Mexico

Economy
The Mexican economy is based on the free market model. Currently, it
is the 12th largest economy in the world and the 2nd largest in Latin
America.
The United States is the most common destination for Mexican
exports. Top Mexican exports to the U.S. include oil, cars, and
electronic equipment. Top U.S. exports to Mexico include electronic
equipment, motor vehicle parts, and chemicals.
Mexico is the world's seventh-largest oil exporter, and one of
the top 3 suppliers of oil to the U.S. Oil and gas revenues
provide over one-third of all Mexican government revenues.

How would you describe the quality of life in your country? , 

about 61% of people aged 15 to 64 in Mexico have a paid job, lower than the OECD
employment average of 68%
almost 29% of employees work very long hours, one of the highest in the
OECD where the average is 11%.
In Mexico, 38% of adults aged 25-64 have completed upper secondary education,
much lower than the OECD average of 78% and the lowest rate amongst OECD
countries.
life expectancy at birth in Mexico is 75 years, five years lower than the OECD
average of 80 years, and one of the lowest in the OECD
68% of people say they are satisfied with the quality of their water, considerably
lower the OECD average of 81%
In general, Mexicans are satisfied with their lives. When asked to rate their general
satisfaction with life on a scale from 0 to 10, Mexicans gave it a 6.5 grade on average, 
in line with the OECD average of 6.5.

What is your country’s total Gross Domestic Product?

What are some of your country’s natural resources?
Mexico is among the world's largest producers of oil, natural gas, silver, copper,
gold, lead, zinc, and lumber.

Other minerals such as mercury, cadmium, antimony, manganese, iron, and coal are also
found in Mexican mines and contribute to the global supply of rare earth
elements.

The Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico account for a significant share
of the country's seacoast. As a result, Mexico has an abundance of fisheries—the
shrimp, tuna, sardine, anchovy, lobster, and abalone fisheries chief among them.

What is your country’s currency? Peso

 What is your country’s biggest trading partners?

1. United States: US$358.9 billion (76% of Mexico’s total exports)

2. Canada: $14.1 billion (3%)
3. Germany: $7 billion (1.5%)
4. China: $6.9 billion (1.5%)
5. Taiwan: $6.8 billion (1.4%)
6. Brazil: $4.2 billion (0.9%)
7. Japan: $3.9 billion (0.8%)
8. Colombia: $3.5 billion (0.7%)
9. United Kingdom: $2.8 billion (0.6%)
10. South Korea: $2.2 billion (0.5%)
11. Netherlands: $1.97 billion (0.4%)
12. Guatemala: $1.97 billion (0.4%)
13. France: $1.54 billion (0.3%)
14. Chile: $1.52 billion (0.3%)
15. Peru: $1.4 billion (0.3%)

Politics and Government

What type of government does your country have? Federal Govt.
Who are your country’s enemies? Mafia and US Republican Party
What is your country’s capital? Mexico City

https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/transport/what-we-do/share-road/mexico

Environmental problems:
traffic congestion
Air pollution
old vehicles import

In 2007, in response to the significant challenges, Mexico City

developed the Green Plan (Plan Verde), which included programmes
on transportation and mobility. Together with an Integrated Urban
Transportation Programme and a bicycle mobility strategy, the city
has focused on the development of mass transit and NMT (Pearl,
2015). The goals included the following:
  Improve the quality and availability of public transportation
 Lower the number of private vehicles on the roads
  Speed up mobility on the road
  Foster a road culture that respects cyclists and pedestrians

https://www.oecd.org/env/country-revhttps://www.oecd.org/env/country-reviews/
2450457.pdfiews/2450457.pdf

https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/measures-initiatives-green-recovery

The choices that governments make to restart their economic engine,

including the long-term social, economic, and environmental co-
benefits they seek to achieve through their stimulus investments, will be
extraordinarily consequential in ensuring that they can build back
stronger and better. 
Over the short term, there are three main considerations:  

 Job creation, looking at the number of jobs created per dollar

invested, but also the types of jobs created and who benefits from
them, and the match between the skills needed and those  available
in the local workforce.
 Boost to economic activity, focusing on the economic
multiplier each intervention can deliver, the ability of a project to
directly replace missing demand, and its impact on import levels or
the national trade balance.
 Timeliness and risk, assessing whether the project generates
stimulus and employment benefits over the very short term and
whether they are durable even in the face of possible re-imposition of
local quarantine measures.

