2-3 Differentiation (MVT)

2
CHAPTER 2:
Differentiation
Slide 1
Differentiation
2
1 COMPUTATION OF DERIVATIVES: THE POWER
RULE
2 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
3 MEAN VALUE THEOREM
Slide 2
CHAPTER
Differentiation
2
2
2.8 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION
Slide 3
CHAPTER
Exercises
Find the derivative of:
1. 𝑥 2
2. 𝑦 2
Slide 4
CHAPTER
Explicit Implicit
Slide 5
IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION AND CHAPTER
2.8
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Implicit Functions
Compare the following two equations describing familiar
curves:
y = x2 + 3 (parabola) and x2 + y2 = 4 (circle).
The first equation defines y as a function of x explicitly,

since for each x, the equation gives an explicit formula for
finding the corresponding value of y.
On the other hand, the second equation does not define a

function, since the circle doesn’t pass the vertical line test.
Slide 6
2.8
Implicit Functions
However, you can solve for y and find at least two
functions that are defined implicitly by the equation
x2 + y2 = 4.
Slide 7
2.8
Implicit Functions
However, you can solve for y and find at least two
functions that are defined implicitly by the equation
x2 + y2 = 4.
Now, find the slope of the

tangent line to the circle
x2 + y2 = 4 at the point
Slide 8
CHAPTER
2.8
Implicit Functions
Slide 10
2.8
Implicit Functions
Alternatively, assuming the equation x2 + y2 = 4 defines
one or more differentiable functions of x: y = y(x), the
equation is x2 + [y(x)]2 = 4.
Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we obtain
Slide 11
2.8
Implicit Functions
This process of differentiating both sides of an equation
with respect to x and then solving for y(x) is called implicit
differentiation.
Slide 12
2.8
8.1 Finding a Tangent Line Implicitly
Find y’(x) for x2 + y3 − 2y = 3. Then, find the equation of
the tangent line at the point (2, 1).
Slide 13
2.8
Slide 14
2.8
Slide 15
2.8
8.4 Finding a Second Derivative Implicitly
Find y’’(x) implicitly for y2 + 2e−xy = 6. Then find the value
of y’’ at the point (0, 2).
Slide 16
2.8
Dividing out the common factor of 2 and differentiating

again, we get
Slide 17
2.8
We now solve for y’’(x) to get
Slide 18
2.8
Substitute x = 0 and y = 2 into (8.3) to get
from which we conclude that
Substitute x = 0, y = 2 and y’(0) =1 into (8.4) to get
Slide 19
Exercises
Find the equation of the tangent line at

the point (1,3).
3
1. 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 = 2
2
2. 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥
2 3
3. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑦
Slide 20
Exercises
1. 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑥 3 = 2
′ −3𝑥 2 −𝑦
=> 𝑦 = , Then use the tangent equation.
𝑥
2. 𝑦𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 1 = 𝑥
′ 1−𝑦
=> 𝑦 = , Then use the tangent equation
𝑥+2𝑦
3. 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 3
′ −(𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦+2𝑥)
𝑦 = 2 , Then use the tangent equation
(𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 +3𝑦 )
Slide 21
3
Mean Value Theorem
2.10
1. Rolle’s Theorem
2. Mean Value Theorem
© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Slide 23
2.10
1. Rolle’s Theorem
f (x)
1- continuous on the interval [a, b],
2- differentiable on the interval (a, b)
3- f (a) = f (b).
Then there is a number c ∈ (a, b) such that

f’ (c) = 0.
2.10 THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM
Rolle’s Theorem
For any function f that is continuous on the closed interval
[a, b] and differentiable on the open interval (a, b) and
where f (a) = f (b), there must be at least one point
between x = a and x = b where the tangent line to y = f (x)
is horizontal.
THEOREM 10.1 (Rolle’s Theorem)

Suppose that f is continuous on the interval [a, b],
differentiable on the interval (a, b) and f (a) = f (b). Then
there is a number c ∈ (a, b) such that f’ (c) = 0.
EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem
Solution

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
Solution on interval [0 , 2𝜋].
Slide 29
EXAMPLE An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

Slide 30
2.10
2. Mean Value Theorem f (x)
1- continuous on the interval [a, b],

2- differentiable on the interval (a, b)
Then there exists a number c ∈ (a, b) such that
THEOREM 10.4 (Mean Value Theorem)

Suppose that f is continuous on the interval [a, b] and
differentiable on the interval (a, b). Then there exists a
number c ∈ (a, b) such that
EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

Theorem
Find a value of c satisfying the conclusion of the Mean
Value Theorem for f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1 on the interval
[0, 2].

