Budist G-9 S

nqoaO O¾uh
9 fY%aKsh
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ u fm<fmd;a bf,lafg%dksla udOHfhka ,nd .ekSug
www.edupub.gov.lk fjí wvúhg msúfikak'
m%:u uqøKh (- 2017
fojk uqøKh (- 2018
f;jk uqøKh (- 2019
isõjk uqøKh (- 2020
ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs
ISBN 978-955-25-0358-0
wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

fydrK" ñfo,a,uq,fyak" ;,a.yú, mdr" wxl 65C ys msysá
iS$i lreKdr;ak iy mq;%fhda ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys
uqøKh lrjd m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'
Published by : Educational Publications Department

Printed by : Karunaratne and Sons (Pvt) Limited
ii
Y%S ,xld cd;sl .Sh
iii
iii
wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fn!oAO WmfoaYl uKav,h úiska wkqu;
lrk ,o .=re jkaokd .d:dj iy wêIaGdk moHh
.=re jkaokd .d:dj

´jdo ismam odfkak
islaLdfma;s uux .re
i.drfõk Ñ;af;ak
wyx jkaodñ ;x .rex
Tjd isma §fuk

ud yslaujk fmafuk
weÿre yo ne;sfhk
j¢ï .re is; fmrgq lrñk
mdi,a WoEik /iaùu wjidkfha flfrk wêIaGdkh

f;rejk mqod isyslr udmsh fofok
.=re is; Èkd Tm lr f.k .=K kqjK
lrñk ind úÿy,a uEKsf. isysk
iqrlsñ iod uf. rg cd;sh iiqk
^rpl( mQcH .ka;=fka wiaiÔ ysñ&
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fmrjok
ÈhqKqfõ ysKsfm; lrd .uka lrkd j;auka f,djg" ks;e;skau wjeis
jkqfha jvd;a kjH jQ wOHdmk l%uhls' tu`.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;af;a ukq.=Koï
imsreKq yd l=i,;dj,ska hqla; oremrmqrls' tlS W;a;=x. fufyjrg cj n,h
imhñka" úYaùh wNsfhda. iòyd Èßfhka uqyqK Èh yels isiq mrmqrla ks¾udKh
lsÍu iòyd iydh ùu wmf.a mru j.lSu jkafka h' bf.kqï wdOdrl iïmdok
ld¾hh fjkqfjka il%Sh f,i ueÈy;a fjñka wm fomd¾;fïka;=j ta fjkqfjka
odhl;ajh ,nd fokafka cd;sfha oreoeßhkaf.a keK myka o,ajd,Sfï W;=ï
wÈgfkks'
fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIG a d.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

f,djlg o leòjdf.k hhs' tfiau fï fm<fmd;a wmf.a ;¾l nqoê a h jvjd,kafka
wfkalúO l=i,;d mqnÿq lrjd.kakg o iqúi,a t<s oyrla fjñks' úÿìfuka iuq.;a
Èkl jqj wmßñ; wdorfhka iaurKh l< yels u;l" fm<fmd;a msgq w;r oejà
Tn iu`.ska w;aje,a neò tkq fkdwkqudk h' fï fm<fmd; iu`.u ;j ;j;a
oekqï wjldY msß biõ fj; ks;s mshuksñka mßmQ¾K;ajh w;a lr.ekqug Tn
ieu ksr;=rej wem lem úh hq;= h'
ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g

msßkefï' fm<fmd;a fjkqfjka rch jeh lr we;s iqúi,a OkialkaOhg
w¾:iïmkak w.hla ,nd Èh yelafla Tng muKs' fuu mdGH .%ka:h ukdj
mßYS,kh lrñka keK .=K msß mqrjeishka ù wkd.; f,dj taldf,dal lrkakg
oefha ish¨ ¥ orejka fj; Èßh iúh ,efíjdhs yoj;ska iqn m;ñ'
fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla

iemhQ f,aLl" ixialdrl yd we.hqï uKav, idudðl msßjrg;a wOHdmk m%ldYk
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ld¾h uKav,fha ieug;a udf.a yomsß m%Kduh mqolrñ'
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
biqremdh
n;a;ruq,a,
2020'06'26
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kshdukh yd wëlaIKh (
mS' tka' whs,mafmreu
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia ckrd,a
fufyhùu (
ví,sõ' ta' ks¾u,d mshiS,s
wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia îxj¾Ok&
iïnkaëlrKh (
ã' tï' chka; mqIaml=udr
ksfhdacH flduidßia ^md,k&
ixialdrl uKav,h (
1' mQcH foajdf,a.u fïOdkkao iajdóka jykafia
úY%dñl uydpd¾h" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
2' w;s mQcH .ka;=fka wiaiÔ uydkdhl iajdóka jykafia

úY%dñl lÓldpd¾h" Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h
3' wdpd¾h" mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k iajdóka jykafia

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
4' uydpd¾h WÈ; .reisxy

md,s yd fn!oaO wOHhk wxYh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
isxy, NdId ixialrKh (

1' uydpd¾h ksu,a u,a,jwdrÉÑ
wxYdêm;s îsxy, wOHhk wxYh&
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h
2' whs' rxð;a

wOHlaI ^ysgmq&
.%ka: m%ldYk uKav,h
wOHdmk wud;HxYh
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f,aLl uKav,h (
1' mQcH fldgfk¿fõ mq[a[dkkao iajdóka jykafia
iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI" msßfjka wOHdmk YdLdj
wOHdmk wud;HxYh
2' mQcH W!re.uqfõ wiaiÔ iajdóka jykafia

Wm.=re" Y%S .x.d;s,l uQ,sl msßfjk" mdkÿr
3' mQcH Èh.u kdro iajdóka jykafia

.=re fiajh" iqNødrdu úoHdh;k msßfjk" .xf.dvú," kqf.af.dv
4' Wohrejka u,a,sldrÉÑ

úÿy,am;s" by< fndañßh lksIaG úoHd,h" lvqfj,
5' wd¾'ta' .=Kj¾Ok

.=re WmfoaYl" .sß$ rejka.sß uOH uyd úoHd,h" fnda.uq,a,
6' wd¾' tï' à' à' r;akdhl

.=re fiajh 2-II" Y%S úu,O¾u uy msßfjk" oxf.d,a," uykqjr
fidaÿm;a lshùu (
tia' î' tï' ksu,a O¾uisß
wOHdmk wOHlaI ^wd.ñl yd idrO¾u wxYh&
wOHdmk wud;HdxYh
Ñ;% iy msgljr ks¾udKh (

ví' mS' iqis,a chYdka; fmf¾rd
mß.Kl.; lsÍu iy msgq ks¾udKh (

mS' ta' Yhsks bu,aId úfÊj¾Ok
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wxlh uÜgu
01' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdK iuh 1 9'1'1
02' nqÿ isßf;ys úYsIag ,laIK 8 9'1'2
03' wkq;a;r mska fl;h iÕ .K 16 9'1'3
04' j¢uq ie±fyka W;=ï mqo ìï 22 9'2'1
05' issysh msysgqjd yqiau .ksuq 29 9'2'2
06' rcf.oßka fufyKjrg 34 9'2'3
07' Oïu mofhka ì|la 44 9'2'4
08' W;=ï meje;afuka Èú ux ire lruq 50 9'2'5
09' iS, iq.kaOh u W;=ï jkafka h 55 9'3'1
10' bgq lruq hq;=lï 61 9'3'2
11' nqÿnj me;+ n,xf.dv uydkdhl yduqÿrefjda 68 9'4'1
12' wgf,da oyu 73 9'4'2
13' jejhs od.enhs .uhs mkai,hs 78 9'5'1
ix
msgq ksmqK;d
wxlh uÜgu
14' ksíndk mrux iqLx 83 9'6'1
15' ÿlska ñfok u. W.ksuq 89 9'6'2
16' fkdlr mõlï lruq mskalï 95 9'6'3
17' fya;=j M,h fjhs M,h fya;=j fjhs 102 9'6'4
18' iduldó Ôú;hla .; lruq 107 9'7'1
19' wdfrda.H mrud,dNd 115 9'7'2
20' .eg¨ úi|k iiqka ms<sfj; 120 9'8'1
21' iqrlsuq fy< l,d fl; 130 9'8'2
22' Kh fkdù if;disk f.juq Èúu. ±yeñk 138 9'9'1
23' rdcd Nj;= Oïñflda 144 9'9'2
24' ksjka uf.ys îch Y%oaOdjhs 153 9'10'1
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01 iïnqoaO mßks¾jdK iuh
isÿy;a fndai;dKka jykafia fjila mqka fmdfyda Èkl W;=ï jQ nqoaO;ajhg

m;a jQ fial' t;eka mgka mkaid<sia jila mqrd uyd lreKdfjka f,dalhdg oyï
u. fmkajdÿka Wka jykafia wjika jiald,h .; lf<a fí¨j .fuys h' ;j;a oi
udihlska ;uka jykafia msßksjka md jodrk nj bgd .;af;a tys § h'
fï w;r nqÿrÿkag f,days; mlaLkaÈld kï n,j;a fõokd iys; udrdka;sl

jQ frda.hla yg.eksKs' Wka jykafia bÈßhg oi udihla u tu frda.h h<s u;=
fkdjk f,i iudm;a;s n,fhka hgm;a l<y' frda.S Ndjfhka ñ§ nqÿrÿka iqjfia
jev isákq ÿgq wdkkao udysñfhda n,j;a iekis,a,lska Wka jykafia iómhg meñK
fufia mejiQy' —iajdókS" Nd.Hj;=ka jykai" Tn jykafia frda.S j isákq ÿgq ug
n,j;a fYdalhla yg.eksKs' uu isysh Wmojd.; fkdyels ;;a;ajhlg m;aùñ'
±ka Tn jykafia bka ñ§ isákq olsk udf.a is;g we;sjkqfha wmßñ; fidïkils'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia Y%djlhka yg wjidk wjjdoh jodrd ñil msßksjka
fkdmdkfiale hs" is;Sfuka hka;ï is;g wiajeis,a,la we;slr.; yels h'˜ fï wid isá
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fufia jod<y' wdkkao h" uu lsisÿ ieÕùula fkdfldg
O¾uh ukdj fy<sorjq fldg foaYkd lf<ñ' .=reuqIaá lsisjla ;nd fkd.;sñ'
wdkkao h" NslaIQka jykafia,d md,kh lrñhs lshd fyda Wka jykafia,d ud Wfoid
Ôj;aúh hq;= h lshd fyda lsisÿ woyila ud ;=< fkdue;' uu oeka wiQjeks úhg
m;a j isáñ' Èrd.sh .e,la WKm;=re wdÈh ;nd ne| mj;ajdf.k hkafka hï fia
o udf.a YÍrh o tmßoafoka u mj;S' wdkkao h" tneúka ;ud u ;udg msysg fldg"
O¾uh u irKfldg jdih lrkak'˜

fí¨j .fuys .; l< jia ld,h ksu l< nqÿrcdKka jykafia ieje;a kqjrg
jevu l<y' ;ud <Õska weiqre l< Y%djlhka yd odhl msßia wjika jrg ±ln,d
.ekSfï leue;a; u; tys u| l,la jev isáñka ;j isõ uilska ;uka jykafiaf.a
mßks¾jdKh isÿjk nj jod<y' th weiQ mD:.ack NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka
iuyfrla l÷¿ j.=rjñka y`vd je<mqKy' we;eï NslaIQka jykafia,d zwms l=ula
lrkafkuq ±@Zhs is; is;d ;ek ;ek /iaù l;d lrñka yqkay' ry;ka jykafia,dg
iïnqoaO mßks¾jdK iuh 1
fkdñ,fha fnod yeÍu iòyd h'
O¾u ixfõ.h my< úh' tfy;a ta w;r isá Oïudrdu kï NslaIQka jykafia fiiq
NslaIQka jykafia,d yd l;dnyg fkd.shy' fYdalS j y~d fkdje<mqKy' znqÿrÿka
msßksùug fmr ry;a jkafkñZ hs ±äfia wÈgka lr.;a Wka jykafia mfilg
ù yqfol,dj O¾uh wdj¾ckh lrñka njqka jvkakg jQy' NslaIQka jykafia,d
Oïudrdu f;rekaag fpdaokd lrk kshdfhka ta nj nqÿrÿkag ie<lr isáhy' túg
nqÿrcdKka jykafia Oïudrdu f;reka le|jd fï lshk foa ienEjla ±hs úuiQy'
Oïudrdu f;reka jykafia ;ukaf.a woyi lSy' nqÿrÿka tys § jodf<a —uyfKks"
ug ys; we;s iEu flfkla u fuu Oïudrdu f;reka wdo¾Yhg .; hq;= h' u,a
iqj| wdÈfhka ud mqokafkda ksis f,i ud mqokafkda fkdfj;s' O¾udkql+, j ms<sfj;a
mqrkafkda u ud mqokafkda fj;s˜ hs" lshdhs' fuhska wmg nqÿrÿka W.kajd we;af;a
wdñi mQcdjg jvd m%;sm;a;s mQcdj Wiia njhs' tfia u Wka jykafia wfmalaId fldg
we;af;a ;uka jykafiag mqo isß;a lrk Y%djlhka fkdj" ;uka jykafia fmkajd
jod< ÿlska ñ§fï u. wkq.ukh lrk Y%djlhka nj h'
fï w;r ießhq;a uyry;ka jykafia ;u wdhq ld,h wjika jk nj

jgydf.k nqÿrÿka fj; meñK je| msßksùug wjir .;ay' ñ:HdoDIaál j isá
ish uEKshka fidhd kd,l .ug jevu l< ießhq;a f;rKqjka tys § uEKshka
;sirKfhys msysgqjd tys § u msßksjka md jod< nj i|yka fjhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia
Wka jykafiaf.a isrer wdodykh lrjd iEhla o bÈlrjd rc.y kqjr n,d jevu
l< fial' ießhq;a f;reka msßksù foi;shlska uq.,ka f;rKqfjda o nqÿrÿka fj;
jevu lr wjir f.k ld,is,dfõ § msßksjka mEy' nqÿrcdKka jykafia uq.,ka
f;rKqjkaf.a wdodyk lghq;= o lrjd iEhla bÈlrùfuka wk;=rej Wlalfõ,d
kshï.ug jevu l<y' kej;;a úYd,d uykqjrg jevu l< Wka jykafia tys
pdmd,fÉ;sh kï ia:dkfhys úiQy' tys § wdkkao ysñ wu;d fufia jod<y'
—wdkkao h" i;r Roaêmdo uekúka m%.=K l< flkl=g leue;skï wdhq l,amhla
fyda Bg jvd u|la jeä ld,hla fyda Ôj;aúh yels h' ;:d.;hka jykafia tlS
i;r Roaêmdo jvd we;s fyhska ta i|yd iu;alï olajkakdyq h'˜
nqÿrÿkaf.a fuu m%ldYfhys woyi f;areï .ekSfï yelshdjla wdkkao

ysñhkag ta fudfydf;a fkd;sìKs' ta nqoaO mßks¾jdKh .ek is;ñka n,j;a is;a
fõokdjlska isá fyhsks' tneúka wdhq l,amhla fyda Bg jvd u|la jeä l,la
jevjdih lrk f,i weßhqï lsÍula isÿ fkdjqKs' blaì;s nqÿrcdKka jykafia
wdhq ixialdrh w;a yeßhy' ;j ;=ka uilska msßksjka mdkd nj m%ldY l<y'
túg wdkkao ysñfhda ±ä f,i lïmdjg m;a j wdhq l,amhla jev fjfik f,i
f;j;djla u b,a,d isáhy' túg —wdkkao h" tu b,a,Su isÿ lsÍug fuh wjia:dj
fkdfõ˜ hehs m%ldY lrñka nqÿrcdKka jykafia th m%;slafIam l<y' wdkkao ysñ
2
tu b,a,Su isÿ l< hq;= j ;snqfKa nqÿrcdKka jykafia wdhq ixialdrh w;a yeÍug
fmrhs'
fuu m%ldYfhka miq iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh ms<sn| ±kqï §u i|yd wdkkao

udysñhka u.ska úYd,d uykqjr l+gd.dr Yd,djg NslaIQka jykafia,d /ialrjQ
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fufia m%ldY l<y' —uyfKks" lreKdfjka Tn ieu wu;ñ'
ish¨ ixialdr O¾u kefik iajNdjfhka hqla; h' t<U isá isys we;sj .=K O¾u
jvkak' fuhska ;=kauila .sh ;ek ;:d.;hka jykafia msßksjka mdk fial'˜
uyd m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsh yd hfYdaOrd f;rKsh nqÿrÿka je| iuqf.k

f.dia msßksjka md jodf<a o fï iufha § h' wjika jrg úYd,d uykqjßka msg;aùug
fmr nqÿrcdKka jykafia —wdkkao h" ud úYd,d uykqjr olsk wjidk wjia:dj
fuh˜ hehs" mjiñka iïmQ¾K nqÿ isrer wdmiq yrjd we;a ne,afuka kqjr foi neÆy'
úYd,dfjka msg;a jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia ms<sfj<ska NKav.du" y;aÓ.du" wïn.du"
cïnq.du hk .ï miqfldg fNda. k.rhg jevu l<y' tys § i;ruydmfoai
foaYkd l<y' O¾uúkh ksje/È f,i f;areï .ekSu i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;=
ms<sfj; thska m%ldYs; h'

wk;=rej nqÿrcdKka jykafia fNda. k.rfhka mdjd kqjrg jevu l<y'
tys pqkaol¾udr mq;%hdf.a wUjkfhys jev úiQy' ta nj ±k.;a pqkaol¾udr mq;%hd
jyd tys f.dia nK wid meye§ nqoaO m%uqL uyd ix> r;akhg okg weßhqï lf<a h'
tÈk odkh i|yd iQlr uoaojh kï jQ úfYaaIs; wdydrh o ms<sfh, flßKs' fuys §
oi uilg fmr nqÿrÿkag we;sjQ f,days; mlaLkaÈld frda.h h<s;a yg.eksKs' ukd
isyskqjKska hqla;j tu frda.mSvdj o bjiQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIQka jykafia,d o
msßjrdf.k l=iskdrd kqjr n,d jevu l<y' w;ru. § Wka jykafiag n,j;a
fjfyila" la,dka; .;shla fia u n,j;a msmdihla o yg .eksK' uy rella uq,
iÕ, isjqr i;rg kud ìu t<d jev isá Wka jykafia wdkkao h ug msmdihs"
meka álla fidhdf.k tkakehs jod<y' wdkkao udysñfhda wi, jQ l=vd kÈhlska
meka f.k ms<s.ekajQy' tl,ays wd<drld,du ;jqidf.a Y%djlhl= jQ mqlal=i kï
u,a,rdc mq;%hd nqÿrÿka ±l je| tl;amfil ys|.;af;a h' nqÿrÿkaf.ka nK wid
f;rejka irK .sh Tyq Wka jykafiag isks÷ i¿ hq.,hla ms§ h' wdkkao udysñfhda
nqÿrcdKka jykafiag tajd fmrjQy' ta fudfydf;a nqÿnj ,enQ fõf,ys fuka Wka
jykafiaf.a uq¿ nqÿisrer u §ma;sfhka nn<kakg úh'
bkamiq nqÿrcdKka jykAfia NslaIQka jykafia,d msßjrdf.k l=l=;a:d kÈh

fj; jevu l<y' tu kÈfhka meka j<|d meka ikyd wi, jQ wU jkhg msúis
Wka jykafiag h<s;a ;o la,dka; .;shla we;súh' tneúka pqkao f;reka ,jd
iÕ, isjqr ìu w;=rjd .ila uq, isxy fihHdfjka ie;mqKy' wk;=rej iakdkh
fldg meñKs wdkkao f;reka wu;d nqÿjkakg fmr iqcd;dj ÿka odkh;a" fmr Èk
pqkaol¾udr mq;%hd ÿka odkh;a tl iudk wdksYxi we;s nj jod<y' ish odkh ksid
nqÿrÿka frda.d;=r jQfha hehs pqkaol¾udr mq;%hdg hï Ñ;a; mSvdjla we;sjqjfyd;a
Tyqg lreKq lshd § is; ikik f,i o jod<y'
t;ekska msg;a jQ Wka jykafia ysrKHj;S kÈfhka tf;r j l=iskdrd kqjrg

jevu l<y' u,a, rcorejkaf.a Wmj;a;k i,a Whk ;=< i,a .ia folla w;r
wk| f;reka úiska mkjk ,o ihkfhys isxyfihHdfjka ie;mqKq fial' iïnqoaO
mßks¾jdKh wdikakj mj;akd nj o;a mD:.ack NsslaIQka jykafia,d fYdalhg
m;aj je<fmkakg jQy' tys § tu NslaIQka jykafia,d wduka;%Kh l< nqÿrcdKka
jykafia ie±ye;shka úiska ±l ixfõ.h my< l< hq;= ia:dk i;rla ms<sn|j
jod<y' tkï nqÿrÿka Wmka ;ek" iïnqoaO;ajh ,enQ ;ek" oïila foiQ ;ek yd
msßksjka mE ;ekhs' msßksú nqÿ isrer flfrys ilaú;s rc flkl=g fuka Wmydr
oelaúh hq;= nj o nqÿ" mfia nqÿ" uyry;a" ilaú;s rc hk isjqfok ia;+m ;kd msÈh
hq;a;ka nj o ;jÿrg;a jod<y'
4
fï lreKq mjik úg nqÿrÿka ;ud w;ayer hk fudfyd; <Õdjk nj
jgyd.;a wdkkao ysñhkg ord.; fkdyels fYdalhla Wmkafka h' Wka jykafia y~d
je<fmkakg jQy' túg wdkkao f;reka le|jQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia O¾udjjdofhka
is; iekiQy' nqoafOdamia:dkh uekúka isÿ l< whqre jodrd th w.h l<y'
W;aidyfhka ls%hdfldg b;d blaukska ry;aúh yels nj o jod<y' ta iu.u NslaIQka
jykafia,d wu;d wdkkao ysñhkaf.a .=K j¾Kkd l<y'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;uka tÈk rd;%sfha mYaÑu hdufhys msßksjka md jodrk

nj u,a, rcorejkag wdkkao ysñhka w; okajd hejQfha bka miqjhs' l=iskdrdmqr u,a,
rc orefjda tu mqj; wid fYdalNß;j nqÿrÿka fj; meñK wjika jrg ±l jkaokd
l<y' ta fudfydf;a iqNø kï msßjeðfhla nqÿrÿkaf.ka m%Yak weiSug wdkkao
udysñhkaf.ka wjir b,a,S h' wdkkao ysñfhda Bg wjir fkdÿkay' nqÿrcdKka
jykafiag fï l;dny weiS iqNøg ;ud fj; meñKSug wjir ,nd ÿkay' tys §
nqÿrÿka foiQ nK wid iqNø fidajka úh' bkamiq nqÿrÿkaf.a wjirh mßÈ wdkkao
f;rKqfjda Tyq meúÈ l<y' tfõf,ys fyf;u úoiqka jvd nqÿrÿka jevisáh §
meúÈj ry;a jQ wka;su ry;a Y%djlhd ùfï Nd.Hh Wodlr .;af;a h'
miqj NslaIQka jykafia weu;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia zf;rejka ms<sn|

hï ielhla wef;d;a ;uka jykafiaf.ka úpdrd ±k.kakd f,i;a thg bvla
fkd,enqfKa hehs miqj miq;eú,s fkdjk f,i;a jod<y' nqoaO f.!rjh ksid m%Yak
fkdwikaafka kï hy¿jl= uÕska fyda iel we;s ;eka úuikakeZhs o jod<y' tfy;a
lsisfjla m%Yak fkdweiQy'
wjidk jYfhka NslaIQka jykafia weu;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia —uyfKks"

lreKdfjka Tn wu;ñ' ish¨ ixialdr O¾u kefik iq¨ h' tneúka fkdmudj
ÿlska ñ§u msKsi l=i, O¾u iïmQ¾K lrkake˜ hs wka;su wjjdoh § jod<y'
Wmj;a;k i,a Whk wl,g msmqKq i,a u,ska .ejiS .;af;a h' nqÿrÿkag
Wmydr lrkakdla fuka u,a f¾Kq yd u,a fm;s nqÿ isrer u;g fiñka m;s;
úh' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ish Wm;ska wiQjk úh imsreKq fjila mqr mif<diajl
fmdfyda od rd;s%fha w¨hu Wodjg fmr ish¨ ixialdr O¾uhkaf.a wksh; nj ish
Ôú;fhka u ;yjqre fldg wkqmÈfiai mßksíndk Od;=fjka msßksjka md jod<
fial' t ieKska uyfmdf<dj lïmd jQfha iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh uq¿f,djg ±kqï
§ug fuks'

/h myka úh' wkqreoaO f;rekaf.a kshufhka wdkkao f;rKqfjda nqÿrÿka
msßksjka mE nj u,a, rcorejkag oekajQy' Tjqyq /iaù y~d je<mS wdodyk lghq;=
ixúOdkh l<y' nqÿ isrer i;a Èkla u tu i,a Whfka ;ndf.k mqo mQcd meje;ajQy'
wgjk Èk u,a, rcjreka wNsfIal flfrk ia:dkh jQ ul=g nkaOk kï Yd,djg
jevu lrjd nqÿ isrer tys ;ekam;a l<y' rc orefjda wdkkao udysñhkaf.a Wmfoiska
nqÿ isrer kj liS i¿fjka yd fk¿E lmq mq¿kaj,ska fj,d iqj| f;,a msreKq
rkafokl nyd rkafoklska jeiQy¦ iqj| or msrjQ iEhl ;ekam;a l<y' u,a,
l=urefjda isõfofkla iqj| mekska ysia fidaod kd w¨;a jia;%fhka ie/iS Ñ;lhg
.sks ±,ajQy' tfy;a th fkd±,aúK' wkqreoaO uy f;rekaa jykafiaf.ka thg fya;=j
úuiQ úg uyd ldYHm uy ry;ka jykafia jäk ;=re m%udo l< hq;= hehs fy<slrk
,È' uyd ldYHm uy ry;ka jykafia meñK nqÿ isrer meol=Kq fldg je| iuq
.ekSfuka miqj Ñ;lh ±,aúKs' ;=kaf,djla ikid jod< iyi% ixLHd; .sys meúÈ
Y%djl iuQyhlg oyï u. fmkajd" ksjka iqjh fj; fhduq l<" uyd lreKdfjka
yd uyd m%{dfjka msßmqka jQ wfma iïnqÿrcdKka jykafia" ;j;a jir oi oyia
.Kkla mqrd me;sr hk O¾udf,dalhla fYaI lrñka msßksjka md jodf<a tf,isks'
idrdxYh
iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿjQfha l=iskdrdfõ u,a, rc orejkaf.a Wmj;a;k

i,a Whfka § h' mßks¾jdK iufha nqoaO pß;h yd ine¢ isÿùï /ils' f,days;
mlaLkaÈld frda.h je<£u" ießhq;a uq.,ka w.iõ fokuf.a mßks¾jdKh" uyd
m%cdm;S f.da;ó yd hfYdaOrd f;rKsjrekaf.a mßks¾jdKh" pqkaol¾udr mq;%f.a
iQlr uoaoj odkh" iqNø msßjeðhdf.a meúÈ ùu" i;r uydmfoai foaYkd lsÍu
yd wka;su nqoaO jpkh foaYkd lsÍu o ta w;r fõ'
l%shdldrlu
1' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdK iufha isÿùï ;=<ska .; yels jvd;a jeo.;a wdo¾Y myla
wod< isoaêh o iu. olajkak'
2' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh Ñ;%hg kÕkak'
6
mejreu
² iïnqoaO wodyk mQfcda;aijh Tn ÿgqfõ hehs is;d ta ms<sn|j mqj;am;l

m<lsÍug jd¾;djla ilia lrkak'
mqyqKqjg
ykaoodks NslaLfõ - wduka;hdñ fjda

jhOïud ixLdrd - wmamudfoak iïmdfoa:'
—uyfKks" lreKdfjka Tn wu;ñ' ish¨ ixialdr O¾u

kefik iq¨ h' tneúka fkdmudj ÿlska ñ§u ms‚i l=i,
O¾u iïmQ¾K lrkak'˜
mßmlaflda jfhda uhayx - mß;a;x uu Ôú;x

mydh fjda .ñiaidñ - l;x fï irKx u;a;fkda'
—udf.a wdhqIh wjika fjñka we;' Ôú;h fl<jrg meñK

;sfí' taldka;fhka uu Tn yer hkafkñ' uu Tng uekúka
msysg jQfhñ'˜

02 nqÿ isßf;ys
úYsIag ,laIK
ksYaÑ; wruqKla idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd msßila fufyhjkakd

kdhlfhls' iudch ;=< úúOdldr kdhl;aj N+ñld ork msßia wms ±l we;af;uq'
tu kdhlhska w;r we;eï wh b;du;a l%shdYS,S h¦ Wiia fm!reI;ajhlska hqla; h'
tjeks kdhl;aj iys; ixúOdk ÈhqKqjg m;afõ' kdhl;ajfhys ÿn,;d ksid
ixúOdkhla msßySug m;afõ' kdhl;ajh fiiq whg wdo¾Yj;a tlla úh hq;= h'
nqoaO pß;h mrudo¾YS kdhl;aj ,laIK /ilska iukaú; h' Wka jykafiaa ÈjH"
n%yau" ukqIH hk ;=ka f,dalhg u fY%aIaG kdhlfhls' tu kdhl;ajh ysñ jQfha
msh Wreufhka fkdfõ¦ mrïmrdfjka o fkdfõ¦ ck;d Pkaofhka o fkdfõ' ;uka
jykafia úiska u f.dvk.d.kakd ,o wdOHd;añl Yla;sh ;=<sks' nqoaO pß;h ;=<ska
m%lg flfrk kdhl;aj ,laIK iuqodh w;ßka lsysmhla muKla fuys § úuiSug
,la flf¾'
1' wdo¾Yj;a nj
uq¿ uy;a nqoaO pß;h u wdo¾Y iïmkak h' ienE kdhlhl= kï Tyq
wdo¾Yj;a úh hq;= h' ish wkq.dñlhka fufyhjkq ,nkafka kdhlhd úiska jk
neúks' m%:u ry;ka jykafia,d yeg ku O¾u ¥; ld¾hfhys ksr; lrjQ nqÿrcdKka
jykafia O¾u m%pdrh i|yd Wrefj,a okõjg jevu lf<a wkq.dñlhkAg wdo¾Yhla
imhñks' we;eï kdhlfhda iajlSh wkq.dñlhska hï hï l%shdldrlïj, ksr;
lrj;s' tfy;a ;uka tys ksr; fkdfj;s' nqÿrcdKka jykafia fiiq whg Wmfoia
,nd § ;uka jykafia o tu WmfoaYfha msysgd lghq;= l< wjia:d nqoaO pß;h mqrdu
olakg ,efí' nuqKka b.ekajQ l=,fNaoh úfõpkh l< nqÿrÿka mqoa., iudkd;au;dj
w.hñka isõ l=,fha u whg iiqka.; ùfï wjia:dj ,nd §u o wdo¾Yj;a h' laI;%sh
l=,hl bmso ñysß fNdack je<£fï yelshdj ;sìh§;a uyu. msvq isÕd jevuùu"
Èjd ld,fhys muKla oka je<£u" úfgl mdxY=l+, isjqre ±Íu" w,afmaÉP;dj wdÈh
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wdo¾Yj;a kdhl;aj ,laIKj,g ksoiqka fõ'
8
2' pß;j;anj
rd.fhka" oafõYfhka yd fudayfhka msreKq f,dalhl Ôj;a jk whl=g

iq¿fjka fyda ;u pß;hg ydks muqKqjk n,fõ.j,g uqyqK oSug isÿfõ' we;eï
mqoa.,fhda ryis.;j wl=i, l%shdjkays ksr;fj;s' kuq;a nqÿrcdKkajykafia
ryiskaj;a mõ fkdl< fial' flf,ia Nß; iudchl Ôj;a jqj o lsisúgl;a
laf,aYhkag jiÕ fkdjQy' udr ¥jrekaf.a rx.kh yd ud.kaÈhf.a ird.S
l%shdldrlï wìhi úrd.sl jQy' wlafldai Ndroajdc" w.a.sl Ndroajdc jeks
n%dyauKhkaf.a yd ÑxpdudKúldjf.a mßNj yuqfõ oafõY iy.; fkdjQy' fï
;=<ska ms<sìUq flfrkqfha nqÿrÿkaf.a pß;j;a njhs¦ moaudldr Ôú;hhs' fuu
ksl,e,a pß;h iuld,Sk fuka u kQ;kfha fndfyda fokdf.a o we.hSug
,la ù we;' mqoa.,hl= fY%aIaG kdhlhl= njg m;aùug kï pß;j;a nj o
w;HjYH fõ'
3' h:djd§ ;:dldÍ nj yd h:dldÍ ;:djd§ nj
lshk foa lrk .=Kh h:djd§ ;:dldÍ kï jk w;r lrk foa lshk .=Kh
h:dldÍ ;:djd§ kï fõ' we;eï kdhlhska ;=< fuu .=Kh ±l .ekSu wmyiq h'
fuu W;=ï .==Kh nqoaO pß;h ;=<ska uekúka m%lg fõ' nqÿrÿka m%:u ry;ka
jykafia,d yeg ku wu;d ÿka WmfoaY l%shd;aul lrkq ,enqfõ ;ksj u Wrefj,a
okõjg jevu lsÍfuks' .s,kqqkag Wmia:dk lsÍfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrkq
,enqfõ ish;ska u .s,kqkag Wmia:dk lsÍfuka wk;=rej h' tfia u nqÿrcdKka
jykafia hula fkdlrkakehs NslaIQka jykafia,dg foaYkd lf<a ;uka jykafia o
th fkdlrñka h' úld, fNdack YslaId moh mekùu thg tla ksoiqkls' —uyfKks
uu taldik fNdackh j<|ñ' taldik fNdackh j<|k uu w,amdndO nj o ksÿla
nj o meje;au o ldh n,h o iqL úyrKh o oksñ' kqU,d o taldik fNdackh
j<|õ'˜ hkqfjka nqÿrÿka foaYkd lf<a lshk foa lrk lrk foa lshk kdhlhl=
jQ neúks'
4' iudkd;au;dj
n%dyauK mQclhka úiska Ndr;Sh iudch p;=¾ j¾Khlg fyj;a l=, y;rlg
fnod ;snqKs' ta wkqj wod< uQ,sl ñksia whs;sjdislï mjd ysñ jQfha úiu f,isks'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;u b.ekaùï ;=<ska fuka u l%shdldrlï ;=<ska o p;=¾ j¾Kh
u iudk hehs i,ld ms<sf.k we;' Wka jykafia n%dyauK" laI;%sh" ffjYH" Y=ø hk
isõ l=,fha u whg iiqka.; ùug wjia:dj ,nd ÿkay' .sys l, ;u mq;Kqjka jQ
nqÿ isßf;ys úYsIag ,laIK 9
rdyq, l=ureg fuka u ;uka jykafiag fndfyda fia ysßyer l< foajo;a;g o iu
fu;a is;ska l%shd l<y' ish iq¿ uEKshka jQ uyd m%cdm;Sf.da;ñhg fuka u mqKaKd
odishg o meúoao ,nd§ug l%shd l<y' ;k;=re m%odkh lsÍfï § Wia my;a fío
fkdi,lk ,È' fuf,i nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a iudkd;au;d .=Kh nqoaO pß;h
;=< fldf;l=;a ±lsh yels h' iEu kdhlhl=g u fuu .=Kdx.h w;HjYH fõ'
5' wlïms; nj
,dN-w,dN" hi-whi" kskaod-m%Yxid iqL-ÿlaL hkq wgf,da oyuhs' iEu

