English Medical Terminology FINAL Oct22

Medical
English
Terminology
Mohamed Ali BELADJINE – 2022

PRS/CF
+ Intro.
At the Body &
HOSPITAL Systems
Medical
English
Medical General
Records Terminology practice

Investigation
Clinical
Medical Investigation
terminology & Reporting
BONUS
By discipline findings
Medical
PRS/CF
English
+ Intro.
Terminology
Prefix Root Suffix
PRS/CF
Combination Form
• Summary Objective & Introduction
• The Importance of Medical Terminology In the Healthcare Field
• The Importance of English Fluency in the Medical Field
• Variants of English
• Linguistic Introduction
• Rules of Pronunciation
• Phonetic Spelling Sketches
& figures
• Shortcuts pronunciation
• Singular & plural forms
• Forming medical terms
• Prefixes / Suffixes PRS/CF
• Word roots and combining forms
• Exercises (please use the Exercises Notebook and the PRS listing)
Summary Objective
Upon completion of this session , you will be able to:
Explain the common rules for proper medical term formation,

pronunciation, and spelling of medical terms.
Analyze the component parts of a medical term and use basic

prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms to build medical terms.
terms
Define main basic terms and abbreviations
Identify common anatomical terms related to the major

systems of the body.
Practice to build a foundation of medical-based vocabulary &

conversation
The Importance of Medical Terminology L'importance de la terminologie
In the Healthcare Field. médicale dans le domaine de la santé.
Understanding medical Comprendre la terminologie

terminology can improve your job médicale peut améliorer votre
performance or make you a more performance au travail ou faire de vous
competitive candidate for healthcare un candidat compétitif pour des postes
positions. supérieurs dans le secteur de la santé.
Medical terminology allows all La terminologie médicale permet à

medical professionals to understand tous les professionnels de la santé de
each other and communicate se comprendre et de communiquer
effectively. efficacement.
Improved Patient Experience (PE) Parcours expérience patient (EP)

and safety as well. amélioré ainsi que la sécurité.
Open international exposure and Ouverture à l’international et aux

opportunities were bilingual opportunités où les professionnels
professionals are more attractive bilingues sont plus attractifs et très
and highly appreciated. appréciés.
The Importance of English Fluency in the L'importance de la maîtrise de l'anglais
Medical Field. dans le domaine médical
Are you a healthcare professional Êtes-vous un professionnel de la santé

looking to move to an English- à la recherche d'un pays anglophone?
speaking country?
Or are you planning on traveling to Ou envisagez-vous de vous rendre à
conferences or even work &live in the des conférences, ou même vous installer
United States, Canada, or England? aux États-Unis, au Canada ou en
Angleterre?
Today, there are more than 50 Aujourd'hui, il y a plus de 50 pays
English-speaking countries with more anglophones avec plus de 300 millions
than 300 million people speaking the d'habitants parlant la langue.
language.
Globalization of the Labor Market : Globalisation du marché du travail:
In today’s world, you can decide dans le monde d’aujourd’hui, vous
where you want to live and what you pouvez décider où vous voulez vivre et
want to do as a career. You don’t have ce que vous voulez faire pour votre
to be stuck in the same town you carrière. Vous n'êtes pas obligé de rester
grew up in, only competency matters. éternellement dans votre pays d’origine,
seule la compétence compte.
Distribution of English in the world
(pluricentric or polycentric language)
language)
Répartition de l'anglais dans le monde

(langue pluricentrique ou polycentrique)
States where English or an English-based variant is the native language of the majority.
States where English is an official language, but not the majority language.
British
English,
Regional variants Variants of English
Scottish
English,
Irish
Variants of English
English), outside the UK
New South Indian

American Canadian Australian
Zealand African English,
English, English, English,
English, English, etc.
OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
Medical
English
Terminology
English Listening Skills
English Listening Skills
NOW ACTION
Linguistic Introduction
Medical terminology is a language used to precisely describe the human body
including its components, common rules, conditions affecting it, and procedures
with a quite regular morphology, and operating model such as the PRS/CF one.
The history of a word is called etymology. The meaning of word is semantics, derived
from the Greek semantikos, meaning “significant.”
Most medical terms have Greek or Latin origins. These terms date back to the
founding of modern medicine by the Greeks and the influence of Latin when it was
the universal language in the Western world. Other languages, such as Arab, German
and French, also have influenced medical terms.
Most of the terms related to diagnosis and surgery have Greek origin, and most
anatomic terms come from Latin.
Eponyms: These are the words named after people, such as Parkinson’s Disease,
Crohn's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Babinski sign, Creutzfeldt Jakob disease (CJD)
Acronyms: These are modern language terms that stand for longer phrases such as
laser which stands for “light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.”, CAT :
Computerized axial tomography (scan)
Once you understand the basic medical term structure and know the commonly used
prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms, you can learn the meaning of most medical
terms by analyzing their component parts (breakdown or dissect the word !)
Rules of Pronunciation
• When you are beginning to learn how to pronounce medical
terms, the task can seem insurmountable.
• With medical terminology, sounds are not always
pronounced the same as in your everyday English
pronunciation, because of the variety of possible letters and
sound combinations can make — or at least can seem to
make — medical terms difficult to pronounce
• Always Take a closer look at the prefixes and the combining
forms or root words when you start vocalizing the terms you
know.
• Saying a term out loud for the first time can be a tense
moment! The best way to make sure you get it right is
through :
PRACTICE & REPETITION
S P E L L I N G …. Counts
YOU MUST SPELL CORRECTLY!
• Some medical terms sound exactly alike, but are spelled
differently and have different meanings.
EXAMPLE:
– _______ = a part of the bones of the pelvis
– _______ = a section of the intestinal tract
– You cannot write in a chart that a patient has a fractured

Ileum, or that the Ilium has an obstruction. It does
not make sense and misinterpretation could lead to a
misdiagnosis.
It is vital to remember that
Medical British and American English
English differ in terms of
pronunciation, vocabulary,
BrE spelling, punctuation, and
usage. In the context of
AmE medical/pharmaceutical
writing, the key differences lie
in spelling
Generally speaking, American English
(AmE) has a tendency towards
simplification. In AmE terms are
written with only one vowel (e.g.,
“e”) and British English (BrE) with
two (e.g., “ae” or “oe”)
BrE AmE
Anaemia anemia
haemoglobin hemoglobin
leukaemia leukemia
anaesthetic anesthetic
faeces feces
haemorrhoid hemorrhoid
haemophilia hemophilia
haematotoxicity hematotoxicity
gynaecology gynecology
ischaemic ischemic
caesarean cesarean [section]
orthopaedic orthopedic
paediatric pediatric
synaeresis syneresis
aetiology etiology
BrE AmE
Diarrhoea Diarrhea
Coeliac Celiac
Dyspnoea Dyspnea
Oedema Edema
Angio-oedema Angioedema
Oesophagus Esophagus
Oestrogen Estrogen
Gonorrhoea Gonorrhea
Menorrhoea Menorrhea
Homoeopath Homeopath
BrE AmE
Another important difference between the two major variants of English is in word endings.
The AmE tendency to simplify, the unstressed BrE “-our” ending is spelled as “-or” in AmE
Behaviour Behavior
Colour Color
Tumour Tumor
Humour Humor
Odour Odor
Vapour Vapor
Analogue Analog
Catalogue Catalog
Dialogue Dialog
Homologue Homolog
BrE AmE
Analyse Analyze
Catalyse Catalyze
Paralyse Paralyze
Aluminium Aluminum
Intervertebral disc Intervertebral disk
Leucocyte Leukocyte
Anaesthesia Anesthesia
Centre Center
Fibre Fiber
Litre Liter
Metre Meter
Phonetic spelling
Long and short vowels are just a guide to help you pronounce the words correctly.
SHORTCUTS TO PRONUNCIATION
Helpful shortcuts to master the pronunciation of medical terminology:
SHORTCUTS TO PRONUNCIATION
Helpful shortcuts to master the pronunciation of medical terminology:
Vowel(s) EXAMPLE
oe & ae are pronounced “ee” Algae is pronounced “algee”
or “ayee” Verrucae is pronounced “Verucayee”
i at the end of the word is pronounced “eye” Carpus is the wrist. A dog has two “Carpi”
“Bronchi”
es at the end of a word can sound like “eez” Nares (the nostrils) are pronounced nare – eez,
phalanges (the fingers) are pronounced falange
- eez
eu is pronounced “u” euthanasia
ei is pronounced “ai” Einstein
Au is pronounced “Aw” Auditory
UK / US pronunciation differences
You might be able to recognize a British accent or an American accent… but do you know the
details of the pronunciation differences? …. Let’s have some examples :
• Meningococcal • Encephalitis
UK US UK US
Menin-DJO-kokal Menin-Go-Kokal En-Ke-Felaytis En-Ce-Felaytis
… And some of those :
DIFFERENCES IN STRESS IN BRITISH (LOW) AND AMERICAN ENGLISH (HIGH) : VACCINE ( VAXIN- UK /
VACCINE-US )
SOME WORDS ENDING IN -ILE ARE DIFFERENT IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH
(FERT-ILE, AG-ILE, HOST-ILE)
IN SOME WORDS, THE LETTER “A” IS PRONOUNCED DIFFERENTLY IN BRITISH AND AMERICAN
ENGLISH ( CHAANCE – UK / CHANCE – US )
THE SOUND OF “R” IS STRONGER IN AMERICAN ENGLISH ( HARD, WERE, CHAIR, BAR)
THE -IZATION ENDING IS DIFFERENT IN BRITISH (AYZATION) AND AMERICAN ENGLISH (IZATION)
PRONUNCIATION EXERCISE
In the following list of words, the accented syllable is shown in capital letters. The vowels
need a long or short mark added
Singular and Plural Forms
*The words virus and sinus follow the usual rule of adding “s” or “es” to form the plural (viruses
and sinuses) instead of using the Latin plural ending -i.
SINGULAR/PLURAL FORMS : EXERCISE
SINGULAR PLURAL
Ovary
Metastases
Verruca
Condylomata
index
thrombi
Virus
SINGULAR/PLURAL FORMS : EXERCISE
SINGULAR PLURAL
axillae
ganglion
corpora
septum
calyces
lumen
cortices
Most popular English Tongue Twisters
Tongue twisters are a great way to practice and improve pronunciation and fluency. They
can also help to improve accents by using alliteration, which is the repetition of one
sound. Usually used by actors, politicians, Doctors and public speakers who want to sound
clear when speaking.
1. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

2. Betty Botter bought some butter, But she said the butter’s bitter
3. She sells seashells by the seashore
4. How can a clam cram in a clean cream can?
5. I scream, you scream, we all scream for ice cream
6. I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen
7. If a dog chews shoes, whose shoes does he choose?
8. I thought of thinking of thanking you
9. Near an ear, a nearer ear, a nearly eerie ear
10.He threw three free throws
11.Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely
12.Four fine fresh fish for you
13.Black back bad bat (x3)
14.She sees cheese (x3)
15.We surely shall see the sun shine soon
S
A
M
P
L
E
CONFUSED WORDS - MEDICAL
Affect vs. Effect
Affect (verb) – to have an effect on; influence; produce a change in; to stir the emotions
Effect (noun) – anything brought about by a cause or agent; result
Advice vs. Advise
Advice : recommendations about what to do
Advise : to recommend something
Breath vs. Breathe
•Breath (noun) – air taken into the lungs and then let out
Breathe (verb) – to inhale and exhale
Born vs. Borne
•Born : having started life
• Borne: carrier
Principal vs. Principle
•Principal (noun) – a governing or presiding officer, specifically of a school; (adjective) – first in rank,
authority, importance, degree,…
•Principle (noun) – a fundamental truth, law, doctrine, or motivating force, upon which others are based
Meter vs. Metre
•Meter : a measuring device
•Metre : a metric unit
Site vs. Sight
Sight (noun) – something seen, a view, field of vision
Site (noun) – a piece of land considered for a specific purpose
Quiet vs. Quite
•Quiet: no noise
•Quite : completely
ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations are used very frequently in medicine. They boost efficiency as long as they
are used intelligently. The advantages of brevity should be weighed against the possibilities
of obfuscation (making the communication harder for others to understand) and ambiguity
(having more than one possible interpretation). Certain medical abbreviations are avoided
to prevent mistakes, according to best practices (and in some cases regulatory
requirements).
A number of abbreviations of Latin words and phrases have been conventionally used in
prescription writing.
Names of the drugs to be included in the prescription should not be abbreviated. Chemical
formulas must not be used in prescription writing as it may increase the probability of error.
We have compiled a listing of common generic medical abbreviations (list A) -> annexed.
& medical prescription, including hospital orders abbreviations (list B) -> upon request.
RX is an abbreviation of a Latin word “Recipe" it means 'you

take please' and order to the Pharmacist or Dispenser for
preparing medicines. The symbol itself dates from medieval
times, and has come down to us to signify "prescription“ ,
Physicians usually use Rx before starting their prescriptions.
ABBREVIATIONS
Sample of abbreviations of
Latin words and phrases
conventionally used in
prescription writing.
ABBREVIATION EXERCISE
Give the meaning of the following list of abbreviations (common generic + prescription) :
ADR Adverse drug reaction
IVF In Vitro Fertilization
o.d Omne Die – every day
p.c post cibum - After meals
UI Urinary tract infection
IU International unit
US Ultrasound
Tx Treatment
ESRF End stage renal failure
CXR Chest X-Ray

ABBREVIATIONS EXERCISE
Check Your Knowledge
Give abbreviations for the following.
1. three times a day ____________ 1. t.i.d.

2. before meals ____________ 2. a. c.
3. intramuscular ____________ 3. IM
4. two times a day ____________ 4. b.i.d.
5 intravenous ____________
5. 5. IV
6. nothing by mouth ____________ 6. NPO
7. after meals ____________ 7. p.c.
8. every hour ____________ 8. q.h. or h.
9. every morning ____________ 9. qam
10. at bedtime _____________ 10. h.s.
11. four times a day _____________ 11. q.i.d.
12. when requested ____________ 12. ad lib
13. every day ____________ 13. q.d.
14. drops _____________ 14. gtt
Understanding Pharmacological Terms
Write the letter of the correct definition in the space provided.
1. ____ diuretic a. injected into the fatty layer of the skin

2. ____ hypoglycemic b. on the skin surface
3. ____ laxative c. under the tongue
4. ____ bucally d. official drug name
5. ____ generic e. increase excretion of urine
6. ____ brand name f.. lowers blood glucose
7. ____ intramuscular g. loosens stool and promotes bowel elimination
8. ____ intradermal h. trade name
9. ____ topically i. inside the cheek
10. ___ subcutaneous j. into the muscle
11. ___sublingually k. beneath outer layer of skin (between layers)
Check Your Knowledge Understanding Pharmacological Terms
1. t.i.d. 1. e
2. a. c. 2. f
3. IM 3. g
4. b.i.d. 4. i
5. IV 5. d
6. NPO 6. h
7. p.c. 7. j
8. q.h. or h. 8. k
9. qam 9. b
10. h.s. 10. a
11. q.i.d. 11. c
12. ad lib
13. q.d.
14. gtt
Let’s start Now the Core session!
• The PRS/CF Model : the component parts of a medical term
• Most medical terms have three basic

component parts: the root, the suffix,
and the prefix.
• Each term is formed by combining at

least one root or base (the foundation
or subject of the word) and a suffix (the
word ending that modifies and gives
essential meaning to the root).
• A prefix is placed at the beginning of a

term only when needed to further
Combining forms modify the root adding a combining
form.
AFFIX
Forming Medical Terms
There are four word parts to learn about in the study of medical terminology
(the PRS/CF Model).
• A word root (base) is the fundamental portion of a word that contains the
basic meaning. For example, the word root cardi means “heart.”
• Prefixes are word parts attached to the beginning of a word or word root that
modify the meaning of that word root. For example, the prefix peri -, meaning
“around, near, surrounding,” helps to form the word pericardium, meaning
“around or surrounding the heart.”
• Suffixes are word parts attached to the end of a word or word root that modify
the meaning of that word root. For example, the suffix - oid, meaning “like or
resembling,” helps to form the word fibroid, meaning “made of fibrous tissue.”
• Combining forms are the word root and a combining vowel that enable two
parts to be connected. For example, the word root cardi the combining vowel -
o- can form words relating to the basic meaning “heart,” such as cardiology, the
practice that studies, diagnoses, and treats disorders of the heart. It is often
easier to understand medical terms by looking at the suffix first. Thus, -logy, the
study of, plus the prefix cardio- gives you a quick understanding of the definition.
WORD ROOT
Remember that the word root(s) gives the fundamental meaning of the word.
PREFIXES
A prefix is in the front
SUFFIXES
A suffix is at the end
COMBINING VOWEL
The combining vowel doesn’t have a meaning but is used to connect more than one
word root or a word root and suffix.
Forming Medical Terms TIPS
When you
evaluate a
medical term,
begin at the end
of the word
with the suffix.
Beginning students often have difficulty differentiating between prefixes and roots (or
combining forms) because the root appears first in a medical term when a prefix is not
used.
It is important to memorize the most common prefixes (a complete listing is joint to this
session) so that you can tell the difference.
Also, keep in mind to learn the individual parts of the medical term instead of the word
The list that follows includes common medical combining forms with meanings, prefixes
and suffixes.
Once you master all three basic word parts, along with roots, you will have the basic tools
necessary for understanding medical terms
The combining vowel is very often an “o,” but sometimes it might be one of the other
vowels (a, e, i, u) or y.
Forming Medical Terms – PRS table
The following table summarizes the prefix, base, and suffix, and their normal
use in compound terms:
Root
So, when faced with the compound medical term, what do you do?
i) Identify all the parts. It is a good idea to write the term out, so that you can mark the
parts (bracket them, circle them, whatever works for you) as you identify them.
ii) You know that there will be at least one base and a suffix, so find them first. Mark
them. Remember, there might be a combining vowel between the base and suffix.
iii) Still have something left over? There probably is not a second suffix, but is there a
second base (or even more)? Remember, there might be a combining vowel between
the bases.
Forming Medical Terms - Exceptions
A FEW EXCEPTIONS
combination of a root or roots that

are modified by suffixes and prefixes combination of a prefix and suffix
Prefixes
• Prefixes are word parts that modify the
meaning of the word or word root.
• They attach to the beginning of words.
• Prefixes tend to indicate size, quantity, position,
presence of, and location
• For example, terms for paralysis include
paraplegia, hemiplegia, and quadriplegia
Prefix -> Root Prefix -> Root Prefix -> Root
Most used medical Prefixes
Negative Prefixes
Prefixes for Direction
Prefixes for Degrees

Prefixes for Size & Comparison
Prefixes for Time & Position
Suffixes
The suffix is added to the end of the Root to make meaningful sense.
Some suffixes have more than one meaning;
You will find that a lot of suffixes mean “pertaining to.”
Examples :
DERM—skin, layer
• endodermic (endo-DERM-ic) – pertaining to an inside layer
• mesodermic (meso-DERM-ic) – pertaining to a middle layer
• ectodermic (ecto-DERM-ic) – pertaining to an outside layer
LATER—side
• contralateral (contra-LATER-al) – pertaining to the opposite side
• ambilateral (ambi-LATER-al) – pertaining to both sides
CEPHAL—head
• cephalic (CEPHAL-ic) – pertaining to the head
• intracephalic (intra-CEPHAL-ic) – pertaining to within the head
Most used medical Suffixes
Longest English word is : Medical
Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
Is the longest word in the English dictionary at 45 letters

and it refers to a lung disease caused by inhaling volcanic
silica dust.
While the word may look intimidating, it can be broken
down into root words to make it easier to read.
Let’s see how !!!

Break the word down into 6 root words. Split the word like,
"pneumono-ultra-microscopic-
silico-volcano-coniosis“
Put all of the roots together to say slowly the word in order,
being careful to pronounce each syllable correctly
(new-moh-no)-(ull-truh)-(my-
kro-skop-ick)-(sill-ih-koh)-(vohl-
kay-no)-(koh-nee-oh-sis)
The shorter version is "silicosis“ (sill-ih-koh-sis)
PRS-CF E X E R C I C E S S E S S I O N
• Please refer to the following documents :
-> Exercises notebook

-> List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes
Don’t forget the rules !
PRS Word Combining form Word

WORD PARTS EXERCISES
For each of the following words, identify the term components (prefixes [P], combining forms
[CF], roots [R], and suffixes [S]) by writing them on the lines below the word. Then, define the
word according to the meaning of its components.
Circle the prefix that will complete the following terms:
Build Your Medical Vocabulary
Using the lists in this chapter, write the appropriate prefix, suffix, or combining form in the
blank for each word part. The definition of each word part needed is given immediately
under the blank. Item 1 is completed as an example.
1. osteo ------ myel--------- itis

(bone) (inflammation)
Find a Match
• Each of the words in the left-hand column
contains a word part that matches one of the
definitions in the right hand
• column. Write the letter of the answer that
best fits into the left-hand column. is
completed as
• an example.
Find a Match
Find the Word Part
• Complete the word for which the definition is given.
Repair of a nose defect: rhino _____________
Rhinoplasty
Removal of the appendix: append _____________ appendectomy
Above the nose: ____________ nasal supranasal
Study of the skin: dermato _____________ dermatology
Loss of the voice: _____________ phonia aphonia
Study of tissue: hist _____________ histology
Inflammation of the ovary: ovar ____________ ovaritis
Difficulty speaking: dys ____________ dysphasia
Cancer of the blood: leuk ____________ leukemia
Total or partial loss of sensation or awareness: an _______ anesthesia
A person with epilepsy: epi _____________ epileptic
Study and treatment of the heart: cardio _____________ cardiology
Find Where Word Parts Come From
• Match the word part on the left with its etymology on
the right
Word Roots and Combining Forms
Forming Medical Terms Exercises
Building Medical Words
Using the following word parts, build medical terms for the definitions given in
the following questions. Use two word parts for each answer.
• cephalic cyesis dys macro

• micro necro normo nycto
• osis otic phobia phonia
• pseudo scolio scope
1. instrument to view small items : …………… 1. microscope

2. false pregnancy : ……………….. 2. pseudocyesis
3. fear of night : …………… 3. nyctophobia
4. condition of difficult speech : ……………….. 4. dysphonia
5. pertaining to a normal size head : ……………….. 5. normocephalic
6. abnormal curvature of the spine : …………. 6. Scoliosis
Break the Terms
Suffix Combining form Root
1. Leukocyte :
2. Cytometer :
3. Chrondroma :
4. Adipocele :
5. Fungicide :
6. Glucogenesis :
7. Karyocyte :
8. Hydrotherapy :
1. abnormal condition of blue (skin): cyan(o), blue + -osis, condition, state, process
2 . white blood cell: leuk(o),white -cyte, cell
3. instrument for counting and measuring cells: cyt(o), cell + -meter, instrument for
measuring
4 . tumor (or tumor-like growth) of cartilage: chondr(o), cartilage + -oma, tumor
5 . hernia containing fat or fatty tissue: adip(o), fat + -cele, hernia
6 . agent that destroys fungi: fungi-, fungus + -cide, destroying or killing
7 . the formation/production of glucose: gluco-,
gluco , glucose + -genesis,
genesis, production of
8 . any cell containing a nucleus: karyo-, nucleus + -cyte, cell
9 . therapy using water: hydro-, water + therapy, treatment
10 . the ability of the body to remain in a constant state of equilibrium: homeo-, same + -
stasis, stopping
11 . study of radiation (x-ray) radio-, radiation + -logy, study of
12 . abnormal death of tissue: necro-, death + -osis, condition of
13 . difficulty swallowing: dys-, difficult + -phagia, swallowing
Completing the Terms
Using one or more of the following combining forms, complete the word that
best fits the definition given below .
• angi(o) burs(o) carcin(o) cry(o)

• cyst(o) cyt(o) erythr(o) fibr(o)
• glyc(o) gynec(o) hypn(o) immun(o)
• later(o) lip(o) lith(o) lymph(o)
• macr(o) medi(o) neur(o) oste(o)
1. condition of red blood cells: --------------- osis
2. cancerous tumor: ----------------- oma
3. ultrasound examination of the bladder: ------------- graphy
4. examination of a cell: ------------ scopy
5. cold therapy: ------------ therapy
6. pertaining to one side: -------------------- al
7. deficiency of sugar: ------------ penia
8. large enough to be examined with the naked eye: -------------------- scopic
9. breakdown of fats: --------------- lysis
10. altered state of consciousness resembling sleep: ---------------- osis
11. toward the middle: -------------------- ad
12. impairment or insufficient development of immune response: --------- compromised
13. branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis of disorders affecting women: ----- ology
14. resembling or made of fibers or fibrous tissue: --------- oid
15. surgical crushing of a stone: ------- tripsy
16. abnormal thinning and degeneration of the bone: ------ porosis
17. inflammation of the bursa: ------- itis
18. nerve inflammation: ------ itis
19. surgical repair of a vessel: ------ plasty
20. mass or tumor made of lymph tissue: ---------- oma
1. erythrocytosis
2. carcinoma
3. cystography
4. cytoscopy
5. cryotherapy
6. lateral
7. glycopenia
8. macroscopic
9. lipolysis
10. hypnosis
11. mediad
12. immunocompromised
13. gynecology
14. fibroid
15. lithotripsy
16. osteoporosis
17. bursitis
18. neuritis
19. angioplasty
20. lymphoma
Term components Exercise
(Circle the correct meaning)
Term components Exercise
(Circle the correct meaning)
Word Search
Find the following medical terms or word parts in the puzzle below.
Word formation : Nouns
Exercise : Practice & Learn
Word formation : Nouns
Word formation :
2-Words expressions
Make 15 two-word expressions
connected with medicine by
combining words from the
two lists: A and B. Match each
expression with the appropriate
phrase. Use each word
once. The first one has been done for
you as an example.
Word association : Mind mapping
• A mind map is a way of organizing vocabulary to show the connections between words.
• This mind map is based on the word 'surgery'.
Word association : Mind mapping
Design a mind map for one or more of the following:
• health
• hospital
• patient
….
Medical
English
Body &
Terminology Systems
Body
&
Systems
Biology
Biology
Physiology
To Aristotle, physiology was literally , from Greek
, ‘‘the study of ’’ (-ology) ‘‘Nature’’ (physi). By this
interpretation, physiology involved studying
practically everything in the Universe and in the
human body, Thus physiology originally meant
both the macrocosm (external environment) and
the microcosm (internal environment of body).
Claudius Galen, a Latin-Roman philosopher and
physician, is often called the Father of
Experimental Physiology.
According to the Law of Complementarity ,

anatomy or body structure determines
physiology.
Example : the femur (FEE-mur) has the basic
structural characteristics of a long, white,
rigid pillar, this pillar-like structure of the
femur, therefore, ‘‘determines’’ its major
body function or physiology – supporting the
body’s weight.
Levels of Organization in the Body
The CELL
Roots for Cells and Tissues
Roots for Cell Activity

Body - Le Corps
Body - Le Corps
Body - Le Corps
Body cavities
Body Directional Terms
Directional terms locate a portion of the body or describe a position of the body. The
front side ( anterior or ventral ) and the back side ( posterior or dorsal ) are the
largest divisions of the body.
Anterior-refers to
the front of the Posterior refers
body to the back of
Anterior Posterior the body
Body Directional Terms
Medial and Lateral
Medial-closer to the
midline
M L
Lateral-away from the
M L
midline
Body Directional Terms - Exercise
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The integumentary system is made up of the skin, nails, and glands. The skin includes
different layers—the epidermis, or outer skin, and the dermis, or “true” skin, as the inner
layer. Below the dermis is a subcutaneous “fatty” layer of tissue, sometimes called the
hypodermis.
THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
A nail is a scalelike modification of the A hair, produced by a hair follicle, is a

epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or flexible epithelial structure. Hair pigment is
claw of other animals. made by melanocytes in the hair bulb.
Roots Pertaining to the Skin
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL
SYSTEM
The musculoskeletal
system is actually made up
of two major systems—
muscles and bones,
including joints (“skeletal”
portion). There are 206
bones in the body and 600
muscles. Together, these
make up the
musculoskeletal system
that helps support the
body.
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The bones of the skull.