Theorem
Solution f (x) = x3 − x2 − x + 1
Notice that f is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on
(0, 2). The Mean Value Theorem then says that there is a
number c in (0, 2) for which

Theorem
Solution
How Many Functions Have the Derivative f’(x)?

We know that
but are there any other functions with the same

derivative?
Yes: all functions x2 + c have the derivative 2x.
But, there are an infinite number of functions. Is the

function x2 + c the only one with derivative 2x? Yes!
THEOREM 10.5
Suppose that f (x) = 0 for all x in some open interval I .
Then, f’ (x) is constant on I .
COROLLARY 10.1
Suppose that g’(x) = f’ (x) for all x in some open interval
I . Then, for some constant c,
g(x) = f (x) + c, for all x ∈ I.
Significance of Corollary 10.1

Corollary 10.1 says that if two graphs have the same slope
at every point on an interval, then the graphs differ only by
a vertical shift.
EXAMPLE 10.4 Finding Every Function with a Given

Derivative
Find all functions that have a derivative equal to 3x2 + 1.
EXAMPLE 10.4 Finding Every Function with a Given

Derivative
Solution 3x2 + 1
First, write down one function with the correct derivative:
x3 + x.
So, every function whose derivative equals 3x2 + 1 has the

form x3 + x + c, for some constant c.
EXAMPLE An Illustration of the Mean Value Theorem

𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 1
Solution on interval [0 , 1].

𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 1

𝑓′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
𝜋 3𝜋
c= [ , ].
2 2
Slide 43

𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 1
1
c= .
3
Exercises
1) An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

𝑥2 − 1
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
on interval [−1 , 1].
c= 2 − 2.
Slide 45
Exercises
1) An Illustration of Mean Value Theorem

If a rock is dropped from a height of 100 ft, its position t
seconds after it is dropped until it hits the ground is given
by the function 𝑠(𝑡) = −16𝑡 2 + 100.
5
𝑠 − 𝑠(0)
′ 2
𝑠 𝑐 = = −40
5
−0
2
5
𝑐=
4
Slide 46

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2

3 MEAN VALUE THEOREM

Find the derivative of:

The first equation defines y as a function of x explicitly,

On the other hand, the second equation does not define a

Now, find the slope of the

Dividing out the common factor of 2 and differentiating

We now solve for y’’(x) to get

Substitute x = 0 and y = 2 into (8.3) to get

from which we conclude that

Substitute x = 0, y = 2 and y’(0) =1 into (8.4) to get

Find the equation of the tangent line at

2. Mean Value Theorem

Then there is a number c ∈ (a, b) such that

THEOREM 10.1 (Rolle’s Theorem)

EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

EXAMPLE An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

1- continuous on the interval [a, b],

Then there exists a number c ∈ (a, b) such that

THEOREM 10.4 (Mean Value Theorem)

EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

EXAMPLE 10.3 An Illustration of the Mean Value

How Many Functions Have the Derivative f’(x)?

but are there any other functions with the same

Yes: all functions x2 + c have the derivative 2x.

But, there are an infinite number of functions. Is the

g(x) = f (x) + c, for all x ∈ I.

Significance of Corollary 10.1

EXAMPLE 10.4 Finding Every Function with a Given

EXAMPLE 10.4 Finding Every Function with a Given

So, every function whose derivative equals 3x2 + 1 has the

EXAMPLE An Illustration of the Mean Value Theorem

EXAMPLE An Illustration of the Mean Value Theorem

EXAMPLE 10.1 An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

EXAMPLE An Illustration of the Mean Value Theorem

1) An Illustration of Rolle’s Theorem

1) An Illustration of Mean Value Theorem

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