INTRODUCTION

TO STATISTICS
ARLENE M. LERON
Statistics is a branch of mathematics
which deals with the systematic
collection, tabulation, presentation,
analysis, and interpretation of
quantitative data or facts.
➢A population is the complete set of
individuals, objects, or scores that the
investigator is interested in studying. In
an actual experiment, the population is
the larger group of individuals from
which the subjects run in the experiment
have been taken.
➢A sample is a subset of the population.
In an experiment, for economical
reasons, the investigator usually collects
data on a smaller group of subjects than
the entire population. This smaller group
is called the sample.
➢A variable is any property or
characteristic of some event, object, or
person that may have different values at
different times depending on the
conditions.
➢The independent variable in an
experiment is the variable that is
systematically manipulated by the
investigator.
➢The dependent variable in an
experiment is the variable that the
investigator measures to determine the
effect of the independent variable.
➢It can assume any of an infinite number
of values and can be associated with
points on a continuous line interval.

Examples:
Height, weight, volume
➢Some measures of behavior of subjects
and expected to be influenced by the
independent variable
Examples:
Gender, Courses,
Olympic games
➢A statistic is a number calculated on sample
data that quantifies a characteristic of the
sample. Thus, the average value of a sample
set of scores would be called a statistic.
➢Numerical index describing a characteristic of
a sample.
 Parameter
➢A parameter is a number calculated on
population data that quantifies a
characteristic of the population.
➢Numerical index describing a
characteristic of a population.
➢The measurements that are made on the
subjects of an experiment are called
data. Usually data consist of the
measurements of the dependent variable
or of other subject characteristics, such
as age, gender, number of subjects, and
so on.
 NOMINAL DATA ORDINAL DATA
Used to label variables Ordered categories

CONTINUOUS DATA
DISCRETE DATA
Measurement scale between
Specific countable values
two realistic points
➢Data that come from original source.

➢Examples:
Interview
Survey
Mail-in Questionnaire
Google forms
Experimentation
➢Data that come from previously
recorded data.
➢Examples:
Information in research
Financial statements
Business periodicals
Government Reports
School records