Campbell Essential Biology, Seventh Edition,

Global Edition and Campbell Essential Biology

with Physiology, Sixth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 04
A Tour of the Cell

PowerPoint® Lectures created by Edward J. Zalisko, Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and
Jane B. Reece

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 The Structure of Cell

Cellular membrane

DNA (genetic material)

Nucleus
_ +
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
2
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Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells

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A Prokaryotic Cell vs Eukaryotic cell

animal

Plant
Studying structure of prokaryote and eukaryotic cells
è Leads to discovery of antibiotics
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Antibiotics: Drugs that Target Bacterial
Cells
• Antibiotics are drugs that disable or kill infectious bacteria.

• Antibiotics are made based on l differences between bacterial and eukaryotic cells

Penicillin: 1st antibiotics

(1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming

è It specifically kills bacteria by inhibiting

Construction of bacterial cell wall

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Antibiotic-resistance
• The biggest problem with Antibiotics is antibiotic resistance - bacteria figure out ways to
inhibit the action of anti-biotics

è”Super bacteria”

• To solve this problem medical researchers are trying to produce new antibiotics.

by investigating detailed properties of bacteria that can be used to make new generation of
anti-bodies

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Cell Surfaces
• Plant cells --cell wall made of cellulose fibers
(ch3)

1) protect the cells,

2) maintain cell shape, and

animal
3) keep cells from absorbing too much
water.

• Animal cells -lack cell walls

• most animal cells contain cell junctions,

structures that connect cells together into
tissues, allowing the cells to function in a
coordinated way.

Plant

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Membrane Structure
• The plasma membrane separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings.

• The plasma membrane and other membranes of the cell are composed mostly of
phospholipids, arranged into a two-layer sheet called a phospholipid bilayer.

• The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic:

– fluid because molecules can move freely past one another and
– a mosaic because of the diversity of proteins in the membrane.

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Membrane Structure

3:18
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The Nucleus : Genetic Control of the Cell
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.

• The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm

by a double membrane called the nuclear
envelope.

• Nuclear Pores: allow certain materials to pass

between the nucleus and the surrounding
cytoplasm.

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The Nucleus : Genetic Control of the Cell
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.

• The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm

by a double membrane called the nuclear
envelope.

• Nuclear Pores: allow certain materials to pass

between the nucleus and the surrounding
cytoplasm.

• Within the nucleus, long DNA molecules and

associated proteins form fibers called chromatin

(next page).

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The Relationship Between DNA,
Chromatin, and a Chromosome
DNA molecules +associated proteins

èform fibers called chromatin

è Each Chromatin becomes more compact and forms

chromosome

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Ribosomes

• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

• In eukaryotic cells, components of ribosomes are

– made in the nucleus (at a place called nucleolus) and then
– transported through the pores of the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm, where
ribosomes begin their work.

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Ribosomes
• DNA transfers its coded information
to a molecule called messenger
RNA (mRNA), which
– exits the nucleus through
pores in the nuclear envelope
and
– travels to the cytoplasm,
where it binds to a ribosome.

• A ribosome moves along the

mRNA, translating the genetic
message into a protein with a
specific amino acid sequence.

• Some ribosomes make proteins

that remain within the cytosol.

• Other ribosomes make proteins

that are incorporated into
membranes or secreted by the cell.

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 Eukaryotic cells
• DNAs are housed inside nucleus

• exhibit compartmentalization

Contain several organelles (=membrane-bound compartment with its own

unique structure and function) è called The Endomembrane System

Þ Allows cells to carry out specialized chemical functions in different places

Human Organs

Cell Organelles

15
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The Endomembrane System:
Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular
Products
• The endomembrane system in a cell consists of
– the nuclear envelope,
– the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
– the Golgi apparatus,
– lysosomes, and
– vacuoles.

• These membranous organelles are either physically connected or linked by vesicles,

sacs made of membrane.

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The Endoplasmic Reticulum
• The endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) is one of the main
manufacturing facilities in a
cell. The ER
– produces an enormous
variety of molecules,
– is connected to the
nuclear envelope, and
– is composed of
interconnected rough
and smooth ER that
have different structures
and functions.

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 Rough ER
• The “rough” in rough ER refers to ribosomes that stud the outside of its membrane.

• The ER makes more membrane.