mqoa.,hl=g u fuu O¾u;dj,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tlsfklg m%;súreoaO jQ fuu
f,dal O¾u;dj,ska lïmd fkdùu wlïmH nj kï fõ' kdhlhl= ,dNfhys" hifiys"
m%Yxidfjys yd iemfhys § Woaoduhg m;a fkdúh hq;= h' tfia u w,dNfhys" whfiys"
kskaodfjys yd ÿflys § lïmd fkdúh hq;= h' nqÿrÿkag fuu O¾u;dj,g wm%udK
f,i uqyqK §ug isÿ úh' fÊ;jkdrduh" mQ¾jdrduh jeks wdrdu m%;s,dNfhkq;a
foõ ñksiqkaf.ka ,enqKq lS¾;s m%Yxid yuqfjys;a Wka jykafia Woaoduhg m;a fkdjQ
fial' fõrxcd jiald,h ;=< § ksis wyrla fkd,eîfuka fyda wlafldail Ndroajdc"
ÑxpdudKúld wd§kaf.a kskaod wmydi yuqfõ fyda lïmdjg m;a fkdù ish,a,
iuis;ska bjiQy' WfmalaIdfjka hq;=j tajdg uqyqK ÿkay' th kdhlhl= i;= W;=ï
,laIKhls' fuh ;dÈ .=Kh f,i o ye¢kafõ'
6' ldreKsl nj
wkqkaf.a ÿla mSvd ±l i;a mqreIhkaf.a yoj;a ;=< we;sjk lïmkh lreKdj
kï fõ' ienE kdhlhd ljrl=g jqj o úm;la lrorhla we;s jQ úg th ;ukg isÿ
jQ fohla f,i is;d Wmldrh wjYH wjia:dfõ u ,nd §ug fkdmels,j l%shd lrhs'
nqoaO;ajhg m;aj Èú f.jQ mkaid,sia jir ;=< nqÿrÿka iEu Èkl u ;udf.a uq,a u
ld¾hh njg m;alr.;af;a o msysgúh hq;= wh ljqreka o hkak úuid ne,Sug h'
w¨hï fõf,ys uyd lreKd iudm;a;shg iuje§ nqÿ weiska f,dj neÆ Wka jykafia
ÿlg m;a jQ fndfyda fokdg msysg jQy' uj mshd ;u orejdg olajk lreKdjg;a
jeä lreKdjlska Wka jykafia l%shd l<y' iqkS;" fidamdl" rÊcqud,d" uÜgl=Kav,S"
mqlal=id;s hk whg msysg jQ wdldrh ms<sn| l:d mqj;a ;=<ska fuu .=Kh uekúka
m%lg fõ' fndai;aa wjêfha mdró oï msrefõ o uyd lreKdj fmr±ß lrf.k h'
fuu .=Kdx.h lsishï kdhlhl= i;= j mj;Skï Tyq ck;d ys;jd§ kdhlfhls'
10
7' w.;s.dó fkdùu
w.;sh hkq fkdu. hduhss' ta fya;=fjka ljrl= jqjo úúOdldr whqla;s

iy.; idjoH l%shdjkag fm,fò' w.;s i;rla nqÿ oyfï ±lafõ' Pkaoh fyj;a
leue;a; tys m<uq jekakhs' fojekak oafõYh fyj;a ;ryjhs' ìh fyj;a
ìh.=¨lu yd fudayh fyj;a uq,dj b;sß ldrKd folhs' fufia i;r w.;sfhka
hq;a md,lhd wj mlaIfha i| fuka msßfya' thska f;dr jQ md,lhd mqr mlaIfha
i| fuka ÈhqKq fõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafia lsisúgl;a w.;s.dó fkdjQy' foajo;a;
f;reka úiska m[apjrh bÈßm;a l< wjia:dfõ th wkqu; lsÍula fyda m%;slafIam
lsÍula fkdfldg uOHia: m%;smodjl msysgd lghq;= l<y' rdyq, ysñhka .sysl,
;u mq;Kqjka jqj o Ydikh ;=< lsisÿ úfYaI;ajhla ,nd§ug lghq;= fkdlsÍu"
.sys meúÈ Y%djlhskg ;k;=re m%odkh lsÍu" rcjrekag wkqYdikd lsÍu" úkh
kS;s mekùu wdÈ l%shdldrlï j,§ Wka jykafia w.;s.dó fkdjQy' ;ukag ys;j;a
j fuka u wys;j;a j lghq;= l< wh ms<sn|j l%shd lsÍfï § o w.;s.dó fkdjQy'
w.;s.dñ;ajfhka f;dr rdcH md,khla i|yd nqoaO pß;fhka iemfhkafka úYsIag
wdo¾Yhls'
8' kuHYS,s;ajh
kdhlhl=f.a fY%aIaG;ajh ms<sìUq lrk ;j;a .=Kdx.hla f,i kuHYS,s;ajh

ye¢kaúh yels h' kdhlhd ;u wkq.dñlhkaf.a woyiaj,g weyqïlka Èh hq;= h'
tys § idOdrK j bÈßm;a flfrk woyia ie,ls,a,g f.k wjYH ;ek ;uka ta
ms<sn|j ork ia:djrfha fjkila we;slr.; hq;= h' nqÿrÿka tf,i kuHYS,Sj
lghq;= l< kdhlfhls' úkh kS;s mekùu;a we;eï úg mekjQ kS;s ixfYdaOkh
lsÍu fuka u wfydais lsÍu;a isÿjQfha .sys meúÈ Y%djl Y%dúldjkaf.a b,a,Sïj,g
wkqj h' jeis ld,fha NslaIqka jykafia,dg ksYaÑ; ia:dkhl jdih lsÍug ks¾foaY
lf<a;a foudmsh wjirhlska f;drj orejka meúÈ fkdlrkakehs iqfodjqka rcq l<
b,a,Sug m%;spdr ±lajQfha;a kuHYS,S wre;anr m%;smodjla nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;=<
meje;s ksid h'
9' Rcq nj
kS;sh" hqla;sh yd idOdrK;ajh u; msysgd wjxl j l%shdlsÍu Rcq .=Khhs'

kuq;a we;eï kdhlfhda i;r w.;shg k;=j jxl j l%shd lr;s' nqÿrcdKka
jykafia kdhlhl= jYfhka idOdrK j .;a ;SrK Rcqj l%shd;aul l<y' fudkhï
n,mEula bÈßfha§j;a fjkia fkdl<y' we;eï NslaIQka jykafia nqÿrÿka bÈßhg

meñK ;ud úiska wik ,o m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re fkd,enqfKd;a nUir w;ayßk
njg wNsfhda.d;aul j m%ldY lr we;' wkjYH m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,nd fkd§fï
Rcq m%;sm;a;sfhys msysgd isá Wka jykafia ms<s;=re fkd§ tajd mfilska ;enQy'
.sysl, mgka ñ;=re j isá Pkak meúÈùfuka wk;=rej NslaIQka jykafia,dg mjd
wdfl%daY mßNj lsÍu fya;= fldgf.k n%yau oKavh mekùug Rcqj u wkq±k
jodf<a Ydikfha hymeje;aug tn÷ l%shdud¾.hla .ekSu wjYH u jQ neúks' úYsIag
kdhl;ajhlg Rcq nj wjYH u .=Kdx.hla fõ'
10' ksje/È ;SrK .ekSu
nqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿùug wdikak iufha nqÿrcdKka jykafia wdkkao

ysñhka wu;d fufia m%ldY l<y' —wdkkaofhks" ud úiska foaYkd lrk ,o hï
oyula fõo mkjk ,o úkhla fõo th uf.a wejEfuka Tnf.a Ydia;Djrhd
jkafka h'˜ fuh nqÿrÿka úiska ÿrÈ. n,d b;du;a ksje/È j .kakd ,o ;SrKhla
f,i ±laúh yels h' nqoaO mßks¾jdKfha isg wo olajd nqÿ oyu Ñria:dhs ù we;af;a
tod Wka jykafia .;a tu nqoaêu;a ;SrKh ksid h' foajo;a; ysñhka úiska NslaIQka
jykafia,d fjkqfjka ks¾foaY lrkakehs bÈßm;a lrk ,o m[ap jrh iïnkaOj
.;a ;SrKh o Ydik meje;aug fnfyúka u ys;lr úh' tys § nqÿrÿkaf.a ks.ukh
jQfha leue;s flkl=g tajd wkq.ukh l< yels njhs' kdhlhl= .kakd ;SrK
b;du;a ksje/È úh hq;= h' th idudkH mqoa.,hl= .kakd jQ ;SrKj,g jvd nqoaêu;a
úh hq;= h' tfia fkdù .kakd jQ we;eï ;SrK ksid miq;eú,af,ka hq;= j uq¿ Ôú;
ld,h u f.ùug kdhlhdg jqj o isÿfõ'
11' ksje/È ±lau
mqoa.,hl=f.a ±lau Tyqf.a l%shdldrlïj, mokuhs' wm iEu flkl=g u

ksje/È ±laula ;sìh hq;= h' túg b,lal imqrd .ekSu myiq jkq we;'
nqoaO;ajhg m;aùug fmr mgka u Wka jykafiag ksje/È ±laula ;snqKs' tkï
;uka nqoaO;ajhg m;aj iir ÿlaú¢k i;ajhska tu ÿlska uqojd .ekSuhs'
Wka jykafia uq¿ Ôú; ld,h u lem lf<a ÿla ú¢k ck;dj thska uqojdf.k
ks¾jdKdjfndaOh ,nd§fï woyisks' ud¨xLHmq;a; f;rKqjka úiska wik ,o m%Yak
ÿlska ñ§ug wod< fkdjQ neúka tajd mfilska ;nk ,oafoa o ksje/È ±laula ;snQ
neúks' wdh;khla l%shd;aul úh hq;af;a lsishï ±laulg wkqj h' mdi, fuka u
fjk;a ´kEu wdh;khla M,odhS ;ekla jkafka ksje/È ±laula we;sj l%shd;aul
jqjfyd;a muKs'
12
12' wdl¾IKSh jd.a ú,dih
jrla fldfid,a rc;=ud úiska nqÿrÿkaf.a wdl¾IKSh jd.a ú,dih j¾Kkd

lrkq ,enqfõ fufia h' —iajdókS uu urK o~qju §ug" Okh mjrd .ekSug" fkrmSug
n,h we;s rfclañ' tfy;a udf.a wêlrK úksYapfha § mjd ñksiaiq tlsfkld l;d
lr;s' uf.a l;dj wjika jk ;=re fkdisá;s' tfy;a Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia oyï
foik úg Y%djlhka jykafia,d lsúiqï y~la fyda fkdk.;s' th wdYap¾hhls'
o~qjñka fyda wúfhka f;dr j uekúka ilia fldg.;a fun÷ Y%djl iudchla
nqÿiiqfkka neyer j uu fkdolsñ'˜ fYa%IaG kdhlhl=g ienúka u wdl¾IKSh jd.a
ú,dYhla meje;sh hq;= h' ta i|yd lg yf~ys uOqr nj fuka u jpkj, ksrjoH;dj
o .eUqre nj o jeo.;a h' tmuKla fkdj w¾: mQ¾K m%sh ukdm niajyrla ;sìh
hq;= h' nqrÿkaf.a jd.a ú,dih fï ish¨ wxYhkaf.ka mßmQ¾K tlla úh' Wka
jykafia oyï foik úg iq,,s; jpk .,d wdfõ ksrdhdifhks' ta yeu jpkhla u
weiQjkaf.a ijkg wuD;hla fuka úh' ta jpk yDohx.u h¦ m%shckl h¦ lkg
ñysßh¦ ugis,sáh¦ tu oyu wik mqoa.,hdg ±kqfKa th ;ud fjkqfjka u l<
foaYkdjla f,isks' tl, iudcfha oreKq msßia f,i ie,l=Kq wd,jl" wx.=,sud,"
kd,d.sß jeks wh oukh lr .ekSug o nqÿrÿkaf.a fuu jd.a ú,dYh WmldÍ úh'
13' wdl¾IKSh rEm ú,dYh
fidaKoKav n%dyauKhd nqÿrÿka ms<sn|j l< j¾Kkh óg ksoiqkls' —Nj;aks"

uyK f.dhqïyq jQ l,S úYsIag rEm iïm;a we;af;da h' ±l=ï lghq;= h' m%idockl h'
W;=ï j¾K fi!kao¾fhka iukaú; h' nUqka fia W;=ï rka meye we;af;da h'
W;a;u YÍr m%Ndj we;af;da h'˜ fuf,i nqÿrÿkaf.a rEm iajNdjh j¾Kkd l<
msßia fndfyda jQy' nqÿrej ÿgqjkaf.a fk;a is;a myojkakla úh' tys lsisÿ wvqjla
fkdfmkqKs' ta neõ ;yjqre flfrk l;d fuka u isÿùï o iQ;% foaYkd ;=<
olakg ,efí' jlal,S ysñhka ms<sn| l;d mqj; ;j;a tla ksoiqkla muKs' jlal,S
ysñhka meúÈ jQfha u nqÿrÿkaf.a rE imqj n,df.k isàfï wdYdfjks' uyd mqreIhska
f,i y÷kajk W;=ukag muKla msysgk úfYaI mqreI ,laIK ;sia folla nqÿrÿkag
ysñ úh' tu mqreI ,laIK Tmj;a lrk wkq ,laIK wiQjla o msysgd ;snqKs' fï
wiuiu rEm ú,dYh wkH wd.ñlhskaf.a mjd m%idohg ,laúh' th Wka jykafiaf.a
kdhl;ajh ;j ÿrg;a Tmj;a lsÍug fya;= úh'
14' ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dj
kdhlhl=g fndfyda w¾nqo yd wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tys §

ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{dj w;HjYH fõ' meúÈ Ôú;h ms<sn|j l,lsÍ isá kkao ysñhkag
kej; Ydik we,au we;slr,Su i|yd fhdok ,o l%shd ud¾. ;=<skq;a" rEm uofhka
u;aj l%shd l< fÄudjkag rEmfha wks;H;dj mila lr§fukq;a meyeÈ,s jkafka
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;=< meje;s ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{djhs' tmuKla fkdj i;r mo
.d:djla mdvï lr.ekSugj;a fkdyels j isá pq,a,mka:l f;reka ry;a u.g
fhduq lrùu" ñh.sh mq;Kqjka ;=re¨ lrf.k m%;sldr fidhd .sh lsidf.da;ñhg"
urKh ish,a,kag u Wreuhla nj mila lr .ekSug u. fmkaùu wdÈfhkq;a
m%lg lrkqfha Wka jykafiaf.a ia:dfkdaÑ; m%{djhs' fuh kdhlhl= i;= úYsIag
,laIKhls'
15' nyqY%e; nj
fndfyda weiQ msrE ;eka we;s nj fyj;a msßmqka ±k W.;alu nyqY%e; nj kï

fõ' fuf,dj weiQ msrE ;eka we;s fY%aIaG;u kdhlhdfKda nqÿrcdKka jykafia h'
Wka jykafia ±k.; hq;= ish,a, ±k isá neúka i¾j{ kï jQy' ;=kaf,dalfha u
msßia nqÿrÿkaf.a kdhl;ajh ms<s.ekSug Wka jykafiaf.a nyqY%e; nj o fya;= úh'
;%smsgl O¾ufhys wka;¾.; lreKq úuiSfï § ksn| j u m%lg jkqfha nqÿrÿkaf.a
nyqY%e; njhs' fndfydaiQ;% Wka jykafia foaYkd lr we;af;a ñksiqkag h' we;eï iQ;%
foaYkd lr we;af;a foúhkag h' uyd ux.," mrdNj" uydiuh jeks iQ;% ta i|yd
ksoiqka fõ'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia uekúka oek isáfha ksjka u.u muKla fkdfõ'

mqoa.,hl=f.a ldhsl fi!LHh fukau udkisl fi!LHh o" wd¾Ólh fukau mjqf,a
Ôú;h yd iudc Ôú;h o jeä ÈhqKq lr .ekSug flfia l%shd l< hq;=oehs Wka
jykafia oek isáhy' rcl= rgla flfia md,kh l< hq;= o" ujqmshka flfia
orejka ms<n|j l%shd l< hq;= o" .syshka yd meúÈ mlaIh" iajdñ mqreIhka yd
ìßkaoka fukau ñ;=rka wrnhd .syshl= flfia l%shd l< hq;= oehs Wka jykafia oek
isáhy' ieflúka lshf;d;a nqÿrcqkaf.a weiQ msrE ;eka we;s nj m%lg jk O¾ufhys
wjOdkhg ,lafkdjQ me;slvla ke;s ;rï h'
foõ ñksiqkaf.a muKla fkdj hlaI kd. wdÈ fndfyda fokdf.a hym;g
wod< b.ekaùï o nqoaO foaYkd ;=< olakg ,efí' fï ish¨ lreKq ;=<ska mila
jkafka nqÿrÿkaf.a nyqY%e; njhs' ienE kdhlhl= kï Tyq fiiqq wkq.dñlhkag
idfmalaI j weiQ msre ;eka we;s whl= úh hq;= h'
nqÿrÿkaf.a fY%aIaG kdhl;ajhg wod< j bÈßm;a jQ fï lreKq ie,ls,a,g .;a

l, uq¿ uy;a nqoaO pß;h u kdhl;aj ,laIKj,ska msßmqka tlla nj meyeÈ,s h'
14
Tn fï jk úg mka;sfha kdhlhd úh yels h' ke;fyd;a YsIH kdhlhl= úh
yels h' tmuKla fkdj mdi,ska neyerj .fï fyda k.rfha mj;akd jQ mdGl
iudcfha" uqoaor iudcfha" fhdjqka iudcfha kdhlhl= úh yels h' tfia fkdjQj o
u;= Èkl jeäysáhl= jYfhka .ug" m%foaYhg" rgg kdhl;ajhla ,nd fok whl=
úh yels h' tfia ,efnk kdhl;ajh ksje/È f,i fufyhùug nqÿrÿkaf.a fuu
fY%aIaG kdhl;aj ,laIK Tng wdo¾Yhg .; yels h' túg Tfí kdhl;ajh iod
we.hSug ,lajkq we;'
idrdxYh
fuu mdvfï § idlÉPd lrk ,oafoa nqÿrÿkaf.a kdhl;aj ,laIKj,ska
lsysmhla muKs' fujka kdhl;aj ,laIK fndfydauhla ;%smsgl O¾uh
wOHhkh lsÍfï § y÷kd.; yels fõ' fuys wka;¾.; kdhl;aj ,laIK
Tnf.a kdhl;aj .=Kdx. j¾Okh lr.ekSug w;sYhska u bjy,a fõ' fïjdfha
mj;akd i¾jld,Sk jákdlu ye¢kf.k ;u Ôú;h ilia lr .ekSug o
fndfyda fihska WmldÍ lr.; yels h'
l%shdldrlu
1' h:djd§ ;:dldÍ yd h:dldÍ ;:djd§ hkafkys w¾:h meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' iudkd;au;d .=Kh ms<sìUq flfrk wjia:d ;=kla nqoaO pß;fhka fmkajd
fokak'
3' mdi,a msßh; ;=< m%o¾Ykh lsÍu i|yd nqÿ isßf;a kdhl;aj ,laIK weiqfrka
wdo¾Y mdG myla ,shkak'
mejreu
² fuu mdvu weiqfrka Tn is;a.;a kdhl;aj ,laIKhla ms<sn|j mdi,a

/iaùul § lrk l;djg wod< lr.; yels lreKq igyka lrkak'

03 wkq;a;r mska fl;h
iÕ .K
fn!oaOhska jk wm mQckSh;ajfhka i,ld je÷ï msÿï lrk W;=ï r;a; ;=kla

we;' nqoaO" Oïu" ix> hkq tu r;ak ;=khs' fuu r;ak ;=fkka ix> r;akh f,djg
odhdo jkafka iïnqoaO;ajhg m;a j foudihlska t<ô wei< fmdfyda Èk h' tod
miaj. uyKqkaf.ka wdrïN jqKq iÕrejk fï jk úg jir fooyia yhish .Kkl
b;sydihlg Wreulï lshhs' ix> iudch hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka fufia f,djg
16
ìys jQ uyd ix> r;akhhs' uyd ix> r;akh i;= Wodr jQ .=K iuqodh;a isÿ lrkq ,nk
W;=ï wd.ñl" wOHdmk yd iudc fufyjr;a ksid Wka jykafia,d f,daljdiS ish¨
fn!oaOhskg u uyd¾> jQ iïm;ls' iÕrejfka iqúfYaIS jQ .=K kuhla oyfuys i|yka fõ'
1' iqmámkak
uy iÕrejk ukd ms<sfj;a we;s neúka iqmámkak jk fial' tu ms<sfj;

kï ks¾jdK ud¾.hhs' tkï rd." oafõY" fuday ke;s lrk ud¾.hhs' ix> r;akhg
wh;a we;eï W;=fuda ksjk mila lf<da h' fiiq msßi tu ud¾.fha .uka lr;s'
tneúka fï ish¨ uyd ix> r;akh iqmámkak .=Kfhka hqla; h'
uqks÷ foiq ú,isk

uyÕ= ms<sfj;a iqrlsk
wßh wg iÕ .K
iqmámkakh lshd mejisK
2' Wcqmámkak
wê YS," wê Ñ;a;" wê m%{dfjka hqla; j iDcq m%;sm;a;sfhys fhfok neúka

ix> r;akh Wcqmámkak kï jk fial' tys woyi iDcq" weo ke;s wd¾h m%;smodjg
wkqj Wka jykafia,d lghq;= lrk njhs' YÍrhg wêl iem iïm;a ,nd fok
lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h yd YÍrhg wêl ÿla fok w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h hk
wka;j,ska ñ§ uOHu m%;smodj wkqj Wka jykafia,d lghq;= lrk fial' ta wkqj
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h kï jQ tu iDcq fyj;a wjxl ms<sfj; wkq.ukh lrk
ksid Wka jykafia,d Wcqmámkak .=Kfhka hqla; h'
fkdjla f,i fid¢kd

ueÿï ms<sfj; mqrkd
neúka iÕ rejkd
hq;=hs Wcqmámkak .=fKkd
3' [dhmámkak
[dh hkq ksjka u.g kuls' nqÿ oyug wkqj ksjka wruqKq lr.;a Y%djlhd
ÿlaL ksfrdaO.dñks mámod ud¾.fha .uka l< hq;= h' th wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.hhs'
wkq;a;r mska fl;h iÕ .K 17

uy iÕrejk" tu wd¾h ud¾.fhys .uka lrk W;=uka msßils' tfia ksjka idod
fok ms<sfj;a ork neúka Wka jykafia,d [dhmámkak .=Kfhka hqla; jk fial'
iÕ ueog tkafkda
wß wgÕs uÕ hkafkda
[dh má mkafkda
lshd tneúka ye¢ka fjkafkda
4' idóÑmámkak
iÕrejk wkq.ukh lrk ks¾jdK.dó ueÿï ms<sfj; .re nqyqukg ,la

úh hq;a;ls' tn÷ .re nqyquka ,eîug iqÿiq wd¾h m%;smodjla mqrk fyhska uy
iÕrejk idóÑmámkak .=Kfhka hqla; h' ÿgq úg yqkiafkka ke.sàu" wdik
mekùu" mjka ie,Su" md fOdajkh" uqj foùu yd iakdkh i|yd meka myiqlï
i,id §u" isjqre fidaod §u" fiakdik mú;% lr §u wd§ wem Wmia:dk ,eîug Wka
jykafia,d iqÿiq h' tajd idóÑ l¾u hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ'
mqoñka isjq mih

Wjgekaj,g iqÿiqh
tneúka iÕ .Kh
lsh;s idóÑ má mkakh
5' wdyqfkhH
ie±yej;=ka b;d ÿr neyer isg fjfyi uykais ù Y%oaOdfjka /f.k tk

isjqmih ms<s.ekaùug iqÿiq jk ksid NslaIQka jykafia,d wdyqfkhH .=Kfhka hqla;
h' Wka jykafia,d i;= j mj;akd is,aj;anj Bg fya;=jhs' tfia isjqmih ms<s.kajk
ie±yej;=kg fndfyda wkqiia ,efí'
ÿr isg /f.k tk
fohlska jqj o ie±fyk
msÿug ksis neúk
wdyqfkhHhs wßh iÕ .K
18
6' mdyqfkhH
mdyqfkhH hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka {d;s ys;ñ;%d§ka i|yd ms<sfh, jk

ix.%yhg h' tjeks ix.%yhla fjk;a lsisjl=g isÿ lrkq fkd,efí' tfia wd.ka;=l
ix.%yhla jqj o ms<s.ekaùug iqÿiq jk ksid Wka jykafia,d mdyqfkhH .=Kfhka
hqla; jk fial'
m<uqj wka ieug

ksis jk neúka msÿug
uy iÕrejk fig
mdyqfkhHhs wkqj oyug
7' olaÅfKhH
fuf,dj mrf,dj iem; msKsi ms<s.kajkq ,nk ish¨ odk ms<s.ekSug iqÿiq
ùu olaÅfKhH kï fõ' oka §fuka wfmalaId lrk wdksYxi Wmßu jYfhka ,eîug
kï iqÿiq mqoa.,hskag u ms<s.ekaúh hq;= h' ta wkqj oka ms<s.ekaùug jvd;a u iqÿiq
jkafka uy iÕrejkhs' tksid Wka jykafia,d olaÅfKhH .=Kfhka hqla; h'
odhl mlaIhg foõ ñksia iem ,efnkafka tjeks msßilg oka ms<s.ekaùfuks' YS,"
iudê" m%{d wdÈ ms<sfj;a iïmQ¾K l< yd tfia lsÍug fjr ork msßila jYfhka
ix> r;akh olaIsKdj ms<s.ekaùug yeu w;ska u iqÿiq W;=uka fõ'
W;=ï iem ,en fok

okla §ug ksis jk
neúka uy iÕ .K
olaÅfKhHhs lshd mejisK

8' w[ac,slrKSh
we¢,s ne| fodfyd;a kÕd je£ug iqÿiq ùu w[ac,slrKSh kï fjhs' f,dalhd

úiska fodfyd;a uqÿka § isÿ lrkq ,nk jkaokdudkj,g iqÿiq neúka uy iÕrejk
w[ac,slrŒh .=Kfhka hqla; jk fial' Wka jykafia,d W;=ï YS,dÈ .=Khkaf.ka
hqla; ùu Bg fya;=jhs' wm iÕrejkg j¢kqfha ìfhka fyda ,dN wfmalaIdjlska fyda
fkdfõ' ie±ye is; fmr±ß fldgf.k h' w[ac,slrŒh .=Kfhka hqla; jk uy
iÕrejkg ÈjH" n%yaud§yq mjd jkaokh lr;s'

we¢,s ne| uekeúka
msÿug ksish ieneúka
iÕrejk tneúka
hq;=hs w[ac,slrKs .=Kfhka
9' wkq;a;rx mq[a[lafL;a;x f,daliai
YS," iudê" m%{d hk ;%súO YslaIdfjka msßmqka uy iÕrejkg isjqmifhka

Wjgeka lsÍu uydksYxiodhS mskaluls' idrj;a jQ l=Uqrlska ,efnk wiajekak fuka
ie±yej;=kag mska kue;s wiajekak fk<d .ekSug NslaIQka jykafia,d W;=ï jQ
l=Uqrls' ta wkqj uyd ix> r;akh wkq;a;r mq[a[lafL;a; kï .=Kfhka hqla; h'
f,dj ie±ye we;s ok

msk kï îc jmqrk
ire fl; jk neúk
wkq;a;r mska fl; h iÕ .K
idrdxYh
;%súO r;akfhys ;=kajeks r;akh uy ix> r;akhhs' uy iÕrejk i;=
j YS,dÈ .=K O¾u /ila we;' tu .=Kdx. idrdxY fldg olajd we;s mdGh
iqmámkafkda hkqfjka wdrïN fõ' fidajka wd§ ud¾.M,,dNS wd¾h uyd ix>
r;akfha .=K wiSñ; h' ta ish,a, .=K kjhla f,i ix.%y fldg ;sfí'
20
l%shdldrlu
1' iqmámkafkda mdGh ksje/È j iÊ®dhkd lrkak'
2' tu mdGfhys we;s iÕ .=K kjh kï fldg isxy, f;areu olajkak'
3' ix> r;akh fjkqfjka .syshka úiska bgq l< hq;= hq;=lï fmkajd fokak'
mejreu
² wdikak frday,l frda.Sj jev isák NslaIQka jykafia,dg Wmia:dk lsÍug

iqÿiq jevms<sfj<la .=re fo.=rekaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ ixúOdkh lrkak'
mqyqKqjg
isßu;a nU isrfiys md msiskd

ießhq;a uy uq.,ka ms<sfj<skd
ms<sfj;a ire uy iÕ.K fidnkd
uqÿk;a ne| kuÈï ne;s fmñkd
^f,dajev iÕrdj&

04 j¢uq ie±fyka W;=ï mqo ìï
my; oelafjkafka wm fndfydafokd fhfok pdßld j¾. ;=kls' tkï

jkaokd pdßld" wOHdmk pdßld iy úfkdao pdßld h' fuu pdßld w;r uQ,sl
fjkialï ±lsh yels h' jkaokd .uka hdug uq,a jkafka Y%oaOdjhs' ±kqu ,nd .ekSu
wOHdmk pdßldj, wruqKhs' úfkdao pdßld úfkdaodiajdoh wruqKq fldg we;'
fn!oaOd.ñl isoaOia:dk je| mqod .ekSu yd tu ia:dk ms<sn| m%idoh Wmojd .ekSu
nqÿ oyug wkqj Y%oaOdj jeä ÈhqKq ùug bjy,a jk lreKls'
O¾udfYdal rcqf.a O¾u ¥; fiajdfjys m%;sM,hla f,i oUÈúka neyer

m%foaYj,g o nqÿ oyu jHdma; ù .sfha h' bka miqj tu rgj, jákd mQckSh
ia:dk bÈ úh' Y%S ,xldj ;=< fn!oaO rcorejkaf.a wkq.%yh hgf;a úúO mQckSh
ia:dk bÈ jkafka uyskaod.ukfha odhdohla f,i h' ix>ñ;a;d.ukfha m%;sM,hla
f,i YS% uyd fndaê YdLdjla uyfuõkdfõ frdamKh flßKs' tfia u i¾j{ Od;=
ksoka fldg Èjhsk mqrd fjfyr úydr /ila bÈ úh' wkqrdOmqrfha bÈ jQ :Qmdrdu
od.en" iudê nqoaO m%;sudj wdÈh uq,a hq.hg wh;a fõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafia Ôjudk
ld,fha § u furg uyshx.Kh" kd.§mh" le,Ksh we;=¿ ia:dk /ila isßmd
myiska mdßY=oaO;ajhg m;a úh' tfia mdßY=oaO;ajhg m;a Èjhsk mqrd msysá ia:dk
oyihla fidf<diauia:dk jYfhka o" Bg wu;r j wkqrdOmqrhg muKla iSud jQ
mQckSh ia:dk wgla wguia:dk jYfhka o ye¢kafõ'
fn!oaOhka fuu ia:dkj, jkaokd pdßldj, fhfokafka n,j;a Y%oaOdfjks'

fidf<diauia:dk jkaokdj" wguia:dk jkaokdj" YS% mdo jkaokdj" l;r.u
jkaokdj" jg jkaokdj jYfhka fuu jkaokd .uka kï fldg we;' fndÿ orejka
jYfhka wmg fuu mQckSh ia:dk ms<sn| ksje/È wjfndaOhla ;sîu b;d jeo.;a h'
22
fid<diauia:dk ms<sn| f;dr;=re
isoaOia:dkh msysàu wd.ñl jeo.;alu

W!j m<d; nqÿrÿka úiska nqoaO;ajfhka kj jk
uyshx.Kh
nÿ,a, Èia;%slalh ui hlaIhska oukh lsÍu
nqoaO;ajfhka miajk j¾Ifhys
W;=re m<d; nla fmdfydh Èkl ueKsla mqgqj
kd.§mh
hdmkh Èia;%slalh fjkqfjka wr., l< pQf,daor
ufydaor kd. f.da;%slhka oukh
nqoaO;ajfhka wgfjks jif¾ fjila
niakdysr m<d; fmdfydh Èk uKswlaÅl kd rcq isÿ
le,Ksh
.ïmy Èia;%slalh l< wdrdOkhlg wkqj le,Kshg
jevu lsÍu
inr.uqj m<d;
YS% mdoia:dkh jï isßmd ,l=K msysgqùu
r;akmqr Èia;%slalh
inr.uqj m<d; isßmd i,l=K msysgqjd nqÿrÿka Èjd
Èjd.=ydj
r;akmqr Èia;%lalh ld,fhys úfõl iqjfhka .; lsÍu
nqÿrcdKka jykafia f;jk jr ,la
kef.kysr m<d;
§>jdmsh Èjg jevu l< wjia:dfõ iuj;a
wïmdr Èia;%slalh
iqjfhka jev isàu
W!j m<d; nqÿrcdKka jykafia ksfrdaO
uq;shx.Kh
nÿ,a, Èia;s%lalh iudm;a;sfhka jev isàu
ol=Kq m<d; nqÿrÿkaf.a ,,dg Od;=j ksoka fldg
;siaiuydrduh
yïnkaf;dg Èia;%slalh ;sîu
W;=reueo m<d; oUÈj msysá Y%S uyd fndaêfha ol=Kq
Y%S uyd fndaêh
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh YdLdj frdAmKh fldg ;sîu
W;=reueo m<d;
ñßijeáh i¾j{ Od;= ksoka fldg ;sîu
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh
W;=reueo m<d; i¾j{ Od;= jeä m%udKhla ksoka
rejkaue,siEh
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh fldg ;sîu
W;=reueo m<d; nqqÿrÿkaf.a ol=Kq wl= Od;=j ksoka
:Qmdrduh
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh fldg ;sîu
W;=reueo m<d;
wNh.sßh i¾j{ Od;= ksoka fldg ;sîu
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh
W;=reueo m<d; nqÿrcdKka jykafia iuj;a iqjfhka
fÊ;jkh
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh jev isàu
j¢uq ie±fyka W;=ï mqo ìï 23