Bones of
the arm
and hand.
Bones of
The divisions of the the leg
spinal column. and foot.
Ribs of the chest. Bones of the pelvis.

Anatomy of a Flat Bone.

Roots for Bones, Joints & Skeleton
Musculoskeletal Specialties
TERM DEFINITION
Orthopedics Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.
A medical specialty that treats disorders involving the
musculoskeletal system.
Orthopedist Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.

A physician that specializes in the treatment of the
musculoskeletal system.
Orthopedic Surgery Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.

Surgery means to treat an illness or deformity.
A branch of medicine that specializes in the treatment of the
musculoskeletal system and operative procedures.
Orthopedic Surgeon Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.

Surgeon is a physician who treats disease and injuries using
operative procedures.
A physician that specializes in the musculoskeletal system and

performs operative procedures.
Movement Classifications of the Musculoskeletal
TERM DEFINITION
Abduction Abduction is the movement away from the middle of the body.
Adduction Adduction is the movement toward the middle of the body.
Circumduction Circumduction is moving in a circular motion.
Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion is the bending of the foot upward toward the shin.
Eversion Eversion is the movement of the sole of the foot outward away from
the middle of the body.
Extension Extension is the straightening of the angle at the joint.
Flexion Flexion is the bending at the joint to create an angle.
Hyperextension Hyperextension is an exaggerated version of extension.
Inversion Inversion is the movement of the sole of the foot inward toward the
middle of the body.
Plantar flexion Plantar flexion is when the toes are pointed.
Pronation Pronation is when the forearm or hand is turned so the palm of the
hand is facing downward.
Rotation Rotation is turning a body part on an axis. An example is turning your
head from left to right.
Supination Supination is when the forearm or hand is turned so that the palm of
the hand is facing upward.
Procedures of the Musculoskeletal System
TERM DEFINITION
Arthrocentesis Arthro- means joints or articulation.
-centesis means surgical puncture as to aspirate or remove fluid.
An arthrocentesis uses a needle to puncture a joint to withdraw fluid. This
procedure is used to obtain samples of the synovial fluid to diagnose a
condition.
Arthrography Arthro- means joints or articulation.
-graphy means the process of recording.
Arthrography is a method that uses radiography to visualize inside a joint. Also
this method uses radiopaque contrast medium.
Arthroplasty Arthro- means joints or articulation.
-plasty means surgical repair.
The use of surgery to restore mobility to a painful joint or one with
degenerative disease by reconstruction or replacement.
Arthroscopy Arthro- means joints or articulation.
-scopy means visual examination with a lighted instrument.
The use of an endoscope inserted into a small incision to visualize and
examine the inside of a joint.
Bone Bone is a connective tissue that is dense, hard and makes up the framework of
densitometry the human skeleton.
Densitometry is a method of measuring bone density.
A bone densitometry is a method of determining the mass of the bone by
measuring the absorption of radiation by the skeleton.
Procedures of the Musculoskeletal System
Bone graft Bone is a connective tissue that is dense, hard and makes up the framework of the human
skeleton.
A graft is an organ/Tissue taken from one person and inserted into another person or the same
person.
A bone graft is the repair of a skeletal defect by using a piece of bone from one part of the
body and transplanting it to another part of the body.
Bone marrow Bone is a connective tissue that is dense, hard and makes up the framework of the human
skeleton.
Bone marrow is a sponge like material found in the inner cavity of bones.
Bone scan Bone is a connective tissue that is dense, hard and makes up the framework of the human
skeleton.
A bone scan is a method that uses an image produced by the emission of radiopaque particles
to visualize the bone.
Bone x-ray Bone is a connective tissue that is dense, hard and makes up the framework of the human
skeleton.
Bone x-rays use radiology to find a problem in the bones or joints.
Computed tomography A computed tomography is a technique that uses radiography to produce an image of the cross
section of tissue.
Dual-energy absorptiometry Dual-energy absorptiometry is a method used to measure bone density that uses two low dose
(DEXA) x-ray beams at different levels to produce an image.
Electromyogram (EMG) Electro- refers to electrical. - Myo- refers to muscle. - gram is a drawing or a written record.
An electromyogram is a recording of the electrical activity of the skeletal muscle.
Joint x-ray Joint is the articulation between bones.
A Joint x-ray is used to reveal fluid, irregularities, spur formation, narrowing, and changes in
joint structure.
Percutaneous diskectomy Percutaneous means performed through the skin.
(also discectomy)
Diskectomy is excision of the intervertebral disk.
A percutaneous diskectomy is an excision of the intervertebral disk through the skin.
Prosthesis Prosthesis is the replacement of a missing body part using an artificial part.
Diseases and Conditions of the Musculoskeletal System
TERM DEFINITION
Atonic A- refers to no, not, without, away.
-tonic refers to the quality of the muscle tone or muscle contraction.
Atonic refers to lacking normal tone as in a muscle that is flaccid.
Atrophy A- refers to no, not, without, away. -tropy refers to having an affinity for.
Atrophy in a muscle is a decrease in the size or activity as a result of a lack of physical
exercise or some type of neurological or musculoskeletal disease.
Carpal Tunnel Carp(o) means wrist.
Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is a painful disorder of the wrist and hand caused by the
compression of the median nerve of the hand.
Clonus Clonus is increased reflex activity such as the repetitive muscular contraction and
relaxation that are in rapid succession.
Contracture Contracture is the permanent flexion and fixation of a joint sometimes caused by
atrophy and the shortening of muscle fibers.
Dislocation Dislocation is the displacement of a part of the body from its original position.
Fascia Fasci- means a bond or band of fibrous tissue.
Fascia is a fibrous connective membrane that varies in thickness and density found in
the body.
Fibromyalgia Fibr(o) refers to fiber. - My- refers to muscle. -algia refers to pain.
Fibromyalgia is a form of rheumatism characterized by musculoskeletal pain, spasms,
stiffness, fatigue, and sleep disturbance.
Flaccid Flaccid means limp and without tone such as a muscle that is weak, flabby and lacking
normal tone.
Fracture A fracture is a traumatic injury to the bone in which the normal continuity of the bone
has been disrupted.
Types of Fractures
Diseases and Conditions of the Musculoskeletal System
Kyphosis Kyph(o)- refers to hump. -osis refers to condition.
Kyphosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebral column in which there is an increase in
the convexity in the curvature of the thoracic spine.
Lordosis Lord(o)- refers to bent forward -osis refers to condition
Lordosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebral column in which there is an increase in
concavity in the lumbar spine.
Muscular Muscular refers to muscle - Dystrophin is a missing or defective protein.
Dystrophy
Muscular Dystrophy is a genetically transmitted disease resulting from a mutation of the
gene that makes the protein dystrophin that results in progressive atrophy of symmetric
groups of skeletal muscles.
Myalgia My- refers to muscle. -algia refers to pain.
Myopathy My(o) refers to muscle. -pathy refers to disease.
Myopathy is an abnormal condition of the skeletal muscle characterized by muscle
weakness and muscle wasting.
Osteoarthritis Oste(o) refers to bone. - Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints.
Osteoarthritis is a form of arthritis in which one or several joints undergo degenerative
changes.
Rheumatoid Rheumatism is a group of inflammatory conditions of the muscles, joints, ligaments.
arthritis
Arthritis refers to inflammation of the joints.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a form of arthritis that causes chronic inflammation, destruction
and deformity of the joints.
Scoliosis Scolio- refers to twisted or crooked. -osis refers to a condition.
Scoliosis is an abnormal condition of the vertebral column in which there is a lateral
curvature of the spine.
Types of Synovial Joints
Labeling Exercise The Skeleton
Muscle Types
• Smooth Muscle
– Found in parts of the body where it conveys action without
conscious intent.
– Majority of this type of muscle tissue is found in the
Digestive and Urinary systems where it acts by propelling
forward food and feces
– Other places smooth muscle can be found are within the
uterus, where it helps facilitate birth, and the eye, where
the pupillary sphincter controls pupil size.
• Cardiac Muscle
– Specific to the heart.
– Involuntary in its movement, and is additionally self-
excitatory, contracting without outside stimuli.
Characteristics of all Muscle
• Excitability
– Respond to stimuli
• Contractility
– Actively shorten to exert a pull
• Extensibility
– Continue to contract over range of resting lengths
• Ex: smooth muscle can be stretched to several times its
original length and still contract on stimulation
• Elasticity
– Return to original length after contraction
Location Function
Frontalis Frontal bone
Abductor Moves part away from body
Femoris Femur
Adductor Moves part toward body
Gluteus Posterior of hip/thigh
Depressor Lowers a part
Oculi Eye
Extensor Extends a part
Oris Mouth
Flexor Flexes a part
Radialis Radius
Levator Elevates a part
Ulnaris Ulna
Rotator Rotates a part
Brachialis Arm
Shape
Deltoid Shaped like delta ∆ Fiber Direction
Orbicularis Circular Oblique Diagonal to midline
Platy Flattened; platelike Rectus Parallel to midline
Quadratus Square Sphincter Circling an opening
Rhomboideus Diamond-shaped Transversus Right angle to midline
Trapezius Trapezoidal
Trunk Muscles
Muscles of the Upper Limb
Muscles of the Lower Limb

Roots Pertaining to Muscles
Labeling Exercise Superficial Muscles, Anterior View
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM/GI
THE DIGESTIVE (G.I) SYSTEM
The digestive system

(Gastrointestinal – GI) starts with
the mouth and forms a path all
the way through the body, ending
at the anus.
The function of the digestive

system is to prepare food for
digestion and eliminate waste.
Other names for the digestive

system include alimentary canal
and gastrointestinal, or GI, tract.
THE DIGESTIVE (G.I) SYSTEM
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
The alimentary canal, also called the gastrointestinal tract, is a continuous, hollow muscular
tube that winds through the ventral body cavity and is open at both ends.
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Gastrointestinal (GI) System
WORD ROOT DEFINITION
An(o) pertaining to the anus
Appendic(o) referring to the appendix
Cec(o) Pertaining to the cecum
Chol(e) bile
Cholangi(o) bile duct
Cholecyst(o) gallbladder
Choledoch(o) common bile ducts
Colon(o) pertaining to the colon
Diverticul(o) diverticulum
Duoden(o) duodenum
Enter(o) intestine
Esophag(o) esophagus
Gastro(o) stomach
Hepat(o) liver
Ile(o) ileum
Jejun(o) jejunum
Pancreat(o) pancreas
Proct(o) rectum and anus
Rect(o) rectum
Sigmoid(o) sigmoid colon
Spleen(o) spleen
Gastrointestinal suffixes and prefixes
TERM DEFINITION
Bili- bile
Cec-, ceco- cecum
Cirrh- yellow
Cys- bladder or sac
Dys- bad or painful
Gastro-, gastr- stomach
Sigmoid- sigmoid colon
-pancreat pancreas
-phagia to eat or swallow
Gastrointestinal Specialties
TERM DEFINITION
Gastroenterologist A physician specializing in diseases of the
gastrointestinal tract.
Gastroenterology The study of the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Procedures for the Gastrointestinal (GI) System
TERM DEFINITION
Appendectomy also Appendic(o) pertaining to the appendix.
appendicectomy
-ectomy means excision (surgical removal or cutting out)
Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix.
Cecostomy Cec(o) is pertaining to the cecum.
-ostomy is the formation of an opening.
The surgical formation of an opening into cecum.
Cholecystectomy Chole(o) means bile.
Cys- means bladder or sac.
Cys
-ectomy means excision (surgical removal or cutting out).
The surgical removal of the gallbladder.
Cholecystostomy Chole(o) means bile.
Cys- means bladder or sac.
The surgical formation of an opening into the gallbladder.
Choledochojejunostomy Chole(o) means bile
Doch(o) or dochus means containing.
Jejun(o) refers to the jejunum.
A surgical opening between the common bile duct and jejunum.
Procedures for the Gastrointestinal (GI) System
TERM DEFINITION
Choledocholithotomy Chole(o) means bile.

Doch(o) or dochus means containing. - Lith(o) means stone -otomy
means cutting into. - Surgical incision into the common bile duct for the
removal of gallstones.
Colectomy Cole- means colon. -ectomy means excision (surgical removal or cutting
out). - Surgical excision of part of the colon.
Colostomy Col(o) refers to the colon. -ostomy is the formation of an opening.
Surgical opening into the colon to form an artificial anus on the
abdominal wall.
Esophagogastrostomy Esophag(o) means esophagus.
Gastr(o) means stomach. -ostomy is formation of an opening.
Anastomosis of the esophagus to a portion of the stomach.
Gastrectomy Gastr(o) means stomach. -ectomy means excision (surgical removal or
cutting out). - The surgical removal of all or part of stomach.
Gastrostomy Gastr(o) means stomach. -ostomy is the formation of an opening.
A surgical opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall usually
for the placement of a feeding tube.
Ileostomy Ile(o) refers to the ileum. -ostomy is the formation of an opening.
A surgical opening to bring the ileum to the surface of the abdomen.
Pyloroplasty Pylor(o) refers to the pylorus. -plasty means surgical repair.
Enlargement and repair of pyloric sphincter area.
Diseases and Conditions of the Gastrointestinal System
TERM DEFINITION
Achalasia A- means no, not or without.
Chalasia is the abnormal relaxation of the cardiac sphincter of the
stomach.
The constriction of the lower portion of the esophagus due to the
inability of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach to relax.
Appendicitis Appendic(o) pertaining to the appendix. -itis means inflammation.
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix.
Ascites The accumulation of a large amount of fluid in the peritoneal space.
Cholelithiasis Chole(o) means bile. -lithiasis means stones.
The presences of gallstones in the gallbladder.
Cirrhosis Cirrh- means yellow -osis refers to a condition.
A degenerative disease of the liver.
Dysphagia Dys means bad or painful. -phagia means to eat or swallow
Difficulty swallowing.
Gastritis Gastr- means stomach. -itis means inflammation.
Inflammation of the lining stomach.
Hematemesis Hemat- means blood. - Emesis means vomit.
The vomiting of bright red blood.
Hematachezia Hemat- means blood. - -chezia means defecation or the passage of
foreign substances with the stool.
The passage of bright red blood from the rectum.
Diseases and Conditions of the Gastrointestinal System
Hepatitis Hepat- means liver. -itis means inflammation.
The inflammation of the liver.
Hepatomegaly Hepat(o) means liver. -megaly means large.
The abnormal enlargement of the liver.
Jaundice Jaundice means yellow.
A large amount of bilirubin in the blood causing a yellow
discoloration of skin, mucus membrane and sclera of the eye.
Melena Melena means black.
The distinctive black tarry stool which usually suggests digested
blood.
Odynophagia Odyn(o) means pain. -phagia means to eat or swallow.
A burning squeezing pain while swallowing caused by irritation of the
esophageal mucosa.
Pyrosis Pyr(o) means fire or heat. -osis refers to a condition.
Pyrosis means heartburn.
Heartburn is a painful burning sensation in the esophagus just below
the sternum.
Spleenomegaly Spleen(o) pertains to the spleen. -megaly means large.
The abnormal enlargement of the spleen.
Steatorrhea Steat(o) means fat. -rrhea means to discharge of flow.
A large amount of fat in the feces that is foul smelling and floats.
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Respiratory System
alveol(o) through, channel, cavity. Pertains to
alveolus.
bronch(o) bronchus
bronchi(o) bronchioles
laryng(o) larynx
lob(o) lobe, rounded prominence
nas(o)
(o) nose
pleur(o) pleura
pneum(o) lung, air
pneumon(o) lung
pulm(o) lung
pharyng(o) pharynx
rhin(o) nose, nose like
thorac(o) chest
trache(o) trachea, windpipe
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Respiratory System
Additional Respiratory Suffixes and Prefixes
TERM DEFINITION
-pnea breathing or breath
epiglott- epiglottis
naso- nose
oxi-, oxy presence of oxygen
-oxia condition of oxygenation

Diagnostic Studies of the Respiratory System
TERM DEFINITION
Arterial blood gases (ABGs) The measurement of the oxygen and the carbon dioxide
contents in arterial blood. acid base balances and oxygenation.
Bronchoscopy Bronch(o) refers to the bronchus
-scopy is the visual examination with a lighted instrument.
Computed tomography (CT) A technique that uses radiographic to produce an image of the
cross section of tissue, find tumors in the lungs.
Laryngoscopy Laryng(o) refers to larynx
-scopy is the visual examination with a lighted instrument.
Lung biopsy A test to gather specimen of pulmonary tissue for diagnosis.
Lung scan A radiographic examination of the lung to gather information
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) An MRI is a procedure used to produce an image by the
creation of a magnetic field to give detailed.
Pulmonary angiography Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs
Angi(o) refers to blood vessel
-graphy refers to the process of recording.
Oximetry Oxi- refers to oxygen : A method for measuring the oxygen
saturation of arterial blood.
Pulmonary function test (PFT) An examination that test the ability of the lungs to exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Spirometer An instrument used to measure the air inhaled and exhaled.
Spirometry Evaluation of the air capacity of the lungs.
Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V/Q) The ratio of pulmonary alveolar ventilation to pulmonary
Procedures of the Respiratory System
TERM DEFINITION
Endotracheal intubation Endo- refers to inward, within (end-ent-ento-)
Tracheal means pertaining to the trachea.
Intubation refers to the insertion of a tube into a body opening.
A type of intubation in which a catheter is inserted through the
mouth or nose into the trachea for airway management.
Thoracentesis Thora- refers to chest.
-centesis refers to a surgical puncture to aspirate or remove
fluid.
The puncture of the chest wall and pleural space with a
needle to aspirate fluid. This procedure is usually done to
gather a specimen for a biopsy.
Thracotomy Thorac- refers to chest.
-otomy refers to cutting into.
An opening made into the chest wall for the purpose of
drainage.
Tracheostomy Trache(o) means pertaining to the trachea
-ostomy refers to the formation of an opening.
The formation of an opening through the neck into the trachea
to gain access to the airway below a blockage.
Diseases and Conditions of the Respiratory System
TERM DEFINITION
Aspiration pneumonia Aspiration means drawing in or out by suction.
Pneum(o) refers to lungs or air
Pneumonia is an acute inflammation of the lungs.
A condition of the lungs caused by the inhalation of a foreign
object or vomitus.
Asthma A respiratory condition caused by constriction of the bronchi
causing wheezing coughing and thick bronchial secretions.
Atelectasis Ateles means incomplete (Greek)
-ectasia means dilation, extension.
A conditions characterized by collapse of the alveoli which
prevent gas exchange in that part of the lung.
Bronchitis Bronch- refers to the bronchus
-itis means inflammation.
Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree usually caused by
a viral or bacterial infection.
Chronic obstructive An umbrella of diseases including asthma, chronic bronchitis,
pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema, and chronic bronchiectasis which cause
decreased ability of inspiration and expiration the full
capacity of the lungs.
Diseases and Conditions of the Respiratory System
TERM DEFINITION
Crackles Air flowing by liquid cause crackles (rales).Crackles can be fine, medium or coarse.
These sounds are usually heard during inspiration.
Emphysema Em- means in or on - physema refers to blowing. - Over-inflation or destruction
of the alveolar wall causing decreased elasticity and decreased gas exchange.
Hemoptysis Hemo- refers to blood or blood vessels. - ptysis refers to spitting of matter.
Coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract.
Hemothorax Hemo- refers to blood or blood vessels. - Thorax refers to chest.
The accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural space in the chest.
Hyperventilation Hyper- means excessive. - Ventilation refers to the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
An increased respiratory rate (breaths per minute) and tidal volume ( air inhaled) greater than needed
for gas exchange.
Hypoventilation Hypo- means insufficient. - Ventilation refers to the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
A decrease in the amount of air taken in which is inadequate to sustain metabolic demands.
Hypoxia Hypo- means insufficient. - a- refers to oxygen. - Inadequate oxygen in the body.
Pleural effusion Pleural means pertaining to the pleura.
Effusion means the escape of fluid into a cavity. - An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
Pleurisy Inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs.
Pneumothorax Pneumo- refers to air. - Thorax refers to the chest.
An accumulation of air in the pleural space of the chest causing the lungs to collapse.
Pulmonary embolus Pulmonary means pertaining to the lungs.
Embolus is a thrombus, air, tissue or object that circulates in the bloodstream.
The blockage of the pulmonary artery by a thrombus usually traveling from a peripheral vein.
Rhonchi Air flowing over thick secretions cause rhonchi. Rhonchi create a low-pitched sound.
Wheezes Air flowing through constricted airways cause wheezes. Wheezes have a high-pitched musical sound
and are usually continuous. They are heard on inspiration and expiration. - High-pitched wheezes are
sibilant. - Low-pitched wheezes are sonorous.
The Endocrine System
The lymph nodes in particular help protect the body by
removing foreign material such as bacteria & tumor cells
from the lymphatic stream and by producing lymphocytes
that function in the immune response.
The spleen is a soft, blood-rich organ that filters blood.
The job of the

tonsils is to trap
and remove any
bacteria or other
foreign pathogens
entering the
throat.
The thymus gland

functions at peak levels
only during youth.
MAB
The Endocrine System
The pituitary and its target organs
Pronunciation: L'hypophyse et ses organes cibles
UK -> Pet-you-try
US -> Pet-you-tary
MAB
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Endocrine System
TERM DEFINITION
Aden/o gland
Adren/o adrenal gland
Adrenal/o adrenal gland
Corti- cortex
Crin/o secrete
Gluc/o glucose, sugar
Glyc/o glucose, sugar
Glycos/o glucose, sugar
Hypophys/o pituitary gland
Oophor/o ovary
Ovari/o ovary
Orch/o testes
Orchid/o testes
Pancreat/o pancreas
Parathyroid/o parathyroid gland
Parathyro- parathyroid gland
Pituitar/o pituitary gland
Thym/o thymus gland
Thyroid/o thyroid gland
Endocrine Specialties
TERM DEFINITION
Endocrinology Endo means within or inward.
Crine means endocrine secretion.
-ology is the study of.
Endocrinology is a medical specialty that treats
conditions related to the endocrine system.
Endocrinologist Endo means within or inward.