• Ribosomes attached to the rough ER produce proteins that will be

– inserted into the growing ER membrane,
– transported to other organelles,
– Secreted outside of cells

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How Rough ER Manufactures and Packages
Secretory Proteins
• Some products manufactured by rough ER are chemically modified and then packaged into
transport vesicles, sacs made of membrane that bud off from the rough ER.

• Then these transport vesicles may be dispatched to other locations in the cell.

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Smooth ER
• The smooth ER
– lacks surface ribosomes,
– produces lipids, including steroids, and
– helps liver cells detoxify circulating drugs.

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The Golgi Apparatus (1 of 2)
• The Golgi apparatus
– works in partnership with the ER and
– receives, refines, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell.

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The Golgi Apparatus

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The Golgi Apparatus

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The Endomembrane System:
Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular
Products
• The endomembrane system in a cell consists of
– the nuclear envelope,
– the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
– the Golgi apparatus,
– lysosomes, and
– vacuoles.

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Lysosomes (1 of 2)
• A lysosome is a membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes found in animal cells.

• Most plant cells do not contain lysosomes.

• Enzymes in a lysosome can break down large molecules such as

– proteins,
– polysaccharides,
– fats, and
– nucleic acids.

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Lysosomes
• Lysosomes can also
– destroy harmful bacteria,
– engulf and digest parts of another organelle, and
– sculpt tissues during embryonic development, helping to form structures such as
fingers.

• The importance of lysosomes to cell function and human health is made clear by
hereditary disorders called lysosomal storage diseases. Most of these diseases are
fatal in early childhood.

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Lysosomes

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The Endomembrane System:
Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular
Products
• The endomembrane system in a cell consists of
– the nuclear envelope,
– the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
– the Golgi apparatus,
– lysosomes, and
– vacuoles. è read text book

• These membranous organelles are either physically connected or linked by vesicles,

sacs made of membrane.

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Vacuoles (1 of 2)- READ TEXTBOOK
• Vacuoles are large vesicles with a variety of
functions. For example,
– food vacuoles bud from the plasma
membrane and
– certain freshwater protists have contractile
vacuoles that pump out excess water that
flows into the cell from the outside
environment.

• The central vacuole of a plant cell is a

versatile compartment that may
– store organic nutrients,
– absorb water, and
– contain pigments that attract pollinating
insects or poisons that protect against
plant-eating animals.
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Review of the Endomembrane System

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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing
Cellular Energy
• One of the central themes of biology is the transformation of energy: how it enters living
systems, is converted from one form to another, and is eventually given off as heat.

• Two organelles act as cellular power stations:

1. chloroplasts and
2. mitochondria.

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Mitochondria
• Mitochondria
– are found in almost all eukaryotic cells,
– are the organelles in which cellular respiration takes place, and
– produce ATP from the energy of food molecules.

• Cells use molecules of ATP as the direct energy source for most of their work.

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 Chloroplasts
• Most of the living world runs on
the energy provided by
photosynthesis.

• Photosynthesis is the conversion

of light energy from the sun to
– the chemical energy of sugar
and
– other organic molecules.

• Chloroplasts are
– unique to the photosynthetic
cells of plants and algae and
– the organelles that perform
photosynthesis.

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Chloroplasts and Mitochondria (1 of 2)
• Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA that encodes some of their own
proteins made by their own ribosomes.

• Each chloroplast and mitochondrion

– contains a single circular DNA chromosome that resembles a prokaryotic
chromosome and
– can grow and pinch in two, reproducing themselves.

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The Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and
Movement
• The cytoskeleton
– is a network of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm and
– functioning in support and movement.

• The cytoskeleton
– provides mechanical support to the cell and
– helps a cell maintain its shape.

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Cytoskeleton,

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Maintaining Cell Shape
• The cytoskeleton contains several types of fibers made from different proteins.

Microtubules

Intermediate filaments

Actin filaments (microfilament)

hollow tubes of protein.

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Actin filaments
The Cytoskeleton

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The Cytoskeleton in cell movement
e.g., Cilia and Flagella (1 of 3)

• In some eukaryotic cells, microtubules are arranged into structures called flagella and
cilia, extensions from a cell that aid in movement.

• Eukaryotic flagella propel cells through an undulating, whiplike motion.

• They often occur singly, such as in human sperm cells, but may also appear in groups
on the outer surface of protists.

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Cilia and Flagella (2 of 3)

Flagella Cilia
Difference
longer
cover all or part of the
present singly or in pairs surface of a cell

sperm

Common features
microtubule array

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42
Summary

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