ñyska;,fha
W;=reueo m<d; nqqÿrÿkaf.a W!¾K frdau Od;=j ksoka
fia,
wkqrdOmqr Èia;%slalh lssÍu
ffp;Hh
nqÿrÿka iuj;a iqjfhka jev isá
l;r.u lsß W!j m<d;
rka wdikh ksoka lsÍu yd Wka
fjfyr fudkrd., Èia;%slalh
jykafiaf.a flaY Od;= ;ekam;a lsÍu
wkqrdOmqr wguia:dk
1' rejkaue,s uydiEh 5' wNh.sßh

2' Y%S uyd fndaêh 6' fÊ;jkh
3' :Qmdrduh 7' ,xldrduh
4' ñßijeáh 8' f,dajduydmdh
fï wkqj fidf<diauia:dkj,g we;=<;a ia:dkj,ska yhla u wguia:dkj,g o

wh;a fõ' fidf<diauia:dkhg we;=<;a fkdjk ,xldrduh yd f,dajduydmdh o
NslaIQka jykafia,d jev isá wkqrdOmqr mQcd N+ñfhys msysá bmerKs ia:dk folla fõ'
fuu ia:dk ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfï § fmkS hk jeo.;a ldrKh jkafka nqÿrÿkaf.a
YdÍßl" mdßfNda.sl" Woafoaisl hk ;s%úO ffp;Hh u Bg we;=<;a njhs' w;S;fha §
nyq, jYfhka fuu ia:dk ish,a, u wdjrKh jk mßÈ jkaokd lsÍug furg
ck;dj yqre mqreÿ j isáhy' jeä u Èk .Kkla .; lrñka fn!oaOhska úiska isÿ
lrk ,o fuu jkaokdj jg jkaokdj jYfhka ie,flhs'
w;S;fha mgka furg fn!oaO ck;dj jkaokd .uka hEu b;d ie,iqï
iy.; j ±ä ´kElulska hq;= j isÿ fldg we;' tys § tlsfkld w;r b;d iqyo
tluq;=lula mej;s w;r jkaokd .uka ìukaj, § wfkHdakH iyfhda.h lemS
fmfkk ,laIKhla úh' w;S;fha jkaokd pdßld isÿjQfha md .uksks' bkaa miq
.e,aj,ska o miqj f,dß r: yd niar:j,ska o jkaokd .uka isÿ úh' w;S;fha ;snQ
ÿIalr u .uka fol jQfha Y%Smdo jkaokdj yd l;r.u jkaokdjhs' .ukd.uk
lghq;= ÿIalr jljdkqj, § jkaokd lghq;= i|yd .; lsÍug isÿ jk Èk .Kk
wúksYaÑ; úh' .ufkys ÿIalr;dj ksid we;s jk Ôú; wjodku i,ld ish foafmd<
bvlvï mjd we;eï wjia:dj, ióm {d;Skag mjrd jkaokdfjys fhÿKq msßia
isáhy' me/kafkda iEu j¾Ihl u mQckSh ia:dk jkaokh fkdjrojd l< hq;a;la
f,i ie,l+y' tu .uka ìukaj, § .dhkh i|yd f;dard .;af;a o f;rejka
.=K lshefjk lú yd iSmo h' tfia Ndú; l< lúfmd;la jYfhka ;=ka irKh
ye¢kaúh yels h' my; ±lafjkafka thg wh;a lúhls'
24
nqoaOx irfKa isri ordf.k
Oïux irfKa is; myodf.k
ix>x irfKa isjqre ordf.k
b[a[hs ;=ka irfKa woydf.k
fujeks lú u.ska md¿j" ldkaish" úvdj ÿre lr .; yels úh' fuu

.dhkdj,ska Y%oaOdj ckkh jkafka ksrdhdifhks'
isoaOia:dk jkaokdj yd ne÷Kq mqo isß;a
jkaokd .uka hEfï § me/kafkda iduQysl jYfhka tys ksr; jQy' tu

iuQyh y÷kajk ,oafoa jkaokd kvh hkqfjks' tys m%Odkshd kfâ .=rd h' jkaokd
.uka hEfï § pdï" ir," úkS; whqßka ieriSu isß;la úh' iliqreju iq/flk
whqre lghq;= lsÍu;a ixjr we÷ñka ieriS tu .uka hdu;a isÿ l<y' tfia u
me/kafkda wdydr .ekSu úkS; j isÿ l< w;r fmdÿ ia:dk wmú;% fkdl<y'
jeisls<s leisls<s mßyrKfhka miq tu ia:dk ksis mßÈ msßisÿ lr hEug o Tjqyq
wu;l fkdl<y'
fufia jkaokd .uka hEfï § m<uq j ta ms<sn| ksis ±kqula ,nd

.ekSu b;d jeo.;a fõ' ;u uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd
muKla Wjukd oE .uka u¨j, wvx.= úh hq;= h'
yriqka l%shdjkaf.ka ñ§ w;S; isß;a úß;a wdo¾Yhg .ksñka w¾:j;a whqßka

jkaokd .ukaj, ksr; úh hq;= h' jkaokd .uka yd ne÷Kq j;a ms<sfj;a /ila o
we;' wmf.a uq;=ka ñ;a;ka jkaokd .ukaj, § wkq.ukh l< isß;a úß;a ms<sn|
±kqj;a ùu fuys§ b;d jeo.;a h' my; ±lafjkafka tjeks isß;a úß;a lsysmhls'
² jkaokd .uk msg;a ùug fmr iyNd.s jk ish¨ fokd .fï mkai,g fyda
<Õ u msysá isoaOia:dkhlg fyda f.dia f;rejka je|mqod .ekSu yd ndrydr ùu
² jkaokd .ufkys ksr; jk ld,h ;=< ks¾udxi Ôú;hla .; lsÍu
² ixjr we÷ñka ieriSu
² jkaokd lú muKla .dhkd lsÍu
² jkaokhg fmr iakdkh fldg msßisÿ ùu
² mQcd N+ñj,g we;=¿ ùfï § iqÿ we÷ñka ieriS isàu
² lg jroaod .ekSu hkqfjka o ye¢kafjk fkd.e<fmk joka mßyrKh fkdlsÍu
² mQcd øjH m~qre wdÈh msßisÿ fldg /f.k hdu
² meñfKk yd msg;a jk fõ,djka fkdmejiSu
² iduQysl;ajhg uq,a ;ek §u
² jeäysáhkag .re lsÍu
² .ukl § m%Odk jeäysáhl= m;a lr .ekSu yd Tyq zkfâ .=reZ hkqfjka ye¢kaùu
² l,a;nd .; yels foaYSh wdydr mdk ilia lr f.k hEu
² fjfyi ÿre lr .ekSug wïn,u Ndú;h yd meka myi ksjd .ekSug msx;d,sh
Ndú;hg .ekSu
Y%S mdo jkaokdj
idïm%odhsl j mej; tk j;ams<sfj;a w;=ßka Y%S mdo jkaokdj yd ne÷Kq

j;a ms<sfj;a fndfyda ÿrg wdrlaId ù mj;S' YS% mdo jkaokh i|yd ljr ud¾.hlska
.uka l< o b;d ÿIalr f,i È.= ÿrla md .ukska u hd hq;= ùu óg uQ,sl fya;=jla
nj fmkS hhs'
furg oyia ixLHd; ne;su;ayq uy;a Y%oaOdfjka je| mqod .ekSug Wkkaÿ
jk ia:dkhla f,i Y%S mdoia:dkh ie,lsh yels h' YS% mdo ,dxPkh u; k<,
;nd jkaokdudk lsÍug ,eîu ;ukaf.a Nd.Hhla f,i fn!oaOfhda l,amkd lr;s'
foieïn¾ ui isg uehs ui olajd ld, jljdkqj fï i|yd fhdod .efka' Y%S mdo
jkaokh merKs jkaokdudk iïm%odhhka /ila fy<sorjq lrk legm;la jeks h'
j¾;udkh jk úg idïm%odhsl j mej;s jkaokd .ukaj, fndfyda fjkialï

olakg ,efí' ta w;r jkaokd .uka yqÿ úfkdaoh i|yd u muKla isÿ lrkq olakg
we;' tfy;a tu .uka yqÿ úfkdao .uka úkd jkaokd .uka fkdfõ' fufia lghq;=
lrk msßia rfÜ ixialD;shg isÿ lrkafka wjudkhls' idïm%odhsl isß;a úß;a
ydiHhg ,la lsÍu fyda fkdi,ld yeÍu fyda lsis úfgl isÿ fkdl< hq;= h' th
furg ck ixialD;shg isÿ lrk ydkshls' we;euqka jkaokd .uka hk uqjdfjka
isÿ lrk fkdukd lghq;=j,ska ish¨ fn!oaOhskag isÿ jkafka uy;a wk¾:hls'
j¾;udkfha jkaokdudk lsÍfï § fndÿ orejka isys ;nd .; hq;= jeo.;a lreKq
/ila we;' thska lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
² mQckSh yd fm!rdKsl jYfhka jeo.;a jk ia:dkj, ;u kï .ï igyka fkdlsÍu

² wka whg lror jk mßÈ lEflda .eiSfuka je<lSu
² kqiqÿiq wdydr mdk Ndú; lsÍfuka je<lSu
² fkd.e<fmk joka Ndú;fhka je<lSu
² kqiqÿiq .S; .dhkfhka yd jdokfhka je<lSu
² mQckSh ia:dkj, fm!rdKsl;ajhg yd f.!rjhg ydksjk lsisjla fkdlsÍu
26
w¾:dkaú; jkaokfha m%fhdack
w¾:j;a whqßka ie,iqï iy.;j jkaokdudkj, fhfok úg ie,fik

m%fhdack /ils' fuu ld,h ;=< mxpYS,h wdrlaId fõ' iyfhda.h" iduQysl;ajh
j¾Okh fõ' wka whg Wojq lsÍug wjia:dj ie,fia' iqjmyiq ia:dkhlg f.dia
úfkdaofhka ld,h .; lsÍug jvd wd.ñl ia:dk ±l myka ixfõ.h cks;
lr .ekSu fuf,dj Ôú;hg fuka u mrf,dj Ôú;hg o w;sYh jeo.;a fjhs'
jkaokd .uka hEu ;=< lKavdhula f,i jev lsÍfï l=i,;dj m%.=K jkq we;'
isoaOia:dk jkaokfhka Y%oaOdj jeä ÈhqKq jkafka ksrdhdifhks' fkdÿgq foaj,a
isheiska ±l ta ms<sn| ukd ±kqïj;a Ndjhla o we;s lr .; yels h' fmdÿfõ .;a
úg wl=i, is;a hgm;a ù l=i, is;a my< fõ' mska is;=ú,s jeä ÈhqKq fõ'
idrdxYh

jkaokd .ukaj,g È.= b;sydihla we;' nqÿ oyu furgg ,eîu;a
iu. Èjhsk mqrd fjfyr úydr /ila bÈ úh' tajd w;r wguia:dk yd
fidf<diauia:dk m%Odk fõ' me/kakkaf.a jkaokdudk yd ne÷Kq isß;a úß;a
/ila we;' YS%mdo jkaokdj" l;r.u jkaokh fn!oaOhska w;r jvd;a is;a .;a
tajd h' jkaokfha § wixjr p¾hdjkaf.ka je<lS" w¾:dkaú; j lghq;= lsÍu
b;d jeo.;a h' w¾:dkaú; jkaokd .ukaj,ska mqoa., ixj¾Okh fuka u iudc
ixj¾Okh o ie,fia'

l%shdldrlu
1' jkaokd .ukaj, § wkq.ukh l< hq;= isß;a úß;a ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'
2' fidf<diauia:dk yd wguia:dk kï lrkak'
3' jkaokdlrejka i|yd fhda.H Wmfoia m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'
mejreu
² ,xld is;shul wguia:dk yd fidf<diauia:dk ,l=Kq lrkak'
mqyqKqjg
uyshx.Kx kd.§mx l,HdKx mo,dxPkx

Èjd .=yx §>jdmS fÉ;shxp uq;shx.Kx
;siaiuyd úydrxp fndaêx ußpjÜáhx
fidKaKud,S uyd fÉ;sx :Qmdrdu Nhd.sßx
fÊ;jkx fia, fÉ;sx ;:d ldpr.dulx
taf;a fida<iGdkdkS wyx jkaodñ iínod
28
05 issysh msysgqjd yqiau .ksuq
jma uÕ=,a Wf<, iqfodjqka rc;=udg fuka u rc ud,s.fha ish¨ fokdg o

jeo.;a Èkhls' l=vd isÿy;a l=ure iu. lsßujqjreka o fuu ia:dkhg meñKsfha
rcq we;=¿ rdclSh msßi l=Uqrg nei iSidk whqre ±l n,d .ekSug h' m%foaYh mqrd
mej;sfha W;aijY%Shls' jirlg jrla t<fUk fuu is;a .kakd iq¨ wjia:dj
±l .ekSug /ia j isá ish,af,da u hqyqiq¿ jQy' isÿy;a l=ure /l n,d .ekSug
ksrka;rfhka fjfyiqKq lsßujqjrekaf.a wjOdkh ksfïYhlg .s,syS .sfha h'
isÿy;a l=ure yereKq úg ish,a,kaf.a is;a W;aijYS%fhka l=,au;a úh' fï w;r oU
rela fijfKa isis,a mßirh l=uref.a is; flfuka ±yeka.; lrjkakg iu;a úh'
l=ure foi fk;a fhduq lrk lsßujqjrekag olakg ,enqfKa úiañ; oiqkls' l=vd
isÿy;a l=ure oU rela fijfKys m,Õ ne|f.k Ndjkdkqfhda.S j isáfha h' fk;a
woyd.; fkdyels tu oiqkska mqÿuhg m;a Tjqyq rcq we;=¿ msßig fï ms<sn| ±kqï
ÿkay' mq;= ms<sn| ore fifkyi wNsnjd .sh yeÕ=fuka hq;= iqfodjqka rcq ish mq;=g
jkaokd lf<a h' th t;=ud isÿy;a l=ureg l< fojk je÷uhs'
isÿy;a l=ure úiska oU rela fijfKa m,Õ ne|f.k jvk ,oafoa wdkdmdki;s
Ndjkdjhs' fuu Ndjkdj ms<sn| bf.kqug fmr Ndjkdfõ we;s jeo.;alu ms<sn|j
wm o; h;= lreKq /ils' bka lsysmhla úuid n,uq'
ñksia isrer ieliS ;sfnkafka is;" lh foflks' ñksidf.a j¾Okh hkq

fuu fo wxYfhys u j¾Okhhs' ñksidf.a msßySu kï fuu fo wxYfha u msßySu h'
ÈhqKq ñksil= ìys jkafka kSfrda.S lhla yd kSfrda.S ukila we;s úg h' ldhsl
j¾Okh isÿ lrk úúO wdydr mdk o Tiq j¾. o we;' wm úúOdrldrfha jHdhdu
u.ska isÿ lrkafka o ldhsl j¾Okhhs' ldhsl j¾Okhg wm olajk ie,ls,a,
udkisl j¾Okh flfrys o ±laùu w;sYh jeo.;a fõ' mßmQ¾K ñksil= ùug o
wjidkfha idxidßl úuqla;sh ,nd .ekSug o ukfiys ÈhqKqj w;HjYH fõ' Ndjkdj
u.ska udkisl ÈhqKqj o Yla;su;a Ndjh o j¾Okh lr .ekSu ish¨ lghq;=j,
id¾:l;ajhg bjy,a fõ' nqÿ oyñka ,nd fok uQ,sl Wmfoi jkafka ish¨ mõ
issysh msysgqjd yqiau .ksuq 29
neyer fldg l=i,a is;a jvd is; msßisÿ lsÍu h' is; tlÕlr .ekSu h' fidrl=
;j;a fidrl=g fyda ffjrlaldrhl= ;j;a ffjrlaldrhl=g fyda lrk kmqrg" jeä
kmqrla whym;la fkdu.g fhduq l< is; ksid isÿfjhs' tfia u udmshka fyda wka
{d;shl= lrk hym;g jeä hym;la iqu.g fh¥ is; ksid isÿ jkafka hhs Oïu
mofhys ±lafõ' jeä ÈhqKq fkdlsÍfuka wjev isÿ lrk foa w;r is; u m%Odk fõ'
zjeäÈhqKq lsÍfuka ys;iqj ie,fik foa w;r o lsisjla is;g fofjks jkafka ke;Z
hkq nqoaO jpkhhs' nqÿ oyñka ta i|yd W.kajd we;s ms<sfj; jkafka Ndjkdjhs'
Ndjkd w;r wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj jvd;a iqj f.fkhs'
wdk hkq wdYajdihhs' tkï yqiau .ekSuhs'

wmdk hkq m%Yajdihhs' tkï yqiau msg lsÍuhs'
i;s hkq isyshhs'
fï wkqj"
yqiau .ekSu yd msg lsÍu ms<sn| isysh msysgqùu wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj kñka
ye¢kafõ'
wdYajdih yd m%Yajdih ksrdhdifhka isÿ jk ls%hdj,shls' idudkH

Ôú;fha § fuu l%shdj,sh ms<sn| wm ;=< wjOdkh msysgqjd .ekSula olakg
fkdue;' yqiau .ekSu;a yqiau msg lsÍu;a ms<sn| isyskqjK msysgqùug
u.fmkajk Ndjkdj wdkdmdki;sh kñka ye¢kafõ'
ÿyqú,s weúiaiqKq ìulg jeis fmdo jefgk úg tu ÿyqú,s l%ufhka ;ekam;a

fõ' tfia u wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdfjka pxp, is;=ú,s ksYap, fõ' tu.ska is; iudê
.; fõ'
isiqkag fuu Ndjkdj m%.=K lsÍfuka ,nd .; yels m%fhdack /ils' wmf.a
wkd.;h id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd fndfyda foa ±k W.; hq;= h' úúO wdldrfha
yelshdjka m%.=K lr .; hq;= h' ta i|yd W;aidyh w;HjYH fõ' W;aidyfhka ksis
m%fhdack w;am;a lr .ekSug kï wm isÿ lrk ljr lghq;a;la jqj o tlÕ jQ msßisÿ
is;ska l< hq;= h' tlÕ fkdjQ wmsßisÿ is;ska lrk lsisÿ lghq;a;lska ksis m%fhdack
.ekSu wiSre h' úNd.j,ska fuka u wksl=;a lghq;=j,ska o by< ch.%yK ,nk wh
we;' tu ish¨ ch.%yK ;=< ieÕjqKq ryi kï ukd isysh hs' ls,sá jQ jia;%hlg
fl;rï idhï fmdjkq ,enqj o Wrd fkd.kS' tfy;a msßisÿ jia;%hlg jyd idhï
Wrd .kS' tfia u wmsßisÿ jQ pxp, is;ska hq;= j lrk bf.kSfï lghq;=j,ska kqjK"
30
OdrKh fkdjefâ' W.kajkq ,nk úIh lreKq myiqfjka OdrKh lr .ekSug
msßisÿ tlÕ jQ is;g by< yelshdjla we;' mdvu ukig fyd¢ka ldjefoa' ;ekam;a
yd iqjm;a jQ uki ´kE u mqoa.,hl= id¾:l;ajh lrd /f.k hhs'
Ndjkdjg iQodkï fjuq
Ndjkdjg fmr weÕ m; uqyqK lg fidaod msßisÿ úh hq;= h' fojkqj wjYH
mQcd øjH ms<sfh, fldg ;nd f;rejka je¢h hq;= h' f;jkqj mkais,a iudoka úh
hq;= h' isõjkqj Ndjkdjg t<ôh yels h'
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj m%.=K lsÍfï § .eyekq orejka w¾O m¾hxlfhka o

msßñ orejka noaO m¾hxlfhka o isàu jvd;a iqÿiq l%uh fõ' wikSm ;;a;ajhla
ksid ìu jdä úh fkdyels whl=g ñá wiqkla mßyrKh lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S'
Ndjkd lsÍfï § ysi yd lh iDcq j ;nd .ekSu wjYH h'
ksje/È j Ndjkd lsÍu
oEia mshdf.k fodfyd;a uqÿka ;nd idOqldr § f;jrla kuialdrh lshkak'

;sirK iys; mxpYS,h iudoka jkak' oEia mshdf.k fyd¢ka yqiau .kak'
ieye,a¨fjka msg lrkak' fufia f;jrla lrkak' wk;=rej iqmqreÿ wdYajdi
m%Yajdihg bv yßkak' tfy;a wdhdifhka yqiau by< my< fkdhjkak'
mshjr 1
wdYajdi lrk úg yqiau jÈk ia:dkh ms<sn| ksje/È wjfndaOhla ,nd
.kak' th kdifha w. fyda Wvq f;d, u;=msg úh yels h' isysh msysgqjd .; hq;=
jkafka tfia yqiau .efgk ia:dkfha h' wdrïNfha § kdihg we;=¿ jk jd;h
fyda kdifhka msg jk jd;h .ek fkdis;kak' Wvq f;d, u; fyda kdih w.
.efgk jd;h .ek muKla wjOdkh r|jd .kak' l%ufhka Ndjkdj m%.=K lrk
úg wdYajdi m%Yajdi jd;h tu ia:dkj, .efgk wdldrh uekúka mila jkq we;'
mshjr 2
fuys § l< hq;af;a wdYajdi lrk jdhqj Wvq f;d, u; fyda kdih w. jÈk
úg tlhs hkqfjka fufkys lsÍuhs' fojk jr wdYajdi lrk úg folhs hkqfjka
fufkys lrkak' fufia wdYajdi jdhqj miaj;dj olajd .Kkh lrkak' tu.ska is;
l%ufhka ikaiqka fõ' wdYajdi jdhqj kdih w. fyda f;d,a w;r .efgk whqre Tng
uekúka ±fkkq we;' YsIHhl= jYfhka wdkdmdki;s jeãug wod< mshjr lsysmhls'
Ndjkd lrkakl= úiska wjidkfha isÿ l< hq;= m%d¾:khla we;'
udf.a fï Ndjkduh l=i,h fuf,dj iekiSu msKsi;a" mrf,dj iekiSu

msKsi;a" ksjka iqjfhka iekiSu msKsi;a" fya;= fõjd' jdikd fõjd' idOqæ idOqæ
idOqæ

idrdxYh
l=i,a is;a jefvk udkisl wNHdih Ndjkdjhs' yqiau .ekSu yd msg

lsÍu fufkys lrñka isÿ lrk Ndjkdj wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdjhs' tu.ska
fuf,dj iekiSu;a mrf,dj iekiSu;a ksjk;a Wod lr .; yels h' wmf.a
wOHdmk lghq;= jvd;a fyd¢ka lsÍug kï wmg msßisÿ tlÕ is;la ;sìh hq;= h'
wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj ta i|yd uyÕ= msájy,la imhhs'
32
l%shdldrlu
1' wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj jvk wdldrh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj jvk YsIHhl= i|yd iqÿiq Wmfoia m;%sldjla ms<sfh,
lrkak'
mejreu
² Tng ,eî we;s Wmfoia wkqj ksjfia § Èkm;d wdkdmdki;s Ndjkdj jvkak'
ta i|yd .; l< yels ld,h ms<sn| igykla ;nd .kak'

06 rcf.oßka fufyKjrg
iïnqoaO Ydikh nen<jQ w;S; .sys meúÈ Y%djl Y%dúldfjda wdo¾Yj;a núka
wkQk jQy' tu pß; ms<sn| j ,sheù we;s .oH moH ks¾udK wOHhkh lsÍfuka
ta nj meyeÈ,s fõ' meúÈ Y%dúld pß; w;r m%cdm;S f.da;ó pß;h yd hfidaord
pß;h m%uqL fõ' thg m%Odk;u fya;=j tajd nqoaO pß;h yd ne£ meje;Su muKla u
fkdfõ' mqoa., Ôú; wdf,dalj;a lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk wdo¾Y iuqodhla tu
pß; ;=< wka;¾.; j ;sîu h' rc f.or meje;s wkka; iïm;a yer oud meúÈ j
fufyKjrl jevfjfiñka wdOHd;añl iqjh ,enQ tlS fufyKska jykafia,df.a
pß;dmodk úuid ne,Sfuka wm cSú;j,g o wdo¾Y ,nd.; yels h'
uyd m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsh
nqoaOud;d hk .re kdufhka ye¢kafjk uyd m%cdm;S f.da;ó foaúh

foõoykqjr wxck rcqf.a yd hfidaord foaúhf.a fojk ÈhKshhs' jeäuy,a ÈhKsh
uydudhd jQjd h' fï fofokd u iqfodjqka uyrc;=udf.a ìfidajreka jQ w;r uydudhd
l=ußh w.ìij jQjd h' weh isÿy;a l=ure bm§ i;a Èklska l¨ßh lsÍfuka wk;=rej
w.ìfida ;k;=rg m;a jQfha uyd m%cdm;Sf.da;ó foaúhhs' weh kkaod kï jQ ÈhKshf.a
yd kkao kï mq;Kqjkaf.a ujhs' <ore úfha isá kkao l=ure yodjvd .ekSSu lsß
ujqjrekag ndr l< weh isÿy;a l=ure yodjvd .ekSfï j.lSu ndr .;a;d h'
;u ujql=iska Wmka mq;a l=ureg fuka u ie,ls,s i;aldr olajñka fifkfynr
ujl jYfhka ;u hq;=lï fkdmsßfy,d bgq lsÍug weh j.n,d .;a;d h' ì,s÷
jhfia muKla fkdj <ud yd ;reK jhfia § o ´ f;dfuda l=ure fjkqfjka bgq úh
hq;= hq;=lï uekúka bgq l<d h' isÿy;a l=ure .sysf.h yer hdu ±ä fidalh okjk
lreKla jQ neúka weh l,a f.jQfha l÷¿ msß fofk;sks' miqj tu ÿl iukh
lr.kq ,enqfõ ;u mq;a kkao l=ureka .ek is;Sfuks' iqfodjqka rc;=ud ta jk úg
kkao l=ureg rclu ,nd §ug lghq;= ixúOdkh lr ;snqKs' tfy;a kkao l=uref.a
wNsfIalh ^Tgqkq me,£u& újdyh yd .Dy m%fõYh hk ux.,H ;=k u t<ô Èkfha
nqÿrcdKka jykafia kkao l=ure o meúÈ lrjQ fial' th m%cdm;S f.da;ó ìijf.a
fYdalS nj ;j ;j;a j¾Okh lr,Sug fya;=úh' fï jkúg fidajka M,hg m;a j
34
isá ;uka o meúÈ lrjk f,ig m%cdm;S f.da;ó ìij l< b,a,Su o nqÿrcdKka
jykafia m%;slafIam l< fial'
fï w;r frdaysKS kÈfha c,h fnod .ekSu wrnhd YdlHhka yd flda,shhka

w;r .egqula we;s jQ w;r th ksrdlrKh lsÍu msKsi nqÿrcdKka jykafia l<
O¾u foaYkdj wid l=udrjre mkaishhla fokd meúÈ jQy' blaì;sj Tjqkaf.a
ìfidajrekag o meúÈ ùfï wjYH;dj we;súh' tu msßi uq,ska u ;u woyi okajd
isáfha m%cdm;S f.da;ó foaúhghs' weh tu l=udßldjka mkaish fokd legqj nqÿrÿka
jev isá lsUq,aj;a kqjr ksf.%daOdrduhg .shd h' Tjqyq nqÿrÿka fomd je| tl;amiaj
isg meúoao wdhdpkd l<y' nqÿrÿka tu fojk b,a,Su o m%;slafIam lf<a ldka;d
meúoaog iqÿiq ld,h fkdjk nj i|yka lrñks' thg m%;spdr olajñka Tjqka
t;ekska kslau .sfha iqÿiq l, meñKs úg kej;;a tu wdhdpkh lsÍfï wruqK
we;sj h'
Èkla m%cdm;S f.da;ó foaúh ish;ska u i¿ folla ilia fldg nqÿrÿkag

ms<s.ekaùug iQodkï jQjd h' nqÿrÿka th ix>hdg mQcd lrk f,i wkq±k jod<y'
m%cdm;Sf.da;ó foaúhf.a b,a,Su jQfha th nqÿrÿka fjkqfjka u ilia l< neúka
Wka jykafia u ms<s.; hq;= njhs' miqj nqÿrcdKka jykafia tys wre;a meyeÈ,s lr
foñka iÕi;= fldg ms¥úg th ;uka jykafiag o l< mQcdjla jk nj fmkajd ÿka
fial'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a iïnqoaO;ajhg m;aj jir myla bl=;a jk úg

iqfodjqka msh uyrcq ry;a j msßksjka md ;sìK' tl, nqÿrÿka jev isáfha úYd,d
uykqjr l+Gd.dr Yd,dfõ h' rc ueÿr ;=< yqfol,d Ôú;hla .; l< m%cdm;Sf.da;ó
ìij kej; j;djla meúoao wfmalaId l<d h' uq,ska fï i|yd iïnkaO jQ YdlH
l=udßldjka mkaish fokd o iyNd.s lrf.k nqÿrÿka uqK .eiSug hdug ;SrKh
lf<a ta wkqj h' Tjqyq ysi uqvq lrf.k lidj;a ye| md .ukska u ÿr neyer msysá
l+Gd.dr Yd,djg hEug iQodkï jQy' {d;Ska jQ YdlH yd flda,sh l=udrjreka fï
msßi r:j,ska /f.k hdug W;aidy l< o tu b,a,Su weh m%;slafIam lf<a ;u
wruqK bgqlr .ekSug th o ndOdjla fõ hehs is;+ ksid h' Tjqyq fhdÿka tlish
mkyla ÿr f.jd md .ukska úYd,d uykqjr l+gd.dr Yd,dj olajd .uka l<y'
.uka fjfyiska mSvdjg m;aj isá m%cdm;S f.da;ó ìij we;=¿ mkaishhla
fokd l+gd.dr Yd,dj fodrgqj wìhi /§ isáhy' fï msßi ÿgq wdkkao f;rKqfjdaa
tu ia:dkhg jevu fldg tfia /£ isàug fya;= úuid isáhy' Tjqyq ;uka ish¨
fokd u meúoao wfmalaIdfjka /£ isák nj mejiQy' wdkkao f;rKqfjda nqÿrÿka
rcf.oßka fufyKjrg 35
fj; jevu l<y' nqoaOud;dj we;=¿ msßi meúoao wfmalaIdfjka fodrgqj wNshi
/£ isák nj ±kqï § tu msrsig meúoao ,nd fok f,i wdhdpkd l<y' tu
b,a,Su nqÿrÿka úiska f;jrla u m%;slafIam lrk ,È' túg wdkkao f;rKqfjda
nqÿrÿkaf.ka fufia úuid isáhy'
—iajdóks" Nd.Hj;=ka jykai lsishï ldka;djla iiqka .; j úoiqka jvhs kï wehg

fidajka wd§ ud¾. M, ,nd .; fkdyels o@˜
—wdkkaohsks" hï ia;%shla meúÈ j ù¾h jvhs kï" wehg wehf.a ia;%S Ndjh ksjkg
ndOdjla fkdfõ'˜
túg wdkkao ysñfhda m%cdm;Sf.da;ó foaúh iq¿ ujl jYfhka fkdj je¥
ujl mßoafoka .sysl, nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ,ndÿka /ljrKh yd fifkyi
.ek isysm;a lrñka wef.a Wodr .=K j¾Kkd fldg wehg meúoao ,nd fok f,i
kej;;a wdhdpkd l<y' nqÿrcdKka jykafia thg m%;spdr olajñka fufia jod<
fial'
— wdkkaohsks" m%cdm;Sf.da;ñh meúÈ jkq leue;skï fmr nqÿjreka oji Y%dúldjka

ms<s.;a my; i|yka wIag .re O¾u ms<s.ekSfuka u wehg meúÈ Wmiïmodj
ysñjkafka he˜'
1' NslaIqKsh Wmiïmod ù wjqreÿ ishhla .; jqj o tÈk u Wmiïmod jQ NslaIqjl

ÿgq úg yqkiafkka ke.sàu" kuialdr lsÍu wdÈfhka .re ie,ls,s ±laúh hq;= h'
2' NslaIQka jykafia,d ke;s m%foaYj, wdrduhkays NslaIqKsh jia fkdúish hq;= h'
3' wv uilg jrla j;a NslaIqKsh" NslaIQka yuq ù fmdfydh úpdÍu o wjjdo ,nd
.ekSu o l< hq;= h'
4' jia úiQ NslaIqKsh" NslaIq - NslaIqKS hk fomlaIfha ^WNf;da& ix>hd bÈßfha
mjdrKh l< hq;= h'
5' NslaIqKshl w;ska .rel wdm;a;shla ^n,j;a jrola& isÿ jQ úg thska ñ§ kej;
msßisÿ ùug NslaIq - NslaIqKS hk WNf;da ix>hd weiqfrys j;a udk;amqrd wíNdk
kï úkh l¾uh l< hq;= h'
6' NslaIqKsh Wmiïmod ùug fmr ta i|yd wjYH m%;sm;a;s mqrñka islaLdudKdjl
jYfhka oEjqreoaola mqyqKq úh hq;= h'
7' NslaIqKshl lsis u fya;=jla ksid j;a NslaIqjlg wdfl%daI mßNj fkdl< hq;= h'
8' NslaIqKsh" NslaIQkag wjjdo fkdl< hq;= h' NslaIqj NslaIqKSkag wjjdo l< hq;=
w;r NslaIqKsh tajd ms<s.; hq;= h'
36
wIag .re O¾u kï jQ fï lreKq wg wdkkao f;rKqfjdaa m%cdm;S f.da;ó
foaúhg ±kqï § tajd ms<s.kafkakï wehg th u meúoao yd Wmiïmodj fõhehs ±kqï
ÿkay' túg m%cdm;S f.da;ñh nqÿrcdKka jykafia jev isák Èidjg kuialdr
lrñka tu O¾uhka by<ska u ms<s.kakd njg f;jrla u m%;s{d ÿkakd h' wIag
.re O¾u ms<s.ekSu;a iu. wehg meúoao yd Wmiïmodj ysñ úh' t;=ñh;a iu. isá
fiiq l=udßldjkag o meúoao ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj Wod jqKs' fï ish¨ fokd meúoao
,nd .ekSu NslaIqKS iudcfha iudrïNh úh' ta jk úg nqoaO Ydikh wdrïN ù jir
myla bl=;a ù ;snqKs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.ka nK wid lugyka ,ndf.k ù¾h jvd Ndjkd l<

m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsfhda fkdfnda Èklska ry;a jQy' t;=ñhf.a msßjr mkaishhla
jQ NslaIQKSka jykafia,d o nqÿrcdKka jykafia úiska foaYkd lrk ,o kkaofldajdo
iQ;%h Y%jKh fldg ry;a njg meñKsfhda h' fufia NslaIqKS iudch wdrïN ùu;a
iu. nuqKq oyñka mSvdjg m;a fndfyda ldka;djkag úuqla;sfha fodr.=¨ újr
úh' ta ioyd m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsh .;a W;aidyh wmuK h' úYd,dfõ ,sÉPù
rcorejka fufyKjrla lrjd m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsh m%uqL NslaIqKSkag mQcd
lsÍu;a iu. NslaIqKS wdrdu o we;súh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia fÊ;jkdrdufha jevúiQ tla wjia:djl § Wka jykafia