Crine means endocrine secretion.
-logist means one who studies.
An endocrinologist is a person who treats conditions
related to the endocrine system.
Procedures of the Endocrine System
ADRENAL STUDIES
Term Definition
Serum cortisol The serum cortisol measures the amount of total cortisol
in the blood and evaluates the function of the adrenal
cortex.
Serum aldosterone The serum aldosterone levels are drawn to evaluate for
hyperaldosteronism.
Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone This test measures the plasma levels of ACTH. This test
(ACTH) can help determine if there is a underproduction or
overproduction of cortisol and if it is caused by
dysfunction of the adrenal gland or pituitary gland.
Serum adrenocorticotropic hormone The ACTH stimulation test is used to evaluate adrenal
(ACTH) stimulation with cosyntropin function.
Urine vanillylmandelic acid This test measures the urinary excretion of
catecholamine metabolites. It is helpful in diagnosing
pheochromocytoma.
Computed Tomography (CT scan) Computed tomography is a technique that uses
radiography to produce an image of the cross-section of
tissue. It is used to detect tumors and the size of the
tumor mass of the adrenal gland.
Procedures of the Endocrine System
PANCREATIC STUDIES
Term Definition
Fasting blood glucose level The fasting blood glucose measures circulating
glucose levels.
Oral Glucose tolerance This is a 2-hour test used to diagnose diabetes
mellitus.
Capillary glucose monitoring The capillary glucose monitoring is used to give
immediate glucose values with a drop of blood from a
finger stick.
Glycosylated hemoglobin The hemoglobin A1C measures the degree of glucose
(HbA1C) control during a previous three-month period.
Urine glucose Urine glucose estimates the amount of glucose in
urine by using an enzymatic method.
Urine ketones Urine ketone measures the amount of acetone
excreted in the urine as a result of incomplete fat
metabolism.
Computed Tomography (CT Computed tomography is a technique that uses
scan) radiography to produce an image of the cross-section
of tissue. It is used to identify tumors or cysts of the
pancreas.
Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
TERM DEFINITION
Acromegaly Acro- means extremities. - Megaly- means great.
Acromegaly is characterized by an overgrowth of the bones and soft tissue.
Cushing syndrome Cushing syndrome is a metabolic disorder characterized by an abnormal
increased secretion of adrenocortical steroids due to an increase secretion
of ACTH. This results in excess fat in the upper back, chest, abdomen, face
Diabetes insipidus Diabetes insipidus is associated with a deficiency of production or secretion
of antidiuretic hormone or a decreased renal response to the antidiuretic
hormone.
Diabetic ketoacidosis Diabetes ketoacidosis is acidosis with an accumulation of ketones in the body.
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a profound deficiency of insulin and is marked by
hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, and dehydration.
Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease related to abnormal insulin
production, impaired insulin utilization, or a combination of both.
Diabetic nephropathy Diabetic nephropathy is damaged to the small blood vessels that supply the
glomeruli of the kidney.
Diabetic neuropathy Diabetic neuropathy is nerve damage normally associated with diabetes
mellitus.
Exophthalmos Ex- means outside, away from or without. - Ophthalmos means eye.
Exophthalmos is a classic finding in Grave’s disease. It is a protrusion of the
eyeballs from the orbits.
Goiter A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by excess secretion
of the thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Grave’s disease Grave’s disease is an autoimmune disease of excessive thyroid hormone
secretion.
Diseases and Disorders of the Endocrine System
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Thyroid means pertaining to the thyroid gland. -itis means inflammation.
Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune disease in which thyroid tissue is
replaced by lymphocytes and fibrous tissue.
Hyperparathyroidism Hyper- means excessive. - Para- means similar or beside.
-ism refers to a condition process, theory of, principle, method.
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition involving an increased secretion of parathyroid
hormone.
Hyperthyroidism Hyper- means excessive.
Hyperthyroidism is an increased activity of the thyroid gland and a constant increase in
synthesis and release of thyroid hormones.
Hypoparathyroidism Hypo Hypo- means insufficient. - Para- means similar or beside.
Hypoparathyroidism is due to an inadequate amount of circulating parathyroid hormone.
Hypopituitarism Hypo- means insufficient. -ism refers to a condition process, theory of, principle.
Hypopituitarism involves a decrease in one or more of the pituitary hormones.
Hypothyroidism Hypo- means insufficient. -ism refers to a condition process, theory of, principle.
Hypothyroidism results from insufficient circulating thyroid hormone.
Myxedema Myx- means relating to mucus.
Myxedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism due to an accumulation of
mucopolysaccharides in the dermis of the tissue. It is characterized by swelling of the
face, hand, feet, and periorbital tissue.
Pheochromocytoma Pheo means dusky. - Chromo- refers to color -cytoma refers to tumor.
Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces excessive
catecholamines which results in severe hypertension. Other signs include flushing,
headaches, sweating
Lymphatic System
Pronunciation:
UK -> lympha-TIC
US -> lympha-Rhic
CENTRAL & PERIPHERAL CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System - CNS
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.
Parts of the Brain
CNS / PNS - MENINGES
Central Nervous System
Parts of the Spinal Cord
Central Nervous System
Neurons, also called nerve cells, are highly The three connective tissue membranes
specialized to transmit messages (nerve covering and protecting the CNS structures
impulses) from one part of the body to are the meninges.
another.
MAB
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Nervous System
TERM DEFINITION
Cerebell/o cerebellum
Cerebr/o cerebrum
Cephal/o head
Crani/o skull or cranium
Encephal/o brain
Gangli/o ganglion
Medul/o medulla oblongata
Myel/o spinal cord
Neur/o nerve
Spin/o spine
-crania head or skull
-cerebral brain
Dendr- branches
Caud- tail bone
Neurological Specialties
TERM DEFINITION
Neurology Neuro- means nerve.
-ology is the study of.
Neurology is a medical specialty that treats
conditions related to the nervous system.
Neurologist Neuro- means nerve.
-logist means one who studies.
A neurologist is a person who treats conditions
related to the nervous system.
Neurosurgeon Neuro- means nerve.
Surgeon means a physician that treats deformities,
injuries and diseases using operative procedures.
A neurosurgeon is a physician that specializes in
the nervous system and operative procedures.
Procedures of the Nervous System
TERM DEFINITION
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis Cerebrospinal refers to the brain and spinal cord.
(Lumbar puncture)
For a cerebrospinal fluid analysis, cerebrospinal fluid is aspirated by needle
insertion between the l3-l4 or l4- l5 intervertebral spaces. This procedure
assesses for different central nervous system diseases.
Cerebral Angiography Cerebral refers to the brain. Angio refers to a vessel.
A cerebral angiography uses serial x-rays to visualize intra and
extra cranial blood vessels. This procedure is used to detect
vascular lesions and tumors.
Craniectomy Crani- refers to the skull or head.
-ectomy refers to an excision (surgical removal or cutting out).
Is a surgical procedure of the removal of a portion of the skull.
Craniotomy Crani refers to skull or head. -otomy refers to cutting into.
A craniotomy is a surgical procedure which involves entry into the skull. This
procedure is usually done to relieve intracranial pressure.
Electroencephalography Electro- refers to electrical.
(EEG)
Encephalo refers to the brain. -graphy is the process of recording.
Electrical activity of the brain is recorded by scalp electrodes to evaluate
seizure disorders, cerebral disease, and brain death.
Ventriculostomy During a ventriculostomy an opening is formed in the skull and a catheter is
placed in one or the lateral ventricles of the brain. This catheter is used to
measure intracranial pressure and allow for drainage of fluid to relieve
intracranial pressure.
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous System
TERM DEFINITION
Altered level of A patient has an altered level of consciousness when they are not
consciousness (LOC) oriented, do not follow commands, or needs persistent stimuli to
achieve a state of alertness.
Agnosia Agnosia is the loss of ability to recognize objects. This may be
through a visual, auditory, or tactile sensory system.
Aneurysm An aneurysm is a weakening or bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.
Aphasia Aphasia is an inability to express words or form words and to
understand language.
Apraxia Apraxia is an inability to perform purposeful acts such as the
manipulation of objects on a voluntary basis.
Ataxia Ataxia is impaired coordination of movement marked by gait or
postural imbalance.
Autonomic dysreflexia Is a life threatening emergency in patients with spinal cord injury or
lesions characterized by a hypertensive emergency.
Bell’s Palsy Bell’s Palsy is a condition marked by unilateral weakness or
paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side.
Brain abscess A brain abscess is a cluster of infectious material within a portion of the brain.
Brain death Brain death is irreversible loss of all brain function even though the
heart continues to beat.
Brain injury Is an injury to the skull or brain such as a blow or penetrating object
that is severe enough to interfere with normal functioning.
Cerebral edema Cerebral edema is an abnormal accumulation fluid in the intracellular space,
extracellular space, or both.
Coma Is a state of unconsciousness characterized by the inability to arouse the person.
Concussion A concussion is damage to the brain caused a by blow, shaking, jarring, a blast or some
type of non-penetrating injury. There is temporary lose of neurological function with no
apparent damage.
Contusion A contusion is bruising due to bleeding of the underlying tissue of the brain surface
caused by a blow in which the blood vessel were ruptured.
Cushing’s triad Cushing’s triad refers to three classic signs including bradycardia, hypertension, and
bradypnea when there is pressure on the medulla usually due to herniation of the brain
stem.
Decerebrate posture Decerebrate posture is an abnormal body posture, usually in a comatose patient with a
severe brain injury, in which the arms are extended and internally rotated and the lower
extremities are extended with the feet in the plantar flexion position.
Decorticate posture Decorticate posture is an abnormal body posture, usually in a comatose patient with a
severe brain injury, in which the arms are abnormally flexed and the lower extremities
are extended.
Dyskinesia Dyskinesia is the impaired ability to execute voluntary movements.
Dysphagia Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing.
Dysphonia Dysphonia is difficulty speaking due to voice impairment or altered voice production.
Expressive aphasia Expressive aphasia is the inability to express oneself; often associated with damage to
the left frontal lobe area.
Epilepsy Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by paroxysmal transient disturbances
of brain function, resulting in convulsions and loss of consciousness.
Guillain-Barre Guillain-Barre syndrome is an autoimmune disease which attacks the peripheral nerve
Syndrome myelin.
Head injury A head injury is an injury to the scalp, skull, and or brain resulting from trauma.
Hemiparesis Hemiparesis is weakness of one side of the body or part of it, due to an injury in the
motor area of the brain.
Hemiplegia Hemiplegia is paralysis of one side of the body, or part of it, due to injury in the
motor area of the brain.
Intracranial pressure ICP Is pressure exerted by the volume of the intracranial contents within the cranium.
Meningitis Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges, the membrane which covers and
protects the brain and spinal cord.
Multiple Sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is an immune disease that causes the demyelination or
destruction of the myelin sheath.
Myasthenia Gravis Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular
junction, which causes muscle weakness.
Neuropathy Neuropathy is the inflammation of the peripheral nerves which causes weakness or
numbness.
Paraplegia Paraplegia is paralysis of the lower extremities caused by spinal injury or disease.
Paresthesia Paresthesia is the sensation of numbness or tingling, also known as a feeling of
“pins and needles”.
Quadriplegia Quadriplegia also known as tetraplegia is paralysis of both arms and legs and the
(Tetraplegia) trunk resulting from spinal cord injury.
Seizures Seizures are abnormal electrical activity of the brain resulting in involuntary
contractions of muscle groups.
Spinal cord injury A spinal cord injury is an injury to the spinal cord, vertebral column, and supporting
soft tissue.
Status epilepticus Status epilepticus is an occurrence of multiple seizures in which the patient does
not experience recovery time in between seizures.
Transection Is when the spinal cord is severed, either all the way through or partially.
The Sensory Systems
The Sensory Systems : The senses
Sense Body part Description
1. Soft
1.Touch Hands 2. Hard
3. Rough
4. Smooth
2.Smell Nose 1. Fragrant
2. Smelly
3.See Eyes Colors
1. Loud
4.Hear Ears 2. Soft
1. Sweet
5.Taste Tongue 2. Sour
3. Salty
4. Bitter
The Sensory Systems
Cochlea
Pronunciation:
UK -> COK- lèa
US -> CaK- lèa
MAB
The Sensory Systems
The Cardiovascular System
Principal veins and arteries
MAB
Cardiovascular Specialties
ERM DEFINITION
Cardiology Cardi refers to the heart . – ology refers to the study of.
Cardiology is the study of the disorders of the heart.
Cardiologist Cardi refers to the heart. - ologist refers to one who studies.
A cardiologist specializes in disorders of the heart. A cardiologist
can order and interpret the test. A cardiologist can advise the
patient of their option.
Interventional An interventional cardiologist is a sub-specialty of cardiologists
cardiologist that can perform advanced cardiac procedures such as catheter-
based procedures.
Cardiac surgeon A cardiac surgeon can perform major procedures on the heart
and the vessels.
Electrophysiologist Electr(o) refers to electricity. physi(o) means related to physiology.
-ologist refers to one who studies.
Physiology is the study of the science of the human body.
Electrophysiology deals with the relationship between electrical
phenomena and biological function.
An electrophysiologist is a person who works with the body’s
electrical and biological functions.
Electrophysiologist An electrophysiologist cardiologist studies the heart electrical
cardiologist impulses.
Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
TERM DEFINITION
Doppler An echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure which is sent back to the
echocardiography transducer.
A Doppler echocardiography uses Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate blood flow
patterns and directions in the heart and records them.
Doppler Ultra means beyond, farther.
ultrasonography
A Doppler ultrasonography uses ultrasound imaging to look at the structures and blood
flow of the beating heart.
Echocardiography Echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure back to the transducer.
A echocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure used to record the movement
and structure of the heart.
Echocardiogram Echo is the reflection of an ultrasound wave off a structure back to the transducer.
An echocardiogram is a graphic reading of the heart movement from an ultrasonography.
Tomography Tomo- refers to the preparation of a section.
A tomography is a sectional imaging to produce a film with a detailed cross-section of
tissue and organs.
Transesophageal Trans- refers to through.
echocardiography
(TEE)
Electrocardiography is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure used to study the movement
and structure of the heart.
A transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is an ultrasound using an endoscope that
views the heart from a retrocardiac vantage point. That is the endoscope is passed down
the esophagus.
Ultrasound Ultrasound imaging is the process of using high frequency sounds waves to visualize
internal structures.
Procedures of the Cardiovascular System
TERM DEFINITION
Cardiac A cardiac catheterization is the introduction of the catheter through an incision into a
catheterization large vein and guided through circulation into the heart.
Cardiopulmonary Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency procedure that involves external
resuscitation (CPR) cardiac massage and artificial respirations to revive and sustain the cardiac and
respiratory function.
Coronary artery A CABG is an open heart surgery in which a vein is taken from a different part of the
bypass graft (CABG) body (saphenous or mammary) and grafted into a section of a coronary artery to bypass
a blockage.
Defibrillation De- is a prefix meaning to do the opposite, away, off, to remove entirely, down and from.
Fibrillate means the contraction of a single muscle fiber that is repetitive.
Defibrillate means to stop the ventricles from fibrillating by delivering an electrical shock.
Endarterectomy End- refers to within. - Arter(o) refers to the artery.
-ectomy means surgical removal
An endarterectomy is the surgical removal of the intimal lining of an artery.
Percutaneous A PTCA is a procedure in which a catheter is threaded through the vessel and a balloon
Transluminal is inflated in the treatment of atherosclerotic heart disease in the coronary arteries.
Coronary Angioplasty
(PTCA)
Pericardiocentesis A pericardiocentesis is a procedure used to aspirate fluid which has accumulated in the
pericardial spaces.
Thoracotomy Thorac(o) refers to chest. - otomy refers to cutting into
A thoracotomy is a surgical opening into the thoracic cavity.
Thoracentesis Thora refers to chest. -centesis refers to puncture
Is the perforation of the chest wall or pleural space with a needle to aspirate fluid.
Transplantation Transplantation is the transfer of tissue or an organ from one person to another or one
organism to another.
Diseases and Conditions of the Cardiovascular System
TERM DEFINITION
Angiopathy Angi(o) refers to a vessel.
-pathy refers to a disease.
Angiopathy is a disease of the blood vessels.
Angina pectoris Angina pectoris is thoracic pain caused by spasms in the coronary arteries caused by
not enough oxygen to the myocardium of the heart.
Atherosclerosis Ather(o) refers to an artery.
-sclerosis refers to hardening.
Atherosclerosis means the build-up of fatty plaque or cholesterol in the lining of the
arteries. The walls become thick, fibrotic and calcified.
Arteriosclerosis Arteriosclerosis means hardening of the arteries due to calcification, thickening and loss
of elasticity.
Arrhythmia A refers to without.
A-
Rhythmia refers to the rhythm.
Arrhythmia means an irregular heart rhythm.
Blood pressure Blood is the liquid pumped from the heart through the blood vessels.
Pressure means to press.
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted on the walls of the arteries by the circulating
blood volume.
Bradycardia Bradycardia means a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute.
Bruit A blowing or swishing sound caused by turbulent blood flow heard when auscultating
diseased carotid arteries.
Cardiac arrest A cardiac arrest is a sudden stoppage of cardiac circulation and cardiac output..
Cardiogenic shock Shock is a condition characterized by inadequate blood flow to the body.
Cardiogenic shock is a condition associated with a myocardial infarction resulting in a
low cardiac output.
Diseases and Conditions of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the myocardium causing enlargement.
Congestive heart failure Congestive refers to congestion which is an abnormal accumulation of fluid.
Congestive heart failure is a condition in which the cardiac output is impaired and is
unable to meet the needs of the body causing an abnormal accumulation or backup of
fluid and peripheral edema.
Coronary artery disease Coronary refers to encircling structures.
(CAD)
Coronary artery disease is a condition affecting the arteries of the heart that cause a
reduction of blood flow to the myocardium.
Endocarditis Endocarditis is the inflammation of the endocardium and heart valve.
Hemostasis Hemo- refers to blood or blood vessels.
Hemostasis is the halting of bleeding by the coagulation process or by chemical or
mechanical means.
Hypertension Hypertension is a common condition characterized by an elevated blood pressure when
there is an abnormally high amount of pressure on the arteries.
Hypotension Hypo refers to under, below or beneath
Hypotension is a condition characterized by a low blood pressure or when there is not an
adequate amount of pressure in the arteries for normal perfusion.
Myocardial Infarction An MI is necrosis of part of the cardiac muscle caused by an obstruction of the coronary
(MI) artery that affects the heart ability to pump.
Ischemia Ischemia is a decreased blood supply to a body part.
Murmur A murmur is a humming or a gentle blowing such as a heart murmur
Pericardial effusion Pericardial effusion is the escape of fluid into the pericardial sac.
Pericarditis Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium.
Tachycardia TachyTachycardia is a condition in which the heart beats at a rate faster than 100 beats
per minute.
Thrill A thrill is a vibration felt over an area of the patient’s body caused by turbulent blood flow.
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Cardiovascular System
angi(o) - vas(o), vascul(o) vessel
aort(o) aorta
arter(o), arteri(o) artery
arteriol(o) arteriole
atri (o) atrium
cardi(o) heart
coron(o) crown
endocardi(o) endocardium
echo(o) - son(o) sound
electr(o) electricity
fluor(o) emitting of reflecting light
my(o) muscle
myocardi(o) myocardium
mediastin(o) mediastium
pericardi(o) pericardium
path (o) disease
radi(o) radiant energy or x-ray
sept(o) septum, partition
sin(o) sinus
thorac (o) chest
tom(o) to cut
ultra(o) excessive
ven(o) vein
venul(o) venule
valv(o), valvl(o) valve
ventricul(o) ventricle
The Urinary System
The Urinary System
Word Root and Combining Vowel for the Urinary System

Cyst(o) bladder or sac
Cost(o) ribs
Glomerul(o) glomerulus
Lith(o) stone
Nephr(o) kidney
Pyel(o) kidney or pelvis
Ren(o) kidney
Ur(o) urine
Ureter(o) ureter
Urethr(o) urethra
Urin(o) urine
Vesic(o) urinary bladder
Urinary specific suffixes and prefixes
TERM DEFINITION
Cyst- bladder or sac
Dialy- dialysis
Noct- night
Olig- few or little
Poly- much or many.
Pyel- pelvis or kidney
Ren- kidneys
-tripsy crushing
-uria urine condition
Ureter- ureters
Urinary Specialties
Nephrologists Nephr(o) means kidney -logist means one who studies.
A nephrologists is physician specializing in kidney disease,
renal failure, dialysis patients and renal transplants.
Urologist Ur(o) means urine -logist means one who studies.
A urologist is a physician specializing in the treatment of the
male and female urinary tract and reproductive system.
Diagnostic Studies of the Urinary System
TERM DEFINITION
Pyelogram Pyel(o) means kidney or pelvis.
-gram means a drawing or a written record.
A pyelogram is an x-ray of the upper urinary tract after the introduction
of a radiopaque contrast material.
Cystogram Cyst(o) bladder or sac.
The visualization and recording of the urinary bladder after a radiopaque
contrast material has been introduced.
Cystoscopy Cyst(o) bladder or sac.
-scopy is a visual examination with a lighted instrument.
A cystoscopy is the visualization of the lower urinary tract using a
cystoscope.
Kidney, ureters, bladder A KUB is an x-ray to determine the size, shape, and location of the
(KUB) kidneys and other structure of the urinary tract.
Intravenous pyelogram Intravenous is pertaining to inside the vein.
(IVP)
Pyel(o) means kidney or pelvis.
An x-ray of the kidneys and other structures of the urinary tract using a
intravenously injected contrast material.
Procedures of the Urinary System
TERM DEFINITION
Dialysis Dialy- means dialysis.
Dialysis is a procedure in which a machine is used to separate
waste material from the blood.
Extracorporeal shock wave Extracorporeal means outside the body.
lithotripsy (ESWL)
Lithotripsy is a procedure for eliminating stones in the kidneys,
ureters, bladder or gallbladder.
A procedure in which shock waves are used to crush stones in
the urinary tract.
Renal transplantation Renal is pertaining to the kidneys.
Transplantation is the transfer of tissue from one person to
another.
A procedure in which a person receives a donor kidney.
Urinary catheterization Urinary means urine or the formation of urine.
Catheter is a hollow flexible tube.
Catheterization is the introduction of a catheter into a body
cavity.
A catheter is passed through the urethra into the urinary
bladder for the purpose of draining urine.
Diseases and Conditions of the Urinary System
TERM DEFINITION
Anuria An- means without.
-uria means possessing urine.
Anuria is the absence of urine.
Diuresis Diuresis is an increase in the volume of urine.
Dysuria Dys- means bad or painful.
Dysuria is painful urination.
Enuresis Enuresis is involuntary nocturnal urination.
Frequency Frequency is when the patient voids more frequently than what is usual
for the patient.
Glomerulonephritis Glomerul(o) is pertaining to the glomerulus.
Nephritis is inflammation of the kidney.
Glomerulonephritis is the inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidneys.
Glycosuria Glyco- means glucose.
Glycosuria is the abnormal presence of glucose in the urine.
Hematuria Hemat- means pertaining to blood.
Hematuria is blood in the urine.
Diseases and Conditions of the Urinary System
Hesitancy Hesitancy is difficulty initiating urination.
Incontinence In- means lack of. - Continence means the ability of control the bladder or bowel functions.
Incontinence is the inability of control urination or defecation.
Nephrolithiasis Nephr(o) means pertaining to the kidney.
Lithiasis means the presence or formation of stones.
Nephrolithiasis is a condition of having renal calculi or stones in the kidney.
Nocturia Noct- means night. -uria means possessing urine.
Nocturia is excessive urination at night.
Oliguria Olig- means few or little. -uria means possessing urine.
Oliguria is a decrease in the formation or passing of urine.
Polyuria Poly- means much or many. -uria means possessing urine.
Polyuria is the passing of an abnormally large amount of urine.
Proteinuria Protein is complex nitrogenous compounds. -uria uria means possessing urine.
Proteinuria is the presence of an abnormally large amount of protein in the urine.
Pyuria -uria means possessing urine.
Pyuria is the presences of an abnormal amount of white blood cells in the urine
Renal calculus Renal is pertaining to the kidneys. - Calculus is a stone.
Renal calculus is a stone occurring in the urinary tract.
Renal Failure Renal Failure is the inability of the kidneys to concentrate urine or excrete waste.
Uremia Uremia is the presence of a large amount of urea in the blood.
Also known as azotemia.
Urea -urea is a compound containing urea. - Urea is waste products from protein metabolism.
Urinary retention Urinary retention is the inability of the patient to empty their bladder.
Urinary tract infection Urinary tract is the organs involved in the secretion and elimination of urine.
(UTI) A UTI is an infection of any of the structures of the urinary tract.
Urgency Urgency is an intense desire to urinate immediately.
Human
Male & Female
Reproductive Systems
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Pregnancy
Suffixes
Childbirth
Breast
Immune system
Components of the Immune System / Composants du Système Immunitaire
Spleen / Tonsils /
Rate Amygdales
Thymus
Lymph Node / gland /
Bone
Nodule Glande
marrow /
Lymphatique Thymus
Moelle
Osseuse
Immune system
Components of the Immune System / Composants du Système Immunitaire
Human Body additional information
MAB
Exercise
Practice
Complete the
following sketches
with the vocabulary
beside
Exercise
Practice
MCQ
Exercise
Practice
Exercise
Practice
Medical
English
General
Terminology practice
Investigation
1. Patient History
2. General Health questions
3. Drug History
4.
5.
Family History
Social History
General
6. The Elderly
practice
Investigation
Patient history Interrogatoire du malade
Medical
English
Terminology Clinical
Investigation
& Reporting
findings
1.
2.
Patient first contact
Pain
Clinical
3.
4.
5.
The Febrile patient
Systemic symptoms
The medical examination
Investigation
& Reporting
findings
Usual Medical terms Termes médicaux usuels
(*)
(*) Endemic: a disease that exists permanently in a particular region or population.

Epidemic: An outbreak of disease that attacks many peoples at about the same
time and may spread through one or several communities.
Pandemic: When an epidemic spreads throughout the world.
Medical examination is the process by which a medical
professional investigates the body of a patient for signs of disease.
It generally follows the taking of the medical history—an account of
the symptoms as experienced by the patient. Together with the
medical history, the physical examination aids in determining the
correct diagnosis and devising the treatment plan.
Examination of a patient : MEDICAL INSTRUMENTS
STHETOSCOPE THERMOMETER
It is used to listen the internal It measures the body
sounds of the body (circulatory temperature.
and respiratory systems) It can be a mercury-in-
glass thermometer or a
digital/infrared
thermometer
Sphygmomanometer An otoscope or auriscope is a

Blood Pressure
medical device which is used to
Meter/Monitor/Gauge
look into the ears. The most
It is used to measure blood commonly used otoscopes consist
pressure. A sphygmomanometer of a handle and a head. The head
consists of an inflatable cuff, a contains a light source and a
measuring unit and a mechanism simple low-power magnifying lens.
for inflation which may be a
manually operated bulb and valve
or a pump operated electrically.
CUFF
BULB
Reflex / Medical HAMMER instruments in dentistry commonly used

It is a tool used by physician
DENTAL PROBE
to hit the body and test for
certain reflexes.
DENTAL MIRROR
Methods of examination of the
patient
Subjective Objective
Method of examination--inquiry Method of examination-inspection
Complaints Tests
Anamnesis of life experiments
Anamnesis of the disease
Anamnesis = history taking

Modern Approach to Diagnosis
• History taking (Hx)
• Examining the patient
- looking (inspecting)
- feeling (palpating)
- tapping (percussing)
- listening (auscultating)
- Smell (Hygienic matter)
Medicine is learned by the bedside and not in the classroom.
Sir Willliam Osler (1849 – 1919)
Palpation
Palpation is the process of using one's hands to examine the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a
disease or illness.[1] Usually performed by a health care practitioner, it is the process of feeling an object in
or on the body to determine its size, shape, firmness, or location (for example, a veterinarian can feel the
stomach of a pregnant animal to ensure good health and successful delivery)
Percussion
Percussion is a method of tapping on a surface to determine the underlying structure,
and is used in clinical examinations to assess the condition of the thorax or abdomen. It
is one of the five methods of clinical examination, together with inspection, palpation,
auscultation, and inquiry.
Auscultation
(based on the Latin verb auscultare "to listen") is listening to the internal sounds of the
body, usually using a stethoscope. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of
examining the circulatory and respiratory systems (heart and breath sounds), as well as
the gastrointestinal system (bowel sounds)
Case history
of a patient
Preparing the Patient for Examination
Golden Rule: Create an atmosphere of confidence and trust
a) Privacy b) Comfortable environment c) Eliminate haste/stress
• Well lit, quiet room

• Wash your hands
• Introduce yourself to the patient.
• Seek permission for the examination
and be polite to the patient.
• Undressed (respect privacy)
• Position patient at 45°
• Patients are always examined from
the right side of the bed
The Physical Examination
• General examination (general impression)
- Mental state, voice, speech,
nutrition, posture, walk .
- Affect/behavior/anxiety
- Level of hygiene & safety
- Skin : Pigmentations, rashes,
moisture, elasticity, thickness, …
– Scars : gun shot/handled weapons
wounds, hematomas, hemorrhages, bruises,
erythemas, tattoos,….
• Hands
– Nails (nicotine staining, pitting, haemorrhages…)
– Clubbing (drumsticks fingers)
– Hands: capillary return, colour, warmth, turgor
– Atrophy
– Contractures
– Tremor
• Pulse, BP, RR (VS)
• Facies
– Colour
– Eyes
– Mouth
–?
• Hair, scalp
• Head : In both adults and children who have a history of head trauma,
distortion or inflammation of sensitive intracranial structures (such as blood
vessels, meningies and cranial nerves) may result in pain.
The Hair Examination
Observe the hair color.
Assess the texture of the hair
Assess the distribution of the

hair.
Inspect the scalp for lesions.
Check the scalp for dandruff

(Dandruff is dead flakes of
epidermal cells).
• Neck
– Lymph nodes
– JVP (jugular venous pulse)
– Thyroid
– Trachea
– Carotid pulse
• Chest
– Inspect wall
– Feel expansion
– Palpate apex
– Percuss lungs
– Auscultate lungs
– Auscultate heart sounds
• Breast
– description in women >40 years
– Tenderness, masses, skin changes
– symmetry of areola, discharge
Auscultation of Breath Sounds
Breath sounds are created when air moves in and out the respiratory tract. When you assess
breath sounds you are assessing the pitch, intensity, quality and duration of the inspiration and
expiration. The classification of normal breath sounds includes vesicular, bronchovesicular,
bronchial, and tracheal.
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System
Check Vital Signs
including blood pressure,
heart rate (pulse, apical pulse),
respiratory rate
Interview the Patient for
temperature. Cardiac Symptoms
Assess Pain and Other Symptoms

Chest Pain
Palpitations
Some additional problems :
• edema,
• cyanosis,
• hypotension
• respiratory symptoms.
Auscultate the Chest
Assess : S1 (is composed of the sounds M1 and T1) and S2 (is composed of the sounds A2
and P2) Heart Sounds
The Physical Examination : Spine
– Pain, stiffness, asymmetry
– lordoses/ kyphoses/ scoliosis (deformities)
– Ex. Schober’s distance test, Stibor’s distance test
• Abdomen The abdominal examination is part of all
comprehensive examinations of all patients of
– Inspect all ages.
– Palpate When performing a focused assessment,

you will use at least one of the following four
– Percuss basic techniques during your physical exam.
– Auscultate
• Groins
• Rectal, GS
• Pelvis
• Legs (lower extremities)
The Abdomen Examination : the 4 Quadrant
The Abdomen Examination : Stomach
Assessing for Appendicitis
When a patient has appendicitis the

pain usually begins at the umbilicus
and radiates to the right lower
quadrant. Sometimes coughing
increases the pain.
Check for rebound tenderness:

