DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE EAST

Cambridge International

Bonding & Structure

IGCSE 2022-23
Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonding

Grade 9
CHEMISTRY EXTENDED (0620)
With Home assignment answers and In-text Q&A
 IONIC BONDING
Where are these ionic bonds found?
- Compounds that contain metals combined with non-metals.

What does one observe when an Ionic bond is formed?

- Electrons are transferred from the metal atom to the non-metal
atoms during a chemical reaction. (In doing this, Atoms become more
stable by getting full outer energy levels).

Example:
Sodium + Chlorine ----🡪 Sodium chloride
IONIC BONDING Example: Sodium + Chlorine ----🡪 Sodium chloride
IONIC BONDING
 IONIC BONDING

Ionic / Electrovalent Bonding: Oppositely charged ions

attract each other (bond) by strong electrostatic forces of
attraction.
 IONIC BONDING

Example: Sodium + Chlorine ----🡪 Sodium chloride

Electronic configuration: Mg (2, 8, 2) & O (2, 6) ---🡪 Mg2+ and O2-
IONIC BONDING
 IONIC BONDING
Ca (2, 8, 8, 2) & Cl (2, 8, 7) --🡪 Ca2+ & 2Cl- ---🡪 CaCl2
IONIC BONDING
 ADDED
READING
IONIC BONDING: X-Ray Diffraction

X-Ray Diffraction = Helps in

the investigation of Crystal
structures (indicates the way
in which the ions are
arranged)

Ionic compounds
have ions that are
arranged in a 3D
Lattice structure.
Ionic Structures
EXTRA IONIC BONDING: Lattices
Ionic Structures
 Formulae of Ionic Substances
Ionic compounds have positive and negative ions whose charges balance.

Na+ and Cl- gives rise to NaCl

Mg2+ and 2 Cl- ions give rise to MgCl2

The size of the charge on an ion is a measure of its VALENCY or COMBINING POWER.
Na+ has a valency of 1
Mg2+ has a valency of 2

Some elements have two ions with different valencies!!

+
Copper can form Cu (Valency = 1) & Cu2+ (Valency = 2)
Example: CuCl CuCl2
Copper (I) chloride Copper (II) chloride

Iron can form Fe2+ (Valency = 2) & Fe3+ (Valency = 3)

Example: FeCl2 FeCl3
Iron (II) chloride Iron (III) chloride
 Oxidation Numbers / Valency
Certain groups of atoms also carry a net charge.
Example: Nitrate ion (NO3-) has 1 nitrogen atom, 3 oxygen atoms and one negative
charge.

Magnesium Nitrate : Mg(NO3)2

Ratio of atoms: 1Mg : 2N : 6O

The charge on the element ion is often referred to as the OXIDATION

STATE
Formulae of Ionic Substances
 OXIDATION STATES
Atoms of every element or in every compound has a oxidation state (shows if its oxidized or reduced).
OXIDATION STATES
OXIDATION STATES
OXIDATION STATES
OXIDATION STATES
COMPOUNDS - Redox Reactions
OXIDATION STATES
OXIDATION STATES
OXIDATION STATES
COVALENT
BONDING
COVALENT
BONDING
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
OTHER COVALENT BONDS: Methane (CH4)
OTHER COVALENT BONDS:
Methane (NH3)
OTHER COVALENT BONDS: Water (H2O )
OTHER COVALENT BONDS: Carbon dioxide (CO2 )
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
OTHER COVALENT BONDS
COVALENT STRUCTURES
COVALENT STRUCTURES
Properties of COVALENT COMPOUNDS
Properties of COVALENT COMPOUNDS
ALLOTROPY
 ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
Carbon – NON-METALLIC ELEMENT – more than one SOLID STRUCTURAL FORM

Its allotropes are: DIAMOND & GRAPHITE.

Each allotrope has different structure and physical properties.

 GRAPHITE
- Structure of Graphite: Layer structure.
- Within each layer: each carbon atom is bonded to three others by
strong covalent bonds.
- Each layer is like – GIANT MOLECULE
- Between the layers – Weak forces of attraction (Van der waals’
forces) and layers pass over each other.

- Due to only three covalent bonds formed between carbon

atoms within layers: an unbonded electron is present on each
carbon atom. “SPARE” electrons (delocalised electrons) form
electron clouds between the layers. Because of these spare
electrons, graphite conducts electrons.
GRAPHITE
DIAMOND
DIAMOND
Buckminsterfullerene – an unusual form of Carbon
GLASSES AND CERAMICS
CERAMICS
METALLIC BONDING
METALLIC BONDING
METALLIC BONDING
METALLIC BONDING