úiska NslaIq NslaIQKSka bÈßfha m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsh Ñrrd;%{ ^Ydikfha §¾>
ld,Sk w;a±lSï we;s& NslaIqKSka w;r w.%ia:dkhg m;a lrk ,È' NslaIqKS iudcfha
m%Odkshd njg o m;a flßKs' miqj hfidaord foaúh yd ckmo l,HdKs jeks ìfidajre o
NslaIqKS iudchg we;=<;a jQy' NslaIqKSka jykafia,df.a úkh mj;ajd f.k hdug
wod< NslaLqKS m%d;sfudalaIh mkjk ,oafoa o m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKshf.a b,a,Su
wkqj h' tfia u NslaIqKSka fjkqfjka mkjk ,o we;eï úkh kS;s fjkia lsÍug
mjd fm<UqfKa wehg lrk ie,ls,a,la jYfhks' úfYaIfhka weh ±äf,i .s,ka jQ
wjia:djl nqÿrcdKka jykafia weh úiQ fufyKjrg jevu lr iqjÿla úuid n,d
O¾uh foaYkd l<y' fï jkúg NslaIqKSka jykafia,d jevjdih lrk wdrduhlg
NslaIQka jykafia,dg jevu lsÍu ;ykï úh' kuq;a frda.S NslaIqKshlg fi;a me;Su
i|yd jevu lr,Su jrola fkdù h' th isÿ jQfha uydm%cdm;S f.da;ó fufyKska
jykafiaf.a b,a,Su wkqj h'
jhi wjqreÿ tlish úiafia § m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKshg msßksjka

mEug ld,h t<U we;s nj jegysK' Bg fmrd;=j nqÿrcdKka jykafia ±l je|
mßks¾jdKh i|yd wjir .ekSug woyia l< ´ f;dfuda Wka jykafia jev isá
úYd,d uykqjr l+Gd.dr Yd,djg jevu l<y' tfia jevu fldg .d:d /ilska
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a .=K j¾Kkd l<y'
² iajdóks Tn jykafiag ud ±lajQ ore fifkyig jvd Tn jykafiaf.a Y%dúldjl
jk ug ±lajQ fifkyi oyia jdrhla W;=ï h' uu Tn jykafiag lsß § k<jd
iekiqfjñ' Tn jykafia ug oyï wud lsß § iir ÿlska uqojd iekiQy' uyd
uqkSkaøhka jykai" mq;=ka ke;s ia;%Syq Tn jykafia jeks mq;ayq u ,n;ajd' rdc
ud;dj" ìij hk kï ia;%shlg iq,n h' tfy;a nqoaO ud;d hk ku w;sYhska u
ÿ¾,N h'˜
ta wjia:dfõ nqoaO ud;djka msßksjka mdk nj Èjeiska ±l wiQ uyd Y%djlhka

jykafia,d o fuu wjia:djg jevu l<y' uyd m%cdm;Sf.da;ó f;rKska jykafia
fï ish¨ fokd jykafiaf.ka iuqf.k nqÿrÿka bÈßfha Roaê m%d;syd¾h olajd Wka
jykafiaf.a isßm;=,a je| wjir f.k wdrdufhka neyer ùug iQodkï jQy' tys§
ÿlg m;aj isák NslaIqKSka jykafia,d wu;d fujka wjjdohla o ,ndÿkay'
— Tn ug .re lrkafka kï l<.=K i,lkafka kï ish¨ fokd u ioaO¾ufha

meje;au flfrys uy;afia ù¾h l< hq;= h' uf.a b,a,Su ksid ia;%Skag o meúoao
,enqKs' tneúka Tn o ud wkqj lghq;= lrkak' th ug uy;a i;=gls'˜
fï m%ldYfhka miq wdrdufhka msg;g jevu l< m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKshg

úfYaI f.!rjhla jYfhka nqÿrcdKka jykafia o fufia jod<y'
—uyfKks" fï nqoaO ud;dfjda ish¨ W;a;uhkaf.a f.!rjhg ysñldßhla

jkakdy' tneúka ieu fokd miq miska .uka lruq˜ wk;=rej nqÿrcdKka jykafia
Y%djlhska msßjrdf.k úydr fodrgqj olajd miq miska .uka l<y' th nqÿrÿkaf.a
m<uq yd wjidk miq.uka lsÍu úh' nqoaO ud;djkg ysñ jQ W;a;u wdpdrh o th
úh' tfia nqoaO Wmydrh ,en msßksjka mE m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKshf.a Y%S foayh
wdkkao f;reka jykafiaf.a Wmfoia u; ,sÑPù rc orefjda .re nqyqukska hq;=j
wdodykh l<y' miqj t;=ñhf.a Od;= ;ekam;a fldg ,sÉPùka úiska ia;+mhla o
lrjk ,È'
m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKshf.a pß;fhka .; yels wdo¾Y

² ienE odrl iafkayfhka hq;= .=K .rel ujla ùu
² wêIaGdk mQ¾jl j lghq;= lsÍu
² jvd;a iduldó ms<sfj;lska b,a,Sï Èkd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu
² wk;sudks .=Kfhka hqla; ùu
² ksis kdhl;ajh yd lemùu
² ksryxldr nj
38
Noao lÉpdkd f;rKsh
NoaolÉpdkd kï rdyq, ud;djhs' tkï hfidaordjhs' ìïnd foaú kñka

o t;=ñh m%lg h' ;u iajdñhd flfrys uy;a ne£fuka" m;s Nla;sfhka lghq;=
l< fn!oaO ldka;d pß; w;r m%uqL;ajh ysñjkafka hfidaordjkag h' ta ksid u
fn!oaO idys;Hh ;=< jeä bvla hfidaord pß;hg fjka ù we;' merKs idys;Hhg
muKla fkdj kQ;k .oH moH ks¾udKj,g o tu pß;h jia;= úIh ù we;' merKs
cklúhd hfidaord pß;h uekúka wjfndaO lrf.k ldjH ks¾udK l< njg tla
ksoiqkls" hfidaordj;' weh f.a ienE m;sNla;sh úÑ;%j;a lsÍug ck lúhd .;a
W;aidyh my; i|yka lúfhka ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'

lef,a ;sfnk fldhs foaj;a ri fõjd
uf,a nUre fuka msßjr we;s fõjd
wõfõ ;sfnk /iaud,d wvq fõjd
.õfjka .õj Èj ud,s. iEfoajd
hfidaordjf;ys we;=<;a moH tlish ;sy ;=< u hfidaord foaúhf.a m;sNla;sh

uekúka m%lg fõ' t;=ñhf.a uj iy mshd jQfha oUÈj foõoy kqjr jdih l< iqm%nqoaO
rc;=ud iy wñ;d kï ìij h' foõo;a l=ure tl u fidfydhqrd h' tl, YdlH
ckmofha úYsIag rE imqjlg ysñlï lshQ ckmo l,HdKs l=ußhg;a Noaodldms,dks
kï jQ n%dyauK l=ußhg;a jvd úYsIag rEm iïm;a;sfhka hq;= jQjd h' oyia .Kka
YdlH l=udrjre weh irK mdjd .ekSug wfmalaIdfjka miq jQy' ish¨ YdlH jxYsl
rcorejka bÈßfha isÿy;a l=ure ;ud W.;a Ys,am ±laùfuka miq iqm%nqoaO msh rc;=ud
úiska ;u ÈhKsh isÿy;a l=ureg újdy lrfokq ,eî h' fï fofokd tl u Èkfha
Wmka wh jQy' újdyfhka miq lsUq,aj;a kqjr w.rcq njg m;a isÿy;a l=uref.a w.
ìij f,i wehg lsre< ysñ úh'

hq. Èúhg m;a hfidaord foaúh fifkfynr ìß|l jYfhka ;u hq;=lï
fkdmsßfy,d bgq l<d h' mskanr rdyq, mq;= bm§fuka weh jdikdjka; ujla jQjd h'
mq;= Wmka Èk u isÿy;a l=ure .sysf.h yerhdu wehg bjiqï fkdfok fõokdjla
úh' fuf;la l,a f.jQ fid÷re Ôú;h isÿy;a l=uref.a wNsksIal%uKh;a iu. wehg
wysñ úh' fï ld,fha YdlH l=udrjrekaf.ka wehg újdy fhdackd .,d wdfõ h'
kuq;a isysfkkaj;a tjka l=urejl=f.a w; .ekSu wE is;a fkd.;af;a h' ´ f;dfuda
;u mq;a rdyq, l=ureka iu. iqfodjqka msh uy rcqf.a /ljrKfhys úiqjd h'
.sysf.h yer meúÈ jQ isÿy;a fndai;=ka ms<sn|j fidhd n,ñka ;u Ôú;h o fndai;a
pß;h wkqj f.ùug fhduq jQjd h' t;=uka Wia wdik uy wdik mßyrKh lsÍfuka
je<lS isák nj ±k weh o tajdhska je<lS isáhd h' weh Èklg tla fõ,la wdydr
.ekSug;a lidj;a ye£ug;a fhduq jQfha isÿy;a ;jqidKka tn÷ Ôú;hla .; lrk
nj ±k .ekSfuks' tmuKla fkdj t;=ud flia l,U lmd oud ysi uqvqlrf.k
isák nj ±k weh o >k kS, j¾Kfhka hq;a È.= fliajeáh lmd ±uqjd h' isÿy;a
;jqidfKda fkdfnda Èklska nqoaO;ajh ,nd ;ukag o úuqla;s iqjh ,nd§ug lghq;=
lrkq we;ehs hk iaÓr is;=ú,af,ka weh rdyq, mq;= o /l.ksñka ld,h .; l<d h'
.sysf.h w;er f.dia ih wjqreoaolg miqj isÿy;a fndai;=ka iïud iïnqoaO;ajhg
m;a jQ nj wid weh fndfyda fihska i;=gg m;a jQjd h'

nqoaO;ajfhka m<uq j¾Ifha nqÿrÿkaf.a m<uq lsUq,aj;a mqr .uk isÿúh' ta msh
rc;=udf.a wdrdOkdjlg wkqj h' úisoyil ry;ka jykafia,d msßjrdf.k jäkd
nqÿrcdKka jykafia ms<s.ekSug hfidaord foaúh fmr .uka fkd.shd h' fojk
Èk ry;ka jykafia,d msßjrdf.k uy u. msvq isÕd jäkd nqÿrcdKka jykafia
foi rdyq, l=ureka iu. weh n,d isáfha l÷¿ msß fofk;sks' fo;sia uyd mqreI
,laIKj,ska yd wiQ wkqjHxckhkaf.ka hq;=j ijKla >k nqÿ/ia úysÿjñka uy
u. jäk nqÿrÿka rdyq, l=uref.a mshdKka f,i y÷kajd ÿkafka Wka jykafiaf.a
.=K j¾Kkd lrñks' fmr oji rciem ú¢ñka l,a f.jQ k.rfha u wo ojfia
nqÿrÿka ms~qisÕd jeãu lsisfia;a ú|ord .; fkdyels úh' iqfodjqka rc;=udg ta nj
±kajQfha o wehhs'
túg iqfodjqka rc;=ud nqÿrÿka jäk fmru.g f.dia" —iajdókS" wmg ,Êcd lrñka
msvqisÕd jäkafka l=ulg o@ fï msßig wdydr ,nd §fï wfmdfydi;alula ug
;sfí±@˜ hs nqÿrÿkaf.ka úuid isáfha h'
—uyrc fï wfma jxYfha isß;˜ hehs nqÿrcdKka jykafia iqfodjqka rcqg jod<y'
—iajdóks" wfma jxYh uyd iïu; laI;%sh jxYhhs' tys lsisjl= isÕufka f.dia
ke;"˜ hkqfjka iqfodjqka rcf;fï mejeiqfõ h'
—uyrc" ta Tfí jxYhhhs' wfma jxYh nqoaO jxYhhs' tys pdß;%h fuhhs"˜ nqÿrcdfKda
jod<y'
ta fj,dfõ rc;=udf.a n,j;a b,a,Su u; nqÿrÿka m%uqL uyry;ka jykafia

ud,s.hg jevu lrjd oka ms<s.kajkq ,eìKs' oka j<|d wjika jQ miq hfidaord foaúh
yer rcueÿfrys ish¨ fokd u meñK tl;amiaj Wkay' iqfodjqka rc;=ud hfidaord
foaúhg o tys meñfKk f,ig okajd heù h' thg wE m%;spdr ±lajQfha fï whqßks'
40
—isoaOd¾: l=udrfhda b;d ±ä is;a we;af;da h' ;mig hk úg fkdlshd u .shy' Wka
jykafiag ud mlaImd;Sj jdih lr we;akï Wka jykafia ud ±lSug jevujkq we;'
túg ud leue;s mßÈ j¢ñ'˜
iqoafOdaok rc;=ud ta nj nqÿrcdKka jykafiag okajd isáfha h'
túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia hfidaordjkaf.a .=Kj;alu isysfldg weh fjfik

ukaÈrhg msh rc;=ud;a iu. jevu l<y' ÿl ord.; fkdyels jQ hfidaord foaúh
Wka jykafiaf.a fomd uq, je| jeà ye~qfõ mshl=f.a md w,a,d y~k ÈhKshl
mßoafoks' miqj weh ,Êcdfjka hq;=j ;ud l< foa isys fldg ìfhka mfilg
jQjd h' wk;=rej iqfodjqka rc f;fï ta fudfydf;a wef.a l÷f<ka nqÿ isßmd f;;a
lsÍu jrola kï thg iudj fok f,i b,a,d isáfha h' tfia u miq.sh jir y;
;=< m;sNla;sh u|la fyda wvq fkdfldg weh f.jQ Ôú;h ms<sn|j §¾> úia;rhla o
lf<a h' th wid isá nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmr Njhkays § o weh m;sNla;sfhka
hq;=j Èú f.jQ nj yeÕjQfha pkao lskakr cd;lh foaYkd lrñks'
—rc;=uks ueh ry;ajk cd;sfha Tn jeks uhs,Kq flfkl=f.a wdrlaIdj

we;s j isáh § ug mlaImd;S j l,a f.ùu mqÿuhla fkdfõ' fmr kqjK fkdfïrE
wjêfhys o i|ls÷rej Wmka l, nrKeia rc ueh flfrys we;s lr.;a we,afuka
ySfhka úo ud ìu fy<d ;ukaf.a fodf<dia oyila muK jQ wka;#mqr ia;%Skag kdhl
fldg w.ìfida ;k;=r ,nd fokafkñ hehs b,aÆ wjia:dfõ o thg wjk; fkdù
ud flfrys fm%Aufhka wehf.a m;sj%;d O¾ufha wêIaGdkfhka udf.a Ôú;h /l
.;a;d˜ hehs foaYkd lrñka t;=ñhf.a .=K j¾Kkd l<y' thska buy;a i;=gg m;a
hfidaord foaúh nqoaO Ydikfha meúoao b,a,d isáhd h' tfy;a wehf.a b,a,Su tu
wjia:dfõ nqÿrcdKka jykafia m%;slafIam l<y'
lsUq,aj;amqr Èk lsysmhla jev isá nqÿrcdKka jykafia YdlHhkag O¾uh

foaYkd l<y' y;ajk Èkfha rcud,s.fha odkhg jevu l< úg hfidaord foaúh
;u mq;a rdyq, l=ureg mshdKka fmkajd odhdo b,a,df.k tk f,i okajd hejqjd h'
mq;a rdyq, l=ure o nqÿrÿka iómhg f.dia odhdo b,a,S h' túg nqÿrcdKka jykafia
rdyq, l=ureka úydria:dkhg /f.k f.dia Ydiksl odhdo ysñlr foñka meúÈ
lrjQ fial' ta mqj; ±k .ekSu;a iu. weh ±äfia lïmdjg m;a jQjd h' isÿy;a l=ure
.sysf.h yerhdu ksid yg.;a ÿl weh úiska ;=kS lr.kq ,enqfõ rdyq, mq;= ksid
h' ;u mq;=f.a meúÈ ùu;a iu. weh n,j;a f,i ÿla jQjd h' tfy;a weh th o iu
is;ska ú| ord .;a;d h' iqfodjqka rcqf.a wNdjh;a iu. iiqka.; ùfï wjYH;dj
wehg ;Èka ±kqK o ta jk úg NslaIqKS meúoao fkd;snqKs'

NslaIqKS meúoao wdrïN ùfuka miq hfidaord foaúh kkao l=uref.a ìij jQ
ckmo l,HdKsh o iu. f.dia m%cdm;sf.da;ó f;rKska jykafiaf.ka meúoao ,enqjd
h' t;eka isg wE m%isoaO jQfha NoaolÉpdkd kñks' b;d flál,l § Ndjkd fldg
ry;a jQ NoaolÉpdkd f;rKshg tlajr wixLH l,am ,laIhla wd;auNdj isys lsÍug
iu;a wNs{d ^úYsIag {dkhla& my< úh' tu {dkh NslaIQKSka w;ßka ysñlr.;
yels jQfha NoaolÉpdkd f;rKshg muKs' ta ;=<ska ldka;djkg o kqjK ÈhqKq lr
.ekSfuka Wiia {dkhla ,nd.; yels nj tl, iudchg fmkakqï lsÍug o yelsúh'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia NslaIqKSkag ;k;=re m%odkh lrk wjia:dfõ NoaolÉpdkd
f;rKshf.a tu iqúfYaIS yelshdj ye¢k weh wNs{d,dNSka w;r w.%ia:dkhg m;a
l<y' meúoao ,nd.;a Èk mgka NoaolÉpdkd f;rKsh Ydik wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka
uy;a lemùulska l%shd l<d h' ta w;r wehg oreKq WordndOhla je,÷Ks' rdyq,
ysñhka weh neye±lSug NslaIQKS wdrduhg jeäh úg tu frda.S ;;a;ajh ±k .ekSug
,enqKs' m%;Sldr úuiSfï § wU meKs mdkfhka th iqjm;a lr.; yels nj t;=ñhf.ka
±k .kakg ,enqKs' rdyq, ysñfhda ;u .=re ysñhka jQ ießhq;a f;rKqjkag ta nj
±kajQy' Wka jykafia fldfid,a rcud,s.hg jevu fldg wU meKs ,ndf.k ú;a
NoaolÉpdkd f;rKshg ms<s.ekajQy' tu mdkfhka f;rKsh iqjm;a jQjd h'
jhi wjreÿ ye;a;E wfÜ § t;=ñh msßksjka mdkakg ;SrKh lrkq ,enqfõ
nqÿrÿka Ôjudk iufha u th isÿúh hq;=hehs hk woyi we;sj h' nqÿrcdKka
jykafia jev isá úYd,d uykqjr l+Gd.dr Yd,djg jevu fldg ;u woyi
±kajQjd h' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wkq±kqu we;sj m%d;syd¾h ±lajQ NoaolÉpdkd
f;rKsfhda fmr wd;au Njhkays f;dr;=re m%ldY fldg nqÿrÿkaf.a isßmd kuialdr
lr wjir f.k msßksjka mE fial'
hfidaord pß;fhka ldka;djkag ,nd .; yels wdo¾Y
² m;s Nla;sfhka lghq;= l<hq;= nj

² keÈ uhs,Kqjkag hgy;a j" lSlre j úishhq;= nj
² .=K.rel uEKs flkl= úhhq;= nj
² ksryxldr úhhq;= nj
² pdï ir, Ôjk rgdjla mj;ajdf.k hdhq;= nj
² ksle,e,a pß;hlska hqla; úhhq;= nj
² úYsIag {dkfhka hqla; úhhq;= nj
² ´kEu .eg¨jl § bjiSfuka lghq;= l<hq;= nj
42
idrdxYh
rc f.or meje;s iïm;a yer oud meúÈ j fufyKs wimqjl jev fjfiñka
wdOHd;añl iqjh ,enQ ry;a fufyKska jykafia,d w;r uyd m%cdm;Sf.da;ó
f;rKsh yd NoaolÉpdkd f;rKsh iqúfYaI fj;s' tfia jkafka fï fofokd u
nqoaO pß;h yd Rcq in|;djla meje;Su muKla u fkdj wdo¾Yj;a pß;j,ska
hqla; ùu;a Ydik wNsjDoaêhg l< W;=ï fiajh;a ksid h' úfYaIfhka wdOHd;añl
ÈhqKqjg ia;%S;ajh ndOdjla fkdjk nj fï pß; foflka fok jeo.;a wdo¾Yh
jkafka h' wo ojfia wfma Ôjk pß; f.dv k.d .ekSug o fï pß; fnfyúka
jeo.;a jkq we;'
l%shdldrlu
1' uyd m%cdm;Sf.da;ó f;rKsh yd NoaolÉpdkd f;rKshf.a pß; ;=< Tn

is;a.;a .=Kdx. fol ne.ska ,shkak'
2' hfidaord pß;h ;=<ska m;sNla;sh biau;= jk wjia:d folla kï lrkak'
3' —m%cdm;S f.da;ó uEKsfhda˜ hk ud;Dldjg wod< j Tn ,shk rpkhg

we;=<;a l< hq;= lreKq fm< .iajkak'
mejreu
² hfidaord foaúh ms<sn|j ,she ù we;s lú yd .S; tl;= fldg l=vd fmd;la ilia
lrkak'
07 Oïu mofhka ì|la
fuf,dj mrf,dj ÈhqKqj fuka u ksjka wruqK o imqrd .ekSu i|yd

iÿmfoaY imhk Oïu moh" fn!oaO o¾Ykfha tk .eUqre O¾u lreKq ir, Wmud
Ndú;fhka úia;r lrk jákd O¾u .%ka:hls' tys § W.;a kQ.;a f,dl= l=vd ish¨
fokdg f.dapr jk wkaoug tÈfkod Ôú;fha fk; .efgk ixisoaê o mdol fldg
f.k lreKq úia;r lrk whqre wmQre h' .d:d 423 la o j.a. fyj;a mßÉfþo 26la
o Oïu mofhys olakg ,efí' iQ;% msglfha miajk fldgi jk Lqoaol ksldhg wh;a
.%ka: 15ka tlla jk Oïu moh w.kd oyï lreKq md,s mµ wkqidrfhka bÈßm;a
lsÍu úfYaI;ajhla fõ'
iqlrdks widOQks
hym;a fohla l< yelafla hym;a is;sú,s we;s whl=g u h' tu ls%hdfjka
Tyqf.a hym;a nj ;j ;j;a ÈhqKq fõ' tfia jqj;a th t;rï myiq ld¾hhla fkdfõ'
Wvq .x n,d msyskSula jeks ÿIAlr ld¾hhls' tfuka u ;udg whym; msKsi mj;sk
foa isÿ lsÍu myiq h' c,h my<g u .,d hkakdla fuks' fï nj meyeÈ,s flfrk
.d:djla Oïu mofha we;=<;a fõ' tu .d:d foaYkdjg miqìï jQ l:d mqj;la o we;'
rc.y kqjr ìïìidr uyrc;=ud úiska mqok ,o fõ¿jk kï wdrdufha

nqÿrcdKka jykafia jev isák iufha ms~q msKsi yeisfrk wko udysñhka ÿgq
foajo;a; f;rKqfjda Wka jykafiag fufia mejiQy'
—weje;aks" uu wo mgka nqÿrÿka o uyd ix>hd o yer ug mlaImd;s ix>hd iu.

fmdfydh lrñ" wfkla úkh l¾u o lrñ'˜
msKavmd;fhka miqj fjfyrg jeä wdkkao f;rKqfjda foõo;a f;reka úiska m%ldY
lrk ,o ish,a, nqÿrÿkag okajd isáhy'
44
tu wjia:dfõ nqÿrcdKka jykafia fufia jod< fial'
iqlrdks widOQks
w;a;fkda wys;dks p
hx fõ ys;x p idOqxp
;x fõ mru ÿlalrx
Ôïu moh - w;a; j.aa.h&
whym;a oE fuka u ;udg wys; msKsi fya;=jk oE o

myiqfjka l< yels h' hym;a oE fuka u ;udg ys;lr jQ
foa lsÍu b;d u ÿIalr h'
iqoaê wiqoaê mÉp;a;x
ieje;a kqjr pq,a,ld< kï Wmdil flfkla Od¾ñl j Ôj;a úh' Tyq iEu
osklu rd;%sfhys fjfyrg f.dia nK wid w¨hï fõ,dfjys f.or n,d hhs' oskla
w¨hï fõ,dfõ fidreka f.hla ì| Okh meyer .kakd l,ays f.ysñfhda wjÈ jQy'
meyer.;a Okh /f.k fidre m,d .shy' f.ysñfhda fidreka miq mi ÿqn¢kakg
jQy' lr lshd .; yels lsisjla ke;s jQ tla fidfrla nK wid f.or hk pq,a,ld<
Wmdil wi,g fidrnvq oud ieÕù m,d .sfha h'
Oïu mofhka ì|la 45

f.ysñfhda pq,a,ld< Wmdil;a ;u ksjfia NdKav;a ±l fyf;u fidrd hehs
is;d myr fokakg jQy' WoEik c,h f.khdug fmdl=Kg meñKs odi ia;S%yq fudyq
fyd| Wmdilhl= nj;a lsisjl=g jrola fkdlrk whl= nj;a úúOdldrfhka lreKq
lshd Tyq .,jd .;ay'
pq,a,ld< Wmdil ;=ud úydrhg f.dia ;udg isÿjQ yÈis lrorh NslaIQka
jykafia,dg fy<s lf<a h' NslaIQka jykafia fj;ska f;dr;=re ±k.;a nqÿrcdKka
jykafia my; i|yka .d:dj jod<y'
w;a;kdj l;x mdmx

w;a;kd ixls,siai;s
w;a;kd wl;x mdmx
w;a;kdj úiqÊ®;s
iqoaê wiqoaê mÉp;a;x
kd[af[da w[a[x úfidaOfha
Ôïu moh - w;a; j.a.h&
;ud úiska u lrk ,o mdmh ;ud ls,sá lrkafka h' ;ud

úiska fkdlrk ,o mdmh ;ud msßisÿ lrhs' msßisÿ nj
fyda wmsßisÿ nj ;u ;ud w; u mj;skakls' flfkla ;j
flkl= msßisÿ fkdlrhs'
fuu foaYkd wkqj ne,Sfï § meyeÈ,s jkafka wmf.a Ôú; ksje/È u. u

.uka lrùug hym;a l%shd úYd, msgqn,hla imhk njhs'
m<uq .d:dfõ tk idOq hkafkka woyia jkafka hym;a p¾hdjka h' widOq
hkq whym;a p¾hdjka h' ta ta ixialD;sl" wd.ñl" idudðl mßirh wkqj fyd|
krl ms<sn| w¾: ksrEmK úúO iajrEm .; yels h' fuys § w¾:j;a jkafka fn!oaO
b.ekaùï wkqj hym;a foa hkak h' nqÿ oyu ;=< fm!oa.,sl iqn isoaêh Wfoid wod<
lr.; yels m%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï iuqodhla mj;S'
miamúka je<lSu
oi wl=i,fhka fjkaùu
mrdNj lreKqj,ska neyer ùu
46
jeks m%lg lreKq lsysmhla ms<sn|j jqj o i,ld ne,Sfuka ta nj ;yjqre fõ' widOq
O¾uhkaf.ka fjkaùu myiq fkdfõ' tu ksid m<uq .d:dfjka whym;a oE isÿ lsÍu
myiq nj foaYkd fldg ;sfí' —lrk l,g mõ ñysßh ó fia˜ hehs ùod.u ud ysñhka
f,dajev iÕrdfõ § m%ldY l< mßÈ mõlï lsÍu ó meKs fuka rij;a h¦ myiq h¦
úfkdaoh i;=g f.k fohs' tfy;a th ;djld,sl h' tys m%;sM, wmf.a fuf,dj
hym; j<ld,k w;r Nj.dó Èúmeje;au o lgql tlla njg m;alsÍug fya;= fõ'
foõo;a f;rKqjka Wm;ska rdclShfhls' tfy;a Wka jykafia ;udf.a

yelshdjka ;udf.a whym; msKsi u Ndú; l< neúka ;ud Wmojd.;a wNs{dj,ska o
msßyS .shy¦ wmdh.dó jQy' wmdh hkq msßySu" iem ke;s ;ek hk w¾: fok mohls'
wm o myiq jqj;a iqkaor jqj;a whym;a oE isÿ l<fyd;a wmf.a Èúh o iem wysñ"
ÿIalr" lgql ;;a;ajhlg m;a ùu ksrkqudk h' tneúka isiqka jk wmg o u;=jk
.eg¨ yd ÿIalr;d ú| ord .ksñka wem-lem ù wOHdmk lghq;=j, ksr; jqj fyd;a
Wiia Èú meje;aula ks¾udKh lr .; yels h' kQ;k iudcfha by<ska u jecfUk
fndfyda fokd tfia wem-lem ùu ;=<ska ;u Ôú;h Wiia ;;a;ajhlg m;alr .;a
wh jk njg fndfyda f;dr;=re imhd .; yels h'
foõo;a f;rKqjka whym;a oE isÿ lsÍfuka ;ud muKla msßySug m;ajQjd

fkdfõ' fyf;u ;u ñ;%hd jQ Y%oaOdjka; wcdi;a; uy rc;=ud o ms;D>d;l
wdkka;ßh mdml¾uhg fhduq lf<a h' tmuKla fkdj foajo;a; f;rKqjka
wkq.ukh l< NslaIQyq o whym;g fhduq lrjk ,oy' wi;amqreIhd ;ud muKla
msßfykafka fkdfõ' Tyq wdY%s; iudch o mßydkshg fhduqlrjkafkls' fï ;;a;ajh
ukdj jgyd f.k wm widOq p¾hd ÿre l< hq;= w;r tjeks wmpdÍ p¾hd iys; wh
weiqre fkdlsÍug o W;aidy l< hq;= h¦ mqreÿ úh hq;= h' lsß l<hg f.du ì÷jla
jeàfuka th iïmQ¾Kfhka u ksIam%fhdack fõ' tu ksid wmf.a idOqiïu; Ôú;
kue;s lsß l<hg widOq p¾hd kue;s f.du ì÷jla tl;= ùug bv fkd;nd lghq;=
lruq' th t;rï myiq ld¾hhla fkdjkq we;' kuq;a mshjfrka mshjr wms ta i|yd
mqyqKq fjuq¦ idOqp¾hdjkag u fhduqfjuq' thska Ôú;hg ,efnk wdf,dalh úYd, h'
wm fl;rï ksje/È jqj;a fkdl< jrolg je/Èldrhl= ù weKqï-neKqï"

o~qjï ú£ug isÿ jk wjia:d we;' ksje/È wmg hul= o~qjï l<;a wm je/Èldrhka
jkafka ke;' ulaksid o h;a wm jrola isÿfldg fkdue;s neúks' w,af,ys ;=jd,hla
ke;skï fudk ;rï úIla w;ska .kq ,enqj;a YÍrhg úI we;=¿ fkdfjk nj nqoaO
foaYkdjhs'

wms lsishï jrola lf<uq kï thska ls,sá jQ pß; we;af;da fjuq' Wml%uhlska
fyda kS;sfha /yekska ñ§ isáh;a ;u yDo idlaIHh wkqj ;ud je/Èldrfhla u
jkafka h' Bg Wreu jk ÿla úmdlfhka w; ñ§u myiq fkdfõ' wm fuf,dj
jYfhka ldhsl udkisl mSvdj,g fhduq jkafka h' mrf,dal jYfhka wmdhd§
ÿlaj,g Ndckh jkafka h' wm úiska l< hqq;= jkafka mõlïj, úmdl ±k
y÷kdf.k tajdhska wE;a j isàuhs' frda.hla we;s jQjdg miq thg ms<shï lrkjdg
jvd frda.fhka je<lS isàu jvd;a iqÿiq h hkak fn!oaO WmfoaYhhs'
;ud úiska lrk ,o whym;a l%shd ksid ;ud wmsßisÿ jkjd fuka u ;ud
úiska lrk ,o hym;a ls%hd ksid ;ud msßisÿ ùu o isÿ fõ' flkl= msßisÿ jkafka
fyda wmsßisÿ jkafka Tyqf.a l%shd l,dmh wkqj h'
u.Odêm;s wcdi;a rcqf.a mQ¾K wkq.%yh ,enqfKa ù kuq;a foõo;a

f;rKqjkag l<lïj,ska .e<ùug fkdyels úh' tfia u fkdl< jrolg ;dvk-
mSvk ,o pq,a,ld< Wmdil;=ud wdOHd;añl jYfhka Ôú;h Wiia u ;;a;ajhlg
m;a lr .;af;a h' tu ksid wms o l< je/È úúO wh:d l%u u.ska i`.jd fkdf.k
fkdl< je/Èj,g yiq fkdù l,amkdldÍ j lghq;= lruq'
idrdxYh
;udf.a whym; msKsi fya;=jk oE myiqfjka l< yels w;r ;udg ys;lr
jQ hym;a foa lsÍu b;d u ÿIalr h'
;ud úiska lrk ,o mdmh ;ud ls,sá lrkafka h' ;ud úiska fkdlrk
,o mdmh ;ud msßisÿ lrhs' msßisÿ nj fyda wmsßisÿ nj fyda ;u ;ud w; u
mj;skakls' flfkla ;j flkl= msßisÿ fkdlr;s'
48
l%shdldrlu
1' fuu .d:d ksje/È WÉpdrKfhka hq;= j ;d,hlg .dhkd lrkak'
2' fuu .d:d wdY%fhka wmg ,nd.; yels Wmfoia we;=<;a ;Sre ,smshla rpkd
lrkak'
mejreu
² fuu mdvfï we;=<;a Oïu mo .d:dj, w¾: we;=<;a jk fia moH ks¾udKh
lrkak'