(Blumberg’s Sign) is present when there
is pain with the withdrawal of the hand.
The pain is caused by the movement of
the peritoneum.
Rovsing’s sign is positive when pain is
felt in the right lower quadrant when
pressure is applied to the left lower
quadrant of the abdomen.
Neurological examination
Gather Information on Chief
The nervous system is a very complex system Complaints or Symptoms.
which is vital to the functioning of the human
body.
The nervous system is comprised of the

central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS). Common symptoms of the
Nervous system include :
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12
Headaches (maux de tète)
pairs of cranial nerves.
Dizziness (étourdissement)
Vertigo (vertiges)
Generalized weakness (FG)
Numbness (engourdissement)
Seizures (convulsions)
Tremors (tremblements)
A. Cranial nerves
• N. olfactorius: rarely examined, smell
• N. opticus: normal visual fields, read letters on table,
• N. oculomotorius: round pupils, reaction to light
• N. trochlearis: no ptosis, paresis, deviation, nystagmus
• N. abducens: no pareses, double vision, movements
• N. trigeminus: normal sensibility for pain and touch
• N. facialis: Asymmetry of face, normal force of muscles
of forehead, eyes, nose, mouth.
• N. vestibulocochlearis: Normal hearing, conduction
• N. glossopharyngeus & vagus: normal voice,
swallowing, elevation of uvula and soft palate
• N. accessorius: turn head and lift shoulders symmetrically against resistance
• N. hypoglossus: no deviations upon protrusion of tongue, normal speech
B. Mobility
• Bradykinesia, dyskinesia, akinesia, tremors
• Rigidity, spasticity, hypotonicity
C. Force
• Muscle force over joints: shoulders, elbows, fist, hip, knee, ankle
• Tempo and fine motor skills
D. Coordination & E. Reflexes

• Each side • Biceps, triceps, radial • Patellar, achilles, plantar
F. Sensibility
• Normal sensibility for pain, touch and temperature
G. Balance and walking

• Normal walk, stand on heels and toes, rise up from crouching position
Test stereognosis.
Sterognosis is the ability to identify an object
without seeing it.
Diagnostic Tests for Nervous
Test graphesthesia. system disorders :
Graphesthesia is the ability to perceive writing
on the skin. Computed tomography scan (also
called a CT or CAT scan)
The 2-point discrimination test. Electroencephalogram (EEG).
This test assesses a patient’s ability to Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
discriminate between two points. Electrodiagnostic tests (for
example, electromyography
Assessment of the reflexes requires the use of and nerve conduction velocity)
a reflex hammer. The responses should be Positron emission tomography (PET)
graded on a 4-point scale: scan.
Nutrition Focused
Physical Exam (NFPE)
Waist or Abdominal Girth*

Head to Toe Assessment (Fr: circonférence) values
Nutrition Assessment
(NFPE)
Physical Findings Used in Nutrition Assessments
(Protein–energy
malnutrition)
Nutrition Assessment
(NFPE)
Physical Findings Used in Nutrition Assessments
(En forme de cuillère, cassant, strié, pâle)

Medical
English
Medical
terminology
Terminology
by discipline
Medical
terminology
By disciplines
Gastrointestinal system
gastroenterology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Gastrointestinal system/ gastroenterology Système digestif /gastro-entérologie
Roots for the Mouth
Roots for the Digestive Tract
Bristol Stool Chart Tableau des Selles de Bristol
Bristol stool chart (BSC), Bristol Tableau des selles de Bristol classifie le type
Stool form scale (BSF scale) classify type de matières fécales ( diagnostic du syndrome
of feces (diagnostic for irritable bowel du côlon irritable). L'échelle de selles de Bristol
syndrome) .The Bristol stool scale is a classe la forme des selles humaines en sept
diagnostic medical tool designed to classify catégories. Il est utilisé dans les domaines
the form of human faeces into seven cliniques et expérimentaux.
categories. It is used in both clinical and
experimental fields.
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Molds : Moules / Tin : Étain , Lead : Plomb , Copper : Cuivre / RKB : Haricots rouges
(poisonous when eaten raw or undercooked) , Toadstools : Champignons vénéneux , Berries :
Baies
High Vs Medium/low FD
Food Poisoning Vs Food Infections
LABELLING EXERCICE
INFECTIOUS
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Basic principles of infectious diseases
• The term infectious diseases applies when an interaction with a microbe
• causes damage to the host and the associated damage or altered physiology
• results in clinical signs and symptoms of disease.
• So pathogen is defined as any microrganism that has the capacity to cause
• disease.
• Not all pathogens have an equal probability of causing disease in the same host
• population.
• Virulence provides a measure of pathogenicity: for example encapsulated
• pneumococci are more virulent than nonencapsulated pneumococci.
• Escherichia coli strains expressing Shiga-like toxin are more virulent than those
• that do not express these toxins
Basic principles of infectious diseases
• The term infectious diseases applies when an interaction with a microbe
causes damage to the host and the associated damage or altered physiology results in
clinical signs and symptoms of disease.
• So pathogen is defined as any microrganism that has the capacity to cause

disease.
Not all pathogens have an equal probability of causing disease in the same host
population.
• Virulence provides a measure of pathogenicity: for example encapsulated

pneumococci are more virulent than nonencapsulated pneumococci.
Escherichia coli strains expressing Shiga-like toxin are more virulent than those that do
not express these toxins
Classification of Diseases
Physical
Self-
Mental
inflicted
Diseases
Social Classification Infectious
Acute
Chronic
Degenerative Non-
infectious
Inherited Deficiency
Pathogens are disease-causing Les agents pathogènes causent des
agents, such as bacteria and viruses maladies, tels que les bactéries et les virus
Contagion mode : When you sneeze or Mode de contagion: lorsque vous éternuez ou
cough, pathogens are removed from the toussez, les agents pathogènes sont éliminés
nose and throat. Tears wash pathogens from du nez et de la gorge. Les larmes évacuent les
the eyes, and urine flushes pathogens out of agents pathogènes des yeux et l'urine élimine
the urinary tract, pus on topical skin, and les agents pathogènes des voies urinaires, le
other body fluids. pus à la surface de la peau et d'autres liquides
corporels.
A sneeze can expel many pathogens from the respiratory tract.

Etiology
How it arises ?
Prevention & Cure
Travel advise notice
Parasites are responsible for a significant Les parasites sont responsables d'un nombre
percentage of human disease. important de maladies humaines.
Usually unsanitary conditions allow the Des conditions généralement insalubres
parasite to develop. We associate this with less permettent au parasite de se développer.
developing countries, lack of water treatment Récurrents dans les pays en voie de
plants, improper sewage disposal and a développement, le manque d’unité de
general lack of hygienic measures predispose traitement de l'eau, une mauvaise évacuation
to the inadvertent spread of parasites des eaux usées et un manque général de
anywhere. mesures d'hygiène prédisposent à la
Antibiotics and anti-parasite
parasite drugs help to propagation accidentelle de parasites.
cure significantly. Les antibiotiques et les médicaments
antiparasitaires aident à guérir de manière
significative.
The goal of treatment is to interrupt the cycle Le but du traitement est d'interrompre le cycle
of infection and re-infection between host d'infection et de ré-infection entre l'hôte et le
and parasite. When this is done, these parasite. Lorsque cela est fait, ces maladies
dreadful diseases can be prevented. terribles peuvent être évitées.
Often recorded : the hydatid cyst, lechmaniasis Souvent enregistré: kyste hydatique,
lechmaniose
Most common parasitic infestations to humans Infestations parasitaires les plus courantes
chez l'homme
Common bug bites Piqûres d'insectes courantes
Endocrinology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Endocrine system/endocrinology Système endocrinien/endocrinologie
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) / Maladie de Basedow (hyperthyroïdie).

Hypothyroidism / Hypothyroïdie.
Cushing's syndrome / Syndrome de Cushing.

ENT (Ear, Nose & Throat)
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
ENT ORL
ENT man : a specialist in the disorders of Un ORL: spécialiste des troubles de l'oreille
the ear or nose or throat ou le nez ou la gorge
Otorhinolaryngology Otorhinolaryngologie
From oto- (“ear”) + rhino- (“nose”) + laryngo- De oto- (“oreille”) + rhino- (“nez”) + laryngo-
(“throat”) + -logy. (“gorge”) + -logy.
The ENT disorders are affecting : Les troubles ORL affectent:
The ears, nose and throat (larynx and pharynx), Les oreilles, le nez et la gorge (larynx et
including infections, deafness, vertigo, tumors and pharynx), y compris les infections, la surdité,
surgery of the tonsils, adenoids, parotid glands and les vertiges, les tumeurs et la chirurgie des
thyroid. amygdales, des végétations adénoïdes, des
glandes parotides et de la thyroïde.
Ear disorders (otitis, chronic otitis, persistent Troubles de l'oreille (otite, otite chronique,
pain, hearing loss or “plugged” sensation, persistante douleur, perte d'audition ou
whistling or buzzing in the ears) sensation de «bouchon»,acouphènes ou
Nose and sinus conditions (snoring, loss of bourdonnement dans les oreilles)
smell, allergy symptoms) Affections du nez et des sinus (ronflement,
perte d'odeur, symptômes allergiques)
Sleep apnea syndrome Syndrome d'apnée du sommeil
Throat and larynx disorders (difficulty Troubles de la gorge et du larynx (difficulté à
swallowing, breathing, tumefaction) avaler, respirer, tuméfaction)
Abnormal growths or lymph node Croissances anormales ou ganglions
lymphatiques
Facial paralysis Paralysie faciale
ENT ORL
Depending on the problem and the treatment En fonction du problème et du traitement à

to be provided, the otolaryngologist may use: apporter, l’oto-rhino-laryngologiste peut
avoir recours :
various drugs prescription ; à la prescription médicamenteuse ;

fibroscopies or endoscopies, to visualize the à des fibroscopies ou endoscopies, pour
interior of the airways for example; visualiser l’intérieur des voies respiratoires
par exemple ;
surgical procedures (ENT is a surgical à des interventions chirurgicales (l’ORL est
specialty), whether it involves tumor, repair or une spécialité chirurgicale), qu’il s’agisse
reconstructive surgery; d’interventions tumorales, réparatrices ou
reconstructrices (rhinoplastie,…);
prostheses or implants; à des prothèses ou des implants ;
to re-education. à de la rééducation.
ENT SX or Otolaryngology Surgery
Otolaryngology surgery is performed on the head or neck area to treat problems
of the ears, nose, or throat. It may also be called ENT (ear, nose, and throat)
surgery. Otolaryngologists are doctors trained to treat patients with disorders or
diseases of the ear, nose, or throat. In some cases, these disorders may require
surgery.
Common Surgeries Performed by an ENT

Some of the common surgeries the ENT Surgeons carry out, which include
include:
Rhinoplasty (nose job surgery) Tympanoplasty

Nasal reconstruction Septoplasty
Otoplasty (ear pinning surgery) Mastoidectomy
Blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery) Cochlear implantation
Sleep disorder surgery SubMucous Resection (SMR)
Removal of tonsils Functional Endoscopic Sinus
Insertion of grommets Surgery (FESS)
Ethmoidectomy (SS) Sphenoidotomy (SS)
ENT SX or Otolaryngology Surgery
TRACHEOSTOMY Myringotomy (tympanic membrane incision)
Laryngolic surgery
Head & Neck Surgery
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
SEPTOPLASTY
ENT Vocabulary ORL Vocabulaire
Anatomy of the Ear Anatomie de l’Oreille
Anatomic and Physiologic overview
of the Ear
Audiogram Audiogramme
Hearing examination performed by an ENT Examen d’acuité auditive réalisé par un
doctor. It makes it possible to identify the médecin ORL. Il permet d’identifier les surdités
deafness and their degree. To do this, the et leur degré. Pour ce faire, le médecin fait
doctor plays sounds of pure frequency (500 entendre des sons de fréquence pure (500 Hz;
Hz, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000Hz or 8000 Hz) 1000; 2000; 4000; 6000Hz ou 8000 Hz) avec
with amplitudes or intensities more or less des amplitudes ou intensités plus ou moins
strong in each ear. fortes dans chaque oreille.
Tinnitus (from Latin, from tinnire ‘to ring, tinkle) Acouphène (du grec ancien akoúô (« entendre ») et
phaínomai (« apparaître »)
buzzing, whistling or sizzling, it's this sound
bourdonnement, un sifflement ou bien un
that you're the only one to hear Tinnitus can
grésillement, c'est ce bruit que vous êtes seul à
be a symptom of high blood pressure, a jaw
entendre. Un acouphène peut être le
problem, or an objective tinnitus.
symptôme d’une hypertension, d’un problème
Tinnitus can be a symptom of high blood
de mâchoire, ou bien un acouphène objectif.
pressure, a jaw problem, or an objective
L’acouphène peut aussi mais très rarement
tinnitus. Tinnitus can also but very rarely be
être un symptôme d’un neurinome – cancer du
a symptom of a neuroma - auditory nerve
nerf auditif qui s’opère bien. Cela est très rare.
cancer that works well. This is very rare. the
l’ORL saura le détecter.
ENT will detect it.
……
The Nose :
Le Nez:
External structure
Structure externe
The Nose : Le Nez:

Internal structure Structure interne
(Nasal Cavity) (Cavité Nasale)
ENT Vocabulary – D&D samples ORL Vocabulaire - Exemples M&D
EPISTAXIS (NOSEBLEEDS) ÉPISTAXIS (Saignement nasal)

A. Description A. Description
1. The nose, especially the septum, 1. Le nez, en particulier le septum, est une
is a highly vascular structure, and structure particulièrement vascularisée et le
bleeding usually saignement est habituellement le résultat
results from direct trauma, foreign d'un traumatisme direct, de corps étrangers
bodies, and nose picking, or from et de coups vifs portés au nez ou d'une
mucosal inflammation. inflammation des muqueuses.
2. Recurrent epistaxis and severe 2. l’Épistaxis récurrente ou le saignement sévère
bleeding may indicate an underlying peuvent indiquer une maladie sous-jacente
disease
……
The framework of the larynx Laryngeal Cavity - Endolarynx
Ossature du larynx Cavité Laryngée - Endolayrinx

ENT Vocabulary – D&D samples ORL Vocabulaire - Exemples M&D
Laryngitis is an inflammation of your La laryngite est une inflammation des cordes
voice box (larynx) from overuse, irritation vocales (larynx) due à une mauvaise utilisation
or infection. Inside the larynx are the vocal de la voix, une irritation ou une infection à
cords — two folds of mucous membrane l'intérieur du larynx se trouvent les cordes vocales -
covering muscle and cartilage. deux plis de membrane muqueuse recouvrant les
muscles et le cartilage.
Larynx normal
Inflammation
du Larynx
……
ENT - EAR CONDITIONS Otitis
Otitis may be defined such as an inflammatory condition of the ear characterized by pain,
fever, abnormalities of hearing and vertigo. Is devided into: externa and media otitis
Acute localized otitis externa may occurs as a furuncle due to S. aureus

Pain is severe
Bluish, red hemorrhagic fluid may be frequent on auditory canal
or on tympanic membrane, adenopathy is often present.
Local treatment or systemic antibiotic treatment are curative
Incision or drainage are necessary in case of severe pain
Acute diffuse otitis externa (swimmer's ear) occurs in hot, humid

weathers
The skin is edematous and red. Gram negative bacilli especially
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
The most frequent cause of chronic otitis externa is chronic suppurative

otitis media with perforated tympanic membrane.
Rare causes include: tuberculosis, syphilis and sarcoidosis.
ENT - EAR CONDITIONS
Otitis
Otitis media is defined by the presence of fluid in the middle
ear accompanied by signs or symptoms.
Otitis media is a paediatric disease. The peak incidence occurs

in the first 3 years of life.
The highest incidence of acute otitis media occurs between
6 and 24 months of age
The disease is less common in adolescents and adults.
Bacteria : Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenza are the most
Frequent cause in all age groups
Acute otitis media is defined by the presence of fluid in the middle ear accompanied by
symptoms and acute illness:
Specific symptoms : Ear pain, Ear drainage
Nonspecific symptoms : Fever, Lethargy, Irritability
Antimicrobial treatment: There are now 19 antimicrobial agents approved by the Food and
Drug Administration for treatment of acute otitis media.
Amoxicillin remains the drug of choice for initial treatment.
ENT - EAR CONDITIONS
MASTOIDITIS
Definition :
-Inflammation of Mucosal lining of
Antrum, and Mastoid air cells system.
Causes :
-Usually caused by untreated acute
otitis media
-Cholesteatoma
-Causative organisms : Streptococcus
Types :
-Acute (Sudden occurrence)
-Chronic (Persistent)
Procedure :
Mastoidectomy
ENT - THROAT CONDITIONS
TONSILLITIS
PERITONSILLAR ABSCESS
LARYNGEAL CANCER
ADENOIDS
Symptoms :
ADENOIDS
Procedures : Adenoidectomy
Indications
Microdebrider Adenoidectomy
ENT – NOSE CONDITIONS
SINUSITIS
(Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery)

ENT – NOSE CONDITIONS
FURUNCLE
INFLAMMATION CELLUITIS
NEOPLASMA
Squamous cell
RYNOPHYMA (Potato Tumor)
carcinoma
ENT - NOSE CONDITIONS
OSTEOCARTILAGINOUS PART
Hump Saddle Nose Bifid Nose

Nose Deviation (external)
Crooked Nose ( C/S Shaped)

Simple Dermoid Cyst Nasolabial Cyst
Ophthalmology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Ophthalmology Ophtalmologie
- Eye examination - Examen de l‘œil
- Eye disease - Maladie oculaire
- Eye pain - Douleur oculaire
- Sight - Vision
- Glaucoma - Glaucome
- Vision disorder - Vue trouble ou double
- Vision loss - Perte de vision
- Sudden blindness - Cécité brutale
- Clear vision - Bonne vue
- Do you wear glasses ? - Portez-vous des lunettes pour lire ?
- Blind - Aveugle
- Painful red eye - œil rouge douloureux
- Excessive tearing - Larmoiement
- Dry eye - œil sec
- Eye drops - Collyre
- Glasses - Lunettes
- Conjunctivitis - Conjonctivite
- Glaucoma - Glaucome
- Keratoconus - Kératocône
- Optic neuritis - Névrite optique
- Blind - Aveugle
- Subconjunctival hemorrhage - Hémorragie sous-conjonctivale
- Retinal detachment - Décollement de rétine
- Uveitis - Uvéite
- Corneal graft - Greffe de cornée
Optometrist l’opticien
Sample Definition(s) : Canthus & Choroid
Choroid
Canthus
Canthus : This word is derived from Greek choroid (lying between the retina and
word kanthos which means; "Corner or edge of the sclera as shown in Figure, also
eye". known as choroidea and or choroid
This is a fissure present between two upper and coat, is the vascular layer of the eye. It
lower eyelids of an eye. provides the metabolic support to the
Types: retinal pigment epithelium (RPE),
There are two types. supplies blood to the optic nerve and
1) Medial or nasal canthus absorbs the excess light penetrating the
2) Lateral or temporal canthus retina
Roots for Eye Structure & Vision
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
CARDIOVASCULAR
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Cardiovascular Cardiovasculaire
Vital Signs ( VS) by Age
P:
Pulse (HR)
BP :
Blood pressure
RR :
Respiration Rate
HEMATOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
H(a)ematology Hématologie
Blood type facts
Roots for Blood and Immunity
RHEUMATOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Rheumatology Rhumatologie
RHEUMATOID
ARTHRITIS
OSTEOARTHRITIS
OSTEOPOROSIS
Bursitis pain is caused when “bursae” La bursite est causée lorsque les «bourses» -
— the fluid-filled sacs that are found les sacs remplis de liquide qui se trouvent à
next to joints and between bones — côté des articulations et entre les os -
become irritated and inflamed, deviennent irritées et enflammées, en
especially when someone moves in particulier lorsque quelqu'un se déplace de
repetitive ways or gets injured. façon répétitive ou se blesse.
Bursitis of the knee Bursitis of the elbow
bursite, peut être confondue avec une

bursitis, it can feel similar to tendinopathie, avec douleur et gonflement
tendinopathy, with localized pain and localisés. Les troubles tendineux ne causent
swelling. Tendon troubles usually cause généralement de la douleur que pendant le
pain only during movement, where mouvement, où la bursite peut être
bursitis might hurt even at rest. douloureuse même au repos.
Orthotics
PNEUMOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Pneumology
• Pulmonologist
• Pneumologist
Occupation • Pneumonologist
• Respirologist
• Respiratory physician
• Lung specialist
Surgical techniques in pneumology /

thoracic surgery
• Rigid bronchoscopy
• Flexible bronchoscopy
• Mediastinoscopy
• Thoracoscopy
Pneumology Pneumologie
Pneumology
Labeling Exercise The Respiratory System
PEDIATRICS
Paediatrics in the UK, India & Australia
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Pediatrics Pédiatrie
Pediatrics - childhood diseases vocabulary - Exercise
Match photos A-C

to the childhood
diseases
Answer these questions , after reading the

leaflet beside :
1 Who is this leaflet for?
2 What do the letters MMR stand for?
3 How old are children when they receive
the MMR vaccine? (2 answers)
4 Some children have symptoms after the
vaccine. What are they?
5 What is the treatment for these symptoms?
Pediatrics - childhood diseases vocabulary
Papules, vesicles, and crust

are all present at the same
time in the early phase of Fifth disease is a mild rash illness caused by
chickenpox. parvovirus B19. It is more common in children
than adults. A person usually gets sick
with fifth disease within 14 days after getting
infected. The characteristic of Fifth disease
(erythema infectiosum) is erythema on the
face, primarily the cheeks, giving a “slapped
face” appearance.
Appearance of the Newborn

DENTISTRY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Terms in Dental Practice
Branch of Dentistry
Endodontics is the branch of dentistry
concerning dental pulp and tissues
surrounding the roots of a tooth. “Endo” is the
Greek word for “inside” and “odont” is Greek
for “tooth.”
Pulpectomy :when the pulp of a tooth becomes
infected due to bacterial exposure or damaged
due to trauma, a root canal treatment is essential
to avoid losing the tooth.
Periodontology or periodontics (from Ancient
Greek, perí – 'around'; and, genitive, odóntos) Prosthodontist is a specialist dentist who
is the specialty of dentistry that studies deals with the replacement of missing teeth
supporting structures of teeth, as well as and related mouth or jaw structures by
diseases and conditions that affect them. bridges, dentures or prostheses.
Branch of Dentistry
Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that deals
with the diagnosis, prevention and correction of
malpositioned teeth and jaws. It can also focus on
modifying facial growth, known as dentofacial
orthopedics.
Oral and maxillofacial pathology refers to the
diseases of the mouth ("oral cavity" or "stoma"), dental braces / Appareil orthondontique
jaws ("maxillae" or "gnath") and related
structures such as salivary glands, mandible
joints, facial muscles and perioral skin (the skin
around the mouth), also include OMF- Radiology
& Surgery
Pediatric dentists are dedicated to the oral
health of children from infancy through the
teen years.
The American Dental Association and the
American Academy of Pediatrics say that every
child should visit a dentist by age 1 – or as
soon as the first tooth appears.
kids oral health
Dental Practice Vocabulary
Terms in Dental Practice
PHARMACOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Pharmacology overview
Etymology (*)
Branch
Branch
is the science that

studies, develops,
and tests drugs
Pharmacology overview
Etymology
(*)
Pharmacology Overview.
Drugs are biological or chemical agents. They are therapeutic when they are used to
cure, alleviate, diagnose, treat, or prevent illness. They are addictive or habit-forming when
they are used in unregulated and excessive quantities to stimulate or depress someone’s
moods. Therapeutic drugs are also called medicines or medications.
According to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Selon la loi Food, Drug, and Cosmetic de la Food and
Act of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Drug Administration des États-Unis, un médicament est
a drug is “intended for use in the diagnosis, «destiné à être utilisé dans le diagnostic, la guérison,
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of l'atténuation, le traitement ou la prévention des
disease in man or other animals.” maladies chez l'homme ou d'autres animaux».
Medicinal drugs are broadly classified into Les médicaments
médicamen sont généralement classés en deux
two categories: prescription drugs and over- catégories: les médicaments sur ordonnance et les
the-counter (or OTC ) drugs. médicaments en vente libre (ou en vente libre).
Europe
In Algeria : l’Agence algérienne du médicament

(Since July 2019 replacing the LNCPP)
Pharmacology – Drug Classification based on source
The two main classifications for Les deux principales classifications
drugs are chemical compound des médicaments sont les
médicaments à composés chimiques
drugs and biologics.
et les produits biologiques.
Examples
Chemical Name Generic Name Example Brand Name

Paracetamol acetaminophen
N-acetyl-p-aminophenol Tylenol (US)
(US, JP)
7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-
methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4- Diazepam Valium
benzodiazepin-2-one
Pharmacology – Drug Classification based on target Organ
Drugs acting on CNS (Diazepam, Phenobarbitone).

CNS : Central nervous system
Drugs acting on RS (Bromhexaine).

RS : Respiratory System
Drugs acting on CVS (Digitoxin, Digoxin).

CVS: Cardiovascular System
Drugs acting on GIT (Omeprazole, Kaoline, Sulphadimidine).

GIT: Gastrointestinaltract
Drugs acting on Urinary System (Magnesium Sulphate, Lasix)

Drugs acting on reproductive system (Oxytocin, Estrogen)
Pharmacology – Controlled Substances
Controlled substances are the most carefully monitored of all drugs. These drugs
have a high potential for abuse and may cause physical or psychological
dependency.
Physical dependency is the habitual use of a drug, in which negative physical

withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation; it is the body’s
dependence on repeated administration of a drug.
Psychological dependency is a compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a

pleasurable experience; it is the mind’s desire for the repeated administration of a
drug. One type of dependency may lead to the other.
What are drug classifications in the USA ?