Over the longer term, a project must also support countries on three
different dimensions: 

 Long-term growth potential, looking at its impact on human,

natural, and physical capital. For instance, some projects do better at
improving human capital, by building the future skills and health of
the population, especially if air and water pollution can be reduced, or
access to improved drinking water is improved. Others may promote
the use of more efficient technologies, provide important public goods
like modern energy or sanitation, or address market failures, such as
distortive subsidies that are obstacles to long-term growth.
 Resilience to future shocks, with interventions to build capacity for
societies and economies to cope with and recover from external
 shocks, like COVID-19 today, but also other forms of natural
disasters and future climate change impacts. 
 Decarbonization and sustainable growth trajectory, with actions
to support and disseminate green technologies, like grid investments
that facilitate the use of renewable energy and electric vehicles, or
low-tech options like afforestation and landscape and watershed
restoration and management. It will be particularly important to
ensure that investments from stimulus packages do not impose large
stranded asset costs on the economy in coming decades, for
instance because they bet on declining technologies or place projects
in high-risk flood zones.  

Depending on renewable energy is a higher risk as during crisis like

this their price drops significantly, heavily affecting the economies of
different countries. But economies of countries which were greener
were less affected.

 The goal is to ensure that governments don’t invest in projects that

are attractive for their stimulus characteristics but detrimental over
the long term.

Right now, the goal cannot be to stimulate demand and increase

economic activity before the virus is under control. Instead, we need
redistributive actions to smooth the shock.

A wide range of investments can boost shorter-term job creation

and incomes and generate long-term sustainability and growth
benefits. Examples include energy efficiency for existing
buildings; production of renewable energy; preservation or
restoration of natural areas that provide ecosystem services and
resilience to floods, drought, and hurricanes; the remediation of
polluted lands; investments in water treatment and sanitation;
or sustainable transport infrastructure, ranging from bike lanes
to metro systems.

Although the stimulus may be only needed months in the future,

now is the time to identify the best possible stimulus package,
developing “ready” projects and the policies that enable them.
https://blogs.worldbank.org/climatechange/thinking-ahead-
sustainable-recovery-covid-19-coronavirus
Many projects can score high on all three dimensions. Energy
efficiency, nature conservation, clean energy options, and the
sustainability of transport are clear win-win areas for stimulus
investments. As an example, the Republic of Korea’s 2008 stimulus
package included big investments in these sectors, with a focus on
river restoration, building energy efficiency, and green transport. The
country was efficient in spending, with almost 20 percent of funds
disbursed by the first half of 2009.

Restoring degraded forestlands and landscapes could create many

jobs over the short term while also generating net benefits worth
hundreds of billions of dollars from watershed protection, better crop
yields, and forest products. In Ethiopia, for instance, the Humbo
Assisted Natural Regeneration Project increased local incomes and
helped restore 2,700 hectares of biodiverse native forest, boosting
carbon sequestration benefits. More tree cover also reduced local
drought vulnerability.

Another clear option to create many jobs and support economic

recovery is to invest massively in retrofitting buildings to make them
more energy efficient, more comfortable and healthier, as well as
better adapted to higher temperatures in the future.

In a stimulus package, public works programs can help poor people manage the direct effect
of the COVID-19 crisis on their livelihoods. These can be massive: there are 80 million
participants in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee in India and 10
million in the Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Mandiri in Indonesia. Many such programs
focus on irrigation, afforestation, soil conservation, and watershed development; and if
carefully selected, they can facilitate long-term economic transformation. In Ethiopia, the
Productive Safety Net Program is helping increase resilience and adaptation by investing in
the creation of community assets to reverse the severe degradation of watersheds and
provide a more reliable water supply.