08 W;=ï meje;afuka
Èú ux ire lruq
ñksia Èúh Wiia lsÍug u.fmkajk b.ekaùï /ila nqÿ oyfuys we;=<;a h'
tn÷ .=Kdx. w;=ßka isõ nU úyrKj,g ysñ jkafka iqúfYaI ia:dkhls' fu;a;d"
lreKd" uqÈ;d" WfmlaLd hkq tu nU úyrK i;rhs' fuu .=Kdx. n%yau úydr" n%yau
úyrK hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ' n%yau hkafkys W;=ï" fY%aIaG hk wre;a we;=<;a h'
úyrK hkafkys meje;au" jdih lsÍu hk wre;a we;' ta wkqj n%yau úyrK hkq
W;=ï meje;au hkakhs' fuu úyrK i;r p;= wmamu[a[d hkqfjka o ye¢kafjhs'
isõ nU úyrK Wiia uÜgñka m%.=K lsÍu n%yauhdg iudk ùula f,i ie,flhs'
foudmshka uyd n%yauhdg Wmud fldg we;af;a o fuu Wiia .=Kdx. foudmshka
orejka flfrys m;=rejk neúks'
fu;a;d
fu;a;d hkq ys;j;a njhs¦ ienE ñ;%;ajhhs' ke;fyd;a ffu;%shhs' ñ;=rl=

ms<sn| ;ud ;=< we;s ys;j;a Ndjhg iudk ys;j;a Ndjhla ish¨ Ôùka flfrys
we;s lr .ekSu ffu;%S Ndjkdfjka isÿ fjhs' ñ;%;ajh ish¨ Ôùka flfrys u
±laùu Wiia udkqIsl .=Kdx.hls' ienE ñ;=rd ish ñ;=rdg wjevla" úm;la fjkjdg
wleue;s fõ' Tyq ñ;=rdf.a ÈhqKqj u wfmalaId lrhs' ñ;=rd iïnkaOfhka we;s
lr .kakd jQ tu ys;j;alu ;ud wm%sh lrk" wukdm wh iïnkaOfhka o we;s
lr .ekSu ffu;%shhs' fuu ;;a;ajh Wiia yeisÍula jkafka wdhdihlska f;dr
j ;udg yuq jk ´kE u whl= iïnkaOfhka ys;j;a njla f.dvkÕd .ekSug
yelshdjla mj;S kï muKs' lsisjlaa wfmalaIdfjka hul= flfrys we;s lr .kakd
ne£u ffu;%sh fkdfõ' iEu whl= flfrys u tn÷ ,dNdfmalaIdjlska f;dr j we;s
wjHdc jQ ienE ys;j;alu ffu;%shhs' ffu;%S iy.; is;=ú,s iys; mqoa.,hd ish¨
Ôùka iefmka isákq ±lSug leue;s fjhs' ksrka;rfhka fujeks is;=ú,a,la mj;ajd
.ekSug kï th Ndjkdjla f,i m%.=K l< hq;= h' tfia is; m%.=K lsÍu ffu;%S
Ndjkdj hkqfjka wms y÷kajuq' fï wdldrfhka is; m%.=K lsÍu fu;a;d úydrh
hkqfjka o ye¢kafõ' lrKShfu;a; iQ;%fha i|yka jk wdldrhg ffu;%sh jeãfï
50
§ ujl ;u tl u mq;=g olajk ys;j;alug iudk ys;j;alula ish¨ Ôùka flfrys
me;srúh hq;= h'
lreKd
wka whg úm;la lrorhla ÿlla we;s jQ úg ta ms<sn| we;s jk wkqlïmd

iy.; is;ska l%shd lsÍu lreKdjhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia Èkm;d WoEik uyd
lreKd iudm;a;sfhka f,dalh foi n,d msysg úh hq;= whg msysg jQ fial' lror
úm;a meñKs úg ´kE u whl= wirK úh yels h' Wia" my;a" Okj;a" ÿmam;a lsisÿ
fNaohla Bg n,fkdmdhs'
wirKhl= ÿgq úg Tyqg msysg úh hq;= h hk yeÕSu ksrdhdifhka is; ;=<

cks; jkafka kï th n%yau úydrhls' fm!oa.,sl ys;j;alï fyda kE in|;d fyda
u; Wojq Wmldr lsÍug bÈßm;a jk iajNdjh ienE lreKdj fkdfõ' ldreKsl;ajh
uekúka m%.=K l< ;eke;a;d cd;sh" l=,h fyda kEoE ys;j;alï fyda fkdi,ld
lghq;= lrhs' ÿllg lrorhlg m;a jk ljrl=g jqj o wka whf.a Wojq Wmldr
wjYH fõ' tfia Wojq Wmldr lsÍug fm<öula we;s jkafka lreKd iy.; is;sú,s
we;s úg muKs' j¾;udkfha iylïmkh hkqfjka ye¢kafjkafka o fuu .=Khhs'
ñksiqka flfrys muKla fkdj" lror úm;aj,g f.dÿre jk ish,a,ka flfrys u
Wojq Wmldr lsÍug fhduq ùu lreKdfõ iajNdjhhs' ;u ksjfia we;s ±ä jk
iqr;,a i;=kag olajk wdor ie,ls,a, tjeks u jQ fjk;a i;a;ajhska flfrys o
±laùu ksoiqkla f,i fmkajd Èh yels h' lsishï ukqIHhl= fyda ;sßika i;l=
fyda ÿlg" wirK Ndjhg m;a j we;s wjia:djl § Wmldr lsÍug fhduq jkafka
ldreKsl wfhls' lreKdfjka msreKq mqoa.,hska fjfik iudchl wirKhska wvq
fõ' tlsfkldg Wojq Wmldr lr .kakd iudchla iqÅ; uqÈ; jkq we;' lreKd
is;=ú,a, m%.=K lsÍu lreKd Ndjkdj jYfhka ye¢kafõ' lreKdj uekúka m%.=K
l< ;e;e;a;d wka whf.a ÿlg msysg fjhs¦ úúO wdldrfhka fkdu.g fhduq jQjka
iqu.g .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'
uqÈ;d
wka whf.a ÈhqKqj ±l tu ÈhqKqj ;udg we;s jQjla fia i,ld i;=gg m;a
jk iajNdjh uqÈ;djhs' ´kE u mqoa.,hl= jvd leue;s jkafka ;u ÈhqKqj h' ;udf.a
ÈhqKqj ±l i;=gq jkjd fia u wka whf.a ÈhqKqj ±l i;=gq ùu o Wiia .=Kdx.hls'
iem;g m;a ;eke;a;d ;u ys;j;l= fyda {d;shl= fyda kï túg we;s jk i;=g
uqÈ;d .=Khla f,i ie,lsh fkdyels h' kEoE ys;j;alï lsis;a fkdue;s j ´kE u
W;=ï meje;afuka Èú ux ire lruq 51
mqoa.,hl=f.a ÈhqKqjl § wdhdihlska f;dr j i;=gg m;a ùug yels ùu uqÈ;d n%yau
úydrh f,i ie,lsh yels h' uqÈ;d .=Kh mqoa.,hd ;=< ksrdhdifhka cks; jk
is;sú,a,la fkdfõ' tu .=Kh wdhdifhka j¾Okh lr .; hq;a;ls' mqyqÿka ñksid
;=< jeä jYfhka cks; jk is;sú,a, B¾IHdj h' fuu is;sú,a, hgm;a lr .ekSug
wm uqÈ;d .=Kh m%.=K l< hq;= h¦ fï i|yd jeäh hq;af;a uqÈ;d Ndjkdj h'
WfmlaLd
f,dalfha yd Ôú;fha iajNdjh ms<sn| ukd jegySula iys; j ljr ;;a;ajhla

yuqfõ jqj isf;ys iunr nj mj;ajdf.k hdug we;s yelshdj WfmalaIdjhs' tfy;a
l=iS; nj fyda wkqjKlu fyda ksid lsisjla .Kka fkd.kakd iajNdjh WfmalaIdj
fkdfõ' ÿl iem fofla § uki iunr j mj;ajdf.k hdu Wiia ;;a;ajhls' tfia
jqj o mqoa.,hdf.a idudkH iajNdjh ÿfla § ÿla ùu h' iemfha § i;=gq ùu h' ÿl
iem foflys § u iunr is;a mj;ajdf.k hdu n%yauúydrhls' mqoa.,hska yd jia;+
flfrys wiSñ; ne£ï we;s lr .ekSu o .egqï we;s lr .ekSu o isf;ys iunr nj
ì| jeàug fya;= fõ' i;=g fyda fkdi;=g fyda yuqfõ fkdief,k ueoy;a nj fuys
iajNdjhhs' WfmalaId iy.; mqoa.,hd m%shckl mqoa.,hka fyda m%shckl jia;= fyda
ms%hckl isoaê fyda ksid wuq;= WfoHda.hla fyda Woaoduhla fyda we;s lr fkd.kS'
tfia u wm%shckl w;a±lSïj,g uqyqK §fï § o fkdi;=gg fyda lïmkhg fyda m;a
fkdù iunr ukilska hq;= j lghq;= lrhs'
isõ nU úyrKfhka hq;= j jdih lsÍfuka ;u ÈhqKqj o wka whf.a

ÈhqKqj o we;s lr .; yels h' ñ;=re is; m;=rejk úg wka whg ysxid lsÍug
Tyq fkdfm,fò' ysxidldÍ is;=ú,sj,ska wE;a jk úg is;g uy;a iykhla ,efí'
ish¨ wmrdO isÿ jkafkaa ysxidldÍ is;=ú,s we;s úg h' fu;a is; m;=rejkafka m%;s
Wmldr wfmalaIdfjka fkdjk ksid wlD;{ ùu ms<sn| wukdmlï we;s fkdfõ'
iudch ;=< isÿ jk úúO wdldrfha ysxidldÍ l%shd wúysxidjdÈ is;=ú,sj,ska hgm;a
fõ' iqyoYS,S nj ish¨ fokd fj; m;=rejk úg m%;súfrdaO;d hgm;a fõ' tjeks
iudchl widOdrKlï" wlghq;=lï we;s ùug we;s bvlv weysÍ hhs'
lror úm;a isÿ jk úg ljrl=g jqjo wka whf.a Wojq Wmldr wjYH fõ'
;ks ;ksj fuka u iduQysl j o tjeks lror" úm;a j,g uqyqK §ug isÿ jkafka
wkfmalaIs; j h' ldreKsl ñksiqka fjfik iudchl úm;g m;a jQjkag läkñka
iyk ie,fia' miq.sh wjêfha furg we;s jQ .xj;=r" iqkdñ jeks úm;a;sodhl
wjia:dj, § fndfyda fokd läkñka iqÅ; uqÈ; jQfha wka whf.a lreKdj Tjqka
flfrys fhduq jQ ksid h'
52
wka whf.a ÈhqKqj ±l i;=gg m;a jk" uqÈ;d .=Kh mj;sk iudchl ÈhqKqj
fõ.j;a fõ' tjeks iudchla mßydkshg m;a fkdfõ' B¾IHdj" fl%daOh" ffjrh
jeks udkisl ÿn,;d uqÈ;dfjka hgm;a fõ' tksid iudc .egqï wvq fõ'
WfmalaId .=Kh ÈhqKq lr .;a úg ,dN" w,dN" hi" whi" kskaod" m%Yxid"
iem" ÿla wdÈ wIagf,dal O¾u yuqfõ fkdie,S jdih lsÍug yels h' udkisl
iunr;dj úúO f,vfrda. iukhg fuka u mqoa.,hdf.a .=Kd;aul w.h j¾Okh
lr .ekSug o bjy,a fõ'
idrdxYh

fu;a;d" lreKd" uqÈ;d" WfmlaLd hkq i;r n%yau úyrK h' Wiia jQ
yeisÍu hkak fuys woyihs' fu;a;d hkq ys;j;a njhs' wka whf.a ÿfla §
msysg ùug bÈßm;a jk is;=ú,a, lreKdj fõ' wkHhkaf.a ÈhqKqj ±l i;=gq
jk iajNdjh uqÈ;dj fõ' ÿl iem fofla § ueoy;a is;=ú,s mj;ajdf.k hdu
WfmalaIdj fõ' fuu .=K O¾uj,ska hq;= mqoa.,hd fY%aIaG wfhls' fuu .=Kdx.
m%.=K lsÍfuka mqoa.,hdg fuka u iudchg o iekis,sodhl ;;a;ajhla Wod lr
.; yels h'
l%shdldrlu
1' i;r n%yau úyrK kï lr tu .=Kdx. meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' fuu .=Kdx. m%.=K lsÍfuka ,efnk m%fhdack fmkajd fokak'
W;=ï meje;afuka Èú ux ire lruq 53

mejreu
² odkm;shka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk iudc i;aldrl jevigyka ms<n| m<jk
mqj;am;a jd¾;d fidhdf.k tajd jßkajr mka;sfha m%o¾Ykh lrkak'
54
09 iS, iq.kaOh u
W;=ï jkafka h
iS,h hkq ldhsl yd jdpisl YslaIKhhs' mqoa.,hdf.a yslaóuhs¦ yeÈÉpluhs'

ÿYapß;fhka je<lS isàu iy iqpß;h wdrlaId lsÍu thska woyia fjhs' pß;
ixj¾Okh wruqKq fldg mj;akd iS,h ksjka uf.ys w;a;sjdru h¦ moku h' tfia
jkafka tys msysgd f.k u fiiq m%;smodjka wkq.ukh l< hq;= neúks' —flf,ia
;jk ù¾hfhka hq;a" iir ìh olakd" kqjKe;s ;eke;a;d iS,fhys msysgd iudêh o
m%{dj o jeãfuka ish¨ wjq,a ksrjq,a lrkafka h'˜ hkq nqoaO jpkhhs'
fï iir ÿla iys; h' widr jQ iir blaujd" ÿl Èkd úuqla;sh Wodlr.kq
msKsi nqÿrÿka jod< ud¾.h" ÿlaL ksfrdaO.dñKS mámodj kï fõ' th iS," iudê
m%{d hk ;%súO YslaIdjlska hqla; h' tys uq,ska u ±lafjkqfha o iS,hhs' iïud jdpd"
iïud lïuka; iy iïud wdÔj hk ud¾.dx. iS, YslaIdjg we;=<;a fõ' ldhsl
jdpisl ÿisß;aj,ska fjkaù" iqisß;aj, ksr;ùu ñka woyia flf¾' fm< oyfuys
iS,h úúOdldrfhka meyeÈ,s ù ;sfí'
mqoa.,hl= úiska /ialr .; hq;= wdOHd;añl Ok y;ls' tys fojekak iS,hhs'

tu Okh /ia lr .;a ;eke;a;d È<skafola fkdfõ'
i÷ka ;=jr,dÈ ish¨ iq.kaO" iS, iq.kaOh úiska mrojkq ,efí' u,a
iqj| mßirh iqj|j;a lrhs' th há iq<`.g iSud fjhs' Wvqiq<`.g yud fkdhhs'
i;amqreIhkaaf.a iS, iq.kaOh Wvqiq<`.g o yud hkafka h' wo;a wms iïud
iïnqÿrcdKka jykafiag jkaokd lruq¦ f.!rj lruq¦ mqo i;aldr lruq' ießhq;a"
uq.,ka" iSj,S wdÈ uy ry;ka jykafia,d jkaokd lruq' Wkajykafia,d msßksjkg
jev jir fooyia mkaishhla bl=;a j f.disks' tfy;a wmf.a jkaokhg md;% jkafka
Wkajykafia,d W;=ï iS, iq.kaOfhka o iq.kaOj;a jQ neúks'
iS, iq.kaOh u W;=ï jkafka h 55

pdß;% iS,h yd jdß;% iS,h
pdß;%h yd jdß;%h iS,fha uQ,sl m%fNaohla fõ' pdß;%h iudodkh f,i
o ye¢kafjhs' tkï l<hq;a; lsÍuhs' jdß;%h hkq úruKh fyj;a je<lSuhs'
fkdl<hq;a; fkdlsÍuhs' mxp iS, m%;smodfjka fuh jgyd .; yels h' wm mr mK
keiSfuka je<lS l%shd l< hq;= h' th jdß;%h fyj;a úruKhhs' jdß;%fhka muKla
iS,h wx. iïmQ¾K fkdfjhs' pdß;%h o tys ,d wjYH h' tkï ish¨ i;a;ajhka
flfrys ohdj yd ffu;%sh ±laúh hq;= h' th pdß;% iS,h fyj;a iudodkh kï
fjhs' fkdÿka oE .ekSfuka ^fidrlfuka& je<lSu úruKhhs' iudodkh kï ÿka foa
muKla .ksñka" fidr is;ska f;dr j msßisÿ is;ska jdih lsÍuhs' ldufhys jrojd
yeisÍfuka je<lSu jdß;% YS,hhs' ;u iajdñmqreIhdg fyda Nd¾hdjg fyda muKla
iSudfjñka YsIag iïu; wUqieñ Ôú;hla .; lsÍu pdß;% YS,hhs' fndrelSfuka
je<lS i;H l;d lsÍu" fla<dï lSfuka je<lS iu.sh we;s lrjk jpk l;d
lsÍu" r¿ jokska je<lS uDÿjoka l;d lsÍu yd ksIaM, jpk l;d lsÍfuka je<lS
w¾:j;a jpk l;d lsÍu wdÈ jYfhka jdß;%h yd pdß;%h ;=<ska iS,h iïmQ¾K fõ'
ÿrdpdrfhka f;dr iodpdr iïmkak iudchla ks¾udKh fõ'
ysß T;a;mam
ysß T;a;mam fol iS,fhys mokuhs' tajd foaj O¾u" f,dal md,l O¾u
f,i o ye¢kafjhs' fuys zysßZ hkq mõ lsÍug we;s ,Êcdj h' T;a;mam hkq mõ
lsÍug we;s ìhhs' —foúhka i;= .=K O¾u˜ ke;fyd;a —flkl= foaj;ajhg Wiia
lrjk .=K O¾u˜ hk w¾:fhka fïjd foaj O¾u kï fõ' hul= mjg ,Êcdjla fyda
ìhla ke;akï is,aj;a ðú;hla f.dvkÕd .ekSug fm,fUkafka ke;' Tyq ´kE u
ÿisß;lg myiqfjka u fm,fò' is,aj;a Ôú;hlg fm,fUkafka ysß T;a;mam we;s
;eke;a;d h' tu ksid ysß T;a;mam fol iS,fha mokuhs' iS,hg b;d u <Õska isg
Wmldr lrkafka;a ta fol h' fuys ,Êcdj yd nh hkq idudkH Ôú;fha iuyr
wjia:dj, § wmg we;sjk nh fyda ,Êcdj fkdj" mjq lsÍug we;s ,Êcdjla yd
ìhhs' tfyhska nqÿrÿka úiska fuu .=K O¾u fol zf,dajeiaidf.a yeisÍu md,kh
lrk lreKqZ fyj;a f,dal md,l O¾u f,i y÷kajd § we;'
zmdKd;smd;d fõruKs islaLdmox iudÈhdñZ uu mrmK keiSfuka je<lSfï

YslaIdmoh iudoka fjñ hehs lshk úg lrkqfha ;uka ;ukag u fmdfrdkaÿ ùuls'
wm wmg u fok fmdfrdkaÿjla lv lrkafka kï th ;uka úiska ;uka rjgd
.ekSula fõ' is,a iudokaùu hkq nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wd{djla ms<sme§ug
tlÕùula fkdfõ' nqÿ oyfuys wd{d ke;' tfyhska nqÿrÿkag fyda wka flkl=g
fyda ìh ù is,a /lSula o isÿjkafka ke;'
56
iS,fhys ;%sfldaá mdßY=oaêh
—;s%fldaá mdßY=oaêh˜ hkq wxY ;=klska fyj;a ;=ka wdldrhlska iS,h wdrlaId
lsÍuhs' tkï"
1' mõlï fkdlsÍu
2' mõlï fkdlrùu
3' wka wh lrk úg wkqu; fkdlsÍu
fï wdldrhg fiiq YslaIdjka flfrys o mej;sh hq;= nj fuys W.kajd ;sfí'
fuys § >d;k" ysxik fuka u tajd i|yd wkqn, §ï wkqu; lsÍï wdÈfhka
je<lSu woyia fjhs' ta wkqj iS,fhka mqoa.,hdf.a ÈhqKqj ie,fihs' tfia u
lreKdj ohdj wdÈ Wiia udkj .=K O¾u iudchg odhdo lsÍu u.ska iudc
iodpdrh o j¾Okh fõ'

w;a;+mkdhl O¾u m¾hdh
is,a /lSfï § w;a;+mkdhl O¾u m¾hdh wkqj l%shd lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'
m%dK>d; YslaIdj wdrlaId lsÍfï § w;a;+mkdhsl O¾u m¾hdh fufia Ndú; l<
yels h' ;ud Ôj;a ùug leue;s h¦ urKhg wleue;s h' fiiq i;a;ajfhda o Ôj;a
ùug leue;s h¦ urKhg wleue;s h¦ o~qjug" o~quq.=rej,g ìh h' tf,i ;ud Wmud
fldg wkqka keiSfuka je<lsh hq;= h' i;a;ajhskaf.a Ôj;a ùfï whs;sh iqrlaIs;
lsÍu fuhska woyia flf¾' tfia u ;udf.a foam< ;ud ika;lfha mj;ajdf.k
hdug iEu mqoa.,hd u leue;s h' th wjfndaO fldg f.k wkqkaf.a foam< meyer
.ekSfuka je<lS isáh hq;= h' fiiq YslaId mo iïnkaOfhka o fuf,i l%shd lsÍu
w;a;+mkdhsl O¾u m¾hdhg wkqj l%shd lsÍuls'
flkl= Okj;a fyda W.;a jqj o reje;s fyda l=,e;s jqj o iS,fhka f;dr
jQfha kï Tyqf.a Ôú;h ksIaM, h' tfyhska wms o is,aj;a fjuq'
idrdxYh

fn!oaO wdpdr O¾u w;r iS,hg ysñjkafka m%uqLia:dkhls' iS,h hkak
úúO ;ek úúOd¾:j;a jQ mohls' is,aj;aùu i|yd wjYH jk f,dal md,l O¾u
folls' tkï mjg ìh yd ,Êcdjhs' iS,fhys úr;sh yd iudodkh;a ;%sfldaál
mdßY=oaêh;a wms fuu mdvfuka bf.k .;suq' mdi, ;=< hym;a isiqka f,i o"
iodpdr iïmkak iudchl idudðlhka f,i o ðj;a ùug wms leue;af;uq'

tn÷ iudchla f.dvkÕd .ekSfï j.lSfuka fldgila wm fj; o mejÍ we;'
tys § uQ,sl wjYH;dj is,aj;a ùuhs' ta i|yd wm múka je<lsh hq;= h' mõ lrk
whg lsisÿ wkqn,hla fkd§ yels yeu úfgl u Tjqka mdmfhka j<lajd,Sug
mshjr .; hq;= h' Tjqkag múka je<lSfï wdksYxi wjfndaO lr §ug mshjr
.; hq;= h' fï ish,a,g u moku jkafka mj ms<sl=,a lsÍu yd mjg ìh ùuhs'
tneúka ysß T;a;mam iïmkak Ôú;hla u f.dvkÕd .ekSug wêIaGdkYS,Ssj
lghq;= lruq' túg wm ksji" mdi," m<d; fuka u iuia; foaYh u fid÷re
;ekla jkafka u h'
58
l%shdldrlu
1' iS, hkafkys w¾:h f.kyer olajkak'
2' m%dK>d; YslaId moh weiqre lr .ksñka úr;sh yd iudodkh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' ysß T;a;mam fya;= fldg f.k wm is,aj;a jk whqre fmkajd fokak'
4' iS,fhys ;%sfldaál mdßY=oaêh tla YslaId mohla weiqfrka y÷kajkak'
mejreu
² wIagdx. iS, iudodkhl § wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk isß;a - úß;a meyeÈ,s

lrñka mdi,a ì;a;s mqj;a m;g ,smshla ms<sfh, lrkak'

mqyqKqjg
1' lsisue i;l= fkdurñ uu fkd urjñ

urK whg lsisfi;a wkqn, fkd foñ
lsisjl= fkd fjfyiñ yeug ue iqj m;ñ
fuf,i m<uq islmo imqrd rlsñ
2' wkqka i;= kqÿka foh fydfrks fkd .ksñ

fkd .kajñ fydrekayg wkqn, fkd foñ
;uka i;= fohska i;=gq j ojißñ
fojekak o fufuka imqrd ue iqrlsñ
3' ñiyisßksÿ Èúysñ fldge ue j<lsñ

ore l,e l=ur nUir ksisfia mqrñ
;=reKqje iror i;=áka iekiS fjfiñ
fuú,i f;jekak o imqrd /l .ksñ
4' fndre fkdue lshñ wkqkqÿ tys fkd ue fhdoñ

lshkqjkg o lsisfi;a wkqn, fkdfoñ
ksis ;ek muK ±ke we;a;la ue mjiñ
isjq jk isl o fuf,iska imqrd rlsñ
5' u;ameka fkd fndñ fkd fmdjñ ÿuqÿ fkdue fndñ

fndkakkayg o wkq ±kqula fkdue lrñ
u;ajk yeu fohska isysfkkqÿ j<lsñ
miajk isl o fuf,iska imqrd rlsñ
^me<Efka isß jðr{dK uy kd ysñ - fn!oaO <uhd&
mo újrKh
1' ojißñ - l,a f.jñ
2' fufuka - fï whqßka
3' ñiyisßksÿ - je/È yeisÍfuka o
4' ore l,e - <ud ld,fha
5' ;=reKqje - ;reK ld,fha §
6' iror i;=áka - ish ìß|f.ka i;=gq ùu
7' ÿuqÿ fkdue fndñ - ÿï o fkdfndñ
60
10 bgq lruq hq;=lï
´kE u iudchl hymeje;au Wfoid iudcfha Ôj;ajk iefjdu ;u ;ukaf.a

hq;=lï yd j.lSï bgq lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' miq.sh fYa%Ksj, § wms udkj hq;=lï
ms<sn| ;rula ÿrg Wf.k we;af;uq' fuys § wjOdkh fhduq jkafka is.df,dajdo
iQ;%h weiqßka fiajH-fiajl in|;d iy .sys-meúÈ in|;d fn!oaO idrO¾u w.hñka
l%shd;aul lrkafka flfia o hkak ms<sn|j h' iudcfha iEu idudðlhl= u
iqpß; l%shdjkays fh§fuka wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj fuka u iudc ixj¾Okh o we;s lr
.ekSug W;aidyj;a ùfï wjYH;dj nqÿ oyu fmkajd fohs'
fiajH - fiajl hq;=lï
lsishï wdh;khl whs;slrejka" l<ukdlrejka" wOHlaIjreka fyda

md,lhka fiajH mlaIh f,i ie,lsh yels h' Tjqka hgf;ys fiajh lrkafkda
fiajlfhda h' fiajHhd;a fiajlhd;a wdh;ksl ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrk neúka fmdÿfõ
.;a l,ays ish,af,da u M,odhl jevl ksr; jk wh fj;s' fiajH-fiajl in|;dj
ßh iflys" pl%h ^frdaoh& kdNsh ^fndiaf.äh& iy wr ^.rdÈ& w;r iïnkaOh fuks'
ßhil fkdleã fkdì£ lerflkafka tlsfklg WmldÍj fndiaf.äh yd .rdÈ
w;r iïnkaOh we;s l,ays h' tneúka fomlaIhg u by< M,odhs;djla i|yd iqyo
in|;djla wjYH h' ta wkqj fiajHhd úiska fiajlhd;a" fiajlhd úiska fiajHhd;a
we.hSug fmd,Ujk b.ekaùula is.df,dajdo iQ;% foaYkdfjys ±lafjkafka fufia h'
udkj m%cdfõ meje;au fjkqfjka ksIamdok iy fiajd w;HjYH fõ' tys §

nqoaêuh iy ldhsl Y%u odhl;ajh m%Odk h' ta u; udkj m%cdfõ bÈß .uk r|d
mj;sk w;r fiajlhd tys moku h' is.df,dajdo iQ;%fhys fiajH fiajl in|;dj
i|yka lsÍfï § th hg osYdj f,i olajd ;sfí' tys § fiajHhd úiska wjOdkh
fhduq l< hq;= lreKq myla we;' tajd fufia h'
1' fiajlhdf.a Yla;s m%udKhg jev fldgia mejÍu
2' ksis mßÈ wdydr yd jegqma ,nd §u
bgq lruq hq;=lï 61

3' fi!LH myiqlï i,id §u
4' rij;a wdydrmdk fnod §u
5' wjYH wjia:dj, § ksjdvq ,nd§u iy ksis l,g úY%du ,nd §u
kQ;k f,dalfha udkj whs;sjdislï iy lïlre whs;sjdislï ms<snò

m%{ma;Skag o wkq.; wka;¾cd;sl uÜgfï b.ekaùula jYfhka fuu lreKq w.h
l< yels h' fiajlhd ,jd flfia fyda jev lrjd .ekSu fkdj b;d f<ka.;= j
Tyqf.a o hym; Wod lrñka fiajh ,nd .ekSu fuu.ska isÿ jk nj meyeÈ,s h'
fiajlhdf.a Yla;s m%udKhg jev mejÍu jvd;a fyd| fiajdjla ,nd .ekSug
uQ,sl jYfhka WmldÍ jkakls' lsishï ld¾hhla fiajlhd ,jd bgq lr .ekSug
l%shd lsÍfï § Bg wod< ldhsl Yla;sh fuka u udkisl Yla;sh o Tyq i;= j we;af;a
±hs fiajHhd úiska ie,lsh hq;= h' ±ßh fkdyels ;rï jev mejÍfuka fiajlhd
w;Dma;shg m;a jk w;r tu`.ska jev u.yer isàug fyda uekúka fkdlsÍug
fyda Tyq fm,fUhs' m<mqreÿ úfYaI{ ±kqu iy mqyqKqj iys; whg ta ta ld¾hh
mejÍfuka th jvd;a M,ÞhS j bgqlrjd .; yels h'
.sys Ôú;hla .; lsÍfï § iEu whl=g u uqo,a wjYH h' iEySug m;aúh
yels" m%udKj;a wd¾Ól Yla;shla Wodlr fok fiajHhd flfrys lemùfuka fiajh
lsÍug fiajlhd fm,fUkq we;' tneúka fiajlhdg Ôj;a ùug m%udKj;a" Y%uhg
iß,k jegqmla iy hemSug m%udKj;a wdydr mdk ,nd§u fiajHhd i;= hq;=luls'
túg jev j¾ck" jev meyer yeÍu" ¥IK" w,a,ia jeks l%shd wju jkq we;'
fiajl mlaIfhys udkisl ;Dma;sh" i;=g b;d jeo.;a fõ' fiajlhdf.a

ldhsl fmdaIKh muKla fkdj udkisl fmdaIKh o flfrys fiajHhd Wkkaÿ
úh hq;af;a tneúks' fiajlhdg f,vla ÿlla we;s jQ l,ays Bg wjYH ffjoH
myiqlï ,nd§u u.ska ,nd.; yels m%fhdack lsysmhls' kSfrda.S fiajlhd uekúka
ld¾hfhys ksr;ùu bka tlls' fojekak kï ;ud frda.S jQ úg w;a fkdyer ;udg
msysg jQ fiajHhd fyda wdh;kh fyda flfrys lD;fõ§ j" <ne¢hdfjka" lemùfuka
fiajlhd ;u fiajfha ksr; ùu h' tfia wjYH fi!LH myiqlï ,nd§u ukd
fiajH-fiajl iïnkaO;djlg n,mdk jeo.;a lreKls'
fiajlhdf.a Y%uh u; ;u iuDoaêh r|d mj;sk nj fiajHhd ks;r isys l<

hq;= h' tneúka rij;a wdydrmdk wdÈh fiajl - fiaúldjkag o fnod yod § wkqNj
l< hq;= h' tjeks ix.%y ,nk fiajlhd" iajdñhd fyda wdh;kh fyda flfrys ukd
ne£ula we;slr .kS'
62
cd;Hka;r lïlre m%{ma;Skag wkqj meh wgl jevuqrh fiajlhdf.a
whs;sjdisluls' nqÿrÿka úiska wE; w;S;fha § mjd th wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí' Wka
jykafia jev isáfha wêl f,i Y%ñlhka mSvdjg m;a jQ hq.hl h' Y%ñlhkaf.ka
ukd fiajdjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq mßÈ úfõlh ,nd Èh hq;= nj nqÿoyfï
±lafõ'
fufia iajdñhdf.ka ix.%y ,nk fiajlhd o wjxlj iy lemùfuka ;u

j.lSï bgql< hq;= h' tys § Tyq fyda weh fydA úiska iajdñhd flfrys l%shd l< hq;=
wdldrh o nqÿrÿka foaYkd fldg we;' ta fufia h'
1' iajdñhdg m<uqj wjÈùu
2' iajdñhdg miqj ks|d.ekSu
3' iajdñhd ÿka foh muKla .ekSu
4' jevlghq;= b;d uekúka bgq lsÍu
5' iajdñhdf.a .=K j¾Kkd lsÍu
.Dy fiajfha ksr; fiajl fiaúldjka úiska iajdñhdg m<uqj wjÈ ù

ffoksl lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu iajdñ mlaIfha is;a Èkd .ekSug bjy,a jkafka h'
iajdñhdg miqj ks|k fiajlhd fodr cfk,a uekúka jid ;nd" wkjYH úÿ,s myka
ksjd ;nd" ksu l< hq;= ffoksl lghq;= ksujd kskaog hdu tu iajdñhdg uy;a
wiajeis,a,ls'
kQ;k f,dalhg wod< j fuu lreK meyeÈ,s lr .ekSfï § kshñ; fõ,djg

fmr fiajd ia:dkhg meñKSu;a kshñ; ld¾hh ukdj bgqlr wdh;ksl wdrlaIdj
ms<sn| wjYH úêúOdk ksujd wdh;kfhka neyerùu;a jYfhka ú.%y lr.;
yels h' th iajdñhdf.a is;a Èkd .ekSug;a wdh;kfha ÈhqKqj yd l%uj;a nj we;s
lr .ekSug;a WmldÍ fõ'
fiajlhd fjkqfjka fiajHhdf.a hq;=lï uekúka bgqjk wdh;khl

fiajlhd ;udg ÿka foh muKla .ekSug mqreÿ úh hq;= h' ;udg ksis mßÈ n;a
jegqma ,nd fok f,vg" ÿlg msysg fjk fifkyiska /ln,d .kakd wdh;khg
wm tfrys fkdúh hq;= h' th /l n,df.k ÈhqKq lsÍug wem-lem úh hq;= h' th
wdh;kfha fuka u mqoa.,hdf.a o hy meje;au ;yjqre lrkq ksh; h'
;udg mejÍ we;s jev fldgi uekúka" wjxl j" lemùfuka" ksis l,g
fõ,djg bgq lsÍug fiajlhd ks;r W;aidyj;a úh hq;= h' th Tyqf.a mru j.lSuls'
th bgq fkdjk l, iajdñ - fiajl in|;dj wdrlaId jkafka ke;'
bgq lruq hq;=lï 63
tfuka u fiajlhd úiska o ;u iajdñhd" wdh;kh yd wdh;k m%Odkshd
w.h lsÍu o b;d fyd| iajdñ fiajl in|;djla mj;ajd .ekSu flfrys WmldÍ
fõ' —ksfodia flfkla fuÈh; WmÈfka ke;˜ hk lshuk wkqj fuf,dj ´kE u
flkl= ;=< l=vd fyda jrola ;sìh yels h' tajd uy;a fldg fkdolajd fyda ta
ms<sn|j muKla u fkdis;d fyda iajdñhd i;= l=vd fyda .=Khla we;akï th w.h
lsÍu fiajlhdf.a hq;=luhs'
fuf,i fiajH-fiajl wfkHdakH hq;=lï bgqjk l,ays whs;sjdislï

fjkqfjka lrk jevj¾ck" Woaf>daIK" wr., wju jkq we;' tjka wdh;khla"
ksjila b;d m%ikak yd iduldó jkq fkdwkqudk h'
wmf.a Ôú;fha úúO ld,j, § wm úiska fiajH-fiajl hk N+ñld fol u

ksfhdackh lrkq ,efnhs' tneúka tu N+ñld folg u wod< hq;=lï uekúka bgq
lsÍug mqyqKq fjuq'
.sys meúÈ hq;=lï
.sys-meúÈ hkqfjka iudchl fowxYhla mj;S' fn!oaO iudch NslaIq-NslaIqKS"