Drug classifications were first put in place by the Controlled Substances Act (CSA) in
the 1970s. Since that time, the DEA and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
were named responsible for determining whether or not substances are fit for
medical use.
Pharmacology – Controlled Substances
Over--the
Over the--counter (OTC )
Some drugs are available
over-the-counter (OTC ), sold
without a doctor’s prescription
Prescription drugs are
dispensed by a pharmacist or
druggist in a pharmacy or drug
store
To educate patients on OTC products and largest Retail Pharmacy (OTC)
how they will impact their health : Chains, in the USA
WATCH OUT FOR INTERACTIONS

PAY ATTENTION TO SIDE EFFECTS
ALWAYS READ THE LABEL FIRST
Pharmacology Pharmacologie
Drug Nomenclature Suffixes and Prefixes
If it contains It is probably... Examples

Pharmacology definition review
Pharmacology definition review
CVS Pharmacy is one of the largest retail
pharmacy chains in the United States, The drugstore
with 9,600 stores.
Shoppers (owned by Loblaw

Companies), is the largest
pharmacy chain in Canada
A drive-thru pharmacy in the US

Pharmacist, chemist ?
Pharmacists are healthcare professionals Chemists are experts in Chemistry, a

who practice in pharmacy branch of physical science, that is the study
of the properties and building (synthesis) of
molecules
The reason pharmacists are called chemists (especially in the commonwealth nations) is
historical. There were four types 'people' from whom you could obtain drugs in medieval
Europe : doctors/physicians, apothecaries (Germany), chemists (UK, India) and druggists.
BOOTS - The UK’s biggest pharmacy chain Chemist store UK

To the drugstore À la pharmacie
antiseptic antiseptique
aspirin aspirine
athlete's foot powder poudre contre la mycose des pieds
bandages bandages
cough mixture sirop pour la toux
diarrhea tablets cachets contre la diarrhée;
antidiarrhéiques
emergency contraception (également contraception d'urgence (pilule du
connues sous le nom de the morning after lendemain)
pill)
eye drops gouttes pour les yeux
first aid kit trousse à pharmacie
hay fever tablets cachets contre le rhume des foins
indigestion tablets cachets contre l'indigestion
laxatives laxatifs
lip balm ou lip salve baume à lèvres
medicine médicament
To the drugstore À la pharmacie
nicotine patches patches à la nicotine
painkillers anti-douleurs
paracetamol paracétamol
plasters pansements
pregnancy testing kit test de grossesse
prescription ordonnance
sleeping tablets somnifères
thermometer thermomètre
throat lozenges pastilles pour la gorge
tissues mouchoirs
travel sickness tablets cachets contre le mal des
transports
vitamin pills comprimés de vitamines
Laboratory equipment Equipement de Laboratoire
Syringe Basic Equipments overview samples
Medical Measurements
Medication vocabulary - EXERCISES
Match words 1-10 to illustrations A-J.
1 capsules 6 ointment
2 drops 7 spray
3 inhaler 8 suppository
4 injection 9 syrup
5 IV drip 10 tablets
Medication vocabulary - EXERCISES
Complete medication records :
Pharmacology EXERCISE
Understanding Pharmacological Terms
Write the letter of the correct definition in the space provided.
1. ____ diuretic a. injected into the fatty layer of the skin

2. ____ hypoglycemic b. on the skin surface
3. ____ laxative c. under the tongue
4. ____ bucally d. official drug name
5. ____ generic e. increase excretion of urine
6. ____ brand name f. lowers blood glucose
7. ____ intramuscular g. loosens stool and promotes bowel elimination
8. ____ intradermal h. trade name
9. ____ topically i. inside the cheek
10. ___ subcutaneous j. into the muscle
11. ___sublingually k. beneath outer layer of skin (between layers)
DERMATOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Dermatology Dermatologie
Childhood illnesses with rash Maladies éruptives infantiles
Skin Pathologies Terms
The skin is a place
where both
abnormalities occur and
some internal diseases
show dermatological
symptoms. Lesions are
areas of tissues that
are altered because of a
pathological condition.
Primary lesions appear
on previously normal
skin. Secondary lesions
are abnormalities that
result from changes in
primary lesions.
Vascular lesions are
blood vessel lesions
that show through the
skin.
Types of Skin
Types of Skin
Skin Surgery typologies
Skin surgery includes the repair of various conditions. Sutures, stitches, or staples
hold skin together while healing takes place.
Various types of plastic surgery may involve reconstructing areas of the skin, as
after severe burns or radiation. Other types of skin surgery result in the removal of
a part of a growth to test for the presence of cancer.
Cryosurgery involves the removal of tissue by applying cold liquid nitrogen.
Dermabrasion is the use of brushes and emery papers to remove wrinkles, scars,
and tattoos. Debridement and curettage are the removal of dead tissue from a
wound by scraping.
Some surgical procedures of the skin involve the use of lasers to stop bleeding,
remove tissue, or excise tissues for examination.
Wounds may be cauterized or burned to coagulate an area that is bleeding.
A biopsy is a cutting of tissue for microscopic examination. A needle biopsy is
the removal of tissue by aspirating it through a needle. A punch biopsy is the use of
a cylindrical instrument to remove a small piece of tissue. A shave biopsy is the
removal of a layer of skin using a surgical blade
Skin Surgery Vocabulary
Labeling Exercise Cross--Section of the Skin
Cross
SURGERY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Surgery Operating Room(US) / Theatre(UK)
Surgical LED Lamp Light
patient monitor
Surgical table bed
X-ray control unit

Trolley
Anesthesia machine
surgery x-ray main unit

Major Surgery and Minor Surgery
What Is a Major Surgery? What Is a Minor Surgery?
Major surgery normally involves opening the Minor surgical procedures are those that
body, allowing the surgeon access to the area are minimally invasive. Small incisions are
where the work needs to be completed. It made that allow surgical tools and a small
involves major trauma to the tissues, a high camera to be inserted into the body. This
risk of infection, and an extended recovery allows the doctor to perform the procedure
period. Most major surgeries will leave a large without damaging extensive amounts of
scar. tissue. There are also surgical procedures
What Are Some Major Surgeries? that are superficial.
There are many different surgeries that fall into What Are Some Minor Surgeries?
this category. They include: Minor surgeries include:
Cesarean section, Organ replacement Cataract surgery, Gallbladder, Appendectomy
Joint replacement, Full hysterectomy Dental restorations, Circumcision, Breast
Heart surgeries biopsy, Arthroscopy, Laparoscopy
Bariatric surgeries, including the gastric bypass Burn excision and debridement procedures
Minor Surgery Minor Surgery
More extensive resection is done Small incisions are made
Cause damage to the tissues No extensive damage to the tissues
A high risk of infection The risk of infection is low
Extended recovery period Recovery time is shorter
Surgery vs. Procedure
WHAT IS SURGERY? WHAT IS A PROCEDURE?
Surgery is more invasive and requires Procedures are simple enough that they
more monitoring than a procedure does. can be done at a clinic, in a doctor’s office
Patients who have surgery receive general or in a procedural area at the hospital.
anesthesia because the surgeon is going Procedures are less invasive than surgery.
to have cut open the skin to work on a
joint or an organ. They have fewer risks of complications and
have a quick recovery time for example:
Some surgeries have same-day discharges Vasectomies
to home (breast augmentation) while Fine needle biopsies
others require extensive hospitalization Cardiac catherization
(open-heart). Paracentesis
Laser treatments
Skin cancer removal
Colonoscopies
Uroscopies
Cataract removal and Lasik
Surgery Operational Vocabulary
Surgery Vocabulary
Abdominal Incisions
Surgery Vocabulary - Instruments
Ligature
Scalpel Retractor needle
Surgery Vocabulary - Instruments
Surgical Curette
Vannas Scissors
Ceramic Tipped Forceps
Iris SuperCut Scissors
Hand Retractors
Halsted Mosquito Forceps
(clamp) Needle Holder
Suffixes for Surgery
Plastic surgery techniques
Plastic surgery vocabulary
laparoscopic surgery chirurgie laproscopique
duodenal switch commutateur duodénal
invasive & non-invasive surgery chirurgie invasive et non-invasive
spine surgery Chirurgie de la colonne vertébrale
hepatobliary surgery chirurgie hépatobiliaire
soft tissue surgery chirurgie des tissus mous
lap band surgery (bariatric) Gastroplastie par anneau gastrique (bariatrique)
knee replacement surgery chirurgie de remplacement du genou
breast augmentation surgery chirurgie d'augmentation mammaire
hip surgery chirurgie de la hanche
facelift lifting
stem cells cellules souches
skull reshaping remodelage du crâne
wound healing & scar revision cicatrisation des plaies et révision de cicatrice
tummy tuck abdominoplastie
Facial rejuvenation Rajeunissement facial
skin care & burn skin care soin de la peau & traitement de la peau brulée
Earlobe repair Reconstruction du lobe oculaire
Laser Tattoo removal Enlèvement de tatouage par laser
Stretch marks Vergetures
Regenerative Medicine is the branch of medicine that deals with the regeneration,
replacement, and repair of damaged cells or tissues.
Relationship between regenerative technologies and the degree of organ function
Quotes
Alfred Emanuel McGuire was an American college

basketball famous coach
ONCOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Oncology : Greek - Oncos –> Tumor Oncologie: du Grec - Oncos -> Tumeur
Oma - Tumor Oma - Tumeur

Carcin-oma – Hard Tumor Carcin-oma - Tumeur dure
Sarc-oma - Soft Tumor Sarc-oma - Tumeur molle
Cellule d’origine Bénin Malin

Oncology Oncologie
Oncology Oncologie
Tissue Changements
Changes tissulaires
Normal cells may become cancer cells. Les cellules normales peuvent devenir des cellules
Before cancer cells form in tissues of the cancéreuses. Avant que les cellules cancéreuses ne
body, the cells go through abnormal se forment dans les tissus du corps, les cellules
changes called hyperplasia and dysplasia. subissent des changements anormaux appelés
In hyperplasia, there is an increase in the hyperplasie et dysplasie. Dans l'hyperplasie, il y a
number of cells in an organ or tissue that une augmentation du nombre de cellules dans un
appear normal under a microscope. In organe ou un tissu qui semblent normales au
dysplasia, the cells look abnormal under a microscope. Dans la dysplasie, les cellules semblent
microscope but are not cancer. anormales au microscope mais ne sont pas
Hyperplasia and dysplasia may or may not cancéreuses. L'hyperplasie et la dysplasie peuvent
become cancer. devenir cancéreuses ou non.
Oncology / Oncologie
Sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcoma forms in soft tissues
of the body, including muscle, tendons, fat,
blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, and
tissue around joints.
Sarcomas are cancers that form in bone
and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood
vessels, lymph vessels, and fibrous tissue
(such as tendons and ligaments).
Osteosarcoma is the most common
cancer of bone. The most common types of
soft tissue sarcoma are Kaposi sarcoma,
Sarcome
Le sarcome se forme dans les tissus mous
du corps, y compris les muscles, les tendons,
la graisse, les vaisseaux sanguins, les
vaisseaux lymphatiques, les nerfs et les
tissus autour des articulations.
L'ostéosarcome est le cancer osseux le
plus fréquent.
Les types les plus courants de sarcome
des tissus mous sont le sarcome de Kaposi.
Oncology : Tumor (Tumour – UK) Oncologie : Tumeur
Cancers which are masses of tissue les cancers qui forment des masses de
forms solid tumors, tissus, sont des tumeurs solides.
Oncology Oncologie
Tumor grades classification: Classification graduée des tumeurs :
the following system is generally used : le système suivant est généralement utilisé:
GX: Grade cannot be assessed GX: La note ne peut pas être évaluée (note
(undetermined grade) indéterminée)
G1: Well differentiated (low grade) G1: bien différencié (faible teneur)
G2: Moderately differentiated G2: Modérément différencié (grade
(intermediate grade) intermédiaire)
G3: Poorly differentiated (high grade) G3: peu différencié (haut grade)
G4: Undifferentiated (high grade) G4: indifférencié (haut grade)
TNM Staging Classif. TNM

Lung & Cancers du
Prostate Poumon et
Cancers de la Prostate
Oncology Oncologie
Genetic changes that cause Cancer Les changements génétiques qui causent le
can be inherited or arise from cancer peuvent être hérités ou découler
certain environmental exposure. d'une exposition à certains environnements.
Genetic changes can also happen Des changements génétiques peuvent
because of errors that occurs as également se produire en raison d'erreurs
cells divide qui se produisent lors de la division
cellulaire.
Oncology Oncologie
Cancer cells can break away from Les cellules cancéreuses peuvent se
the original tumor and travel détacher de la tumeur d'origine et se
through the blood vessels or déplacer à travers les vaisseaux sanguins
lymph system to distant locations ou le système lymphatique vers des
in the body. endroits éloignés du corps.
This is called Metastasis C’est la Métastase.
Colon Cancer - Common type example Cancer du Colon – Exemple type commun
Colon: Normal Adenoma Carcinoma

Neurology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Nervous system/neurology Système nerveux/neurologie
Glasgow coma scale (GCS) Échelle de Glasgow
MENINGITIS
HYDROCEPHALUS
MENINGOCELE
LUMBAR PUNCTURE
Obstetrics and
gynecology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Obstetrics and gynecology Gynécologie et obstétrique
MIDWIFERY (Obstétrique)
•The meaning of the word midwife in English is : ‘being with the woman.’
•Midwifery matters for all childbearing women, their babies, and their families, wherever
they live in the world, and whatever their circumstances.
across the following continuum :
Pre- Labour & Post-

Pregnancy
pregnancy Birth partum
Midwives in the United States are also

registered nurses. They're called Certified
Nurse-Midwives (CNM) and have a bachelor's
degree from an accredited institution (AMCB)
as well as a certification from the American
College of Nurse Midwives( ACNM).
CNMs are independent practitioners in most
states, however a few states require physician
supervision.
Services that women and babies might need and
Provided by midwife new role
MIDWIFERY
Men in midwifery
Men rarely practice midwifery for cultural and historical reasons. In ancient Greece,
midwives were required by law to have given birth themselves, which prevented men from
joining their ranks.
The professional split, with women serving as midwives and men becoming obstetricians.
Men who work as midwives are called male midwives, and not “midhusbands” !!
•Evidence shows that skilled, whatever male

or female, knowledgeable and
compassionate midwifery care reduces
maternal and newborn mortality and
stillbirths, keeps mothers and babies safe,
and promotes health and well-being.
MIDWIFERY
Not to do
Midwives cannot do C-sections without a doctor present. Can refer a patient to

an anesthesiologist for an epidural but not do it personally.
Professional misconduct & risks
Malpractice might be defined as lack of knowledge or experience, or the negligent

performance of duties that result in patient injury.
Midwives have been reported to be responsible for several types of malpractice:

• wrongful disclosure (divulgation non autoriséee ) of personal information about clients;
• incomplete monitoring of pregnancy and inaccurate assessment of pregnancy related
conditions, leading to adverse changes in the client’s health status (negligent care)
• failure to detect pregnancy-related problems and to refer the woman to higher levels of
care in a timely manner;
• failure to perform tasks in a skilful manner, resulting in injury to the client (e.g.
inappropriate technique for management of breech delivery or shoulder dystocia)
• medication errors (e.g. route, region and technique of drug administration).
Some undesirable outcomes are unavoidable (such as congenital anomalies incompatible
with life).
Genitourinary system/
nephrology/urology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Organ description
Genito-urinary system/ Système génito-urinaire/
nephrology/urology néphrologie/urologie
Roots for the Kidney
Roots for the Urinary Tract

Risk factors
Prevention Plan
End Stage renal

disease
GFR : Glomerular Filtration Rate
Labeling Exercise The Urinary System
Labeling Exercise The Urinary System ( Answers )
PSYCHIATRY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Psychiatry Psychiatrie
Terms in Psychiatry
Terms in Psychiatry
Mild : Bénin / Relapsing : Rechuter / Jeopardize : Compromettre, en péril
« long sleeves in summer » : « manches longues en été » / Uselessness : Inutilité
ADHD (Attention Deficit – Hyperactivity Disorder) , Anxiety disorders , Autism Spectrum
disorders , Eating disorders, Addictive behavior disorders, Mood disorder, Borderline
Personality Disorder (BPD)
/ Types de Crises d’Épilepsie
Mainstream Anxiety types
Depression Vs Anxiety
Trouble Involontaire Convulsif (TIC) / Involuntary Seizure Disorder
Tics are involuntary repetitive movements and sounds that are difficult or
impossible to control. They involve sudden jerky movements of the head, face,
neck and/or limbs, as well as repetitive vocalizations.
Tics are relatively common during childhood and are often diagnosed as either
Tourette Syndrome (TS) or Transient Tic Disorder (TTD) based on severity and
duration of symptoms.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
(OH)
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Occupational medicine a
branch of medicine concerned
with the prevention and treatment
of occupational diseases
Also commonly referred to as occupational health and safety (OHS), occupational

health (OH), or workplace health and safety (WHS)
Hazard : Danger
Partition off : Isoler

Harm : Préjudice
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) : Issued by the Department of Labor
(DoL) a legal act to make work safer and protect the physical well-being of the US
worker.
Occupational Health –
PPE (HC) - PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Occupational Health –
PPE (N-HC) - Exercise
Waste Management
TOXICOLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Toxicology Toxicologie
In 1813, Mathieu Origila, a Spanish En 1813, Mathieu Origila, un chimiste
chemist, completed the first espagnol, a achevé le premier travail complet
comprehensive work on forensic sur la toxicologie médico-légale, et est connu
toxicology, and is known as the “father of comme le «père de la toxicologie».
toxicology”.
Toxicology is a branch of biology , chemistry , La toxicologie est une branche de la biologie,
and medicine concerned with the study of the de la chimie et de la médecine qui s'intéresse à
adverse effects of chemicals on living l'étude des effets néfastes des produits
organisms. It is the study of symptoms, chimiques sur les organismes vivants. C'est
mechanisms, treatments and detection of l'étude des symptômes, des mécanismes, des
poisoning , especially the poisoning of people. traitements et de la détection
d'empoisonnement, dont ceux des personnes.
Toxicology can be defined as that branch of La toxicologie peut être définie comme cette
science that deals with poisons, and a poison branche de la science qui traite des poisons, et
can be defined as any substance that causes a celui-ci peut être défini comme toute
harmful effect when administered, either by substance qui cause un effet nocif lorsqu'elle
accident or design, to a living organism. By est administrée, soit par accident ou à dessein,
convention, toxicology also includes the study à un organisme vivant. Par convention, la
of harmful effects caused by physical toxicologie comprend également l'étude des
phenomena, such as radiation of various kinds effets nocifs causés par des phénomènes
and noise. physiques, tels que les rayonnements de divers
types et le bruit.
Purpose, area and interest
carcinogen. A chemical substance or other agent cancérogène. Une substance chimique ou un autre
that causes cancer. agent qui cause le cancer.
causation. In toxicology, the action of causing or causalité. En toxicologie, l'action de provoquer ou
producing an effect as a result of ingestion, de produire un effet à la suite d'une ingestion, d'une
inhalation, dermal absorption or other exposure inhalation, d'une absorption cutanée ou d'une autre
route to a toxic substance. voie d'exposition à une substance toxique.
chronic toxicity. A toxic response to long-term Toxicité chronique. Une réponse toxique à une
exposure or dose of an agent. exposition ou à une dose à long terme d'un agent.
clinical toxicology. The study and treatment of toxicologie clinique. L'étude et le traitement des
humans exposed to chemicals and the humains exposés aux produits chimiques et la
quantification of resulting adverse health effects. quantification des effets néfastes sur la santé qui en
Clinical toxicology includes the application of résultent. La toxicologie clinique comprend
pharmacological principles to the treatment of l'application de principes pharmacologiques au
chemically exposed individuals and research on traitement des personnes chimiquement exposées
measures to enhance elimination of toxic agents. et la recherche de mesures pour améliorer
absorption. The taking up of a chemical into the l'élimination des agents toxiques.
body either orally, through inhalation or via skin absorption. Absorption d'un produit chimique par
exposure. voie orale, par inhalation ou par exposition cutanée.
acute toxicity. An immediate toxic response toxicité aiguë. Une réponse toxique immédiate
following a single or short-term exposure to an suite à une exposition unique ou à court terme à un
agent or dose. agent ou à une dose.
antagonism. When exposure to one toxic agent antagonisme. Lorsque l'exposition à un agent
causes a decrease in the effect produced by another toxique entraîne une diminution de l'effet produit
toxic agent. par un autre agent toxique.
epigenetic. Pertaining to nongenetic mechanisms by épigénétique. Relatif aux mécanismes non
which certain agents cause diseases such as cancer. génétiques par lesquels certains agents provoquent
etiology. A branch of medical science concerned des maladies telles que le cancer. étiologie. Une
with the causation of diseases. branche de la science médicale traitant de la
excretion. The process by which toxicants are causalité des maladies. excrétion. Processus par
eliminated from the body including through the lequel les substances toxiques sont éliminées de
kidney and urinary tract, the liver and biliary l'organisme, notamment par les reins et les voies
system, the fecal excretor, the lungs, sweat, saliva urinaires, le foie et le système biliaire, les
and lactation. excréments fécaux, les poumons, la sueur, la salive
et la lactation.
exposure. The intake into the body of a hazardous exposition. L'apport dans le corps d'une matière
material. The main routes of exposure to substances dangereuse. Les principales voies d'exposition aux
are through the skin, mouth and lungs. substances sont la peau, la bouche et les poumons.
direct-acting agents. Agents that cause toxic effects agents à action directe. provoquent des effets
without metabolic activation or conversion. toxiques sans activation ou conversion métabolique.
distribution. Movement of a toxic agent throughout Distribution. circuit d'un agent toxique à travers les
the organ systems of the body (e. g., the liver, systèmes organiques du corps (par exemple, le foie,
kidney, bone, fat and central nervous system). The les reins, les os, les graisses et le système nerveux
rate of distribution is usually determined by the central). Le taux de distribution est généralement
blood flow through the organ and the ability of the déterminé par le flux sanguin à travers l'organe et la
chemical to pass through the cell membranes of the capacité du produit chimique à traverser les
various tissues. membranes cellulaires des différents tissus.
dose, dosage. The measured amount of a chemical dose, dosage. La quantité mesurée d'un produit
that is administered at one time, or that an chimique qui est administrée en même temps ou à
organism is exposed to in a defined period of time. laquelle un organisme est exposé pendant une
période de temps définie.
pharmacokinetics. A mathematical model pharmacocinétique. Un modèle
that expresses the movement of a toxic agent mathématique qui exprime le mouvement
through the organ systems of the body d'un agent toxique à travers les systèmes
including to the target organ and to its d'organes du corps, y compris vers l'organe
ultimate fate. cible et sa destination finale.
Linear no threshold model (LNT). A model for modèle linéaire sans seuil . Un modèle pour
understanding disease causation which comprendre la causalité de la maladie qui
postulates that any exposure to a harmful postule que toute exposition à un produit
chemical (such as a mutagen) may increase chimique nocif (exemple d’un mutagène) peut
the risk of disease. augmenter le risque de maladie.
no observable effect level (NOEL). The la concentration sans effet observable (CSEO)
highest level of exposure to an agent at which Niveau d'exposition le plus élevé à un agent
no effect is observed. auquel aucun effet n'est observé.
neurotoxicology. A branch of toxicology neurotoxicologie. branche de la toxicologie qui
concerned with the effects of exposure to étudie les effets de l'exposition à des agents
toxic agents on the central nervous system. toxiques sur le système nerveux central.
mutagenesis. The process by which agents mutagenèse. Processus par lequel les agents
cause changes in chromosomes and genes. provoquent des changements dans les
chromosomes et les gènes.
molecular toxicology. The study of how toxic toxicologie moléculaire. L'étude de la façon dont
agents interact with cellular molecules les agents toxiques interagissent avec les molécules
including DNA. cellulaires, y compris l'ADN.
LD50 (lethal dose 50). The dose at which 50% of DL50 (dose létale 50). La dose à laquelle 50% des
laboratory animals die within days to weeks. animaux de laboratoire meurent en quelques
lifetime bioassay. A bioassay in which doses of jours ou semaines.
an agent are given to experimental animals Test d’activité biologique. Un essai biologique
throughout their lifetime. dont les doses d'un agent sont administrées à
des animaux de laboratoire durant leur vie.
MTD (maximum tolerated dose). The highest DMT (dose maximale tolérée). La dose la plus
dose of an agent that an organism can be élevée d'un agent à laquelle un organisme peut
exposed to without causing death or significant être exposé sans provoquer la mort ou une
overt toxicity. toxicité manifeste importante.
metabolism. The set of biochemical métabolisme. Ensemble de transformations
transformations and enzyme-catalyzed
enzyme catalyzed reactions biochimiques et de réactions catalysées par des
which maintain the living state of cells in an enzymes qui maintiennent l'état vivant des
organism. cellules dans un organisme.
immunotoxicology. A branch of toxicology immunotoxicologie. branche de la toxicologie
concerned with the effects of toxic agents on the traite des effets des agents toxiques sur le
immune system. système immunitaire.
indirect-acting agents. Agents that require agents actif indirects. Agents qui nécessitent une
metabolic activation or conversion before they activation ou une conversion métabolique avant
produce toxic effects in living organisms. de produire des effets toxiques sur les
inhalation toxicology. The study of the effect of organismes vivants.
toxic agents that are absorbed into the body toxicologie par inhalation. L'étude de l'effet des
through inhalation including their effects on the agents toxiques absorbés par inhalation, y
respiratory system. compris leurs effets sur le système respiratoire.
Toxic agent or toxicant. An agent or substance Agent toxique. Un agent ou une substance qui
that causes disease or injury. provoque des maladies ou des dommages.
Target-organ dose. The dose to the organ that Dose d'organe cible. La dose affectée à
is affected by a particular toxic agent. l'organe par un agent toxique particulier.
Synergistic effect. When two toxic agents Effet synergique. Lorsque 2 agents toxiques
acting together have an effect greater than agissant ensemble ont un effet supérieur à la
the sum of their individual effects. somme de leurs effets individuels.
Structure activity relationships (SAR). A Relations structure-activité (RSA). Une
method used by toxicologists to predict the méthode utilisée par les toxicologues pour
toxicity of new chemicals by comparing their prédire la toxicité de nouveaux produits
chemical structures with those of compounds chimiques en comparant leurs structures
with known toxic effects. chimiques avec celles de composés ayant des
effets toxiques connus.
Safety assessment. Toxicological research that Evaluation de sécurité. Recherche toxicologique
tests the toxic potential of a chemical in vivo or qui teste le potentiel toxique d'un produit chimique
in vitro using standardized techniques required in vivo ou in vitro à l'aide de techniques normalisées
by governmental regulatory agencies or other requises par les organismes de réglementation
organizations. gouvernementaux ou d'autres organisations
Potentiation. The process by which the addition Potentialisation. Le processus par lequel
of one agent, which by itself has no toxic effect, l'addition d'un agent, qui en soi n'a pas d'effet
toxique, augmente la toxicité d'un autre agent
increases the toxicity of another agent when
lorsque l'exposition aux 2 agents se produit
exposure to both agents occurs simultaneously.
simultanément.
Forensic Toxicology Toxicologie légale
Forensic Toxicology : Forensic toxicologists Toxicologie légale : Les toxicologues médico-
detect and identify drugs and poisons in légaux détectent et identifient les drogues et
body fluids, tissues, and organs in matters les poisons dans les fluides corporels, les tissus
that pertain to violations of criminal law. et les organes dans les affaires relatives aux
Ethyl alcohol is the most heavily abused drug violations du droit pénal.
in Western countries. L'alcool éthylique est la drogue la plus
consommée dans les pays occidentaux.
The Role of the Toxicologist Le rôle du toxicologue
The forensic toxicologist must devise an IL doit concevoir un schéma analytique pour
analytical scheme to detect, isolate, and détecter, isoler et identifier les substances
identify toxic drug substances extracted from médicamenteuses toxiques extraites des fluides
biological fluids, tissues, and organs. A biologiques, des tissus et des organes.
Un test de dépistage donne un aperçu rapide de
screening test gives quick insight into the
la probabilité qu'un échantillon contienne une
likelihood that a specimen contains a drug
substance médicamenteuse.
substance. Positive results arising from a Les résultats positifs résultant d'un test de
screening test are tentative at best and must dépistage sont au mieux provisoires et doivent
be verified with a confirmation test. The most être vérifiés avec un test de confirmation.
widely used screening tests are thin-layer Les tests de dépistage les plus utilisés sont la
chromatography, gas chromatography, and chromatographie sur couche mince, la
immunoassay. chromatographie en phase gazeuse et le dosage
immunologique.
Case Knowledge: The toxicologist must be Connaissance de cas: Le toxicologue doit être
prepared to testify regarding the basic facts of prêt à témoigner sur les faits de base du cas et
the case and answer questions pertaining to à répondre aux questions relatives aux
circumstances. He may be questioned at great circonstances. Il peut être longuement
length on what might otherwise be presumed interrogé sur ce qui est présumé et des
to be trivial matters. Thus, the toxicologist's questions insignifiantes. Ainsi, le témoignage
testimony will only be regarded as credible if du toxicologue ne sera considéré comme
he possesses a working knowledge of case crédible que s'il possède une connaissance
facts. pratique des faits de l'affaire.
Qualifications and Integrity: The toxicologist Qualifications et intégrité: Le toxicologue doit
must stay within his area(s) of expertise, rester dans son ou ses domaines d'expertise,
deferring non-toxicological matters to other renvoyant les questions non toxicologiques à
experts and authorities. d'autres experts et autorités.
Foundation of Opinions: The toxicologist must Fondement des opinions: Le toxicologue doit
be able to clearly and concisely communicate être en mesure de communiquer de manière
the generally-accepted method(s) that were claire et concise la ou les méthodes
used to conduct the investigation and/or généralement acceptées qui ont été utilisées
arrive at opinions or conclusions. This may pour mener l'enquête et / ou parvenir à des
include explanations of any relevant studies or opinions ou des conclusions. Cela peut
citations applicable to the investigation. comprendre des explications sur toutes
études ou citations pertinentes applicables à
l'enquête.
Neurotoxicity is an important public health problem. As shown in the table, there have
been several episodes of human neurotoxicity.
Year Location Substance Comments
1974-1975 United States Chlordecone Chemical plant employees exposed to insecticide; more than
(Hopewell, VA) (Kepone) 20 suffer severe neurological problems, more than 40 have
less severe problems.
1976 United States Leptophos At least 9 employees suffer severe neurological problems
(Texas) (Phosvel) following exposure to insecticide during manufacturing
process.
1977 United States Dichloroprop 24 individuals hospitalized after exposure to pesticide Telone
(California) ene (Telone following traffic accident.
II)
1979 1980 United States
1979-1980 BHMH Seven employees at plastic bathtub manufacturing plant
(Lancaster, TX) (Lucel-7) experience serious neurologicalproblems following exposure
to BHMH.
1980s United States MPTP Impurity in synthesis of illicit drug found to cause symptoms
identical to those of Parkinson’s disease.
1981 Spain Contaminate 20,000 persons poisoned by toxic substance in oil, resulting in
d toxic oil more than 500 deaths; many suffer severe neuropathy.
1985 United States and Aldicarb More than 1,000 individuals in California and other Western
Canada States and British Columbia experience neuromuscular and
cardiac problems following ingestion of melons contaminated
with the pesticide aldicarb.
1987 Canada Domoic acid Ingestion of mussels contaminated with domoic acid causes
129 illnesses and 2 deaths; symptoms include memory loss,
disorientation and seizures.
Biodegradability
All chemicals should be