Ambitious infrastructure projects in energy, transport, water, or urban

development are usually difficult to include in a stimulus because
they take a long time to prepare. But the unique nature of this crisis
may give time to build a green infrastructure pipeline for when the
stimulus is needed. These could include a big expansion of electric
vehicle charging infrastructure, bus and bike lanes, electricity
 transmission and distribution systems, water and sanitation service
coverage, or making neighborhoods more livable and less energy
intensive.

“If we get it right, the response to COVID-19 may not only minimize
pain and suffering now, but can also build the foundation for a
greener, safer, and more prosperous future. “

For instance, the tax reform component of stimulus packages could

create new tax rates for fuel, energy, or carbon, and different
incentives to reduce carbon emissions. The recent drop in global
oil prices offers an opportunity to revisit the subsidies currently
in place in many countries and redirect these resources to more
efficient ways to reduce poverty or boost growth, while
advancing a transition away from fossil fuels.

https://www.oecd.org/mexico/oecd-environmental-performance-reviews-mexico-2013-
9789264180109-en.htm

fossil fuel technologies, which are typically mechanized and capital

intensive, the renewable energy industry is more labour intensive

on average, more jobs are created for each unit of electricity generated
from renewable sources than from fossil fuels.

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52418624

GENERAL SPEAKERS LIST:

Good morning delegates and esteemed chairs, “what we are doing to the
forests of the world is but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to
ourselves and to one another”. – Mahatma Gandhi.

With this the delegate of Mexico would like to present Mexico’s stance on
environment conditions post Covid-19. Mexico in the past decade has been
challenged to take measures against the severe environmental
degradation confronting it. In the last few years, it has undertaken
fundamental environmental reforms and launched new policies and
programmes that are going in the right direction and in many ways are
exemplary as stated in the OECD reviews. However, with the coming in of
Covid-19 and restarting of the world economy, Mexico is looking to turn a
new leaf in both its environmental and economical policies in tandem, in
order to promote sustainable development and a green economy which will
benefit the climate. Mexico believes that if we get it right, the response to
Covid-19 may not only end the pain and suffering now but also build the
foundation for a greener, safer and more prosperous future.

Points to talk later about:

 Solving unemployment with Renewable energy sector, afforestation

projects etc. 10% of earth land is unused dryland which can be used
for afforestation.

 Public transport
Mexico City the green plan
(stuff also written in book)
Daily trips in Mexico City reached 48.8 million and 2.5 trips per person per day by 2007.
Public transportation concentrates the majority of trips (58.1%) followed by non-motorized
transport (mostly walkers) and private cars (15%). Out of the 24 million daily trips made in
public transportation in Mexico City, only 31% are made in mass transport systems like the
metro, or Mexico´s BRT system (Metrobus). The large majority (50.8%) of the trips made by
public transport are still characterized by low service quality, poorly regulated and highly
polluting microbuses
 Space mining counters

Resilience to future shocks, with interventions to build capacity for

societies and economies to cope with and recover from external
shocks, like COVID-19 today, but also other forms of natural
disasters and future climate change impacts. Space mining is an
extremely futuristic technology and we can’t invest on it fully because
if there’s another worldwide crisis like the covid pandemic it will
hamper the research of this technology as well, and about the point
of greater humanitarian crisis at least the people getting exploited are
having a roof under which they can sleep at the end of the day, but
this will cause mass unemployment as skilled labourers will be
required for space mining

https://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-iucn-dryland-en.pdf

 Shifting subsidies from fossil fuels to renewable sources of energy so

that there is more investment.
 Waste management (Divyanshu)
 How to convince global population and countries to be serious about
climate change
 Perks for following green industrial standards. (written in book)