Wmdil-Wmdisld hk isõjKla msßfika hqla; h' tys Wmdil - Wmdisld hkq .sys
iudch jk w;r NslaIq - NslaIqKS hkq meúÈ iudchhs' ´kE u iudchl .sys meúÈ
fomsßi w;r wfkHdakH iïnkaOhg iy wNsjDoaêhg wod< lr.; yels Wmfoia
ud,djla is.df,dajdo iQ;%fhys we;=<;a h'
Y%S ,dxflah b;sydih foi wjOdkh fhduq lrk l,ays fmkS hk jeo.;a
lreKla kï iudch f,!lsl" f,daflda;a;r wNsjDoaêh Wfoid b;d iqúfYaI
u.fmkaùu ,enqfõ NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka njhs' rcqf.a isg idudkH mqrjeishd
olajd ish,af,da u b;d by< wdOHd;añl iy iodpdrd;aul ÈhqKqjla we;s msßila
njg m;a ùfuys,d o" wyi Wig Èfjk uyd od.eí" uyd id.rh jeks úYd, jeõ
wuqKq ks¾udKh ùug o nqÿ oyñka iqfmdaIs; fY%aIaG l,d ks¾udK ìys ùug o
NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka ,o u. fmkaùu m%uqL ù ;sfí' Y%S ,dxflah ck;dj úiska
b;d ÿ¾oYdiïmkak ld,jdljdkqj, § mjd Ôú; mß;Hd.fhka Wka jykafia,d
wdrlaId lf<a tneúks' is.df,dajdo iQ;%hg wkqj .syshd úiska meúÈ W;=uka flfrys
bgq l< hq;= hq;=lï myls' tajd fufia h'
1' meúÈ W;=uka ms<sn| ffu;%sfhka l%shd lsÍu
2' ffu;%S iy.; j l:d lsÍu
3' ffu;%sfhka is;Su
64
4' Ydiksl wjYH;d i|yd ;u ksjig jevu lsÍug bv ie,iSu
5' isõmifhka Wjgeka lsÍu
meúÈ ixia:dfõ meje;au fjkqfjka .syshd úiska lrkq ,nk ish¨ ld¾hhka
ffu;%S iy.; j bgq lsÍu fuys wjOdrKh flfrk lreKls' nia r:fha § wdikhla
,nd§u" uy u. § mjd .re lsÍu" úydria:dkfha wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu
wdÈ ish¨ lghq;= lsisjl=f.a fufyhùu ksid fkdj Ydiksl yeÕSfuka" ffu;%S
iy.;j u l< hq;= h' ffu;%S iy.; ldh l¾u meje;aùu hkq thhs'
zwfma yduqÿrefjdAZ hkqfjka lgmqrd ys;mqrd f.!rj iïm%hqla; j NslaIQka

jykafiag wduka;%Kh lsÍu fn!oaO wmf.a bmerKs iïm%odhhs' ta jok ffu;%S
iy.; h' Ôú;fha m<uq jrg ÿgq iajdóka jykafia kulg jqj;a tfia wduka;%Kh
lsÍug fn!oaOhka mqreÿ j isàfuka ta nj ;yjqre fõ' Wka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikd
idOqldr mj;ajñka Y%jKh lsÍu o óg wod< h' NslaIQka jykafia iu. l;d lrk
iEu jpkhla u ffu;S% iy.; úh hq;= nj fuhska b.ekafjhs'
Wka jykafia ms<sn| is;k iEu is;=ú,a,la u ffu;S% iy.; úh hq;=

nj o W.kajd we;' .syshkaf.a ffu;S% iy.; is;=ú,s mokï lr.;a lghq;= ksid u
NslaIqjf.a meje;au myiq jk w;r th .syshdg o uy;a mskls'
NslaIQka jykafia kula ksjig jäk l,ays f.!rjfhka hq;= j wdik mkjd
ms<s.ekSu yd Ydiksl wjYH;d bgq lr.ekSug yels Wmßufhka odhlùu .sys
fn!oaOhdf.a isõjeks hq;=lu fõ'
NslaIQka jykafia,d fmdaIKh lsÍu .sys fn!oaOhdf.a j.lSuls' tneúka Wka

jykafia,df.a oka meka" isjqre msßlr" jdiia:dk" fí;a wd§ wjYH;d fidhd n,d
tajd iïmQ¾K lsÍu ms<sn| j .sys mskaj;=ka WfoHda.j;a j l%shd l< hq;= h'
fuf,i wdñi odkfhka Wmldr ,nk iajdóka jykafia úiska .syshd

flfrys O¾u odkfhka m%;sWmldr l< hq;= hehs nqoaO foaYkdfõ olajd ;sfí' th
uQ,sl jYfhka ih jeoEreï fõ hehs is.df,dajdo iQ;%h i|yka lrhs'
1' je/È ls%hdj,ska j<lajd .ekSu
2' hym;a ls%hdj, fhoùu
3' hym;a is;ska wdYS¾jdo lsÍu
4' fkdweiQ oyï weiSug ie,eiaùu
bgq lruq hq;=lï 65

5' weiQ oyï ms<sn| iel wef;d;a tu iel ÿre lsÍu
6' iq.;shg u. lshd§u
i;amqreI wdY%h iuia; iudcfha u hym; msKsi WmldÍ fõ' iqj| u,a ksid
mßirh o iqj|j;a jkakdla fuks' tneúka iudch keue;s uvf.dfydrefõ msmqK
mshqula n÷ iajdóka jykafiaf.a weiqr iuia; iudch keue;s fmdl=K iq.kaOj;a
lrkq fkdwkqudk h'
iajdóka jykafia WmdhYs,S j fyda .syshd mdmfhka j<lajd .; hq;= h' Wka
jykafia ;rï oyñka YslaIKh fkd,o .syshd mõlï ñysß hehs is;kjd úh yels h'
tfy;a iajdóka jykafia O¾udkqYdikd fldg .syshd múka j<lajd .; hq;= h'
uq.,ka ysñhka fuka Roaê m%d;syd¾h fkdmEyels jqj o fldaish isgdKka jeks uiqre
f,daNSka msxlïys ksr; lrùug ;rï Wka jykafia Wmdh l=i,;d iïmkak úh
hq;= h'
;uka jykafia isjqmifhka fmdaIKh lrk .syshdf.a Ydiksl iy wdOHd;añl

wNsjDoaêh ±l b;is;ska wdYS¾jdo lsÍu iajdóka jykafiaf.ka úh hqla;lss' ta u.ska
.syshdg udkisl iqjhla o i;=gla o Wmokd neúks'
nqÿ oyu ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla we;s NslaIQka jykafia .syshd flfrys
wkqlïmdfjka" fkdweiQ oyï foaYkd lrñka" Tyq nK oyñka fmdaIKh lsÍu;a
weiQ oyïys iel ;eka wef;d;a tajd myod §u;a lreKd fmr±ßj l< hq;= h' th
NslaIQka jykafiaf.a mru hq;=lu nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd lr we;'
fuf,dj fN!;sl iy wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj we;s lr .ekSug fuka u mrf,dj

iq.;s.dó ùug o nqÿ oyu wod< lr.; yels nj ifya;=l j .syshdg wjfndaO lrùu
iajdóka jykafia kulf.ka bgq úh hq;= ld¾hhls' ke;fyd;a wmdh.dó ùug
fuka u iir úúO ÿlamSvd ú£ug o isÿ jk nj wjfndaO lrùu iuia; iudchg u
uy;a Ydka;shls'
66
idrdxYh
fiajH-fiajl hq;=lï wfkHdakH jYfhka uekúka bgqùu iudchl

hymeje;aug wjYH nj nqÿ oyu wjOdrKh lrhs' is.df,dajdo iQ;%h ta i|yd
uQ,sl u. fmkaùula lr we;' tys iÿmfoaYhka j¾;udkfha wka;¾cd;slj
ms<s.;a udkj ysñlï iy lïlre whs;sjdislï ms<sn| m%{ma;Ska iu. b;d
ióm h' fiajH-fiajl hq;=lï uekúka bgq lsÍfuka jevj¾ck" Woaf>daIK"
fiajfhka fkrmSu jeks úIu p¾hdj,ska f;dr wfkHdakH" .egqï úrys;" iqyo"
ld¾hlaIu in|;djla ks¾udKh lr.; yels h' th iajdñ-fiajl fomlaIfha u
wNsjDoaêh msKsi fya;= fõ'
ixj¾ê; iudchl levm; wdOHd;añl m%.;shhs' tys,d .sys meúÈ fomlaIh u

;u hq;=lï uekúka bgq l< hq;= h' .syshka ;u wd.ñl W;=uka uekúka
/ln,d .; hq;= w;r wd.ñl W;=uka o .syshkaf.a wNsjDoaêhg wjYH lghq;=
l< hq;= h' fomlaIfha u hymeje;au idOkh jkqfha túg h'
l%shdldrlu
1' Tn Tnf.a mdif,a wkOHhk fiajlhl= hehs is;d mdif,a hym;a meje;au
fjkqfjka Tn wkq.ukh lrk ls%hdldrlï ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'
2' Tnf.a ksjig jevu l< iajdóka jykafia kulg .re nqyquka fmr±ß j lghq;=
lrk wdldrh ms<sn| WoEik /iaùfï § lrk l;djla ,shd olajkak'
mejreu
² l¾udka; Yd,djl fiajH-fiajl w¾nqohla úi|d .ekSug fn!oaO b.ekaùï
wod< lr.; yels wdldrh ms<sn| j ys; ñ;=rka iu. idlÉPdjl ksr; jkak'
bgq lruq hq;=lï 67

11 nqÿnj me;+ n,xf.dv
uydkdhl yduqÿrefjda
ñh mrf,dj .sh mqoa.,hka ms<sn| úia;r fidhkafka l=ug o@ Tjqka ms<sn|

±kf.k we;s M,h l=ula ±hs we;euqka l,amkd lrkjd úh yels h' YsIag iïmkak
f,dalfha ñksiaiq ñh .sh mqoa.,hka ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidh;s' tu f;dr;=re
±kf.k rg ±h iuh fjkqfjka fiajhla isÿ l< mqoa.,hkag .re lr;s¦ Wmydr
lr;s¦ lD;.=K olaj;s¦ tfia u ta W;a;uhka i;= .=Kdx. ;u Ôú;j,g iïnkaO
lr .ks;s¦ wka whg o tu .=K kqjK yd fufyjr meyeÈ,s lr foñka ;uka o ta
wkqj tu wämdf¾ .uka lsÍug fm<fU;s¦ tu pß; wdo¾Yhg .ks;s'
wm wo bf.k.kafka wm rfÜ jevisá iqfmaY, YslaIdldó" úh;a" foaY

foaYdka;rhkays nyqudkhg m;a jQ" nqÿ iiqkg uy fufyjrla isÿfldg jod<
uydkdhl ysñmdKka jykafia kula ms<sn|jhs' Wka jykafia kñka w;smQcH
n,xf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah uydkdhl udysñmdKka jykafiahs'
n,xf.dv" lsß|s., Wiaj;a;f.aj;af;a kdrxf.dv wdrÉÑf.a fu;shiaydñ

fkdfyd;a uoaÿuydñ Wiaj;a;f.a Wka jykafiaf.a mshd úh¦ uj ySka ueKsfla jQjd h'
1896 wf.daia;= ui 23 Èk ta jdikdjka; orejd fuf,dj t<sh ÿgqfõ h' Tyqg ú,shï
hk ku ;enqfõ tod iudcfha fndfyda fokd wkqj hdfukss' fndai;a W;=ul= n÷
orejl= ìysl< ySkaueKssfla i;s folla .;fjk ;ek l¨ßh l<d h' weh ñh
hkakg fmr ;u orejd ish iajdñmqreIhdf.a whshdf.a ìß| jQ hfYdaydñ wlaldg
Ndr l<d h' ta" orejd ,efnkakg;a fmr jQ fmdfrdkaÿjla bgq lrñks' hfYdaydñ
wlaldg yd äx.sßydñ whshdg orejka isáfha ke;' ta ksid u,a,sf.a Nd¾hdjg fyj;a
ySkaueKsflag orejl= ,efnkak isák nj ±kf.k ta orejd ;ukag yod.kakg
fok f,i ojila mkaif,a § b,a,Sula lr ;sìK' ish iajdñ mqreIhdf.a whshdg
orejka ke;s ksid l< ta wysxil b,a,Su bj; oukakg wmyiq jQ ySkaueKsfla
fmdfrdkaÿjla msg orejd fokakg leue;s jQjd h' tu fmdfrdkaÿj jQfha msßñ
orejl= bmÿfKd;a ta orejd uyK lrk f,ihs' hfYdaydñ ta fldkafoaishg tlÕ
ù isáhd h'
68
uj ñh.sh miq orejd wïud ;d;a;d lSfõ hfYdaydñ f,dl= wïudg iy
äx.sßydñ f,dl= ;d;a;dghs' lsßwïud ù fï orejdg lsß fmõfõ ;,ymsárd<,df.a
fudfydÜáydñf.a ìßh jQ mqxÑueKsfla ud;dj h' rkaueKsflaf.a wl,a urKh
ksid is;a fõokdjg m;aj isá uoaÿuydñ .u yer .sfha h' f,dl= ;d;a;d lfâ jev
lrñka ld,h .; lrk w;r jeämqr fï orejd jevqfKa iShdf.a weiqf¾ h' iShd
fï orejdg mqxÑ uy;a;hd hehs weu;=fõ h'
mqxÑ uy;a;hd fyj;a fï ú,shï orejd n,xf.dv lsß¢., lf;da,sl

úÿyf,ka o n,xf.dv rcfha l=udr úÿyf,ka o uQ,sl wOHdmkh ,eî h' iShd
yjig cd;l l;d iy cd;sl ùrjrhka ms<sn| l;d o Tyqg b.ekaù h' fï ld,fha
j,sisxy yßiapkaø ;=ud n,xf.dvg meñKsfha h' t;=ud úiska lrk ,o foaYkhla
iShd iu. f.dia weiQ fï orejdg cd;sl;ajh ms<sn| wuq;= yeÕSula Wmkafka h'
jir oyy;f¾ § ish {d;Skaf.a wdYS¾jdo ueo fï mskaj;a orejd foKsfyafka

Y%S iS,dkkao uy f;reka jykafiaf.a wdpd¾h;ajfhka meúÈ ìug we;=<;a jQ
nj i|yka fjhs' ta 1911 ud¾;= ui 02 od h' fï orejdg meúÈùfï § n,xf.dv
irK.fõiS hehs kï ;nk ,È' irK.fõiS idufKar yduqÿrejka ish .=re
ysñmdKka jykafia lshd ÿka nK oyï b;d ´kElñka yd blaukska m%.=K lf<a
iir mqreoaog fuks' msßfjka wOHdmkhla fkd,enqj o Wka jykafia ;s%msgl
O¾uh o ;j;a fndfyda foa o uekúka yeoErEy' úis jhia imsÍug wdikak j isá
idufKar ysñfhda ksis nKoyï bf.k 1916 cQ,s ui 14 fjks Èk n,xf.dv ´¨
.Õ Wol=lafÄm iSud ud,lfha § wêiS, ixLHd; Wmiïmodj ,enQy' ta foKsfyafka
iS,dkkao uyd iajdóka jykafiaf.a wdpd¾h;ajfhka yd oduyk Oïudkkao uyd
iajdóka jykafiaf.a WmdOHdh;ajfhks'
ish .=re ysñmdKka jykafiaf.a kshuh mßÈ wm ysñmdfKda Wmiïmodfjka

fojirlg miq n,xf.dv irK.fõiS hk ku bj;a fldg n,xf.dv wdkkao
ffuf;%ah hk ku Ndú;hg .;ay' lsis u msßfjKlg fyda mdi,lg fyda fkd.sh
Wka jykafia ish .=refoajhka jykafia fj;ska md,s" ixialD;" isxy, fuka u bx.%Sis
NdIdj o bf.k .;ay' j¾I 1919 § fld<U wdkkao úoHd,fha NslaIQka jykafia,d
i|yd meje;afjk bx.%Sis NdId mx;shla ms<sn| ±k.;a wdkkao ffuf;a%h ysñfhda
bx.%Sis NdId ±kqu jeä ÈhqKq lr.ekSu i|yd wdkkao úoHd,hg jevu l<y' tys
wOHdmkh ,nk w;r j¾I 1922 jk úg wdkkaofha md,s" ixialD;" isxy, yd nqoaO
O¾uh hk úIhhka W.kajk .=rejrhd njg o Wka jykafia m;ajQy'
nqÿnj me;+ n,xf.dv

uydkdhl yduqÿrefjda 69
wk;=rej Wka jykafia kd,kaod úoHd,fha wdpd¾hjrhl= f,i jir folla
fiajh l<y' kd,kaod úoHd,h hk ku;a tu úoHd,fha —wmodk fidaNskS m[a[d˜
hk wdo¾Y mdGh;a Wka jykafiaf.a Wmfoia wkqj ks¾udKh jQ nj m%lg h'
foaYSh O¾u ¥; fiajfha fuka u úfoaYSh O¾u ¥; fiajfha o ksr; jQ

wdkkao ffuf;%ah udysñfhda 1926 § bkaÈhdfõ flar,fha le,slÜ k.rhg jevu
l<y' Wka jykafia Ndr;hg muKla ;siayh j;djla jevu fldg we;' fmr wmr
foÈ. fndfyda rgj,g jevu l< Wka jykafia úfoaYhkays mjd O¾u{dkh fnod
ÿkay' Wka jykafia isxy," md,s" ixialD; hk fmrÈ. NdId fuka u bx.%Sis" m%xY"
,;ska jeks wmrÈ. NdId o ±k isáhy' wk.dßl O¾umd, ;=udf.a wämdf¾ hñka"
t;=ukag iydh fjñka cd;sl fufyjrg o odhl;ajh ±lajQ wdkkao ffuf;%ah
ysñmdKka O¾umd,;=ud;a iu. úfoaYSh O¾u m%pdrhg hEug iQodkï jQ kuq;a thg
ndkaia r;aj;af;a rfÜ uy;auhd wleue;s úh' —wfma yduqÿrefjda f,daflg jev
lrkak biafi,a,d .fï ÿmam;a" wirK" kQ.;a" .sys meúÈ msßig fiajhla lf<d;a
fyd| keoa±@˜ hs Tyq úuiqfõ h' t;=udf.a fï b,a,Su ms<sn| i,ld neÆ Wka jykafia
1935 j¾Ifha § wdkkao úoHd,fhka bj;a ù n,xf.dv Oïudkkao msßfjKg jevu
l<y'
.fï ÿmam;a orejkag yd YsIH NslaIQka jykafia,dg bx.%Sis NdIdj b.ekaùu

i|yd Wka jykafia Oïudkkao msßfjfKa bx.%Sis mka;shla wdrïN l<y' th
fld;rï ÈhqKq jQjd o lshf;d;a" 1943 cQ,s ui 05 jk Èk Y%S Oïudkkao úoHd,h
kñka fjk u f.dvke.s,a,l wdrïN fldg mj;ajdf.k hdug o isÿúh' miq
ld,fha § rchg mjrd.;a fï úoHd,h wo n,xf.dv uOH uyd úoHd,h kñka
ye¢kafõ'
.=rejrhl= jYfhka uy;a oialï mE wdkkao ffuf;%ah ysñmdKka

jykafia foaYkfhys fuka u f,aLkfhys o iu;alï oelajQy' tod fn!oaO úfrdaë
wkHd.ñl m%cdj úiska mqj;am;la wdrïNfldg fn!oaOhka úfõpkh lrk ,È'
fuu úfõpkj,g ms<s;=re §u i|yd —Y%S nqoaOrYañ˜ kñka mqj;am;la wdrïN flreKq
w;r tys wdrïNl ixialdrljrhd f,i wdkkao ffuf;%ah kdysñfhda wdrEV kulska
fmkS isáñka lghq;= l<y' ta n,xf.dv ffu;%Smd, hk kñks' fndfyda wkaj¾:
kdu fhdoñka tod fn!oaO úfrdaëkaag ms<s;=re §ug kdysñfhda bÈßm;a jQy' fuu
ld,fha § fn!oaO úfrdaëka úiska fudrgqj m%foaYfha udi ;=kla ;siafia f.k .sh
jdohg Wka jykafia jevu l<y' wm kdysñmdKka jykafia fn!oaO ms, ch.%yKh
lrd /f.k .shd muKla fkdj fuu jdoh wjidkfha wkHd.ñl mjq,a 63la nqÿ
oyug yrjd .ekSug o iu;a jQy'
70
tod 1928 § oyï mdi,a orejka i|yd Wka jykafia w;ska ,shejqKq nqoaO
pß;h fkdlshjQ fn!oaO orejl= ke;s ;rï h' tfia u Y%S YdlHuqkSkaødjÞkh fyj;a
isoaOd¾: f.!;u nqoaO pß;h keue;s .%ka:fha msgm;a ,laIhlg jvd fï jk úg
uqøKh fldg we;af;a tys we;s jákdlu ksid h' wm kdysñmdKka jykafia isxy,"
md,s" ixialD;" bx.%Sis hk NdIdj,ska rpkd l< lD;s yd mßj¾;kh l< lD;s
ixLHdj 80lg wdikak fõ' mqj;am;a iÕrd wdÈhg ,shQ ,sms ixLHdj .Kkska lsj
fkdyels ;rï h'
wm l;dkdhlhdKka jykafiaf.a jákd fiajh w.h lrñka 1954 j¾Ifha §

Wka jykafiag inr.uq ioaOïujxi ksldh u.ska ix>kdhl moúhla msßkuk
,È' Wka jykafia miqj tu ksldfhys w;s.re uydkdhl Oqrhg o m;ajQy' 1954
j¾Ifha § nqreufha PÜG ix.dhkdj meje;ajQ wjia:dfõ tys m%Odk W;a;Í;r wjidk
fYdaOk uKav,hg f;dard .ekSu;a wÜGl:d ix.dhkdfõ § m%Odk iNdm;s yeáhg
f;dard.ekSu;a Wka jykafiag muKla fkdj wm rgg o f.!rjhla f.k §ug iu;a
úh' 1956 rdcH fmr<sfhka miq wdrïN lrk ,o úfoHdaoh úYajúoHd,fha fn!oaO
wOHhk wxYfha uydpd¾h Oqrhla Wka jykafiag ysñ jQfha o nqoaO O¾uh ms<sn|
meje;s úYdro;ajh fya;=fjks' Wka jykafia miqj tu úYajúoHd,fha Wml=,m;s
Oqrhg o m;ajQy' tfy;a Wka jykafia È.ska È.g u tys fiajh lsÍug wleue;s jQy'
tfia u Wka jykafiag ,enqKq ;k;=re f.!rj kdu m%udKh fndfyda fõ' idys;H
iQÍ" w.a.uyd mKaä;" idys;H pl%j¾;s" wNsOc uyd rÜG.=re jeks ;k;=re óg
ksoiqka fõ' Y%S ,xld wurmqr uyd ix> iNdfõ iNdm;s moúh oijirla ±rE Wka
jykafiag W;a;Í;r uydkdhl moúh msßkeuQ wjia:dfõ" ug oeka jhi wjqreÿ
wiQjla' Th moúh jev lrkak mq¿jka flkl=g fokak lshd wk;sudkS j m%;slafIam
l< wdldrh o fndfyda fokd w.h l< lreKls'
Ydikfha meje;au Wfoid O¾u foaYkd mj;ajñka" fmd;am;a ,shñka lghq;=

l<d fia u .sys orejka /ila meúÈ lr Ydikh /l .ekSug o Wka jykafia ls%hd
l<y' ta wkqj meúÈ l< f.da, msßi y;<sia kulg wdikak fõ'
—u;= nqÿ jk wdkkao ffuf;a%h kdysñ˜ hkqfjka m%lg j isá wm

l;dkdhlhdKka jykafia mqrd Y;j¾Ihl=;a jir folla wm w;r jev isáhy' wm
rgg' cd;shg" wd.ug" fndfyda fiajhla l< Wka jykafia 1998 wf.daia;= ui 23 Èk
102 jk ckau Èkh iurkakg wdikakj ;sìh § ish¨ ixialdr O¾uhkaf.a wks;H
nj mila lrñka wmj;a jQy'
b;d ÿIalr .ï m%foaYhl bmso NdId lsysmhla u bf.kf.k fndfyda

fmd;am;a ,shñka" foaYk mj;ajñka" iqfmaY, YslaIdldó Èúfmfj;la f.jQ Wka
nqÿnj me;+ n,xf.dv
uydkdhl yduqÿrefjda 71
jykafiaf.a pß;h wmg buy;a wdo¾Yhls' wmf.a ÈhqKqj mj;skafka wm i;= iïm;a
m%udKh u; fkdj W;aidyh u; nj Wka jykafia wmg fmkajd ÿka fial' mdi,a
orejka yeáhg wmg o Wka jykafiaf.a pß;h wdo¾Yhg f.k lghq;= lsÍfuka
wkd.; Ôú;fhka W;=ï M, fk<d.; yels h'
idrdxYh
n,xf.dv jeks ÿIalr .ïudkhl Wm; ,nd l=vd l, u foudmshkaf.a
fifkyi mjd wysñ jqj;a f,dal mQð; ;;a;ajhg m;ajkakg wdkkao ffuf;%ah
ysñmdKka jykafia iu;a jQy' fld;rï lïlfgd¨ yd ÿIalr;d ;snqK;a tajd
chf.k bÈßhg hEu wmg;a wdo¾Yhls' is,aj;a .=Kj;a uyf;r kul f,i
fmr wmr foÈ. NdId lsysmhla bf.kSu;a O¾uOrhl= ùu;a thg fya;= jkakg
we;' Y; j¾Idêl ld,hla f,dal i;a;ajhd fj; lreKdfjka W;=ï fufyjrla
l< w;s.re wdkkao ffuf;%%ah uydkdhl udysñfhda nqoaO mq;%hl= f,i buy;a
fiajhla l<y'
l%shdldrlu
1' wdkkao ffuf;%ah uy kdysñmdKka jykafiag ysñ jQ f.!rj kdu 03la
,shkak'
2' n,xf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah uy kdysñmdKka jykafia ms<sn| ì;a;s mqj;am;lg

flá ,smshla ilia lrkak'
mejreu
² n,xf.dv wdkkao ffuf;%ah uy kdysñmdKka jykafia úiska rÑ; lD;s 05l kï
fidhd ,shkak'
72
12 wgf,da oyu

fuf,dj Wmka iEu i;a;ajfhla u i;=áka Ôj;a ùug leue;s h' ÿlska
úiSug wleue;s h' lS¾;s m%Yxid ,eîug leue;s h¦ iem ú£ug leue;s h¦ kskaod
wmydi ,eîug fyda ÿla ú£ug wleue;s h' tfy;a wmg Ôú;fha leue;s foa muKla
fkdj wleue;s foag;a uqyqK §ug isÿfjhs' fndfyda fokd ;ud leue;s foa ,eîu
ksid wm%udK i;=gg m;afj;s¦ tfia u wleue;s fohla ,enqK úg fndfyda fia ÿlg
m;afj;s' lr;a;hl frdaohla le/flkjd fia wfma Ôú;;a wgf,da oyug hg;a j
.uka lrhs'
w,dnh fuka u ,dnh we;s fjkjd

whi fuka u hi ieuyg fmdÿ fjkjd
kskaod ú¢k whg;a meiiqï tkjd
iem ÿl iu. wg f,da oï lerflkjd
uyd ux., iQ;%fha § wgf,da oyñka lïmd fkdù lghq;= lsÍu ux., lreKla
f,i olajd ;sfí' ux., hkq ÈhqKqjhs' ux., lreKla hkq ÈhqKqj we;slrk
lreKls¦ hym; Wodlrkakls'
MqÜGiai f,dalOïfïys
Ñ;a;x hiai k lïm;s
wfidalx úrcx fÄux
ta;x ux., uq;a;ux
1' ,dN - w,dN