examined for
biodegradability in vitro. In
case the chemical is readily
biodegradable, it is
considered "safe".
Otherwise, the chemical is
then examined for
bioaccumulation. If it is
found to be "highly
accumulating," full toxicity
data are requested.
Degree of Certainty: The toxicologist must Niveau de certitude: Le toxicologue doit
define the degree of certainty of his définir le niveau de certitude de ses
conclusions. Toxicological opinions should be conclusions. Les opinions toxicologiques sont
expressed as conclusions arrived at within tirées avec une ‘certitude toxicologique
reasonable toxicological certainty. raisonnable’.
Credibility: The toxicologist must expect that Crédibilité: Le toxicologue doit s'attendre à ce
opposing counsel will attempt to refute or que l'avocat adverse tente de réfuter ou de
discredit his testimony and may even enter discréditer son témoignage et peut même
motions to exclude. In such instances, the introduire des requêtes en exclusion. Dans de
toxicologist must be prepared to produce tels cas, le toxicologue doit être prêt à
objective rebuttals supported by generally- produire des réfutations objectives appuyées
accepted methods and peer-reviewed par des méthodes acceptées et des études
epidemiological studies and/or case evidence. épidémiologiques et / ou des preuves de cas
examinées par des pairs.
Ethical Coherency: The toxicologist must be Cohérence éthique: Le toxicologue doit être
thorough without being redundant and minutieux sans être redondant et complet
complete without transgressing into unrelated sans transgresser dans des domaines non liés.
areas. If confronted by difficult or misleading S'il est confronté à des questions difficiles ou
questions, he must respond with concise trompeuses, il doit répondre avec
professionalism, integrity and dignity. professionnalisme, intégrité et dignité concis.
What Do Forensic Toxicologists Do? Que font les toxicologues légiste ?
Conducting laboratory tests on human Effectue des tests de laboratoire sur des
samples – such samples are usually collected échantillons humains - ces échantillons sont
by forensic pathologists généralement prélevés par des ML
Setting up and operating technologically Mise en place et exploitation d'une
advanced biomedical instrumentation instrumentation biomédicale de pointe
Determining the presence or absence of Déterminer la présence ou l'absence de
certain chemicals or gases in the collected certains produits chimiques ou gaz dans les
samples échantillons prélevés
Documenting the experiment procedures Documenter les procédures de test
in accordance with forensic toxicology conformément aux directives du laboratoire
laboratory guidelines de toxicologie médico-légale
Giving expert witness testimony in courts Témoigner es-qualité d'experts devant les
of law tribunaux
Supervising forensic lab technicians and Superviser l’équipe du laboratoire légal.
assistants. Il est essentiel de noter que ces
It is essential to note that these toxicologues ne travaillent pas uniquement
toxicologists don’t only work to determine the pour déterminer les causes de décès. D'autres
causes of death. Others work in doping travaillent dans le contrôle du dopage, où ils
control, where they detect the presence or détectent la présence ou mesurent les
measure the levels of performance-enhancing niveaux de médicaments améliorant la
drugs in athletes. performance chez les athlètes.
Pictograms Pictogrammes
The Globally Harmonized System of Le Système général harmonisé de
Classification and Labeling of classification et d'étiquetage des produits
Chemicals (GHS) chimiques (SGH)
There are three major hazard groups: Physical Il existe trois principaux groupes de risques:
hazards. Health hazards. Environmental Risques physiques. Risques sanitaires. Risques
hazards. environnementaux.
The 9 Hazard Standard pictograms Les 9 pictogrammes standard de sécurité
Globally Harmonized System
VIROLOGY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Definitions
SARS- CoV -2
Properties & Structure
Morphology - Size
Viral Diseases
Pathways for Viral Entry of the Host Cell /
Voies d'entrée virale de la cellule hôte
Resistance Résistance
Very heat labile but stable at low Très instable à la chaleur mais stable à
temperatures basses températures
Inactivated within seconds at 56 C. Inactivé en quelques secondes à 56 ° C Peut
Can be kept frozen at -70 C for long être conservé congelé à -70 ° C pour une
term storage. conservation à long terme.
Inactivated by sunlight, UV rays & Inactivé par la lumière du soleil, les rayons
ionizing radiations. UV et les radiations ionisantes. Plus
More resistant than bacteria to résistant que les bactéries aux
chemical disinfectants. désinfectants chimiques.
Most active antiviral agents (virucidal) La plupart des agents antiviraux (virucides)
– oxidizing agents like hydrogen actifs - agents oxydants comme le peroxyde
peroxide, potassium permanganate, d'hydrogène, le permanganate de
hypochlorite's potassium, les hypochlorites
Examinations
DIRECT INDIRECT
SEROLOGY
Diagnostic Imaging
Radiology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
RADIOLOGIST
Radiologists are medical doctors that specialize in
diagnosing and treating injuries and diseases using
medical imaging (radiology) procedures
(exams/tests) such as X-rays, computed
tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI), nuclear medicine, positron emission
tomography (PET) and ultrasound.
Radiologists complete at least 13 years of training, including medical school, a four-year
residency, and most often, an additional one- or two-year fellowship of very specialized
training, such as radiation oncology, pediatric radiology, or interventional radiology. They
are certified by the American Board of Radiology
Radiographers are allied health professionals who take x-rays and other medical images to
assist doctors in diagnosing diseases and injuries. They are also known as medical imaging
technologists. A radiographer does scan as well.
Diagnostic Imaging
Radiography (X-ray)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
Positron Emission Tomography, also

Known as Computed tomography (CT)
Diagnostic Imaging
IONIZING IMAGING
Radiography (X-ray)
In radiology, -graph is the preferred suffix used to Computed tomography (CT), also known
refer to an x-ray record. It is taken
by a radiologic technologist, also known as
as computed axial tomography (CAT)
radiographer, and is interpreted or read is a radiologic procedure that uses a machine,
by a radiologist, a physician specializing in the study called a scanner, to examine a body site by
of radiology. taking a series of cross-sectional (tomographic)
x-ray films in a full-circle rotation
Nuclear medicine imaging, or radionuclide

organ imaging, uses an injected or ingested
radioactive isotope (also called a radionuclide), or
a chemical that has been tagged with radioactive
compounds that emit gamma rays
Diagnostic Imaging
NONIONIZING IMAGING
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a Sonography

nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic which is also known as diagnostic ultrasound (U/S
fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize or US), is the use of high-frequency sound waves
anatomic structures within the body. (ultrasound) to visualize body tissues. Ultrasound
waves sent through a scanning device, called a
transducer, are reflected off structures within the
body
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

applies magnetic resonance technology
in the study of blood flow
Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
Terminology
Radiology & Nuclear Medicine
Abbreviations (know the highlighted ones)
Endoscopy is the procedure used to examine
the diseases related to a person’s digestive
system by inserting a long, flexible tube
(endoscope) .
ENDOSCOPY
Types
Name of procedure Name of tool How endoscope reaches target area
Esophagoscopy Esophagoscope Inserted through the mouth
Gastroscopy Gastroscope Inserted through the mouth
Inserted through a small, surgical

Laparoscopy Laparoscope
opening in the abdomen
Laryngoscopy Laryngoscope Inserted through the mouth
Anoscopy Anoscope Inserted through the anus

Arthroscope Inserted through a small incision over
Arthroscopy the joint
Bronchoscope Inserted through the mouth
Bronchoscopy
Colonoscope Inserted through the anus
Colonoscopy
Colposcopy Colposcope Placed at the vagina’s opening after a
tool called a speculum dilates the
vagina. It is not inserted in the body.
Anesthesiology
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Anesthesiology Anesthésie
Principles of anesthesia principes d'anesthésie

An anesthetic plan, also known as a Un plan anesthésique, également appelé
perioperative plan, encompasses the plan périopératoire, comprend les trois
following three phases: phases suivantes:
1. Preoperative – before the surgery 1. Préopératoire - avant la chirurgie

2. Intraoperative – during the surgery 2. Périopératoire - pendant la chirurgie
3. Postoperative – after the surgery 3. Postopératoire - après la chirurgie
Types of anesthesiologists Types d'anesthésistes

According to the American Society of Selon l'ASA, il existe plusieurs positions
Anesthesiologists, there are several types of d'anesthésistes:
anesthetists :
1. Médecin anesthésiste - Médecins
1. Physician Anesthesiologist – Highly skilled hautement qualifiés
medical doctors 2. Assistant anesthésiste - Professionnel
2. Anesthesiologist Assistant – Skilled and de la santé qualifié et certifié
certified healthcare professionals 3. L'infirmière anesthésiste assure sous
3. Nurse Anesthetist provide anesthesia and contrôle l'anesthésie et les soins
related care before and after surgical. connexes avant et après la chirurgie.
Anesthesiologist Anesthésiste
An anesthesiologist is a doctor (MD or Un anesthésiologiste est un médecin qui

DO/US) who practices anesthesia. pratique l'anesthésie. Les anesthésiologistes
Anesthesiologists are physicians sont des médecins spécialisés dans les soins
specializing in perioperative care, préopératoires, l'élaboration de plans
developing anesthetic plans, and the d'anesthésie et l'administration
administration of anesthetics. d'anesthésiques.
In North America, anesthetist is used to En Amérique du Nord, anesthésiste est

refer to advanced non-physician providers utilisé pour désigner les professionnels non
of anesthesia services such as nurse médecins des services d'anesthésie, tels
anesthetists and anesthesiologist que les infirmières anesthésistes et les
assistants. assistants anesthésistes.
In most other parts of the world, the Dans la plupart des autres régions du
physician practising it is termed monde, le médecin qui la pratique est
an anaesthesiologist. appelé anesthésiste.
Semantic precision: the doctor who Précision sémantique: le médecin qui délivre
delivers anesthesia is an anesthesiologist- une anesthésie est un médecin anesthésiste-
resuscitator (DAR), who exercises the réanimateur (MAR), qui exerce la spécialité
specialty of anesthesiology, different from d’anesthésiologie, différente de la
medical resuscitation. réanimation médicale.
Types of Anesthesia Procedures
Sous Sédation sécurisée les états d'inconscience varient lorsque les patients subissent une anesthésie
Administering Local Anesthesia Preanesthetic Drugs
The physician or dentist administers a The general purpose, or use, of the
local injectable anesthetic. The drug stays preanesthetic drug is to prepare the patient for
in the tissue longer when epinephrine is anesthesia. The more specific purposes of these
used. drugs include the following:
• Opioid or antianxiety drug—to decrease
anxiety and apprehension immediately before
surgery.
• Cholinergic blocking drug—to decrease
secretions of the upper respiratory tract.
The administration of general anesthesia

requires the use of one or more drugs. The
choice of anesthetic drug depends on many
factors, including:
• General physical condition of the patient
• Area, organ, or system being operated on
• Anticipated length of the surgical procedure
Adverse anesthesia health effects

conceptual framework
(University of Columbia)
Mental retardation
Effets négatifs de l'anesthésie sur la santé

cadre conceptuel
(Université de Columbia)
Medical basic vocabulary for an anesthetist
Anesthesiology - Equipments Anesthésie - Equipements
catheter - cathéter
Anesthesia Work-station Intraoperative Monitoring

Respirateur d’Anesthésie (IOM) –
Moniteur de Surveillance
peropératoire
Neonatal Resuscitation table Table de réanimation néonatale

MORBIDITY MORBIDITÉ
Refers to having a disease or a symptom Se réfère à une maladie ou un symptôme
of disease, or to the amount of disease de maladie, ou la quantité de maladie au
within a population. Morbidity also refers sein d'une population. La morbidité fait
to medical problems caused by a également référence aux problèmes
treatment. médicaux causés par un traitement.
Morbidity rate : Le taux de morbidité :
is the ratio that measures the incidence est le rapport qui mesure l'incidence ou la
or prevalence of a certain disease, in prévalence d'une certaine maladie, en
epidemiology. For a given period, this épidémiologie. Pour une période donnée,
rate is the ratio between the number of ce taux est le rapport entre le nombre de
people reached, over the total personnes atteintes, sur la population
population considered totale considérée
Comorbidity : Comorbidité :
refers to the presence of one or more désigne la présence d'un ou de plusieurs
disorders associated with a primary troubles associés à un trouble ou une maladie
disorder or disease. The effect caused by primaire. L'effet provoqué par ces troubles ou
these associated disorders or diseases. maladies associés.
Ex : MDD & SAD comorbid state of a Ex: Etat comorbide d’un patient dépressif et
patient. anxieux.
Color--coding used as a gas identifier for medical Gas fittings & connections.
Color
The following words and phrases represent Les mots et expressions de ce glossaire
some of the most common equipment, représentent certains des équipements, des
pharmaceuticals and conditions associated produits pharmaceutiques et des conditions
with the discipline of anesthesia medicine. les plus courants associés à l'anesthésie.
anesthesia (also spelled anaesthesia) – a combination of medications administered to a patient

to block pain and other sensations, at times rendering the patient unconscious, so that medical
or surgical procedures can be performed; anesthesia can be general, regional or local
anesthesia awareness – when a patient under general anesthesia receives insufficient
medication or the anesthesia wears off too quickly to prevent consciousness and recall, which
can be very traumatic if the patient is undergoing a surgical procedure
anesthesiologist – a medical doctor who administers anesthesia and monitors and manages
patients before, during and immediately following a medical or surgical procedure;
anesthesiologists can also practice pain management, critical or intensive care medicine and can
administer and monitor epidural anesthesia in child labor and delivery, among other specialties
catheter – a rubber or flexible plastic tube inserted in the veins or arteries to deliver
medications to the body or expel fluids from it
central venous catheter – a catheter placed in a large vein, such as the jugular vein in the neck,
to infuse large amounts of medication or fluid
diazepam – used as pre-medication for minor medical procedures or surgeries and for sedation
with amnesia in procedures such as endoscopy
endotracheal tube (also called ET tube or ETT) – a breathing tube, usually made of flexible
plastic, inserted in a patient’s trachea to ensure the airway remains open and protected so air is
able to reach the patient’s lungs; used during induction and intubation
epidural anesthesia – a type of regional anesthesia where a small catheter is inserted in the
back just inside the spinal canal (the epidural space) to allow infusion of local anesthetic,
completely numbing pain and preventing movement below the bottom of the rib cage, or
reducing the pain while still allowing movement (walking epidural); most commonly used in
labor and delivery
ether – general name for a class of inhaled anesthetics used in the induction and maintenance
of anesthesia
general anesthesia – a combination of medications given to a patient to render a state of
managed, reversible unconsciousness, amnesia and analgesia; can be administered by injection
or inhalation, though injection is very rapid, producing desired results within 10 to 20 seconds
halothane – an inhaled anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia that is
generally well-tolerated
induction – in general anesthesia, where a patient slips from a conscious to an unconscious
state
Intravenous catheter (commonly referred to as IV) – a catheter inserted into the vein(s) to give
medications and fluids before, during and after surgery or a medical procedure
intubate/intubation – placement of a flexible plastic tube in the trachea to protect and support
the airway and allow for mechanical or artificial respiration; usually done when the patient is
asleep
ketamine – a disassociative anesthetic administered intravenously and used in the induction and
maintenance of general anesthesia
laryngeal mask airway (commonly referred to as LMA) – a tube with an inflatable cuff that is
inserted into the pharynx after induction to manage breathing while unconscious, similar to an
endotracheal tube; an LMA causes less irritation than an ETT and is useful in specific situations,
though it does not prevent aspiration
laryngoscope – a device that permits the anesthesiologist to view the glottis and vocal cords to
protect them from possible injury with intubation
local anesthesia – an injection or topical application of medication that causes that part of the
body to become insensitive to pain and stimuli
lidocaine – used for local or regional anesthesia; can be injected or applied topically
morphine – used to supplement general anesthesia and for pain management during and after
surgery
nitrous oxide – an inhaled anesthetic used in the maintenance of anesthesia; a weaker
medication, it cannot be used alone but allows other, more toxic, anesthetics to be reduced
regional anesthesia – a medication used to anesthetize a portion of the body, such as an arm or
leg
sedation – medication(s) that create a state of calm and reduced pain and/or anxiety; used in
conjunction with local anesthesia for minor procedures, such as endoscopy or dental work, or
prior to general anesthesia
sodium pentothal/sodium thiopental – a rapid-onset, short-acting general anesthetic

administered intravenously; most commonly used in the induction phase of anesthesia
NUTRITION
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in La nutrition est l'apport de nourriture,
relation to the body's dietary needs. considéré en relation avec les besoins
alimentaires du corps.
Good nutrition – an adequate, well balanced La bonne nutrition - une alimentation adéquate
diet combined with regular physical activity – et bien équilibrée associée à une activité
is a cornerstone of good health. physique régulière - est la pierre angulaire d'une
bonne santé.
The concept of metabolism, the transfer of Le concept de métabolisme, le transfert de
food and oxygen into heat and water in the nourriture et d'oxygène dans la chaleur et l'eau
body, creating energy, was discovered in 1770 dans le corps, créant de l'énergie, a été
by Antoine Lavoisier, the “Father of découvert en 1770 par Antoine Lavoisier, le
Nutrition and Chemistry.” «père de la nutrition et de la chimie».
Nutrients are chemical compounds in food Les nutriments sont des composés chimiques
that are used by the body to function properly des aliments qui sont utilisés par le corps pour
and maintain health. fonctionner correctement et maintenir la santé.
Nutrition psychology (NP) is the psychological La psychologie de la nutrition est l'étude
study of how cognitive choices, such as meal psychologique de la façon dont les choix
decisions, influence nutrition, psychological cognitifs, tels que les décisions concernant les
health, and overall Nutrition psychology seeks repas, influencent la nutrition, la santé
to understand the relationship between psychologique et la santé globale. La
nutritional behavior and mental health/well- psychologie de la nutrition cherche à
comprendre la relation entre le comportement
being. NP is a sub-field of psychology
nutritionnel et la santé mentale / le bien-être.
NP est un sous-domaine de la psychologie
Nutrition Nutrition
Classification of essential nutrients Classification des nutriments essentiels
Macronutrients Macronutriments
‘Macro’ means large; as their name suggests «Macro» signifie grand; comme leur nom
these are nutrients which people need to l'indique, ce sont des nutriments dont les gens
eat regularly and in a fairly large amount. ont besoin de manger régulièrement et en assez
They include carbohydrates, fats, proteins, grande quantité. Ils comprennent les glucides,
fiber and water. These substances are les graisses, les protéines, les fibres et l'eau. Ces
needed for the supply of energy and growth, substances sont nécessaires à
for metabolism and other body functions. l'approvisionnement en énergie et à la
croissance, au métabolisme et à d'autres
fonctions corporelles
Micronutrients Micronutriments
As their name indicates (‘micro’ means Comme leur nom l'indique («micro» signifie
small) micronutrients are substances which petit), les micronutriments sont des substances
people need in their diet in only small dont les gens ont besoin dans leur alimentation
amounts. These include minerals and en petites quantités seulement. Il s'agit
vitamins. notamment de minéraux et de vitamines.
Nutrition Nutrition
Nutritionist/Dietitian Nutritionniste / diététiste
Clinical dietitians and nutritionists provide Les diététistes cliniques et les
medical nutrition therapy. They work in nutritionnistes fournissent une thérapie
hospitals, long-term care facilities, clinics, nutritionnelle médicale. Ils travaillent
private practice, and other institutions.
dans des hôpitaux, des établissements
de soins prolongés, des cliniques, des
cabinets privés et d'autres institutions.
The difference between La différence entre les diététistes et les

dietitians and nutritionists lies in the legal nutritionnistes réside dans les
restrictions that each title carries. restrictions légales que comporte
Only nutritionists that become registered
chaque titre. Seuls les nutritionnistes qui
with Commission on Dietetic Registration
se sont inscrits auprès de la (CDR)
(CDR) may legally declare themselves
as dietitians or more precisely, peuvent légalement se déclarer
registered dietitians (RDs). diététiciens ou plus précisément
diététistes agrée.
Concept of DIET Concept de REGIME ALIMENTAIRE
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by En nutrition, l'alimentation est la somme des
a person or other organism. The word diet often aliments consommés par une personne ou un
implies the use of specific intake of nutrition for autre organisme. Le mot alimentation implique
health or weight-management reasons souvent l'utilisation d'un apport nutritionnel
spécifique pour des raisons de santé ou de
gestion du poids
Dietary choices Choix des régimes alimentaires

Religious and cultural diet: some cultures and Régime à caractère religieux et culturel: des
religions have restrictions concerning what foods restrictions concernant les aliments qui sont
are acceptable in their diet. For example, acceptables ,ainsi, seuls les aliments casher sont
only Kosher foods are permitted by Judaism, autorisés par le judaïsme et les aliments halal
and Halal foods by Islam. Although Buddhists are par l'islam. Bien que les bouddhistes soient
vegetarians, eco-activists are vegan. végétariens, les éco-activistes sont végétaliens.
The ketogenic diet is a very low-carb, high-fat Le régime cétogène est très faible en glucides et
diet. It involves drastically reducing carbohydrate riche en graisses. Réduit considérablement
intake and replacing it with fat. This reduction in l'apport en glucides et le remplace par des
carbs puts your body into a metabolic state graisses. Cette réduction met votre corps dans
called ketosis. Keto May Lead to High Cholesterol un état métabolique appelé cétose. Ce régime
and an Increased Risk for Heart Disease. peut conduire à un taux de cholestérol élevé et
à un risque accru de maladie cardiaque.
It helps us identify the food groups people should combine in order to make a balanced
diet. The food groups at the top of the pyramid should be eaten in moderation (small
amount) but food groups at the bottom of the pyramid should be eaten in larger amounts,
according to Nutritionists.
The Mediterranean diet is
universally recommended by
dialecticians, the most healthiest
as well.
le régime méditerranéen
est universellement
recommandé par les
diététiciens, le plus sain
également.
Diet classification table
Semi-
Food type Omnivorous Carnivorous Pescetarian Vegetarian Vegan Fruitarian Paleo Ketogenic Jewish Islamic Hindu Breatharian
vegetarian
Alcoholic
Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Maybe No Maybe No
drinks
Fruits Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
Berries Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe Yes Yes Yes No
Vegetables Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Greens Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
Legumes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No No Yes Yes Yes No
Nuts Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe Yes Maybe Yes Yes Yes No
Tubers Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Maybe No Yes Yes Yes No
Grains Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No No Yes Yes Yes No
Honey Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No
Dairy Yes No Maybe Maybe Maybe No No No Maybe Yes Yes Yes No
Eggs Yes Yes Maybe Maybe Maybe No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No
Insects Yes Yes No Sometimes No No No Yes Yes No No Maybe No
Crustaceans
& Yes Yes Yes Sometimes No No No Yes Yes No Maybe Maybe No
mollusks
Fish Yes Yes Yes Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No
Poultry Yes Yes No Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No
Mutton Yes Yes No Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No
Venison Yes Yes No Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Maybe No
Pork Yes Yes No Sometimes No No No Yes Yes No No Maybe No
Beef Yes Yes No Sometimes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No

Nutrition : Functions and sources of vitamins.
Vitamins Function Food sources
Vitamin A Night vision Breastmilk, tomatoes, cabbage,
Healing epithelial cells lettuce, pumpkins
Normal development of teeth and Mangoes, papaya, carrots
bones Liver, kidney, egg yolk, milk, butter,
cheese cream
Vitamin D Needed for absorption of calcium Ultra violet light from the sun
from small intestines Eggs, butter, fish
Calcification of the skeleton Fortified oils, fats and cereals
Vitamin K For blood clotting Green leafy vegetables
Fruits, cereals, meat, dairy
products
B complex Metabolism of carbohydrates, Milk, egg yolk, liver, kidney and
proteins and fats heart
Whole grain cereals, meat, whole
bread, fish, bananas
Vitamin C Prevention of scurvy Fresh fruits (oranges, banana,
Aiding wound healing mango, grapefruits, lemons,
Assisting absorption of iron potatoes) and vegetables (cabbage,
carrots, pepper, tomatoes)
Breastmilk
Epithelial cells form the thin layer of tissue lining the gut, respiratory and genitourinary systems.
Calcification refers to the hardening of bones by calcium deposits.
Scurvy is a disease caused by vitamin C deficiency which leads to sore skin, bleeding gums and internal bleeding.
Nutrition : Functions and sources of common minerals.
Minerals Function Food sources

Calcium Gives bones and teeth Milk, cheese and dairy
rigidity and strength products
Ca Foods fortified with calcium,
e.g. flour, cereals. eggs, fish
cabbage
Iron Formation of haemoglobin Meat and meat products
Eggs, bread, green leafy
Fe vegetables, pulses, fruits
Iodine For normal metabolism of Iodised salt, sea vegetables,
cells yogurt, cow's milk, eggs, and
I cheese
Fish; plants grown in iodine-
rich soil
Zinc For children to grow and Maize, fish, breastmilk,
develop normally; for meat, beans
Zn wound healing
Fluorine Helps to keep teeth strong Water
F
Nutrition disorders Maladies Nutritionnelles
Obesity Obésité
Starvation Example Famine
Kwashiorkor Kwashiorkor (carence en protéine)
Marasmus (deficiency in calories and energy) Marasmes (carence en calories et en énergie)
Anorexia nervosa Anorexie nerveuse
Bulimia nervosa Boulimie nerveuse
Vitamin deficiency Carence en vitamines
Trace element deficiency Carence en oligo-éléments
Kwashiorkor form of kwashiorkor est une forme de

malnutrition causée par une carence en
malnutrition caused by protein
protéines dans l'alimentation, affectant
deficiency in the diet, typically
généralement les jeunes enfants sous les
affecting young children in the
tropiques. Les premiers symptômes
tropics. Early symptoms include comprennent la fatigue, l'irritabilité et la
fatigue, irritability, and lethargy. léthargie. Alors que la privation de
As protein deprivation protéines se poursuit, on constate un
continues, one sees growth retard de croissance, une perte de masse
failure, loss of muscle mass, musculaire, un gonflement généralisé
generalized swelling (edema), (œdème) et une diminution de
and decreased immunity. l'immunité.
Eating disorders and foodborne diseases
(Troubles de l'alimentation et maladies d'origine alimentaire)
The Dairy MODEL
FORENSIC
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Forensic concept
The adjective forensic comes from the Latin word “forensis”, meaning “in open court” or
“public.” When you describe something as forensic you usually mean that is has to do with
finding evidence to solve a crime. It could also mean that it has to do with the courts or legal
system. In 1659, the word forensic was added to the English vocabulary. Its modern meaning
is referred to the legal and criminal investigations.
Investigative Process of Forensic Science

