)
eg:- NH+4
different compounds. Valence e- are represented by Sidewise overlapping Sidewise overlapping
dots around the element.

: :

: :
H; Na; : Cl ; O , : N : . s-s overlapping
TYPE OF CO-VALENT
BOND + +
. Polar covalent bond
Eg: NH3, CHCl3 s s s-s overlap
. Non-polar covalent bond
Eg: Cl2, CO2. . s-p overlapping p p p-p overlap
+
CHEMICAL BONDING
FAJAN'S RULE AND s s s-p overlap

s+
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE HYBRIDISATION
No compounds is 100% ionic or 100% Concept of mixing
s-
covalent + atomic orbital to
. Covalent nature ∝ Charge on cation + form new hybrid
. Covalent nature ∝ 1 + p-p overlap
size of cation VSEPR THEORY p p
• Polarising Power ∝ Covalent C Cation Polarized anion The shape of a molecule depends upon the numbers of valence shell
e- (B.P or l.p) surrounding in the central atom.
Polarization of anion by cation
Decreasing order of repulsive interaction: lp - lp > lp - bp > bp - bp
B
FC = V − N − Type of No. of No. of Arrangement
2
BOND . Bond length: Molecule Bonding pair Lone Pair of e- pair
Shape Example
Formation of Molecular Orbitals
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY
FORMAL distance between . MOT states that each atom tends to combine
PARAMETERS CHARGE the nuclei of two
bonded atom
AB2E 22 11 Bent SO2O3 together and form molecular orbitals
Atomic orbitals Molecular orbitals No. of
boNd length ∝ 1 nodal plane . No. of molecular orbitals = no. of atomic orbital
bond order AB3E 33 11 Trigonal + combined.
Pyramidal NH3 0
No. of Bond σ
BOND ORDER between the two
atoms AB3E2 22 22 MOT
& H2O +
Bent 1
σ∗
Angle between the
BOND ANGLE orbitals containing Bonding molecular Anti bonding atomic
bonding e- pair around orbitals orbitals
AB4E 44 11 +
central atom. See saw 1
SF4

π
BOND Amount of enrgy px px
ENTHALPY required to break
one mole of bonds. AB3E2
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
33 22
T-Shape ClF5 -
2
Electron filling order upto 14 electrons
∗
σ1s < σ1s < σ2s < σ∗2s < π2p ≡ π2p < σ2p < π∗2p ≡ π∗2p < σ∗2p
px px π∗ x y z x y z
Product of the magnitude
of the charge and AB5E 55 11 Square XeF5 Electron filling order for more than 14 electrons
distance between Pyramid +
DIPOLE centres of positive and pz pz π
2
∗
MOMENT negative charge. σ1s < σ1s < σ2s < σ∗2s < σ2p < π2p ≡ π2p < π∗2p ≡ π∗2p
z x y x y
AB4E2 44 22 square XeF4 - 3
µ = charge × Distance Planner pz pz π∗

Between two atoms

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