,dNh kï ,eîuhs' w,dNh kï fkd,eîu fyda wysñùuhs' wmg Ôú;fha
ieu od u tlfia ,dN isÿjkafka ke;' tfia u ieu od u w,dN u isÿjkafka o
ke;' Ok ,dN" mq;% mßjdr wd§ iïm;a ,dN jeks fndfyda ,dN wmg Ôú;fha §
wgf,da oyu 73
ysñfjhs' tfia u n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ,dN fkd,eîu ksid w,dNhkag o f.dÿre
ùug isÿfjhs'
iudcfha fndfyda fokd ,dNhla ,eîfï § b;du;a Woaoduhg m;aùu;a"

w,dNhla jQ úg fndfyda ÿlg m;aùu;a ±lsh yels h' tfy;a nqÿ oyug wkqj uki
mqreÿ lr.; hq;af;a ,dNfha § wmuK i;=gq ùug;a w,dNfha § fndfyda ÿlg
m;aùug;a fkdj fol u tl fia uOHia: j ú| ord.ekSughs' wm nqÿmshdKka
jykaafiag wkd:msKaäl isgq;=ud" ìïìidr rc;=ud" fldfid,a rc;=ud" úidld
Wmdisldj jeks fndfyda odhl odhsldfjda isjqmifhka Wmia:dk l<y' tfia u
fõrxcdfõ jevisá ld,fha Wka jykafiag odkh mjd fkdue;s j jevjikakg
isÿúh' ta fol u tl fia ú| ord.ekSug nqÿrcdKka jykafiag yelsúh' rclï l<
ìïìidr rcqg wjika ld,fha isrf.hs isg ñh hEug isÿúh' mfiakÈ fldfid,a
rcq ñh.sfha wïn,ul h' wfkams~q isgq;=ud jeks uyd Okj;a isgqjrfhla ÿmam;a
úh' iS;djl rdcisxy jeks uyd rK Y+rhl=g Tre ln,la u; wirK j wjika
yqiau fy<kakg isÿúh' fujeks ksoiqka foi ne,Sfï § wmg fmkS hkafka ieu od
u ,dN w,dN tlfia ysñ fkdjk njhs' wm ta fol u ú| ord.ekSug mqreÿ mqyqKq
úh hq;= h'
2' hi - whi
hi hkq lS¾;sh iïm; hk wre;a we;s mohls' whi hkq wmlS¾;shhs' lS¾;sh
fuka u wmlS¾;sh o f,dj ldg;a fmdÿfõ ú¢ug isÿfõ' f,dj lsisjl= ieu od lS¾;s
m%Yxid ,nd ke;' lsisjl= wmlS¾;sh o ,nd fkdue;' ñksidg fï fol u udrefjka
udrejg fyda wvq jeä jYfhka ,efí' Tn is,ajf;ls" .=Kjf;ls" hym;a flfkls"
fyd| <ufhls" lSlre flfkls" olaIfhls jeks we.hSï wmg yeu od u wikakg
fkd,efnhs' Tn kmqre flfkls" f,daNfhls" jxpdldrfhls" krl <ufhls" oÕ
<ufhls" lmáfhls" .=Kul=fjls" wyxldr flfkls jeks wmlS¾;su;a jpk o
wikakg ,efnkakg ms<sjk' wm fï fol u tl fia ú| ord.ekSug mqreÿ mqyqKq
úh hq;= h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a lS¾;sh ñksiaf,dj muKla fkdj foõf,dj

nUf,dj mjd me;sßKs' tfia u Wka jykafiag wmydi lsÍug o iuyre l%shd l<y'
ÑxpdudKúld" iqkaoÍ mßn%dðld" ud.kaêhd jeks whf.a wmydi o Wka jykafiag
ú¢kag isÿúh' tfia wia:dk fpdaokd t,a,jqj o nqÿrcdKka jykafia lsisúg lïmd
jQfha ke;' Ôú;fha wmg;a fkdfhla wmjdo wj,do weiSug isÿjkakg neß ke;'
tfy;a wm ta yeu fohla u bjiSug mqreÿúh hq;= h'
74
3' kskaod - m%Yxid
wka whf.a wekqï neKqï .erySïj,g ,laùu kskaodjhs' wka wh úiska ;uka
j¾Kkd lsÍu" .=K lSu m%Yxidjhs' wmg Ôú;fha yeuúg u meiiqï wikakg
fkd,efí' iuyr wjia:dj, kskaod nia o wikag ,efí' je/oaola isÿlr neKqï
wikakg ,efnkafka kï ;udf.a jro ksid tfia fodila weiSug isÿjQjd hehs
ys; yod.; yels h' tfy;a jrola fkdfldg mjd neKqï weiSug isÿjk wjia:d
;sìh yels h' th f,dal iajNdjhhs' wm tu wjia:dj, § l,n, fkdúh hq;= h'
bjid ord isàug mqreÿ mqyqKq úh hq;= h' lsis u jrola fkdl< wm nqÿmshdKka
jykafia fuka u fndfyda ry;ka jykafia,d mjd ksrmrdfoa kskaod wmydi ú| we;'
tfy;a Wka jykafia,d lïmd ù ke;' wmg o Ôú;fha fndfyda m%Yxid fuka u
wmydij,g o f.dÿre jkakg isÿúh yels h' wm ta fol u tlfia ú| ord.ekSug
mqyqKq úh hq;= h' tfia u nqoaOd § W;=fuda ksn|j u foúhkaf.a mjd m%Yxid ,enQy¦
we.hSï .=K jekqï ,oy' tfy;a Wka jykafia,d thska Woaoduhg m;a jQfha o ke;'
4' iem - ÿl
iqL hkq iemhs' ÿlaL hkq ÿlhs' iemh wdldr follg fnÈh yels h' ldhsl
iem yd udkisl iem hkq ta folhs' ÿl o ldhsl yd udkisl jYfhka fohdldr h'
nqÿ" mfianqÿ" uyry;ka jykafia,dg udkisl ÿla fkdue;' tfy;a ldhsl ÿla we;'
ry;a fkdjQ wmg ldhsl ÿla fuka u udkisl ÿla o ú£ug isÿ fõ'
w;sW;=ï ksjka iqjfhka iekiqfKa jqj o" Wiia f,i isjqmih ,enqK o
nqÿrcdKka jykafiag mjd foõo;a ysñhka .,la fmr,Su ksid Y%Smdofha udmg
weÕs,af,a ;=jd,hla we;sù fõokd ú£ug isÿúh' tfia u Wka jykafiag ks;r ks;r
ysfia reodjla o je<¢K' iuyr wjia:dj, msgfldkafoa fõokdjla we;súh' f,days;
mlaLkaÈld kï frda.h je<£ fõokd ú£ug isÿúh' Wka jykafia fï ish¨ ldhsl
fõokdjka bjid ordf.k jevisáhy' wmg;a wikSm ùu ksid fyda ;=jd, isÿùï
wdÈh ksid ldhsl fõokd ú£ug isÿ fõ' tajdg l,n, fkdù bjiSug wm yqremqreÿ
úh hq;= h' udkisl mSvdj,g wmg uqyqK fokakg isÿ fõ' wm tajd ú| ord.ekSug
yqreùu o wjYH h'
by; i|yka l< wgf,da oyu ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla ,nd ;sîu fn!oaO
Ôú;hlg b;d m%fhdackj;a h' bf.k .kakd isiqka f,i wmg o fndfyda .eg¨j,g
uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' úNd.j,g uqyqK § b;d úYsIag f,i iu;a jk isiqka fuka u
wiu;a jk isiqka o we;' iu;a jqK;a wiu;a jqK;a th ú| ord.ekSfï yelshdj
wmg ;ssìh hq;= h' foudmshka" jeäysáhka" .=rejreka iuyr wjia:dj, § lrk
wgf,da oyu 75
m%Yxid we.hSï fuka u ,ndfok wjjdo" o~qjï wdÈh o iuj ord .ekSug mqreÿ
mqyqKq úh hq;= h' tajd WfmalaIdfjka hq;=j bjiSu fyd| .=Khls' wm Ôj;a jk
mßirh wkqj iqkdñ" .xj;=r" kdh hEï" iq<x" wjq jeis wdÈ iajdNdúl úm;a wdÈh
ksid wmg lror we;súh yels h' tajd;a WfmalaIdfjka ú| ord.ekSug wm mqreÿ
mqyqKq úh hq;= h'
fiaf,da h:d tal>fkda

jdf;ak k iór;s
tajx kskaodmixidiq
k iñ[acka;s mKaä;d

hk nqÿ jokg wkqj uyd .,a m¾j;hla jd;fhka fkdfi,afjkakdla fuka
kqjKe;a;d kskaod m%Yxid foflys u fkdfi,a ù lghq;= lrhs' wm Ôj;a jk
iudcfha fkdfhla wvqmdvqlï ;sìh yels h' iuyrúg wd¾Ól wmyiqlï" mjq,a
wdrjq,a" foudmshkaf.a .eg¨ wdÈh ksid udkisl mSvdjg m;ajk orejka o ke;sjd
fkdfõ' wm ta foaj,a bjid isàug mqreÿ úh hq;= h' iudcfha fndfyda ,dNj,g
jvd w,dN ú£ug isÿfõ' hiig jvd whi ú£ug isÿfõ' lS¾;s m%Yxidj,g jvd
kskaod ú£ug isÿfõ' iemg jvd ÿla ú£ug isÿfõ' fulS wIagf,dal O¾u;dj,ska
lïmd fkdù lghq;= lsÍug yqreùu fyd| fn!oaO orejl=f.a ,laIKhls' ;udf.a
is; Yla;su;a lrf.k O¾ufhys yeisÍfï j.lSu ;u ;ud i;= fõ'

idrdxYh
,dN - w,dN" hi - whi" kskaod - mixid" iqL - ÿlaL hkq wgf,da oyuhs'
wx. wglska hq;a ksid wIag hkqfjka mejfia' f,dalhdg n,mdk ksid f,dal

hehs lshkq ,efí' O¾u hkq iajNdjhhs' fuh ieufokdg tlfia n,mdhs' mdi,a
orejka jk wmg o fï O¾u;dj,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tajdg wlïms; j"
bjiSfuka yd wjfndaOfhka hq;= j uqyqK §ug wm mqreÿ úh hq;= h'
76
l%shdldrlu
1' ,dfNda w,dfNda whfida hfida p'''''''''''''''' hk .d:dj lgmdvñka lshkak'
2' nqÿrcdKka jykaafia ,dN w,dN bÈßfha uqyqK ÿka wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrñka
mka;sh bÈßfha Tn l:djla lrkafka hehs is;d tys idrdxYh ,shkak'
mejreu
² wgf,da oyug wlïms; j uqyqK §ug neßj wkqjK ;SrK .;a wh .ek
jd¾;d lSmhla weiqre lrñka Tjqka nqoaêu;a j .;hq;= j ;snqKq mshjr myeÈ,s
lrñka Wmfoia m;%sldjla ms<sfh, lrkak'
mqyqKqjg
,dfNda w,dfNda whfida hfida p
kskaod mixid p iqLx p ÿlaLx
taf;a wksÉpd ukqfÊiq Oïud
wiiai;d úmßkdu Oïud;s'
—,dNh o" w,dNh o" whi o" hii o" kskaodj o" m%Yxidj o" iem o" ÿl o
hk ñksiqka flfrys mj;akd f,dal O¾u wg wks;H fõ¦ iodld,sl fkdfõ¦
fjkiajk iajNdjfhka hqla; fõ'˜
wgf,da oyu 77
13 jejhs od.enhs
.uhs mkai,hs
wm Y%S ,xldoaùmh ;=< cd;sl" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl yd idudðl kfjdaohla

we;s jQfha uyskaod.ukfha m%;sM,hla f,isKs' ñys÷ udysñ bÈßm;a l< Ôjk ±lau
,lajeishkaf.a yoj; ;=< ;Èka u uq,a nei.;af;a h' ta Tiafia jeã.sh iudc
wd¾Ól l%uh;a tys fn!oaO uqyqKqjr;a m%lg flfrk ckm%sh jHjydrh jejhs-
od.enhs" .uhs-mkai,hs hkakhs'

78
fn!oaO b.ekaùï wdf,dalh fldg.;a úYsIag ixialD;sh ixfla;j;a lrk
wisßu;a jQ o úêu;a jQ o jdia;=úoHd;aul jYfhka by< w.hla .kakd jQ o jej
yd od.en wmf.a wkkH;dj l=ula ±hs f,djg fy<slsÍfuys ,d fmruqK f.k
;sfí' w;S;fha§ reyqKq" udhd" msysá hk iuia; ;=ka isxy,h u wdjrKh jQfha ù
f.dú;ek uq,afldg .;a lDIsld¾ñl Ôjk l%uhlsks' tys,d úêu;a ie,iqï.; yd
iaÓridr jdß moaO;shl wjYH;dj wfma uq;=ka ñ;af;da ukdj f;areï .;ay' ta wkqj
uyd id.r jeks jeõ bÈjQfha h'

fn!oaO ixialD;sh yd jdms ixialD;sh w;r we;af;a ióm in|;djls' ta fol
tlsfklska fmdaIKh ù ;sfí' fndfyda úg jeõ bÈlrùfuys,d mqfrda.dó jQfjda
isxy, rcorefjda h' fkdtfia kï wud;Hjreka fyda tn÷ ck m%OdkSyq h' id.rh
mrhk jeõ wuqKq bÈlrùfuka Tjqka wfmalaId lf<a m%cd ixj¾Okfhys moku jk
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhhs' wd¾Ól jYfhka m%udKj;a ixj¾Okhla fkdue;sùu È<s÷luhs'
th mqoa.,hdg uy;a ÿlls' uQ,sl f,!lsl wjYH;d iïmQ¾K fkdjQ ;eke;a;l=g
iodpdrd;aul yd wdOHd;añl jYfhka ixj¾Okh ùug o mrf,dj iq.;sh Wodlr
.ekSug o ksjka uÕ hdug o fkdyels h' tjka ;eke;a;d ÿisß;g fhduq fjhs¦
wmdh.dó fjhs' tneúka ;u hemSug m%udKj;a jQ iïm;a we;slu iem;lehs" nqÿ
oyu W.kajhs' jej flakaø fldg.;a Ôú;h ;=< .eñfhda ±yeñ Èúmeje;afuka oEf;a
ù¾hfhka wjYH;d imqrd .;ay'

Y%S ,dxflah isxy, fn!oaO iudcfha m%Odk Ôjfkdamdh jQ lDIsl¾udka;h
r|d mj;afka jeõ Èhjr u; h' ta wkqj tod mej;s iajhxfmdaIs; lDIs wd¾Ól rgdfõ
moku jQfha jejhs' jej hkq rgjeishka lsisjl=;a ika;l fm!oa.,sl foafmd<la
fkdfõ' tfy;a th ish¨ fokdf.a u Ôú; /l fohs¦ wdrlaId lrhs' mrd¾: p¾hdj
ms<sn| nqÿ oyfï tk b.ekaùï yl=<d olajk ixfla;hla f,i jej ye¢kaúh
yels h' jej yEÍfï § tys lemqKq miska ;ekQ .fvd¿ Wmfhda.S lrf.k jeõ
biau;af;a bÈ l< wyial=i ism.kakd f;acdkaú; iqfoda iqÿ od.en wdOHd;añl
iuDoaêfha fyj;a ks¾jdK ud¾.fha ixfla;h fõ' od.en fn!oaO ixialD;sh ;=<
jeã.sh úYsIag;u jdia;= úoHd;aul yelshdj m%lg lrk ksuejquls¦ tfia u fn!oaO
l,d Ys,amshdf.a ks¾udKYS,S ksmqK;ajh úoydmdkakls' ms<smeÈh hq;= O¾uh;a" mila
l< hq;= ksjk;a" od.en u.ska ixfla;j;a fõ' ie±yej;=ka od.en m%olaIsKd lrñka
u,a myka mQcd lrkqfha nqÿrÿkag lrk W;=ï f.!rjhla f,i h'
idïm%odhsl .%dóh m%cdjf.a fN!;sl" wd¾Ól wNsjDoaêh Wfoid jej odhl

jQ w;r Tjqkaf.a wdOHd;añl idrO¾u j¾Okh mssKsi od.en WmldÍ úh' mqoa.,hd
yd iudch yqfola fN!;sl wd¾Ól iqjm;a Ndjfhka muKla iEySug m;a fkdúh
jejhs od.enhs .uhs mkai,hs 79
hq;= h' tlS wNsjDoaêh ;sridr jkafka o M,odhS jkafka o ienE udkj wNsjDoaêhla
f,i ie,lsh yels jkafka o Bg iu.dó j wdOHd;añl" iodpdrd;aul wNsjDoaêh o
w;aje,a ne|.;a úg h' wd¾Ól wNsjDoaêh yd wdOHd;añl" iodpdrd;aul wNsjDoaêh
o tlsfklg WmldÍ fjhs' tlS fome;a; u fkdolskakd oEi u fkdfmfkk
wkaOfhls' wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj muKla olskakd tla weila muKla we;a;l= jeks hehs
nqÿ oyu W.kajhs' fï wkqj jej w¾:j;a l< fuf,dj iem; ^wd¾Ól wNsjDoaêh&
fuka u od.en w¾:j;a l< mrf,dj iem; ^wdOHd;añl wNsjDoaêh& hk WNhd¾:h
i,id .ekSu fn!oaO ixialD;sh ;=< yslaóu ,o fy< .eñhdf.a Ôjk ±lau jQfha h'
jejhs" od.enhs tu WNhd¾: ixj¾Okfha ixfla;h jQfha h'
jefõ;a od.efí;a /ljrKh yd wdYS¾jdoh u; meje;s ckmoh .uhs' .fï

uqÿkau,alv úydria:dkhhs' .ïjdiSka tÈfkod Ôjk rgdj f.k hkafka NslaIQka
jykafia,df.a ksis wjjdo wkqYdikdj;a wdYS¾jdoh;a we;sjhs' mkai, wd.ñl
wdh;khla fuka u wOHdmk uOHia:dkhla o úh' mkai,;a .u;a .ig fmd;a;;a
fmd;a;g .i;a fia ukd ine¢hdjlska hqla; j meje;sfha h' wo olajd u;a tu
ine¢hdj Yla;su;a j mj;S' úydria:dkh ;%súO ffp;Hhlska iukaú; úh' thska
m%uqL ;ek ysñ jQfha od.eng h' wkqrdOmqrfha rejkaue,s uyd od.en :Qmdrdu od.en
wdÈ nqÿrÿkaf.a YdÍßl Od;+ ;ekam;a l< W;=ï od.eí ta wkqj bÈjQfha h' oyia
.Kkla od.eí .ula .dfka we;s úh' tfia u wkqrdOmqrfha ;sidjej" kqjrjej wdÈ
jeõ o mqrdK rc orejka úiska lrjk ,È' tod .ula .ula mdid lrjk ,o jeõ
wo;a foaYh fmdaIKh lrhs'
rfÜ wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lrùu;a ck;djf.a ÈúuÕ iodpdr iïmkak f,i

fmdaIKh lrùu;a rdcrdcuydud;Hd§kaf.a wNsm%dh úh' jeõ bÈlrùu yd od.eí
bÈlrùfuys,d rcjreka ksr; jQfha rfÜ ck;djf.a o iduQysl iyNd.s;ajh ,nd.ksñks'
ck;dj o uy;a ne;s is;ska ta ta ld¾hhkays ksr; jQfha ,lajeishka jQ Tjqkg
Wm;ska u Wreu jQ W;=ï j.lSula nj f;areï .ksñks'
NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka ksis wjjdo wkqYdikd ,nñka rdc wkq.%yh;a

we;sj Ôj;a jQ ,lajeisfhda jeõ wuqKq yryd fl;aj;= wdÈh M,nßka fmdaIKh
lrjd lDIs wd¾Ólh kxjd rg iajhxfmdaIs; l<y' fuu ls%hdldrlï u.ska iduh
yd iu.sh ;yjqre flßK' lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=j, ,lajeishd ieu úg u ksr; jQfha
iduQysl j h' tla f.dúhl=f.a l=Uqfrys f.dhï lemSu wdÈ lghq;=j,g .fï .eyekq
msßñ ish¨ fokd u jdf.a meñKshy' fl;a hdfhys u f.dhï lemS wjika jk
;=re .fï ck;dj iduQysl j tldjka j jev l<y' f.dhï lemSï wdÈh isÿlrk
l=Uqre fldgi ysñ f.dúhd iydhg meñKs ish¨ fokdg u wjYH wdydrmdkdÈfhka
80
ix.%y lf<a h' fufia ta ta lDIsld¾ñl ld¾hhka isÿ jQfha iduQysl l%shdldrlïj,
m%;sM,hla f,ihs' ta ;=<ska .fï ish¨ fokdf.a u iqyo;ajh j¾Okh jQjd fia u
Tjqfkdjqkaf.a wd¾Ól Yla;sh o j¾Okh úh' fuu jdms ixialD;sfhka fmdaIKh
,enQ wm rfÜ ck;dj wú wdhqO fjf<|du" ji úi fjf<|du" i;a;aj fjf<|du
jeks wOd¾ñl /lshdj, ksr;fjñka ;udf.a fuka u wkHhkaf.a o ÈúuÕ w÷re
lr.ekSug fm<ö ke;s nj o fmfka' Tjqka fj;ska uekúka uQ¾;su;a jQfha ±yeñ
Èú meje;auhs¦ iu.sh yd iyÔjkhhs'
jej;a od.en;a Tiafia ,dxlsl ck;djf.a idrO¾u uekúka wdrlaId úh'

furg jeisfhda fidrlu" fndrelSu lsisfia;a u ms%h fkdl< wjxl idOdrK msßila
f,i iuia; f,dalhdf.a u f.!rjdorhg m;a msßila jQy' ish¨ u fokd tl
ujlf.a orejka fuka wfkHdakH iqyo;ajh m%lg lrñka iyÔjkfhka Èúmeje;au
f.k .shy' Tjqyq ienE u wúysxidjdÈfhda jQ y' iemf;a § fuka u úmf;a § o
iefjdu wfkHdakH Wmldrh we;sj tldjka j ls%hd l<y' wd;aud¾:h blaujd .sh
mrd¾: yeÕSfuka hq;=j furg ckhd ls%hd l< whqre fuu.ska meyeÈ,s h' iudc
Ôú;fha § wfkHdakH jYfhka Tjqfkdjqka ;=< meje;s fuu w;Hka; ine¢hdj
tlg leá ù ta ;=<ska iyÔjkh ukdj uQ¾;su;a úh' udkj ohdj yd lreKdj ;=<ska
f.dvk.d.;a fuu iyÔjkhg jej fuka u od.en o fnfyúka u WmldÍ jQfha h'
;udg fuka u iudchg o nrla fkdjk f,i Ôj;aùu fn!oaOhl=f.a mru

hq;=lu fia u j.lSu o jkafka h' ksje/Èj Ôj;a ùug kï wms kS;s.rel j
yd idOdrK j fuka u wfkHdakH iyÔjkfhka o ls%hd l< hq;= fjuq' ksje/È
Èúfmfj; iqjhls' tfia Ôj;aùug kï Od¾ñl ùu w;HjYH h'

f,dj wka tl o cd;shlgj;a fkdue;s" Y%S ,dxlslhkag u wdfõKsl jQ fuu
jej;a od.en;a j;auka iudchg ,nd fok wdo¾Yh b;d jeo.;a h' ñksiqka w;r
iyÔjkh j¾Okh lr .ekSug kï m<uqj wm tlsfkld fyd¢ka y÷kd.; hq;=
h' iemf;a § fuka u úmf;a § o iefjdu tld jka j ls%hd lsÍug fm,ôh hq;= h'
iduldó ck iudchla f.dvkÕd.; yels jkafka tfia iqyoYS,S j ls%hd lsÍfuks'
jejhs od.enhs .uhs mkai,hs 81

idrdxYh
,laÈj wd.ñl" ixialD;sl" idudðl yd cd;sl kfjdaofha m%n,;u
idOlh uyskaod.ukhhs' ta Tiafia ixj¾Okh jQ jejhs-od.enhs" .uhs-mkai,hs
hk ixialD;sl ixl,amh rfÜ iodpdrd;aul ixj¾Okfha levm;hs' ,dxflah
ckiudcfha iduh yd iyÔjkh we;sjQfha o ta ksid u h' wkdÈu;a ld,hl
mgka meje;s tu ixialD;sh fï olajd u wLKavj wdrlaId ù mj;skafka fuys
fjfik ck;djf.a nqoaêuh fY%aIaG;ajh u;hs'
l%shdldrlu
1' jejhs" od.enhs" .uhs" mkai,hs hk ud;Dldj Tiafia YsIH iñ;sfha l;djla
meje;aùug wjYH f;dr;=re /ialrkak'
2' iduQysl j f.dú;ekays fhfok .ïjdiSka msßila Ñ;%hg kÕkak'
mejreu
² wfma ixialD;sl Wreuhka .ek lshfjk mqj;am;a ,sms /iafldg fmd;la
ilia lrkak'
82
14 ksíndk mrux iqLx
tla;rd fmdl=Kl ñ;=frda fofofkla jdih l<y' bka tflla bÈnqfjls'

Tyqg f.dv Èh fol u yqre h' fyf;u tu mßir moaO;s foflys u jdih lsÍug iu;a
fjhs' bÈnqjdf.a ñ;=rd ud¿fjls' Tyqg f.dvìu kqyqre h' Èfhys u bmso tys u jik
fyf;u f.dvìu mßirh fkdolshs' Èkla bÈnqjd fmdl=fKka f.dvìug meñK
§¾> ixpdrhl fhÿfKa h' Tyqg fndfyda foa olskakg ,enqKs' ijia hdufhys
kej; fmdl=Kg meñKs fyf;u ;u ñ;=re ud¿jdg l;d lf<a h' ;ud f.dvìu
weúo wd nj;a" fndfyda foa ÿgq nj;a mejiqfõ h' bÈnqjd ish f.dvìu w;a±lSï
tfia b;d i;=áka yd Wfµda.fhka isysm;a l< o ud¿jdg lsisjla fkdf;areKs' —ta
lshkafka Tn msyskd .sh nj fkdfõ±@˜hs ud¿jd wjidkfha § úuiS h' f.dvìu
>k nj;a" tys msysksh fkdyels nj;a" weúo hd hq;= nj;a ud¿jdg lshd fokakg
fya fnfyúka W;aidy lf<a h' tfy;a ud¿jdg lsisjla fkdf;areKs' f.dvìu hkq
fmdl=K fuka c,h we;s r< iys; lsño msyskd hd yels ;ekla úh hq;= nj ud¿jd
;Èka u lshd isáfha h' fuh Wmud l;djls'
iir jik flf,ia iys; mqyqÿka ;eke;a;l=g iißka tf;r flf,ia rys;
jQ ÿlaL ksfrdaOh fyj;a ksjk hkq l=ula ±hs" lshd §u myiq lghq;a;la fkdfõ' th
bÈnqjd ud¿jdg fmdl=fKka tf;r we;s f.dvìu .ek lshd §ug iudk l< yels
h' ksjk hkq nqoaOd§ uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a w;a±lSuhs' Wka jykafia,d iir ÿla
we;s lrk ldu ;Kaydj fyj;a mialï iemf;ys leue;a; we;s" b÷rka mskùfï
reÑh o" Nj ;Kaydj fyj;a uf.a h" uu fjñ" uf.a wd;auh fõ hehs i,ld
.kakd Ydiaj; oDIaáh wkqj Njfhys yels;dla iem ú£ug we;s wdYdj o" úNj
;Kaydj fyj;a ish,a, urKfhka fl<jr fõ" u;= meje;aula mqk¾Njhla ke;
hk WÉfþo oDIaáh uq,a fldg .;a fuf,dj yels;dla iem ú£ug we;s wdYdj o
ÿre l< W;=fuda fj;s' tfia ;=ka jeoEreï hehs m<uq oï foiqfï § nqÿrÿka jod<
;DIaKdj uq¿ukska u ÿre l< nqoaOd§ wd¾h W;=ukaf.a w;a±lSu ksjkhs' th ±k
±l.;a" tys we;s iqjh y÷kd.;a tu ksoyi Ydka;sh Wod lr.;a Wka jykafia,df.a
tu w;a±lSu iir jik ;DIaKdj we;s flf,ia iys; wmg ú|.; fkdyels h¦
ksíndk mrux iqLx 83

f;areï .; fkdyels h' tksid u wm ,shk" l;d lrk NdIdj mjd ÿlaL ksfrdaOfha
fyj;a ksjfkys iajNdjh mejiSug imqrd m%udKj;a fkdfõ' NdIdfjys we;af;a wm
okakd foa wfma woyiaj, w;a±lSï mejiSug fhdok jpkhs' ksjk wmf.a w;a±lSula"
úkaokhla fkdjk neúka ta .ek úia;r lsÍug NdIdj m%udKj;a fkdfõ' tfy;a
wmg NdIdj ke;s j neß h' NdIdj fkdue;sj iir fyda ksjk úia;r lsÍug wms
wiu;a fjuq' fï wkqj nqÿrcdKka jykafia o mrud¾: i;Hh jQ ksjk f;areï lr
§ug iïuq;shla jk NdIdj Ndú; l<y' NdIdfõ yuqjk —we;˜ hk w¾:h we;s
jpk mfilska ;nd —ke;˜ hk w¾:h we;s jpk nqoaO foaYkdj ;=< ksfrdaO i;Hh
úia;r lsÍug fhdodf.k ;sfí' tfia u ksfrdaOh yd tys iajNdjh úia;r lsÍfï §
iudk yd ióm w¾: we;s jpk /ila tljr fhdod .ekSu o iQ;% foaYkdj, ±l.;
yels h' nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a ux., O¾u foaYkdfjys f;jeks wd¾h i;Hh jQ
ÿlaL ksfrdaO wd¾h i;Hh fufia úia;r fõ'
ÿlg uq,a jkakd jQ ;DIaKdj uq,qu‚ka keiSula fõo" w;a

yeÍula fõo" ÿr,Sula fõo" ñ§ula fõo" tys fkdwe,Sula fõo
th ÿlaL ksfrdaO wd¾h i;Hhhs'
fï wkqj i;a;aj ika;dkfhys uq,anei we;s" ld je§ we;s ;DIaKdj imqrd

ke;s lsÍu" uq,skqmqgd ±óu ksjkhs" ksfrdaOhhs' ;DIaKdj laIh lsÍu ksjk fõ hehs
;j;a nqoaO foaYkdjl olajd ;sfí' ;DIaKdj we;s;dla iir ÿl we;' tkï bm§u"
f,vùu" uy¨ ùu" urKh wdÈ lgql wm%ikak w;a±lSïj,g uqyqK§ug wmg isÿ fõ'
;DIaKdj imqrd ke;s l< úg iir ÿl o imqrd ke;s fõ hehs" fufia ;DIaKdj o
bka Wmokd ish¨ ÿla fodïkia o kej; kQmokd mßÈ ke;sùu iem;ls' th mru
iem;hs¦ W;=ï iem;hs¦ nqÿ oyfuys b.ekafjk mru ksIagdjhs¦ wjidk úuqla;shhs¦
ksjkhs'
Nj hkq meje;au h' ialkaO Od;= wdh;kd§ jYfhka oyfuys ye¢kafjk

i;a;ajhdf.a Ôú;hg yd meje;aug ;=vqfok fN!;sl udkisl Yla;Skaf.a fkdis§
meje;au h' thg u iir hehs lshkq ,efí' tneúka nqoaO jpkfhys Nj ksfrdaOh
ksjk kï fõ hehs o olajd ;sfí' tfia Njh wjika jkafka ;Kaydj imqrd k;r
ùfuks¦ ish¨ flf,ia ke;s ùfuks' iir ÿlg yd ÿla iys; meje;aug tl u fya;=j
;Kaydj fkdfõ' th uQ,sl fya;=jhs' rd." oafõY" fudayd§ ;Kaydj fmrgq fldg.;a
ish¨ flf,ia iir ÿla Wmojhs' ta wkqj ñksia ika;dkfhys ldje§ we;s rd.dÈh
uq¿ukska laIh ùu ksjk hehs o nqÿrcdKka jykafia jod<y'
84
;Kaydj we;=¿ rd." oafõY" fudayd§ ish¨ flf,ia uq,a fldgf.k ÿla
we;sjk nj wms oksuq' bm§u fyj;a i;a;ajhdf.a yg .ekSu" crdj fyj;a Èrd
hdu tkï uy¨ ùu" jHdêh fyj;a f,v ÿla" frda. mSvd we;s ùu" urKh fyj;a
Ôú;fha wjidkh wd§ jYfhka ÿlaL wd¾h i;H foaYkdfjys fmkajd ÿka" iir
jik i;a;ajhdg ú£ug isÿ ù we;s tlS ÿla fodïkia ish,a, wjika ùu ksjk h'
tneúka ksjk hkq iir ÿflys wka;h hehs olajd ;sfí'
ish¨ ixialdrhka ixis£u" ish¨ ne÷ï w;a yeÍu" ;DIaKdj imqrd ke;s lsÍu"
úrd.h" ksfrdaOh" ks¾jdKhhs' fya;= m%;H we;s l, we;sjk ke;s l, ke;sjk
wks;H jQ" ÿla iys; jQ" wkd;au jQ ish,a, fuys ixialdr hkqfjka olajk ,È' tlS
iir meje;au we;s lrk ialkaO wdÈ ixialdr O¾uhkaf.a ixis£u ksjk h' iir
jik wms ifÉ;ksl-wfÉ;ksl" iÔù-wÔù fndfyda fohg is;ska ne£ isáuq¦ we,S
isáuq' tu ne£ï" we,Sï w;ayeÍu" ke;sùu ksjkhs' tneúka ;DIaKdj imqrd wjika
ùu úrd.h fyj;a fkdwe,Su" ksfrdaO ksjk hehs W.kajk ,È'
ksjk .ek ;j;a nqoaO foaYkhl fufia meyeÈ,s flf¾'
uyfKks" yg.;a fyda fkdyg.;a fyda hï;dla îalkaO

wdÈ& O¾ufhda fj;a o Tjqka w;r úrd.h u W;=ï hehs lshkq
,efí' tkï uoh ixis|jk" ;DIaKd msmdih ke;s lrjk"
we,Su uq,ska Wmqgd ouk" meje;au is| ouk" ;DIaKdj jkik"
úrd.hhs" ksfrdaOhhs" ks¾jdKhhs'
ÿlaL ksfrdaOh fyj;a ksjk iem;la jkafka flfia ±hs" wkqudk

jYfhka fyda f;areï .ekSu fuys § b;d jeo.;a fõ' ÿl isrf.hla yd iudk h'
iir kue;s isrf.hs jik i;a;ajfhda fkdfhla wdldrfha ÿla mSvdj,g f.dÿre
fj;s' ñksia is;a ;=< ;DIaKdj fkdue;s kï t;ek ÿl kue;s isrf.h o ke;'
th mru iem;ls' wm iudch ;=< Ôj;a ùfï § hï hï lreKq uq,a lrf.k wêl
f,i fldamhg m;ajk wjia:d ;sfí' túg msgia;rj wm foi n,k flkl=g
wmf.a uqyqK w;mh hkd§ YÍrdx.j, mjd hï fjkila ±lsh yels h' ta fldamh
we;sùfuka Wmka udkisl úlD;sh ksid h' fldamh ;djld,sl h' th ;=rka ù .sh
miq wm is;g fl;rï iqjhla yd iekis,a,la ,efí o hkak is;d ne,sh hq;= h'
wm idxidßlj fidhk" ú¢k iem iïm;a ye¢kafjkafka fõohs; iem hkqfjks'
f,!lsl jYfhka ú¢k iemhs' ksjk wfõohs; iem;ls' tkï ksjk iem;lehs
lshkafka wm is;k m;k iem tys we;s ksid fkdfõ¦ ÿlla ke;s ksid h'

uysÉP;dj hkq wiSñ; wdYdjka we;s njhs¦ fndfyda oE leue;s ùuhs' uy
n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s njhs' thska Ôú;fha iekis,a," i;=g ke;s fõ¦ is;ays iykh
wysñ fõ¦ ñksiqka w;r .egqï we;s fõ¦ ;r.h jeä fõ' nqÿ oyu wkqj wm w,afmaÉP
Ôú;hla .; lsÍug yqre úh hq;= h' túg iekis,af,ka Ôj;a úh yels h' ñ,-
uqo,a" bv-lvï" hdk-jdyk" f.j,a-fodrj,a" wdydr-mdk hkdÈh ms<sn| we;euqkag
we;af;a wiSñ; wdYdjls' fulS f,!lsl foa /ia lsÍug;a" tajdfhys m%fhdack N=la;s
ú£ug;a Tjqyq jeä ld,hla .; lr;s' lsisÿ úfõlhla" udkisl ksoyila fkdue;s j
f,!lsl foa miqmi u yUd hk iuyfrla thskau fjfyig ÿlg m;afj;s¦ úúO
mSvd ú¢;s'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia m%Yxid lrkafka" w.h lrkafka wvq n,dfmdfrd;a;=

we;s iSñ; wdYdjka we;s Ôú;hs' n,dfmdfrd;a;= wvq ;eke;a;d ,o fohska i;=gq fjhs'
îka;=iaifld&¦ fmdaIKh lsÍu myiq h' îqNfrda& tfia u wiSñ; wfmalaId ke;s
w,afmaÉP ;eke;a;d úfõlfhka Ôj;a fjhs' Tyqg jev wvq h' ^wmamlsÉfpd& Tyqf.a
meje;au ieye,a¨ h' î,a,jqljq;a;s& ;j o Tyqf.a bkaøsh ixjr h' îka;skaøsfhd&
Tyq kqjKe;af;ls' ^ksmfld& w,afmaÉP ñksiqka jik f,dalfha iajdNdúl iïm; o
iq/flhs' Tjqyq tu iïm;a ksis md,khlska hq;= j N=la;s ú¢;s' wdYdj wvq lrf.k
Ôj;a jQ ;rug u wms flfuka flfuka ksjkg <x fjuq' wiSñ; wdYdjka fmdÈ
ne|f.k Ôj;a ùu ksjka u. wjysr fldg iir .uk o §¾> lrùug fya;= fjhs'
tneúka w,afmaÉP Ôú;hla mj;ajdf.k hdug wm l=vd l, mgka u yqre mqreÿ úh
hq;= h' ÿlaL ksfrdaOh fj; <Õd úh yelafla tfia wmsia meje;au fmrgq fldg.;a
YslaIKh Tiafia h'
86
idrdxYh
ksjka iqjh blaujd hk mru iqjhla f,dalfha fkdue;' ÿlaL ksfrdaO

wd¾h i;Hh u.ska W.kajkafka ish¨ ÿla ke;s lsÍfuka ,nk tu iqjhhs' tkï
ÿlg uq,a jk ;DIaKdj uq¿ukska ke;s lssÍuhs¦ ish¨ flf,ia uq,skqmqgd ±óuhs¦
Nj ksfrdaOhhs' th ÿflys wka;h fjhs' w,afmaÉP" ir, Ôú;hla .; lsÍu
ksjkg l%ufhka <Õd ùuls'
l%shdldrlu
1' —ksíndk mrux iqLx˜ hkak fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
2' ;DIaKdfjys iajNdjh lshefjk flá fþohla ,shkak'
3' w,afmaÉP" ir, Ôú;hlg yqremqreÿ ùfï m%fhdack ±lafjk jdlH 03la
,shkak'
mejreu
² Oïuplalmamj;a;k iQ;%fhys ÿlaL ksfrdaO wd¾h i;Hh úia;r flfrk

md,smdGh ,shd olajkak'

mqyqKqjg
h:dms uQf,a wkqmoaofõ o,afy

ðkafkdms relafLda mqkf¾j rEy;s
tajïms ;Kaydkqifha wkqyf;a
ksín;a;;s ÿlaLñox mqkmamqkx'
uq, fyd|g we;s l,

lemQ .ia ,sh,k fia
ÿre fkdl< l, ;Kayd
mqk mqkd ÿl Wm§'
88
15 ÿlska ñfok u. W.ksuq
wm uy fndai;dKka jykafia idrdixLH l,am ,laIhla oi mdrñ;d O¾u

iïmQ¾K lrñka iir ießierefõ i;a;ajhd ÿlska tf;r lsÍfï wruqK we;sjhs'
wjik nqoaO;ajhg m;a ù m<uq O¾u foaYkdfjka u miaj. uyKqkag p;=rd¾h
i;Hh foaYkd l< nj wms oksuq' ÿlaL wd¾h i;Hh" ÿlaL iuqoh wd¾h i;Hh" ÿlaL
ksfrdaO wd¾h i;Hh" ÿlaL ksfrdaO.dñKS mámod wd¾h i;Hh hkq ta wd¾h i;H
i;rhs' óg fmr m<uq i;H ;=k ms<sn| j bf.k.;a wm wo bf.k .kafka ÿlaL
ksfrdaO.dñKS mámod wd¾h i;Hh ms<sn|jhs'
i;a;ajhd iir ÿla ú¢k nj;a" tu ÿla ú£ug fya;=jla we;s nj;a" th ke;s
l< yels nj;a wms oksuq' th ke;s lsÍfï ud¾.h o wm W.; hq;= h' ÿla ke;s
lsÍfï ud¾.fha wx. wgla we;s nj nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkajd ÿka fial' Ndr;Sh
wd.ñl iudch wka;.dó ms<sfj;a wkq.ukh lf<a fuu wx. wglska hq;a ud¾.h
fkdokakdlu ksihs' lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.hg fyj;a wmuK j iem ú£ug mqyqÿka
mqoa.,hd reÑ lrhs' th wka;jd§ ms<sfj;ls' nqÿjok wkqj lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h
my;a ms<sfj;ls ^ySfkda&" th fkdÈhqKq h ^.ïfuda&" mqyqÿka iajNdjh we;af;a h
^fmd:qÊcksflda&" wd¾h meje;aula fkdfõ ^wkßfhda&" wjevodhl h ^wk;a: ixysf;da&'
tu ms<sfj; fiajkh fkdl< hq;= hehs jodrk ,oafoa h' thska úuqla;shla ,eìh
fkdyels h' w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h fyj;a isrerg wmuK ÿlaa§u ;=<ska úuqla;sh
fiùu o wka;jd§ ms<sfj;ls' th ÿla iys; h" wkd¾h h" wjevodhl h' thska o
úuqla;sh ,eìh fkdyels h' tu wka; fofla .uka lsÍfuka wmg iir ÿlska tf;r
úh fkdyels neúka uOHu m%;smodj wkq.ukh l< hq;= h' th wd¾h wIagdx.sl
ud¾.h f,iska ye¢kafõ' fuu wx. wglska hq;a m%;smodj iS," iudê" m[a[d hk
;s%YslaIdjg wh;a fõ' th u ks¾jdK ud¾.hhs¦ iir ish¨ ÿlska tf;r ùfï u.hs'
ÿlska ñfok u. W.ksuq 89