Forensic IS Science
Forensic science is not just detective work as La médecine légale n'est pas seulement un
portrayed on the popular television travail de détective tel que décrit dans la série
series CSI. It is the application of scientific TV CSI. Il s'agit de méthodes appliquées et de
methods and procedures to aid legal procédures scientifiques facilitant les
processes which involve crime. When a crime procédures judiciaires impliquant des délits.
is committed, there are always physical clues Lorsqu'un crime est commis, il reste toujours
left behind. That’s when forensic scientists des indices physiques. C'est à ce moment-là
will analyze physical objects (including que les médecins légistes analyseront les
bloodied clothes and weapons) and objets physiques (y compris les vêtements et
substances (such as hair and body fluids) to les armes ensanglantés) et les substances
gain essential information that will help solve (comme les cheveux et les fluides corporels)
the crime. pour obtenir des informations essentielles qui
aideront à résoudre le crime.
Forensic techniques
There are several different types of Il existe plusieurs types de techniques
examinations that are conducted by d’investigations menées par des médecins
forensic scientists, including: légistes, notamment:
• DNA profile extractions • Extractions de profils à partir d'ADN
• Testing of body fluids • Test des fluides corporels
• Hair sample testing • Test d'échantillon de cheveux
• Fingerprint and footprint analysis • Analyse d'empreintes digitales et d'empreinte
• Testing of weapons / Ballistics • Test d'armes / Balistique
DNA profiling Profilage ADN

One example of a well established, highly Le profilage d'ADN consiste à comparer l'ADN
validated forensic science technique is DNA d'un suspect à celui trouvé sur une scène de
profiling, which involves comparing the DNA crime, est un exemple de technique médico-
of a suspect to that found at a crime scene. légale bien établie et hautement validée. Le
DNA profiling is often referred to as the profilage de l'ADN est souvent désigné comme le
"gold-standard" of forensic science. This is «standard de référence» de la médecine légale.
based on meticulously researched scientific Ceci est basé sur des principes scientifiques
principles and has been thoroughly tested. méticuleux été soigneusement testé. s
Forensic techniques
DNA phenotyping: This new use of DNA on the Phénotypage de l'ADN: Cette nouvelle
genetic profile that is extracted from DNA and utilisation de l'ADN se concentre sur le profil
uses this profile to compile a visual image of génétique extrait de l'ADN et utilise ce profil
what a suspect might look like. This technique is pour compiler une image visuelle d’un
still in its infancy, but it is predicted to be a suspect. Cette technique est encore à ses
useful tool in the future. débuts , mais elle devrait être un outil utile.
Steam thermography: This technique is Thermographie par vaporisation : cette
expected to improve upon the current technique devrait améliorer la technique
technique of spraying a chemical called luminol actuelle de pulvérisation d'un produit
to reveal blood stains not visible to the naked chimique appelé luminol pour révéler les
eye. Utilizing steam thermography, forensic taches de sang non visibles à l'œil nu.
investigators use a hand-held steamer in Utilisant la thermographie , les enquêteurs
combination with heat-related imaging to reveal médico-légaux utilisent un vaporisateur
even minute amounts of blood. portatif en combinaison avec une imagerie
liée à la chaleur pour révéler des quantités
même infimes de sang.
Frontal x-rays: Taking x-rays of the frontal sinus Radiographies frontales: la prise de
cavity can help investigators determine the age radiographies de la cavité sinusale frontale
of juvenile remains or juveniles that are found peut aider les enquêteurs à déterminer l'âge
and need to be identified. des restes juvéniles ou ceux découverts et qui
doivent être identifiés.
Forensic techniques
Bacterial oral decomposition: By taking the Décomposition orale bactérienne: en prenant
bacteria present in the mouth of a deceased les bactéries présentes dans la bouche d'un
subject, forensic investigators are able to sujet décédé, les enquêteurs médico-légaux
establish a more accurate time of death. sont en mesure d'établir une heure de décès
plus précise.
3-D fingerprinting is a new, cost-effective Les empreintes digitales 3D sont une nouvelle
technique that scans a 3-D fingerprint image technique rentable qui numérise une image
rather than relying on the old-fashioned ink d'empreintes digitales 3D plutôt que de
print on paper. Investigators believe that s'appuyer sur l'impression à l'ancienne sur
creating a 3-D fingerprint database will papier. Les enquêteurs estiment que la
facilitate the identification and matching of création d'une base de données d'empreintes
fingerprints in the future and make the digitales en 3D facilitera l'identification et la
process more reliable. correspondance des empreintes digitales à
l'avenir et rendra le processus plus fiable.
Omnichrome photography: Using alternative Photographie omnichrome: en utilisant des

light sources, this type of photography allows sources de lumière alternatives, ce type de
forensic examiners to locate bruising on the photographie permet aux médecins légistes de
body before it is visible to the human eye. localiser les ecchymoses sur le corps avant qu'il
ne soit visible à l'œil humain.
Categories of Forensic Science
The AAFS (American Academy of Forensic Sciences) introduced the types of forensic science
into the following category:
• Forensic Biology
• Forensic Psychiatry and behavior science
• Forensic Toxicology
• Forensic Anthropology
• Trace Evidence Analysis
• Forensic Psychology
• Forensic Podiatry
• Forensic Pathology
• Forensic Optometry
• Forensic Odontology
• Forensic Linguistics
• Forensic Geology
• Forensic Entomology
• Forensic Engineering >> In some cases, other filed can be useful in
• Forensic DNA Analysis solving a case. For instance, entomologists
• Forensic Botany (insect scientists), botanists (plant scientists) or
• Forensic Archeology computer science can assist police to solve the
• Digital Forensics case by the help of insects, plants or digital
• Criminalistics data in the scene.
Forensic Science - CSI
MATERIAL EVIDENCE
Axe, rolling-pin, knives, screw-driver, scissors, iron, revolver
MATERIAL EVIDENCE
Electrical cable, rope, penknife, billiards ball with blood stains,
bullets
Forensic Science – CSI Vocabulary
CRIME SCENE: Any physical location in which a SCÈNE DE CRIME: Tout lieu physique dans
crime has occurred or is suspected of having lequel un crime a été commis ou est
occurred. soupçonné de s'être produit.
PRIMARY CRIME SCENE: The original location SCÈNE DE CRIME PRIMAIRE: Le lieu d'origine
of a crime or accident. d'un crime ou d'un accident.
SECONDARY CRIME SCENE: An alternate SCÈNE DE CRIME SECONDAIRE: Un autre
location where additional evidence may be endroit où des preuves supplémentaires
found. peuvent être trouvées.
SUSPECT: Person thought to be capable of SUSPECT: Personne soupçonnée d'être capable
committing a crime. de commettre un crime.
ACCOMPLICE: Person associated with ACCOMPLICE: Personne associée à une
someone suspected of committing a crime. personne soupçonnée d'avoir commis un
crime.
ALIBI: Statement of where a suspect was at the ALIBI: Déclaration de l'endroit où se trouvait
time of a crime. un suspect au moment d'un crime.
Forensic Science – CSI Vocabulary
Perpetrator: a person who commits an offense Auteur: personne qui commet une infraction
or crime. ou un crime.
Buccal Swab: Swab of inner portion of cheek Écouvillon buccal: Écouvillon de la partie
(cells provide DNA) intérieure de la joue (les cellules fournissent de l'ADN)
Chain of Custody: A list of all persons who Conservation des preuves: liste de toutes les
came into possession of an item of evidence. personnes en possession d'un élément de
preuve, pour garde et contrôle.
Contrôle: preuves physiques dont l'origine est
Control: Physical evidence whose origin is connue (sang ou cheveux d'un suspect) qui
known (blood or hair from a suspect) that can peuvent être comparées à des preuves sur les
be compared to crime-scene evidence. lieux d'un crime.
Physical evidence: encompasses any and all Preuve matérielle: englobe tous les objets qui
objects that can establish that a crime has peuvent établir qu'un crime a été commis ou
been committed or can provide a link between peuvent établir un lien entre un crime et sa
a crime and its victim. victime.
croquis: un projet de représentation de toutes
sketch: A draft representation of all essential les informations et mesures essentielles sur
information and measurements at a crime une scène de crime. Dessiné sur la scène du
scene. Drawn at the crime scene. crime.
Forensic Science – Autopsy Vocabulary
An autopsy (also known as a post- Une autopsie (également connue sous le nom
mortem examination or necropsy) is the d’examen post-mortem) est l'examen du corps
examination of the body of a dead person and d'une personne décédée et est effectuée
is performed primarily to determine the cause principalement pour déterminer la cause du
of death, to identify or characterize the extent décès, pour identifier ou caractériser l'étendue
of disease states that the person may have des états pathologiques que la personne a pu
had. avoir
But not all autopsies are conducted in an effort Mais toutes les autopsies ne sont pas
to show that crimes have been committed. effectuées dans une optique criminelle. Avec
With the permission of families, doctors may l'autorisation des familles, les médecins
also perform clinical autopsies on deceased peuvent également effectuer des autopsies
patients cliniques sur des patients décédés
morgue. : a place where the bodies of dead morgue : lieu où les corps des personnes
persons are kept temporarily pending décédées sont conservés temporairement en
identification or release for burial or autopsy. attendant leur identification ou l’autorisation
pour inhumation ou autopsie.
Forensic Science – Autopsy Vocabulary
A coroner is a government official who is Le Médecin légiste est un fonctionnaire du
empowered to conduct or order gouvernement qui est autorisé à mener ou à
an inquest into the manner or cause of death, ordonner une enquête sur la manière ou la
and to investigate or confirm the identity of an cause du décès, et à enquêter ou à confirmer
unknown person who has been found dead l'identité d'une personne inconnue qui a été
within the coroner's jurisdiction. retrouvée morte sous la juridiction y afférente.
The three stages of decomposition are : Les trois étapes de la décomposition sont : le
livor mortis, algor mortis, and rigor mortis. livor mortis, l'algor mortis et le rigor mortis.
1. livor mortis : hypostasis of the blood 1. livor mortis: hypostase du sang après la mort
following death that causes a purplish red qui provoque une décoloration rouge violacée
discoloration of the skin. called also de la peau. appelée aussi lividité ou pâleure
postmortem lividity or stain. post mortem.
2. algor mortis: (Latin: algor— 2. algor mortis : (Latin: algor - froideur; mortis -
coldness; mortis—of death), the second stage de la mort), la deuxième étape de la mort, est
of death, is the change in body temperature le changement de température corporelle
post mortem pm.
3. Rigor mortis : A few hours after a person or 3. Rigor mortis: Quelques heures après la mort
dies, the joints of the body stiffen and d'une personne les articulations du corps se
become locked in place. it lasts approximately raidissent et se bloquent. dure environ 72
72 hours (postmortem rigidity). heures (rigidité post mortem).
THANATOLOGY
Thanatos is Greek god of
death
ALTERNATIVE
MEDECINE
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Alternative medicine Médecine alternative
the practice of medicine without the la pratique de la médecine sans usage de
use of drugs; may involve herbal drogues; peut impliquer des médicaments
medicines or self-awareness or à base de plantes ou la conscience de soi
biofeedback or acupuncture ou le biofeedback ou l'acupuncture
Homeopathy: “Homeo” means “similar to” or “like.” This type of healthcare is often
considered to be the opposite of allopathic medicine . A physician, scholar, teacher and
scientist, Dr. Samuel Hahnemann from Germany was the founder in 1796 of Homeopathy.
based on his doctrine of like
cures like (similia similibus
curentur). Homeopathy is
holistic because it treats the
person as a whole, rather than
focusing on a diseased part or
a labeled sickness. GPs in
England are banned from
prescribing, and is largely
considered quackery.
Alternative medicine
Ayurveda and Yoga both originated
in India. Ayurvedic medicine is a
traditional medicine of India. It
believes that everything in the
universe is the creation from the five
elements namely, Ether, Air, Fire,
Water and Earth. The imbalance of
these elements in the human body is
the main cause of disease. Yoga is all
about the harmony of the body with
the mind and breath through various
breathing techniques, physical
postures and meditation.
Aromatherapy: It uses natural oils extracted from flowers, barks, roots and other parts of
the plants to heal mental and physical problems. The Inhalation of aroma from the oil
stimulates brain function. Oil absorbs into the body through massage and heals the pain of
the affected part.
Chiropractic: Daniel David Palmer of the US was the founder of chiropractic. Chiropractic
treatment is drug free. It is used mainly to treat the joints, back pain, neck pain and
headache. It believes that adjusting the spine can cure such pains.
Tai-chi: It originated in China. It is a kind of physical exercise practiced for defense training
and also for mental and physical health. The movements are very gentle and graceful.
Reiki: Reiki is a kind of spiritual practice, originating in Japan. Rei means Universal and Ki
means life force energy. Mikao Usui was the founder of Reiki. The practitioner places the
palms of his hands on the parts of the patient’s body to supply the healing energy.
Massage Therapy: It is a kind of action on

muscles and joints of the body to relieve pain.
There are many massage therapy styles based
on pressures, movements, and techniques. It
has a history around the world and so it is
popular in most countries. It gives many
emotional and physical benefits.
Acupressure and Acupuncture: Both

originated in China. Acupressure is a method
to cure illness by pressing the particular points
of the body by thumbs and fingertips.
Acupuncture is a method to cure the illness by
inserting needles into the particular points of a
person’s body.
Acupuncture Points
Acupressure Points are located around your

body and all you need to do is press on those
points with your fingers to deal with health/
beauty related problems.
VETERINARY
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Latin (Scientific) Adjectives:
Common Name Latin Derived Adj.
Dog Canis Canine
Cat Felis Feline
Horse Equus Equine
Cattle Bos Bovine
Sheep Ovis Ovine
Goat Capra Caprine
Pig Sus Pocine
Bird Avis Avian
Mouse Mus Murine
Rat Rattus Murine
Following the PRS/CF System
Parts of the ruminant (Cow) stomach
CAT Skeleton
Anatomical parts of a horse Anatomical parts of a
horse’s foot
Anatomical parts of a Sheep Anatomical parts of a
Dog
Rodent ( Rat ) External anatomy of a rabbit.
Reptiles (cold-blooded vertebrates)

VET Medical Terms
VET Medical Terms
VET Medical Terms
VET Medical Terms
VET Medical Terms
VITAL SIGNS
Rectal Heart/Pulse Respiration Rate
Temperature Rate - bpm - rpm
Species Weight Gestation Period Life Span
°Fahrenheit (beats per (respirations
°Celsius minute) per minute)
100.4 – 103.0°F 130 - 140 (young) 8.8 – 13.2 lbs
Cat (38 - 39.5°C) 100 - 120 (adult)
20 - 30
4-6 kg
63 days 12-16 years
99.0 - 102.2°F 100 - 150 (calf) 30 - 60 (calf)

Cow (37.5 - 39.0°C) 40 - 60 (adult) 12 - 16 (adult)
Variable 274 – 291 days 10 years
110 - 120 (young)

99.0 - 102.2°F 20 - 25 (young) 13.2 – 77 lbs
Dog (37.5 - 39.0°C)
80 - 120 (small breed)
14 - 16 (adult) 6 – 35 kg
58 – 67 days 12 – 14 years
60 - 80 (large breed
80 - 120 (kid –
101.2 – 105.0°F 150 lbs
Goat (38.5 - 40.5°C)
yearling) 12 - 20
68 kg
150 days 7 – 15 years
70 - 80 (adult)
99°F
Hamster (37°C)
450 74 80 – 110 grams 15 – 18 days 2 years
80 - 120 (foal < 2
weeks)
65 - 80 (3 – 6
99.0 - 101.2°F months) 14 – 15 (foal)
Horse (37.5 - 38.5°C) 50 - 75 (6 – 12 9 – 10 (adult)
Variable 323 – 341 days 20 – 30 years
months)
40 - 60 (1 – 2 years)
30 - 40 (adult)
Mouse 99°F (37°C) Too fast to count 163 25 – 40 grams 19 – 21 days 2.5 years
100.4 - 104.0°F
Pig (38° - 40°C)
58 – 120 8 – 18 Variable 114 days
1.5 – 3 lbs
Rabbit 101°F (38.3°C) 205 51
4 – 6 kg
29 – 25 days 6 years
Rat 99°F (37°C) Too fast to count 350 grams 20 – 22 days 3 years
102.2 - 104.0°F
Sheep (39° - 40°C)
60 – 120 12 – 72 Variable 150 days
MEDICAL ETHICS
Medical
terminology
By
disciplines
Caduceus medical symbol.

What is Ethics ?
A system of moral principles or standards governing conduct.
A system of principles by which human actions and proposals may

be judged good or bad, right or wrong;
A set of rules or a standard governing the conduct of a particular

class of human action or profession;
Any set of moral principles or values recognized by a particular

religion, belief or philosophy;
What is Bioethics ?
A system of moral It is derived from Greek ‘bio-’ life and
‘ethicos’ moral.
The science/art that

aims at identification, analysis,
and resolution of the ethical
Issues in almost any field that
Is related to human life and
health.
Medical ethics Ethique Médicale
The expressions “professional ethics” and Les expressions «éthique professionnelle» et
“medical ethics” were coined by Thomas «L'éthique médicale» ont été inspirées par
Percival. Thomas Percival.
Medical ethics is a special kind of ethics L'éthique médicale est un type d'éthique
only as it relates to a particular realm of particulier
facts and concerns and not because it seulement en ce qui concerne un domaine
embodies or appeals to some special moral particulier de faits et préoccupations et non
principles or methodology. pas parce qu'il incarne ou fait appel à une
morale particulière, principes ou méthodologie.
• deontology and laws are part of obligations • déontologie et lois sont un partie des obligations
CLINICAL OBLIGATIONS OBLIGATIONS CLINIQUES

• fidelity first to patients’ interests • la fidélité d'abord aux intérêts des patients
• dire la vérité (cancer, erreurs)
• telling the truth (cancer, errors) Chaque décision clinique appelle également une
Every clinical decision invokes an ethical décision éthique, il y a interdépendance.
decision as well, with close dependency
MAKES DIFFERENCE FAIRE LA DIFFÉRENCE
• Medicine is about : “Can we?” • La médecine, c'est: "Pouvons-nous?"
• Ethics is about: “Should we?” • L'éthique concerne : "Devrions-nous?"
What is an “ethical issue” or Qu'est-ce qu'un «problème
a “moral problem”? éthique» ou un «problème
moral»
There is an ethical issue when: Il y a un problème éthique lorsque:
•…we encounter conflicting values, beliefs, •… nous rencontrons un conflit de valeurs, de
goals, or responsibilities croyances, d’objectifs ou de responsabilités
•…we are concerned that persons or their •… nous craignons que des personnes ou
rights are not being respected leurs droits ne sont pas respectés
•…we are concerned about fairness and •… nous sommes préoccupés par l'équité et
justice la justice
•…we are unsure what we should do or why •… nous ne savons pas ce que nous devons
we should do it, morally speaking faire ni pourquoi nous devront le faire,
moralement parlant
conflicts of interests between conflits d'intérêts entre

the government & medical le gouvernement et les
institutions, between medical institutions médicales,
institutions and medical entre les institutions
personnel, between physicians médicales et médicales
and patients are getting more le personnel, entre
and more serious and complex. médecins et patients,
deviennent de plus en plus
sérieux et complexe.
Medical
English
False
Terminology Friends
False
Friends
False friends Faux amis
In linguistics, false friends, or bilingual En linguistique, les faux amis, ou homophones

homophones, are words in different bilingues, sont des mots dans différentes
languages that look or sound similar, but differ langues qui ressemblent ou semblent
significantly in meaning. similaires, mais dont la signification diffère
considérablement.
We note that In learning French or English is On remarque, qu'en apprenant le français ou

that many words have the same roots. l'anglais, beaucoup de mots ont les mêmes
However, there are also a great many false racines. Cependant, il existe également un
cognates (close to), which look similar but grand nombre de faux amis, des mots qui se
have different meanings. ressemblent mais ont des significations
différentes.
Added sound Râle
Rale Rales sous-crépitant
Spleen Rate
Rate Fréquence
Heartburn Régurgitation acide
Sick (to feel) Mal au cœur (avoir)
CAT scan Scanner
Scan Scanner
Scan (US) Échographie
Bone scan Scintigraphie
Sensitive Sensible (personne)
Tender Sensible (organe)
Sensible Sensé
Murmur Souffle (cardiaque)
Vesicular breathing Murmure (vésiculaire)
Bruit Souffle (vasculaire)
Sound Bruit
Peptic ulcer Ulcère gastroduodénal
Anastomotic ulcer Ulcère peptique
Medical
English
Medical
Terminology Records
Medical
Records
Health Care Records (HIS)
The history and physical is often the first document entered into the patient’s hospital
record and is commonly required before elective admission for surgery. Physician’s orders list
the directives for care prescribed by the doctor who is attending to the patient. The
physician’s progress notes chronicle the care throughout the patient’s stay. In a difficult case,
a specialist may be called in by the attending physician, and a consultation report is filed. If a
surgical remedy is indicated, a narrative operative report is required of the primary surgeon.
In this report, a detailed account of the operation is given, including the method of incision,
technique, instruments used, types of suture, method of closure, The anesthesiologist, who is
in charge of life support during surgery, must file an anesthesiologist’s report, which covers
the anesthesia details, When a surgery or procedure involves a reasonable risk to the patient,
an informed consent form must be signed by the patient to show that he or she has been
advised of the risks and benefits of the proposed treatment as well as any alternatives, The
final hospital document, which is recorded at the time of discharge, is the discharge summary
(also termed the clinical resume, clinical summary, or discharge abstract). It is a summary
of the patient’s hospital care, including the date of admission, diagnosis, course of treatment,
final diagnosis, and date of discharge
HP PO PN CR AR ICF DS
Optional Optional Optional
Medical records Données médicales
Common Abbreviations Used in the History and
Physical and Progress Notes
H&P
The History
and Physical
• The record that
serves as a
cornerstone for patient
care is the history and
physical (H&P)
• It is usually the first
document to be
generated when a
patient presents for
care, and is most often
recorded at a new
patient visit or as part
of a consultation.
PN
Progress Notes / SOAP
After the initial H&P is recorded, progress
notes are used to document the patient’s
continued care. The SOAP method of
documenting a patient’s progress is most
common. The letters represent
the order in which progress is noted as each
complaint or problem is addressed.
S: Subjective that which the patient describes
O: Objective observable information (e.g.,
test results and blood pressure readings)
A: Assessment patient’s progress and
evaluation of the plan’s effectiveness; any
newfound problem or diagnosis is also noted
here
P: Plan decision to proceed or to alter the plan
strategy
S O A P Note
SOAP notes have been around for some time now and because of their efficiency and
functionality, they are still being used now in the World.
The very first SOAP note template was created and developed by a brilliant doctor named
Lawrence Weed way back in the 1960s.
It was done at the University of Vermont as an element of the POMR (Problem-Oriented
Medical Record). During those times, objective documentation did not exist so physicians
had the tendency to make decisions about treating patients without scientific basis.
S O A P Note
A big benefit of the SOAP note is its brevity. Each section is clearly labeled, and each section
is short and to the point.
However, there has been some discussion about whether changing the order of the
sections might improve the SOAP note’s usability further. One study found that reordering
the note to be APSO made the content quicker to find and easier to read—as the
information most relevant to ongoing care was at the top of the note.
Mistakes To Avoid
SOAP note examples and writing tips are not enough.
You must also address the common mistakes that you need to avoid during
documentation.
Avoid judgmental narratives of the patient, and focus on a neutral perspective instead.
Do not mention the names of family members or care providers. It may confuse the
other professionals.
You must not use an informal tone in a medical record.
Avoid lengthy and wordy phrases.
Never make statements based on your thoughts in the absence of factual data.
While you cannot mention information not relevant to the SOAP components,
you can surely add other sub-divisions at the end.
Writing the Subjective
The points to remember are:

Onset: when did the CC (Chief Complaint) start?
Location: where is the CC?
Duration: how long has the patient been affected
by the CC?
Characterization: how does the patient describe
the CC?
Alleviating or Aggravating factors: does anything
make the CC feel better or worse?
Radiation: is the CC in a single location or does it
move?
Temporal patterns: Does the CC occur at specific
periods of time?
Severity: On a scale of 1-10, with 10 being the
worst, how does the CC feel?
Use the acronym OLDCHARTS to get
helpful information.
Include any medical or family history in your report.

Write down any medications the patient is already taking.
Writing the Objective / Observations
Record the patient’s vital signs.
Check the patient’s pulse, breathing, blood

pressure, and temperature and write the
results down in your SOAP note.
Be sure the numbers are accurate by

double-checking them if they seem higher or
lower than normal.
Write down any information you gather from a physical exam. Avoid writing the
symptom that the patient is feeling; instead, look for objective signs while you’re
performing the physical.
Include any results from special tests. Depending on the severity of the patient’s
concern, you may need to run additional tests, such as X-rays or CT scans.
Making an Assessment
Record any changes in the patient’s

problems if you’ve seen them before.
If you’re not the first medical professional
to see the patient, they may already have
a SOAP note.
List the patient’s problems in order of
importance. If the patient listed multiple
concerns, start organizing them with the most
severe on top and the least severe at the end.
Note any diagnoses that you can make.

If there is a clear diagnosis for the problem, list it immediately after the problem on
your SOAP note. If there are different causes for the problem, then list them all.
Always leave a description so other professionals know why you made certain
decisions with your treatment.
Creating a Plan
State any tests that the patient should

have done next.
Look at the diagnoses you wrote in the
Assessment portion of the SOAP note, and
determine if you need more tests to
confirm them.
Include any referrals to specialists if

needed.
Write down any therapy or medications the patient should try. If you believe that
the patient needs rehabilitation, such as physical or mental therapy, be sure to list
any that can apply.
If a prescription medication is more appropriate, then write the type of medication,
the dosage, and how long they should take it.
Sometimes, you may need to perform surgery depending on the severity of the
concern.
PRACTICE THE S.O.A.P NOTE
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) / Pneumonia

Pt :
Patient
Chest PT
(CPT) : VC : Vital
Chest capacity
physical
therapy
HEP : Home
Exercise
Program
(physical therapy)
LE : Lower
Extremity
Cont. :
Continue
SOAP Note Templates
SOAP Note Templates
Medical Record Typology / C.H.E.D.D.A.R Model
Some facilities use the CHEDDAR method in medical records.
CHEDDAR signifies the following:
C—Chief complaint
H—History
E—Examination
D—Details (of problem and complaints)
D—Drugs and dosages
A—Assessment
R—Return visit information, if applicable
The physician decides which recording method he or she prefers, and the medical
assistant must conform to that standard. The office policy and procedures manual
provides specific instruction, if the standard used is different from one the medical
assistant has used in the past.
Never hesitate to ask the physician if you are unclear about any part of the
documentation standard.
Medical Record Typology / P.O.M.R
The problem-oriented medical record (POMR) is a departure from the traditional system of
keeping patient records. It sometimes is referred to as the Weed system, because it was
originated by Dr. Lawrence L. Weed, a professor of medicine at the University of Vermont
College of Medicine in the 70’s.
The POMR has the advantage of imposing order and organization on the information added
to a patient’s medical record. It is especially advantageous in clinics, group practices, and
hospitals, where more than one person must be able to find essential information easily.
Discharge
Summary
(DS)
A discharge summary is a clinical
report prepared by a health
professional at the conclusion of
a hospital stay or series of
treatments. It is often the
primary mode of communication
between the hospital care team
and aftercare providers.
a copy of the Discharge Summary
can also be sent to the patient's
My Health Record system.
Medical Certificate sample
DNR : Do Not Resuscitate Order Doctors create a do not resuscitate
form and it serves as an instruction
for health care providers not to
perform Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation (CPR) should a patient
stop breathing or their heart stops
beating.
If you’re nearing the end of your life
or you discovered that you suffer
from an illness that won’t improve,
you can decide whether you want
the doctors to administer CPR to you
or not
In an ideal situation, a DNR order
should already exist even before an
emergency happens.
DNR orders are generally accepted
by hospitals and doctors in all states.
COD : Certificate of Disability
A disability certificate, also known as
PwD certificate (Persons with
Benchmark disabilities) or PH
certificate (Physically Challenged or
handicap certificate) is a document
that certifies the type and extent of
holder's disability. the disability or
blindness must be certified by the
Social Security Administration (SSA)
or the State Medical Review Team
(SMRT).
According to f the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities Act, 2016, a "person
with benchmark disability" means a
person with not less than forty
percent (40%) of a specified
disability, as certified by the
certifying authority.
Hospital Death Checklist / US Certificate of Death
Surgical Clearance Form
In the context of surgery, a medical
clearance is, essentially, considered to
be an authorization from an evaluating
doctor that a patient is cleared, or
deemed healthy enough, for a proposed
surgery.
HIPAA Disclosure Form
Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA) is a federal in
the US, Disclosure: Release, transfer,
provisions of, access to, or divulgence in
any manner of. information outside the
entity holding the information.
HIPAA provides that individuals generally
have a right to access their own
healthcare records.
The Privacy Rule is the core of HIPAA that
establishes national standards to protect
individuals' medical records and other
individually health information
MEDICAL RECORD ANALYSIS - PN/SOAP
Exercise
PN/SOAP Exercise
Medical
English
At the
Terminology Hospital
At the
HOSPITAL
On-call Doctor Médecin de garde

Hospital vocabulary
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital Facilities : Emergency
Department that receives the sick and the injured who require immediate care.
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital Facilities : Patient Room
Room for hospitalized patients; it can be private (one bed), semiprivate (two beds) or
common (more than two beds).
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital Facilities : Operating Suite
The rooms and equipment used for surgical procedures.
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital Facilities : Ambulatory Care Unit
Hospital unit that is divided into specialties and designed to deliver care and services
to no-hospitalized patients who can move about on their own.
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital Facilities : Walking Aids
Hospital vocabulary
Ambulance
Hospital vocabulary
First Aid Equipment
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital medical device
Hospital vocabulary
Hospital Equipment
Medical
English
Communication
Terminology Tips
Communication
Tips
Good Doctor, Good Communication
Allow enough consultation time
Listen well (Actively!)
Improves patient care with empathy
Use effective body language (eye contact)
Creates a good rapport (relationship) with your patient
The GMC (UK) & COME (US) ‘Code of Conduct’ states:
“always use language that your patient understands”
Avoid medical jargon
RESPECTING PATIENTS A GREAT SKILL Vs P.Ex
What the Patient says!
• “Ooh, I’ve got really bad guts Dr!”= “I‘ve got pain in
my abdomen”
•“I’ve been puking for 2 days!”= “I’ve been vomiting
for 2 days”
•“I broke my collar bone 6 months ago”= “I broke my
clavicle…..”
•“I’m having trouble down below!”= “I’m having
trouble with my genitals”
•“I’ve been bleeding from my back passage”
= “I’ve been bleeding from my anus”
Anatomical Colloquialisms - Expressions familières en Anatomie
1. Abdomen = ”belly, tummy, stomach, guts”

2. Umbilicus = ”navel, belly button, tummy button”
3. Axilla = ”arm-pit”
4. Sternum = ”breast-bone”
5. Anus = ”back passage, bum, hole”
6. Larynx = ”voice box”
7. Trachea = ”wind pipe”
Symptom Colloquialisms - Expressions familières des Symptômes
1. Generally feeling ill = ”Feel sick, not well, poorly”

2. Diarrhea = ”loose stools, the runs/trots, the shits!”
3. Pain = ”it’s sore, it hurts, it aches, it’s killing me!”
4. Vomiting = ”puking, throwing up, unable to keep
anything down”
5. To be febrile = ”aa fever/temperature, burning up” up
6. Nasal discharge = ”snotty nose or runny nose”
7. Menstruation = ”period, time of the month”
8. Flatulence = ”farting, passing wind”
9. Oedema =“swelling”
10. Cancer = “the big c, a tumor, a lump, a growth,
or something serious”
What the Dr can say!
Instead of asking “please inhale” Say “please breathe in
or a take a deep breath”
Instead of “administering an intra-venous Infusion” Give

your patient “a drip”
Instead of asking “where does the pain radiate?” Ask

“does the pain go anywhere else?”
Instead of saying “you need an endoscope”

Say “we need to pass a tube with a camera into your
stomach”
Describing a patient :
Describing a Hospital :
Describing a Ward :
Describing a Patient :
Describing a Nurse :
Describing a Doctor :
MEDICAL SLANG - ARGOT/JARGON MEDICAL
Communication
Tips
Medical Slang Argot médical
404 moment - The doctor's ward moment Moment 404 - Moment du service médical où
when medical records cannot be located. les dossiers médicaux ne peuvent pas être
Comes from HTTP 404 error "Not Found“ localisés. Provient de l'erreur HTTP 404 «
Introuvable »
Baby Catcher - an obstetrician « Attrape-bébé » - Obstétricien
Blamestorming - Apportionment of blame Blamestorming - Répartition du blâme après
after the wrong leg is removed or some l'ablation de la mauvaise jambe ou d'une autre
other particularly egregious foul-up faute particulièrement flagrante
Bounceback - a patient who returns to the Rebond - un patient qui revient aux urgences
emergency department with the same avec les mêmes plaintes peu de temps après sa
complaints shortly after being released libération
Bury the Hatchet - accidentally leaving a Enterrer la hachette - laisser accidentellement
surgical instrument inside a patient un instrument chirurgical à l'intérieur d'un
patient
Code Brown - a fecal incontinence Code Brown - une urgence d'incontinence fécale.
emergency.
Code Yellow - a patient who has lost Code jaune - un patient qui a perdu le contrôle
control of his or her bladder de sa vessie
Departure lounge - geriatric ward Salle d'embarquement - service gériatrique
Donorcycle - due to the amount of head Cyclodonneur - en raison de la fréquence de
trauma associated with motorcycle traumatismes crâniens associés aux accidents
accidents, making the perfect candidate for de moto, ce qui en fait le candidat idéal pour le
organ donation don d'organes
Freud Squad - the psychiatry department Escadron Freud - le service de psychiatrie
Gas Passer - an anesthesiologist (also Gazeur- un anesthésiste (également Gasser,
Gasser, Gas Man or Gaswallah) Homme Gaz ou Gaswallah)
M & Ms - mortality and morbidity M&M - Conférences sur la mortalité et la
conferences where doctors and other morbidité où les médecins et autres
health-care professionals discuss mistakes professionnels de la santé discutent des
and patient deaths erreurs et des décès de patients
O-sign - A patient is "giving the O-sign" who signe –O - Un patient «donne le signe O» est
is very sick, lying with his mouth open. très malade, couché avec la bouche ouverte.
Rule of Five - means that if more than five of Règle des cinq - signifie que si plus de cinq des
the patient's orifices are obscured by tubing, orifices du patient sont intubés, il n'a aucune
he has no chance of survival chance de survie
Shotgunning - ordering a wide variety of Rafale - commander une grande variété de
tests in the hope that one will show what's tests dans l'espoir que l'on montrera ce qui ne
wrong with a patient va pas avec un patient
Slasher - Surgeon Slasher - Chirurgien (slash : couper, tailler)
PITA - stands for “Pain In The Ass”. It’s a PITA - signifie «Pain In The Ass». C’est un code
code about an uncooperative patient or qui concerne un patient ou un parent qui ne
relative. coopère pas
NPS - stands for “New Parent Syndrome”. SNP - signifie ‘Syndrome des nouveaux
This is a code use for panicky new parents’. C'est un code utilisé pour les
parents who constantly bring their child nouveaux parents paniqués qui amènent
in the hospital for every little health constamment leur enfant à l'hôpital pour
problem. chaque petit problème de santé.
BONITA - stands for “Big Old Needle In BONITA - signifie «Big Old Needle In The Ass».
The Ass”. ER staff use this code in giving Le personnel des urgences utilise ce code pour
intramuscular injections in the patient’s effectuer des injections intramusculaires dans
buttocks. les fesses du patient.
Stream Team – Team of Urologists Stream Team – Staff d’Urologistes (Stream : flux)
Noctor - A nurse who acts like a doctor. Noctor - Une infirmière qui agit comme un médecin.
Happy Juice - this is a cocktail of narcotics Happy Juice -Il s'agit d'un cocktail d’opiacés
given preoperatively or for painful cases administrés en préopératoire ou pour les cas
of terminal cancer. de cancer en phase terminale.
Status Dramaticus - patients who Status Dramaticus - les patients qui
demonstrate their symptoms more manifestent leurs symptômes de façon
dramatically in hopes of getting quicker ‘dramatisée‘ dans l'espoir d'obtenir des soins
medical attention. médicaux plus rapidement.
….
Medical
English Emergency
Terminology Accident
Disaster
Emergency
Accident
Disaster
Emergencies and Disasters Urgences et Catastrophes
Accident Disaster icons Accident
Attack Attaque, un attentat
Attempt Tentative
Bomb Bombe
Crash Collision
Explosion Explosion
Fire Feu
Flood (Flashflood) Inondation, crue soudaine
Gunshot Coup de feu
Riot Emeute
Terror(ist) attack Attentat (terroriste)
Force majeure Cas de force majeure

In case of emergency (ICE) en Cas d’urgence
to Declare a state of emergency Déclarer l’état d’urgence
A Shelter Un Abri
Evacuation Une Evacuation
DISASTERS
A lahars (Indonesian) is a violent
type of mudflow or debris flow
composed of a slurry of pyroclastic
material, rocky debris and water.
Limnic eruptions are also called lake

overturns, and they occur due to a
buildup of carbon dioxide in the
deeper parts of a lake.
During thunderstorms freezing

process forms a hailstone, the more
heaviest, hails could be deadly.
a brief powerful eruption of particles

and intense electromagnetic radiation from
the sun's surface, causing health disturbances
Emergencies and Health problems
Fractures
a blister Sudden Infant
a bruise
Death Syndrome
a burn wound a sore throat

Snake bite
Backache
Breast cyst
Gun shot wound Dental Abscess Festering (or purulent)
wound
EMERGENCY CODES USED IN NORTH-
NORTH-AMERICA HOSPITALS
CODE 100
A message announced over a hospital’s public address system warning of

(1) A bomb threat
(2) A mass casualty, likely to exceed 20 people (less 20 people > Code 20)
EMERGENCY CODES USED IN NORTH-
NORTH-AMERICA HOSPITALS
The Canadian Triage & Acuity Scale (CTAS) L'échelle canadienne de triage et d'acuité (CTAS)
is a tool that enables Emergency est un outil qui permet aux services d'urgence de:
Departments (ED) to: Prioriser les exigences de soins aux patients
Priorinze panent care requirements Examiner les processus de soins aux patients, la
Examine patient care processes, charge de travail et les besoins en ressources par
workload, and resource requirements rapport à la composition des cas et aux besoins de
relative to case mix and community needs la communauté
Emergency telephone number Numéro d’urgence
USA
EU
Emergency
Medical
Care
ICU – INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
•Intensive care refers to the specialized treatment given to patients
who are acutely unwell and require critical medical care. An
intensive care unit (ICU) provides the critical care and life support for
acutely ill and injured patients.
•They're staffed with specially trained healthcare professionals and
contain sophisticated monitoring equipment.
•No difference between intensive care (ICU) and critical care units
(CCU) or intensive treatment units (ITU) - US.
Urgent and Emergency Care System in the USA
•To call an ambulance in the United States, it’s enough to deal “911”.
The ambulance will quickly rush to the sick patient. Emergency
medical services are provided mainly by private companies or
municipalities.
•The organization of the work of the American ambulance is
fundamentally different from European. Doctors in Europe often
respond to a call, not the most urgent occasion and should provide
professional medical care at home. American doctors perform
mainly transportation functions to stabilize the patient’s condition
and quickly bring him to the nearest hospital for urgent care.
•A total of 840,000 people is employed in the American emergency
care system.
•in the United States, the reference is considered
the ambulance should reach the patient within
8-12 minutes.
Star of Life
Kraske or Jackknife position
This variation of the prone position, the jackknife position is used
most frequently for proctologic procedures. It is also the gold
standard in anorectal surgical procedures. One of the most common
concerns about the prone jack knife position is the safety of the
airway during anesthesia. The jack knife position has been described
as the most precarious of surgical positions.
Emergency
Medical
Position
Emergency
RP Overview Medical
Position
RP : The Recovery Position is a position in which an unconscious

person who is still breathing should be placed to keep the airways
open.
It also ensures that any vomit or fluid won't cause the person to
choke.
In medical parlance, the recovery position is called the lateral
recumbent position, or sometimes it is referred to as the lateral
decubitus position.
Emergency
Fowler's position Overview Medical
Position
FP : Fowler's position is a standard
patient position in which the patient
is seated in a semi-sitting position
(45-60 degrees) and may have knees
either bent or straight. Fowler's
position includes angles between 30
and 90 degrees.
Fowler’s position is a standard

position used in nursing to promote
oxygenation to allow for maximum
chest expansion without the effects of
gravity. It is usually implemented in
cases of respiratory distress.
Emergency
CPR Overview Medical
Procedure
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is used in and out of the
hospital to save lives. CPR has saved the lives of children who are
drowning or have swallowed something accidentally, as well as those
of adults suffering from a heart attack.
CPR is performed when a person’s breathing or heart has

stopped. Its purpose is to move blood, and therefore oxygen, to the
brain and heart.
CPR involves the following three steps:

Emergency
ACLS - Overview Medical
Procedure
Healthcare providers are expected to respond promptly and competently to
cardiovascular emergencies and cardiopulmonary arrest. This expectation
causes anxiety when the provider encounters such a situation. Knowledge of
ECG rhythm interpretation, pharmacology, and emergency skills provides the
foundation for Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) and instills confidence
and competence in emergencies.
Knowledge for ACLS such as :

Emergency
ACLS - Coma Medical
Procedure
ACLS - Cardiac Rhythm Monitoring
Standard Limb
Lead Electrode
Placement
Electrodes are
placed on the
right arm (RA),
left arm (LA),
right leg (RL),
and left leg (LL).
With only four
electrodes Emergency
Medical
Procedure
Medical
English Time
Terminology 4
Practice
Time
4
Practice
MAB – 2020 - ANNABA

supports
gives moves
delivers treats examines
prepares performs specializes
takes
Use the verbs above to complete sentences 1-10.

1. A pediatrician _____ children.
Words to know:
2. A midwife attends births and _____ babies.
3. A cardiologist _____ in illnesses of the heart and blood vessels. Verbs for describing hospital jobs
4. A porter _____ equipment and patients around the hospital.
5. A radiologist _____ x-rays and other images. Answer Key:
6. A scrub nurse _____ surgeons in the operating theatre. 1. treats 2. delivers 3. specializes 4.
moves 5. takes 6. supports 7. prepares
7. A pharmacist _____ medicines to give to medical staff or patients. 8. gives 9. performs 10. examines
8. A paramedic responds to emergencies and _____ first aid.
9. A surgeon _____ operations
10. A lab technician _____ samples and tissues under a microscope.
Hospital vocabulary - Exercises
Hospital vocabulary - Exercise
Look at this illustration of a hospital ward. Put a tick Read this hospital guide and check
if you think the visitors are doing the right thing and a your answers beside
cross X if you think they are doing the wrong thing.
Medics staff Safety vocabulary - Exercise
Match the words in the box to these definitions. Then label the illustration with
the words in the box.
Recovery : Removing sutures vocabulary - Exercises
Complete this text with :
Match the words in bold in I to
first, second, third, then and
illustrations A-H .
finally.
Emergency Vs Non-
Non-emergency - Practice
Put a tick under the correct column
911 Operator - Practice
The Operator need to know :
1. Location
2. Your name, address and telephone number
3. The nature of the emergency
911 Dispatcher
Life threatening Vs Non
Non--life threatening emergencies
emergencies-- Practice
Put a tick under the correct column
Needles / Syringe: Match the words to the pictures and the sentences
injected - biohazard – insulin - needle - shot - addiction - draw - gloves -
infection - reuse - injection - syringe - dose - immunization
Jobs & people in medicine:: Use appropriate vocabulary from below to answer the question
drugs, pharmacist, test tubes, consult, doctor, nurse, operate, babies, syringe, using
injection, microscope, researcher, viruses, medical technician, slide, chemist, treats,
veterinarian, examining, chemicals, mixing, mask surgeon, pediatrician, patient, child,
animal.
Miscellaneous medical vocabulary : Use appropriate vocabulary to match the photos
Parasite, Blood circulation, Specimens, Monitor, Bone marrow, Shortsighted, Podiatrist, Blur,
Intravenous, Blood donate, Flasks, Whipworm.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
Scientific adjectives
Look at the picture and write the Hospital devices English word.
blood pressure monitor tourniquet elastic tape phototherapy unit
ambulance hypodermic needle medicine cup goggles
syringe urinal pulse ox meter gown
1) 2) 3) 4)
5) 6) 7) 8)
9) 10) 11) 12)

Talking about blood
Did I take my
a. bedridden c. frail pills?
b. immobile
d. forgetful
e. shortsighted
f. deaf g. incontinent
Match the words from above with the descriptions below.
1. Often wets himself. _____

2. Cannot leave her bed. _____
h. Diabetic foot
3. Can’t hear very well. _____
4. Cannot move around freely. _____
5. Often can’t remember things. _____
6. Can’t see very well. _____
7. Breaks a bone easily. _____
8. Have concerns about your feet. _______
Basic vocabulary for medical tools
Look at the picture and write the Pharmacy English word.
Bandage Tablet Lozenges Cotton wool
Sunblock Suppositories Sticky Plasters Pills
1) 2) 3) 4)
5) 6) 7) 8)
How to Read a Prescription Drug Label
How to Read a Prescription Drug Label – Key Questions
How to Read a Prescription Drug Label – Key Answers
Pain Relievers Comprehension Quiz
Pain Relievers Comprehension Quiz
Disaster Vocabulary - Exercise
Disaster Vocabulary - Exercise
1B pileup
2E left
3A overt
4C hit
5D shed
6F Run
7H Jack
8G hit
Medical
English
Terminology Still a last
thing at the
Hospital
BONUS
Still a last
thing at the
HOSPITAL
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY These words have
identical meanings.
noun: speciality;
The only difference
plural noun: specialities UK is in their spelling.
noun: specialty; US Specialty is by far

plural noun: specialties the more popular
choice in American
English
Origin :
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY These words have
identical meanings.
noun: speciality;
The only difference
plural noun: specialities UK is in their spelling.
noun: specialty; US Specialty is by far

plural noun: specialties the more popular
choice in American
English
Origin :
(NCD) is a disease that is not
transmissible directly from one person to
another.
New healthcare concept of PM
Evolution process
Without/With PM benefits
PM Tool
Patient’s journey encompasses all the courses one chooses in the contemporary
world to attain an ultimate cure.
Hospitalization Process
PX : Patient Experience
Megacode - US medical practice
oAn educational tool for health care professionals during advanced cardiac life
support training. It is intended to sharpen the technical and interpersonal skills
needed during the resuscitation of patients
oSimulation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (code) performed by trainees and
health professionals becoming certified or re-
certified in advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS), pediatric advance life sup
port (PALS) or neonatal resuscitation program (NRP).
o They must demonstrate knowledge of ECG rhythm interpretation,
pharmacology, and core resuscitation principles.
o They apply appropriate algorithms to multiple critical scenarios presented by
certified instructors. Mannequins and resuscitation equipment are used to
simulate cases and practice responses to emergencies in a nonthreatening
environment.
o Students learn from practice, observation, discussions, and scenario debriefings.
o Resuscitation Team a knowledgeable, experienced, and well-organized team is
critical to achieving optimal outcomes in response to cardiac arrest and
cardiopulmonary emergencies.
SNOMED CT
http://www.snomed.org/
The SNOMED ( Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine) Clinical Terms ® , better known

as SNOMED CT ® is a multinational and multilingual medical terminology, which can
manage different languages and dialects. SNOMED CT is currently available in American
English, British English, Spanish, Danish and Swedish, with other translations underway or
nearly completed in French and Dutch.
SNOMED CT is considered to be the most comprehensive, multilingual clinical
healthcare terminology in the world
All medical coding and electronic transfer of medical data is maintained and distributed
by SNOMED International, an international non-profit standards development organization,
located in London, UK
SNOMED CT consists of four primary core components:
Concept Codes – numerical codes that identify clinical terms, primitive or
defined, organized in hierarchies
Descriptions – textual descriptions of Concept Codes
Relationships – relationships between Concept Codes that have a related
meaning
Reference Sets – used to group Concepts or Descriptions into sets, including
reference sets and cross-maps to other classifications and standards
Goals
Patient safety is a vital and necessary component of high-quality nursing care. It refers to the
reduction of the risk of unnecessary harm. When we discuss the safety of patients, we are
looking for ways in which hospitals and various healthcare organizations can protect their
patients from accidents, injuries, infections, and errors.
Safety Model
PSO : Patient Safety Organization
Scientific methodology
•Clinical trials as this is an experiment or observations done in
medical research when a patient is tested or treated.
US pathway for CT process
LAST
ONES!
EXERCICES - MCQ – QUIZZ

FILL THE GAPS
MCQ
Exercise
Practice
Testicle Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Adrenal gland
Exercise
Ovary Thymus Pineal gland Pancreas
Practice
the Endocrine System compounds

Exercise
Practice
In Column A of
this table there
are 25 nouns
relating to
medicine. For
each of the nouns
decide whether
the correct plural
form is in Column
B or Column C and
then circle it.
The first question has

been done for you as
an example.
Exercise
Practice
• Write down 3 foods that are healthy.

• Write down 3 foods that are unhealthy.
• Write down 2 Kind of Diet
• Write down 2 Kind of religious Diet
Exercise
Practice
• Match the words to their meanings.

Too much of this can make you ill
Calories and is found in fatty foods.
Protein Our body turns these into sugars

to help give us energy.
Carbohydrates
This can help our bodies to do many
things like seeing and moving and helping
Saturated fat you to grow.
We use these to give us energy.

We burn these.
Identify the vocabulary according to the images.
3 11 4 8 6
2 5 1
7 9 10
1. Healthy weight 5. Energy burner 9. Carbohydrates
2. Body mass index 6. Overweight and obesity 10. Protein
3. Calories 7. Food and beverages 11. Glucose
4. Metabolism 8. Fats
Burn, Hay fever, Asthma, Broken arm, Blister
Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the correct word

1. He uses an inhaler. He has ______.
2. In the summer her nose runs and she sneezes a lot.
She has ____ ________.
3. He fell over and now his arm is in a plaster.
He has a ________ ____.
4. Her new shoes really hurt! She has ________.
5. Amy was cooking and boiling water dropped on her arm.
She has __ ____.
What advice would you give someone who has burnt their arm?
What advice would you give to someone who has hay fever?
(*) Munchausen's syndrome
Some diseases, clearly, are less respectable than others. A classic
example is Munchausen's syndrome (Factitious disorder), the
diagnostic label applied to people who repeatedly present
themselves to hospitals with convincing symptoms, often
demanding and sometimes undergoing surgery, Scan, tests which
reveals no organic disorder.
Most of them, it may be explained, “are suffering from
psychopathic personality or personality defect”, a condition
defined as being “characterized by impulsive, egocentric and
antisocial behavior”, with “a difficulty in forming normal
relationships, and a manner which is either aggressive or charming
or which alternates between the two”.
Type II : Munchausen by Proxy (MSbP), or Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another, is a disturbing
form of child abuse where a parent causes, induces, or fakes symptoms of illness in a child in order to
gain ATTENTION and SYMPATHY
People labeled with Munchausen's syndrome then, may have succeeded in getting recognized as
being sick, but not in the sense they intended.
Munchausen's syndrome is different than hypochondria (health anxiety) or malingering.
Hypochondria is a psychiatric disorder where a person has a fear of illness. They interpret normal
body functions as signs of major illness. Malingering is faking illness to gain a material benefit. For
example, to avoid military duty or get compensation.
(*) Baron Munchausen is a fictional Comedic Nobel German, Nicknamed the "Baron of Crac" ("baron of lies"
created by the writer Rudolph Erich Raspe . The character has inspired several medical conditions and other
concepts are named after him, including Munchausen syndrome, the Münchhausen trilemma, and Munchausen
numbers.
US - Johns Hopkins Hospital, best Hospital in the World.
The Baltimore-based institution—

founded in the late 1800s by the
banker, philanthropist and
abolitionist it is named for—houses
Johns Hopkins University's School
of Medicine, the second-highest-
rated medical school in America
(after Harvard Medical School),
offering among the most advanced
clinical research in the world. The
hospital's health system—including
six academic and commercial
hospitals, four health care and
surgery centers and over 40 patient
care locations
Receives up to 3 million patients annually. A leader in neurosurgery and child psychiatry, the
Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic was also the first in the United States to complete male-to-
female reassignment surgery.
Thank You !
Mohamed.ali.beladjine@gmail.com

English Medical Terminology FINAL Oct22

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Medical

Mohamed Ali BELADJINE – 2022

Records Terminology practice

Explain the common rules for proper medical term formation,

Analyze the component parts of a medical term and use basic

Define main basic terms and abbreviations

Identify common anatomical terms related to the major

Practice to build a foundation of medical-based vocabulary &

Understanding medical Comprendre la terminologie

Medical terminology allows all La terminologie médicale permet à

Improved Patient Experience (PE) Parcours expérience patient (EP)

Open international exposure and Ouverture à l’international et aux

Are you a healthcare professional Êtes-vous un professionnel de la santé

Répartition de l'anglais dans le monde

New South Indian

– You cannot write in a chart that a patient has a fractured

… And some of those :

1. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers

RX is an abbreviation of a Latin word “Recipe" it means 'you

ADR Adverse drug reaction

IVF In Vitro Fertilization

o.d Omne Die – every day

p.c post cibum - After meals

UI Urinary tract infection

ESRF End stage renal failure

CXR Chest X-Ray

Give abbreviations for the following.

1. three times a day ____________ 1. t.i.d.

Write the letter of the correct definition in the space provided.

1. ____ diuretic a. injected into the fatty layer of the skin

• Most medical terms have three basic

• Each term is formed by combining at

• A prefix is placed at the beginning of a

combination of a root or roots that

Prefixes for Degrees

Is the longest word in the English dictionary at 45 letters

Let’s see how !!!

-> Exercises notebook

Don’t forget the rules !

PRS Word Combining form Word

1. osteo ------ myel--------- itis

• cephalic cyesis dys macro

1. instrument to view small items : …………… 1. microscope

• angi(o) burs(o) carcin(o) cry(o)

Design a mind map for one or more of the following:

According to the Law of Complementarity ,

Roots for Cell Activity

A nail is a scalelike modification of the A hair, produced by a hair follicle, is a

The bones of the skull.

Ribs of the chest. Bones of the pelvis.

Anatomy of a Flat Bone.

Orthopedist Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.

Orthopedic Surgery Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.

Orthopedic Surgeon Ortho- means normal, straight or to correct.

A physician that specializes in the musculoskeletal system and

Muscles of the Upper Limb

Muscles of the Lower Limb

The digestive system

The function of the digestive