01 iïud ÈÜÀ ^ksje/È ±lSu&
m[a[d
02 iïud ixlmam ^ksje/È l,amkdj&
03 iïud jdpd ^ksje/È jpkh&
04 iïud lïuka; ^ksje/È lghq;=& iS,
05 iïud wdÔj ^ksje/È Èú meje;au&
06 iïud jdhdu ^ksje/È W;aidyh&
07 iïud i;s ^ksje/È isysh& iudê
08 iïud iudê ^ksje/È is; tlÕ lsÍu&
1' iïud ÈÜÀ ^ksje/È ±lSu&
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha iEu wx.hla i|yd u —iïud˜ hk jpkh uq,ska

fh§ ;sfí' thska —hym;a" ksje/È˜ hk w¾: .uH fõ' thska fmkS hkafka fuu wx.
wgg m%;súreoaO jQ whym;a yd je/È ms<sfj;a o we;s njhs' ÈÜÀ hkq ±lSuhs' iïud
ÈÜÀ hkq ksje/È ±lSuhs' ñÉPd ÈÜÀ hkq je/È ±lSuhs'

iïud ÈÜÀh o fohdldr h' m<uqjekak ÿka fofhys úmdl we;" l< fyd|
krlj, úmdl we;" fuf,djla mrf,djla we; hkdÈ jYfhka úia;r jk oijia;=l
iïud ÈÜÀhhs' fojekak p;=iÉp iïud ÈÜÀhhs' ÿl ms<sn| {dkh" ÿl we;sùfï
fya;=j ms<sn| {dkh" ÿl ke;slsÍu ms<sn| {dkh" ÿl ke;slsÍfï ud¾.h ms<sn|
{dkh hk p;=rd¾h i;H {dkh fuys § p;=iÉp iïud ÈÜÀh f,i ye¢kafõ' th
wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.fha m<uq wx.hhs' iïud ÈÜÀh wd¾h ud¾.fha we;=<;a wx.
wgg u uQ,sl moku imhhs' fuhg m%;súreoaO jQ ÿka fofhys úmdl ke;" l< fyd|
krlj, úmdl ke;" fuf,djla mrf,djla ke; hkdÈ jYfhka jk oijia;=l
ñÉPd ÈÜÀhla o we;'
2' iïud ixlmam ^ksje/È l,amkdj&

wßwgÕsufÕys fojk wx.h iïud ixlmamhhs' iïud ixlmam hkq ksje/È
l,amkdjhs' wmg we;sjk je/È l,amkdjka ñÉPd ixlmam f,iska ye¢kafõ' ldu
ixlmam" jHdmdo ixlmam yd úysxid ixlmam hkq ta ñÉPd ixlmam ;=khs' tu
ñÉPd ixlmamj,ska fjka jQ iïud ixlmamh fkdfyd;a ksje/È l,amkdj o ;=ka
wdldr h'
90
1' fklaLïu ixlmam ^ldu jia;+kaf.ka fjkaùfï ixl,amkdj&
2' wjHdmdo ixlmam ^jHdmdofhka fjkaùfï ixl,amkdj&
3' wúysxid ixlmam ^ysxidfjka fjkaùfï ixl,amkdj& hkq ta ;=khs'
3' iïud jdpd ^ksje/È jpkh&

iïud jdpd hkq ksje/È jpkhhs' jpkh ixjr lr.ekSu fuhska woyia fõ'
jpkfhka je/È i;rla isÿ fõ' tajd uqidjdo" msiqKdjdp" MreIdjdp" iïMmam,dm
hkqfjka ye¢kafõ' hï flfkla tfia jpkfhka isÿjk je/È i;ßka fjka j
hym;a jpk Ndú; lrhs kï th iïud jdpd kï fõ' jpkfhka isÿjk je/È
lrkakd ñÉPd jdpd wkq.ukh lrkafkls'
1' uqidjdod fõruKS
wkqka rjgk fndre lSfuka je<lS we;a; l;d lsÍu
2' msiqKdjdpd fõruKS
wkqka ì÷jk fla,dï lSfuka je<lS wkqka iu.s lrk jpk Ndú; lsÍu'
3' Mreidjdpd fõruKS
wkqka is;a mdrk" r¿" mreI jpk lSfuka je<lS ñysß" lkg iqjfok jpk
l;d lsÍu
4' iïMmam,dmd fõruKS
ksIaM, jQ" wre;a iqka" ysia jpk m%ldY lsÍfuka je<lS w¾:j;a" m%fhdackj;a
fia l;d lsÍu ksje/È jpk hkq fïjd h'
4' iïud lïuka; ^ksje/È lghq;=&

iïud lïuka; hkq ksje/È j l%shd lsÍuhs' fuys wjOdkh fhduqlr we;af;a
lhska isÿ lrk ls%hd ms<sn| j h' i;=ka ueÍu" fidrlï lsÍu" ldufhys jrojd
yeisÍu hk wl=i,a lhska isÿfjhs' tu je/È l%shdj,ska wE;aj" hym;a l%shdj,
ksr;ùu iïud lïuka; kï fõ' th ;=ka wdldr h'
1' mdKd;smd;d fõruKS
i;=ka ueÍfuka yd i;a;aj ysxidfjka je<lSu
2' wÈkakdodkd fõruKS
fidrlï lsÍfuka je<lSu
3' ldfïiq ñÉPdpdrd fõruKS
ldufhys jrojd yeisÍfuka je<lSu
m%dK.d;h wd§ wl=i, ls%hdjkaf.ka je<lS i;a;aj Ôú; wdrlaId lsÍu" wkai;= foa
wdrlaId lsÍu" YsIag iïu; wUqieñ iïnkaO;dj hk ksje/È ls%hdj, fh§u iïud
lïuka; f,i ye¢kafõ'

5' iïud wdÔj ^ksje/È Èú meje;au&

Èú meje;au i|yd whym;a jD;a;Skays ksr; ùu ñÉPd wdÔjhhs' tajdhska
fjkaù hym;a /lshd ud¾.j, fh§u iïud wdÔjhhs' hï flkl= Ôúld jD;a;sh
i|yd i;=ka urkafka kï" fidrlï lrkafka kï" ÿrdpdrfhys fhfokafka kï"
fjk;a mdm;r jD;a;shl ksr; fõ kï th ñÉPd wdÔjhhs' l=yllï" lmálï"
ieyeislï wdÈh Èú meje;au Wfoid fkdl< hq;= h' mxpúO fjf<|dï lsÍu
wdÈfhka je<lsh hq;= h' tfia fkdl<hq;= fjf<|dï my kï"
1' wúwdhqO fjf<|du
2' i;a;aj fjf<|du
3' uiaudxi fjf<|du
4' u;aøjH fjf<|du
5' jiúI fjf<|du hkqhs' fuys i|yka jkafka fjf<kaol= úiska mdmS"
wl=i, iy.;" fkdl< hq;= fjf<Þï h' fun÷ fjf<\ï w;yer ±yeñ fjf<\ï
lsÍug fn!oaOhl= fhduq úh hq;= h' ksoiqka jYfhka olajk ,o tn÷ woeyeñ
fjf<\ï we;=¿ ish¨ wdldrfha mdmS Ôúld jD;a;Skaf.ka je<lS ;u Èúfmfj;
±yeñ j f.ùug wm j.n,d.; hq;= h' th iïud wdÔjhhs'
6' iïud jdhdu ^ksje/È W;aidyh&

jdhdu hkq l=ula o@ th W;aidyh" ù¾hh" jEhu hk w¾: f.k ths' ´kE u
ld¾hhla i|yd .kakd W;aidyh iïud jdhdu fkdfõ' hym;a W;aidyh iïud
jdhdu kñka ye¢kafõ' tkï ÿlska ñ§u i|yd jk isõ jeoEreï W;aidyhhs'

1' kQmka wl=i,a fkdbmoùug ork jEhu
^fuf;la fkdl< wl=i,a u;=jg;a fkdlsÍug ork W;aidyh&
2' Wmka wl=i,a ÿre lsÍug ork jEhu
^;ud ;=< we;s wl=i,a ÿre lsÍug ork jEhu&
3' kQmka l=i,a Wmojd .ekSug ork jEhu
^kQmka l=i,a bmsoùu i|yd ork jEhu&
4' Wmka l=i,a /l .ekSug yd jeä ÈhqKqlr .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu
^;ud ;=< we;s l=i,a ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq lr .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu&
92
7' iïud i;s ^ksje/È isysh&
i;sh hkq isyshhs' iïud i;sh ksje/È isysh" fyd| isysh" ukd isysh"
hym;a isysh hkdÈ jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h' fuys § woyia flfrkqfha i;r
i;smÜGdkfhka hqla; jQ meje;auhs' i;r i;smÜGdkh fufia h'
1' ldhdkqmiaikdj
^YÍrfhaa ls%hdldß;ajh yd iajNdjh ms<sn| isysh&
2' fõokdkqmiaikdj
^lhg ±fkk iem ÿla wd§ fõokd ms<sn| isysfhka lghq;= lsÍu&
3' Ñ;a;dkqmiaikdj
^my<jk is;aj, iajNdjh ms<sn| wjOdkfhka isàu&
4' Oïudkqmiaikdj
^mxp kSjrK wd§ O¾u wkqj isysh fhoùu&
8' iïud iudê ^ksje/È udkisl tlÕ nj&

iudêh hkq Ñ;a; tal.%;dj fyj;a isf;a tlÕluhs' iïud iudêh hkq
l=i,a wruqKl is; tlÕ ùu h' whym;a wruqKl o is; tlÕ l< yels h' taa ñÉPd
iudêhhs' iïud iudêh hkq úúO wl=i,hkaf.ka yd úúO lduhkaf.ka fjka j
Ndjkd lsÍu ;=<ska ,nk iudêhhs' tkï m%:uOHdk" oaú;ShOHdk" ;D;ShOHdk"
p;=;a:OHdkdÈh ;=<ska ,nk iudêh fõ' wl=i, O¾uhkaf.ka fjkaùu hkafkka
mxpkSjrK O¾u hgm;a lsÍu w¾:j;a fõ' tkï lduÉPkao" jHdmdo" ÓkñoaO"
WoaOÉp l=lal=Ép yd úÑlsÉPd hk myhs' lduhkaf.ka fjkaùu hkafkka w¾:j;a
jkafka rEmd§ ldu jia;= flfrys we,Sug we;s leue;af;ka wE;aùuhs'

by; olajk ,o wx. wglska hq;a ud¾.h ksjka ud¾.fha .uka lrk
fn!oaOhl=g muKla fkdj fuf,dj i;=áka isàug leue;s yd Od¾ñl j ÈhqKqj
m;k ldyg jqj o m%fhdackj;a fõ' wOHdmkh ,nk <uhska yeáhg wmg iS,"
iudê" m%{d hk fuu YslaId ud¾.h wkq.ukh l< yels h' tfia lsÍu wm Ôú;hg
uy;a wiajeis,a,la fõ' wmg we;sjk ;Kaydj" wdYdj" rd.h" oafõYh" fudayh jeks
foa ÿrelr .ekSu" W;aidyfhka lghq;= lsÍu" isysfhka lghq;= lsÍu wdÈh ;=<ska
wOHdmk lghq;= mjd b;d myiqfjka l< yels fõ' fuu uOHu m%;smodj wkq.ukh
lsÍug mqreÿ mqyqKqùu fuf,dj mrf,dj fof,djg u jevodhl fõ'

idrdxYh
i;a;ajhd ÿlska uqojk m%;smodj p;=rd¾h i;Hfhys ÿlaL ksfrdaO .dñKS

mámod wd¾h i;Hh ;=<ska úia;r lr ;sfí' th wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h f,i
ye¢kafõ' lduiqL,a,sldkqfhda.h iy w;a;ls,u:dkqfhda.h hk wka; folg
fkdjegqKq ueÿï ms<sfj; thhs' th wm ksjkg muqKqjk ud¾.hhs'
l%shdldrlu
1' wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.h ;s%YslaIdjg we;=<;a jk whqre fmkajd fokak'
2' —ueÿï ms<sfj; fn!oaOhkag muKla fkdfõ" f,dj ieug th M,Þhl h'˜
fï ms<sn| jdlH rpkhla ,shkak'
mejreu
iïud jdhdu ^ksjerÈ W;aidyh& ;=<ska lshfjk wl=i,a iy l=i,a ms<sn|

fn!oaOhl= l%shd l< hq;af;a flfia±hs Tfí mka;sfha fiiq wh iu. O¾u
idlÉPdjla lrkak'
94
16 fkdlr mõlï lruq mskalï
Ôjl wU jkhg rd;%sh Wod jQfha h' tfy;a i|myka /hla jQ fyhska
jkdka;rh wdf,dalj;a j ;sìKs' mßirh ksy~ h¦ ksial,xl h' wU ;=re
fijfKys uy ry;=ka jykafia,d iudê iqjfhka jev isák o¾Ykh w;sYh
ukialdka; jQfha h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia .|ls<sfhys jev isáfha iudê iqjfhks'
ful, u.Ofhys md,lhd jQfha wcdi;a; ksß÷ h' fyf;u ;ud lrk ,o ms;D
>d;kfhka n,j;a miq;eùug yd fYdalhg m;a j isáfha h' tu ÿl ;=kS lr
.ekSu i|yd Èkla rd;%sfhys fyf;u nqÿrÿka fidhd meñKsfha Ôjl fj±ÿre
iu. h' fuys § we;s jQ idlÉPdfjka wk;=rej" rc.y kqjr jdih lrk Ydia;DDka
yhfokl= ms<sn| j f;dr;=re fy<súh' tkï mQrK liaim" ulaL,sf.daid," ml=O
lÉpdhk" wð;flailïn,s" ixchfn,a,ÜÀmq;a; iy ks.KaGkd:mq;a; hkqfjks'
fuu Ydia;DDka w;ßka mQ¾K liaim Ydia;Djrhd l¾uh fyj;a l%shdj m%;slafIam
lrkafkls' wð;flailïn,s úmdlh m%;slafIam l< w;r ulaL,sf.daid, l¾uh
iy úmdlh hk fol u m%;slafIam lf<a h' ml=O lÉPdhk úiska ish,a, uQ,sl jk
mod¾: y;la b.ekajQ w;r Tyq o l¾u úmdl fkdms<s.;af;a h' l¾uh" úmdlh fyda
mrf,dj hkdÈ ljrla ms<sn| j ljrl= úiska fyda úpd< l,ays iDcqj ms<s;=re fkd§
u.yer hdu ixch fn,a,ÜÀmq;a; Ydia;Djrhdf.a ms<sfj;hs' ffck uydùr ;=ud
l¾ujdÈfhls' fyf;u ish,a, fmr lrk ,o l¾uhg wkqj isÿfõ hk mqífíl;
fya;=jdohla b.ekaù h' tfia u hï l%shdjla isÿ lsÍfï § lh m%Odk jk nj;a
uki oaú;Shsl jk nj;a t;=ud b.ekaù h' fï wdldrhg wE; w;S;fha isg u ish,a,
l¾ufhka isÿ fkdfõ hehs ms<s.;a msßila fuka u ish,a, l¾ufhka isÿ fõ hehs
ms<s.;a msßila o jdih l< nj meyeÈ,s h' nqÿ oyu fya;=M,jd§ h' nqÿrÿka l¾u
úmdl b.ekajQfha o ta wkqjhs' l¾uh ñksidg ÿla fyda iem fyda Wmojk idOl
w;r tlla jk nj nqÿoyu ms<s.kshs'
nqoaO foaYkdj wkqj l¾uh hkq fÉ;kdjhs' th uq,a fldg.;a l%shdjhs'

—fÉ;kdyx NslaLfõ lïux jodñ' fÉ;hs;ajd lïux lfrda;s" ldfhak jdpdh
ukid'˜ —uyfKks uu fÉ;kdj l¾uh hehs lshñ' is;ska is;d lhska" jpkfhka yd
fkdlr mõlï lruq mskalï 95
ukiska l¾u /ia lrhs'˜ fï wkqj mqoa.,hdf.ka isÿ jk ish¨ l%shd l¾u hkqfjka
y÷kajkafka ke;' is;du;d lrk l%shdjla u l¾uh fõ' fõ;kdj wkqj l¾uh
hym;a fyda whym;a fyda úh yels h' ;s%úO mqKH ls%hd" oi l==i, O¾u" mkais,a" oi
mdró O¾u" wdÈh hym;a mqKH l¾u fyda l=i, l¾u .Khg o" mia mõ" oi wl=i,a"
wdÈh mdml¾u fyda wl=i, l¾u .Khg o wh;a h' wmf.a Ôú;h ilia jkafka wm
úiska lrkq ,nk l%shdldrlï fyj;a l¾uj,g wkqj h' hym;a l¾u lsÍfuka wm
Ôú;h hym;a wdldrfhka o" whym;a l¾u lsÍfuka whym;a wdldrfhka o ilia
fõ' kej; Wm; ,eîu i|yd fya;= jkafka wm isÿ lrk l=i,dl=i, l¾uhs' l=i,
l¾u ksid iem ,efí' wl=i, l¾u ksid ÿla ,efí'
fn!oaO b.ekaùug wkqj l=i,dl=i, l¾u úksYaph lsÍfï yelshdj

mqoa.,hdg we;' l¾u ksYaph lsÍug wod< ñKqï o~q úúOdldr h' nqÿoyu wkqj
fÉ;kdj yd úmdlh ta w;ßka m%Odk h' mqoa.,hd úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk l%shd m%Odk
jYfhka fldgia folls' tkï l=i, l%shd iy wl=i, l%shd jYfhks' f,daN" fodai
iy fuday hk wl=i, uQ,hka uq,aj isÿlrk l%shd wl=i,a h' wf,daN" wfodai iy
wfuday hk l=i, uQ,hka uq,aj isÿlrk l%shd l=i,a h' wl=i, fÉ;kd uq,a fldg isÿ
lrkafka wl=i, ls%hd h' wl=i, ls%hd whym;a h¦ ;udg o wkqkag o wjevodhl h'
tajdhska whym;a m%;sM, ,efí' .jhd miq mi hk .ef,ys frdaoh fuka wm miq
mi u ths' hï l%shdjla isÿfldg kej; tu l%shdj fufkys lrk l,ays fk;g
l÷<" ÿl fuka u fYdalh <Õd jkafka kï tjeks l%shd fkdl< hq;= h¦ tajd mõ h¦
wl=i,a h¦ tajdhska ÿla úmdl ,efnkafka h' l=i, fÉ;kd uq,afldg isÿlrkafka
l=i, l%shd h' l=i, ls%hd hym;a h¦ ;udg yd wkqkag ys;lr h' tajdhska hym;a
m%;sM, ,efí' wm w;a fkdyer hk fijKe,a, fuks' tfia u hï l%shdjla isÿfldg
kej; tu l%shdj fufkys lrk l,ays yoj;g i;=g" fidïki ±fkkafka kï
tjeks l%shd l< hq;= h¦ tajd msx h¦ l=i,a h¦ tajdhska iem úmdl ,efnkafka h'
tfyhska tajd l< hq;= h'
l¾uh yd úmdlh
Èkla nqÿrcdKka jykafia f;dafohHmq;% iqN udkjlhd wu;d fufia jod<y'

—udkjlh" i;a;ajhd l¾uh iajlSh fldg we;" odhdo fldg we;" l¾uh wkqj Wm;
,nd we;" th kEhd fldg we;" ms<sirK fldg we;' l¾uh úiska i;a;ajhd Wia
my;a jYfhka fnokq ,efí'˜ fuhska fy<s jkafka l¾uh yd idxidßl i;a;ajhd
w;r mj;sk ne£uhs'
96
ta ta mqoa.,hd úiska lrk ,o l=i, wl=i, l¾uj, úmdl iir mqrdjg u
,efí' lsishï Njhl Wm; ,eîfï § wmf.a w;S; l¾u o bjy,a fõ' ksrfhys"
;sßika f,dalfhys" fm%a; f,dalfhys" ukqIH f,dalfhys fyda ÈjH f,dalfhys fyda
wm Wm; ,nkafka;a tu tla tla f,dalhg wod< ÿla fyda iem fyda ú£ug uQ,sl
jkafka;a wm úiska lrk ,o l=i,dl=i, l¾uhka h'
wm%ikak" wl=i, fÉ;kdj,ska hqla; j lrk ls%hd wl=i, fõ' wl=i, ls%hd
whym;a h¦ ;udg yd wkqkag wys;lr h' tajdhska whym;a m%;sM, ,efí' .jhd
miq mi hk .e,a frdaohla fuka wl=i, ls%hd ÿla f.k foñka wm iu. ths' my;
±lafjkafka ta ms<sn| nqÿ jokhs'
ufkda mqínx.ud Oïud

ufkda fiÜGd ufkdauhd
ukid fÉ mÿÜfGak
Ndi;s jd lfrda;s jd
;f;da kx ÿlaL ukafõ;s
plalxj jyf;da mox Ôïumoh" 1 .d:d&
m%ikak l=i, fÉ;kdj,ska hqla; j lrk ls%hd l=i, fõ' l=i, ls%hd hym;a h¦
;udg yd wkqkag ys;lr h' tajdhska hym;a m%;sM, ,efí' wm iu. hk fijKe,a,
fuka l=i, ls%hd iem f.k foñka wm iu. ths'
ufkda mqínx.ud Oïud
ufkda fiÜGd ufkdauhd
ukid fÉ mikafkak
Ndi;s jd lfrda;s jd
;f;da kx iqL ukafõ;s
Pdhdj wkmdhsks Ôïumoh" 2 .d:d&
ta wkqj l=i,dl=i, ish¨ l%shd wm iu. ths' m%Odk jYfhka ;sfodßka isÿ
lrk wl=i, ls%hd oyhla o" l=i, ls%hd oyhla o fõ'
wl=i, ls%hd
1' mrmK keiSu 6' mreI jpk lSu
2' fidrlï lsÍu 7' ysia jpk lSu
3' ldufhys jrojd yeisÍu 8' ±ä f,daNh ^wNsÊ®d&
4' fndre lSu 9' ;ryj ^jHdmdo&
5' fla,dï lSu 10' je/È úYAjdih ^ñ:Hd oDIaá&
l=i, ls%hd
1' mrmK keiSfuka je<lSu 6' r¿ jpk lSfuka je<lSu

2' fidrlï lsÍfuka je<lSu 7' ysia jpk lSfuka je<lSu
3' ldufhys jrojd yeisÍfuka je<lSu 8' ±ä f,daNfhka je<lSu
4' fndre lSfuka je<lSu 9' oafõYfhka je<lSu
5' fla,dï lSfuka je<lSu 10' je/È oDIaáj,ska je<lSSu
wl=i, l¾u isÿ lsÍug wm fmd,Ujkafka f,daN" oAfõY" fuday hk

ika;dk.; wl=i, uQ,hka h' l=i, l¾u lsÍug wf,daN" woafõY" wfuday hk
l=i,a uq,a wm fmd,Ujhs' by; lS wl=i,a iy mõlï w;r fjkila ke;' tfy;a nqÿ
oyfuys b.ekafjk l=i, l%shd iy mqKH l%shd w;r uQ,sl fjkialï olakg ,efí'
nqÿrÿkag yd uy ry;=kag úmdl ÿka wl=i, l¾u
fndai;dKka jykafia iïud iïnqoaO;ajh i|yd ksh; újrK ,eîug fmr

wd;au Njhkays § iqrdmdkh wdÈ hïhï mdm l¾uhkays kshe¨Kq nj i|yka fõ'
tfia fmr lrk ,o mdm l¾u fod<yla ;uka jykafiag fuf,dj § úmdl ÿka
nj ysud,fha wfkda;;a; ú, wi, § mkaishhla NslaIQka yuqfõ Wka jykafia jod<
fial' nqoaO foaYkdj wkqj tajdhska iuyrla fufia h'
1' iqkaoÍ mßn%dðldj uq,a fldg.;a isÿ ùfï § nqÿrÿka wmjdohg ,la jQfha fmr
uqk,S kï OQ¾;hl= j bmso isáh § irN+ kï mfia nqÿrÿkag l< wmydih ksihs'
2' ÑxpdudKúldj ms<sn| isÿ ùfï § o Wka jykafia wmjdohg ,la jQfha
fmr iíndNsN+ kï nqÿ rÿkaf.a kkao kï Y%djlhka jykafiag zldufNda.shdZ hehs
fodia keÕSu fya;=fjks'
3' nqÿrcdKka jykafiag úfgka úg je<÷Kq ysfia reodjla ;sìK' thg fya;= jQfha"
fmr uiqka urk mjq,l bmso isáh § ;u {d;Ska uiqka f.dvod ;sfnkq ±l i;=gq
iskd my< l< mdm l¾uhhs'
4' Wka jykafia fmr Njhl ffjoHjrhl=j isáh § ;udf.ka fnfy;a ,nd .;a
isgqjrhl= kshñ; uqo,a fkdf.jQ neúka" ta ms<sn| oafõIfhka tu frda.S isgqjrhdg
úf¾l fnfy;la § uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï mdmfhka f,days;mlaLkaÈld ^f,a w;Sidrh&
kue;s oreKq frda.h je<÷Ks' fï wdldrfhka u fndaêi;ajhka jykafia úiska
98
lrk ,o mqKH l¾uj, wdksYxi ms<sn|j o fn!oaO idys;Hfhys i|yka fõ'
mQcdj,sh ta i|yd ksoiqka fõ'
uq.,ka ysñ fidrekaf.ka myr lEug fya;=j
uq.,ka uy ry;ka jykafia wm nqÿ iiqfkys Roaê,dNSka w;r w.% jQ fial'

tfia jqj o ;S¾:lhkaf.ka w,a,ia f.k fidreka úiska myr fokq ,eîu ksid
ld,is,d m¾j;fha § msßksjka mEug isÿúh' Bg fya;= jQfha fmr cd;shl § ish
fouõmshka le,hg f.kf.dia myr § urd ±uQ mdm ls%hdjhs' by; lS ksoiqkaj,ska
meyeÈ,s jkafka ry;=kag mjd mdm l¾u l<úg iir ÿla ,efnk nj h' tfuka u
mqKH l¾u l< úg iir iem ,efí' iSj,S uyry;ka jykafia m%;H,dNSka w;r
w.%ia:dkhg m;a jQfha" fmr Njhl § ;dmihl= j isáh § ;uka je<ª wdydrh
judrd megjqka iys; l=i.skafka isá ne,a,shlg ,ndÿka mqKH l¾uh fya;=fjks'
Wiia ukila we;s ñksiqka jYfhka wm o fhdaksfidaukisldrfhka fyj;a

isys kqjKska is;d" úuid n,d l%shd l< hq;= h' nqÿrcdKka jykafiag uy;a jQ
kqjKla we;af;a h" hiia we;af;a h" uy;a jQ msßjr iïm;a;shla we;af;a h" uy;a jQ
.=K iïm;a;shla we;af;a h" uy;a jQ Roaên,hla o we;af;a h' tfy;a ;:d.; iïud
iïnqÿ rcdKka jykafiag o l¾u úmdlj,ska fíÍ isàug fkdyels jQfha kï" t;rï
mdró Yla;shla" .=K Yla;shla" msßjr n,hla" Roaên,hla ke;s wm jekakjqka
flfiakï l< mõlïj,ska .e,fjkafka o@ tneúka wm kej; miq;eú,a,g isÿ
jk oE fkdl< hq;= h' lsis Èkl ljrl=g fyda ÿlla" mSvdjla" lrorhla" úm;la
lsÍfuka je<lS isáh hq;= h' wm úiska l< hq;af;a kej; kej;;a is;ñka iem
úmdl ú¢ñka i;=gq úh yels l=i,a h¦ mskalï h' ;ukag fuka u wkqkag o wjevla"
whym;la isÿjk oE u.yßñka jevla" hym;la isÿjk oE l< hq;= h' fláfhka
lshf;d;a wm fkdl< hq;af;a mõlï h' wl=i,a h¦ l< hq;af;a iem úmdl fok
mskalï h¦ l=i,a h'

idrdxYh
l¾uh nqÿoyfï uQ,sl b.ekaùuls' tu b.ekaùfï wruqK wmf.a ls%hd

ms<sn| wmg we;s j.lSu fmkajd §uhs' wmf.a ls%hd wmg o wm wjg isák whg
fuka u uq¿ f,dalhg o n,mdk nj fmkajd §uhs' tfia fmkajd fok w;r
l¾uh ms<sn| iuld,Sk ñ:Hd u; neyer flf¾' nqÿoyug wkqj fÉ;kdj
uq,a ù lhska" jpkfhka yd ukiska l¾u /ia lrkq ,efí' tajd l=i,dl=i,
jYfhka j¾. flf¾' l¾u uek ne,sh yels ks¾Kdhl fyj;a ñKqï o~q w;r
fÉ;kdj yd úmdlh m%Odk h' nqÿrcdKka jykafiag fuka u flf,ia keiQ
uy ry;=kag o l=i,dl=i, l¾u úmdl ÿka wjia:d we;' l¾uh;a úmdlh;a
ms<s.ekSu ienE fn!oaO Ôú;hl ,laIKh fjhs' l=vd l, isg u wms o múka
yd wl=i,fhka je<lS mskalï yd l=i,a lrñka Ôú;h id¾:l lr .ekSug
wêIaGdk lr .ksuq'
l%shdldrlu
1' nqÿoyfï b.ekafjk l¾u ixl,amh fláfhka y÷kajkak'
2'
nqÿrÿka neyer l< l¾ujdo ms<sn| b.ekaùï fudkjd ±hs fmkajd
fokak'
3' l=i,dl=i, l¾u uek ne,sh yels m%Odk ks¾Kdhl ms<sn|j .=re;=ud iu.
idlÉPd lrkak'
mejreu
² mqia;ld,h Ndú;fhka my; i|yka O¾u lreKq /iafldg j.=jla ms<sfh,
lrkak'
1' mia mõ 3' oi l=i,a

2' oi mqKH l%shd 4' oi wl=i,a

100
mqyqKqjg

we;;a ke;;a mrf,dj iqofkks uy;
yf<d;a fhfyls mõlï fkd;nd u is;
ke;;a t mrf,dj bka jk wjev ke;
wef;d;a ke;ehs mõ l< yg fjhs úm;
îqNdIs;h&
k ;x lïux l;x idOq - hx l;ajd wkq;mam;s

hiaai wiaiquqfLda frdaox - úmdlx máfiaj;s'
;x p lïux l;x idOq - hx l;ajd kdkq;mam;s

hiaai m;Sf;da iqufkda - úmdlx máfiaj;s'
Ôïu moh&

17 fya;=j M,h fjhs
M,h fya;=j fjhs
mdi,a ksjdvqj iu. wmf.a j¾Idjidk úNd.fha m%;sM, ,nd ÿka wo ug

b;d u m%S;su;a Èkhls' mka;sfha wfkla isiqkg jvd ud fnfyúka u i;=gq jkafka
ud mka;sfha m<uqfjkshd ùu ksid h' miq.sh j¾Ifha mka;sfha wgfjkshd ù isá
ud fujr mka;sfha m<uqfjkshd ùu ms<sn| mka;sNdr .=re;=ñh ug fndfyda fia
m%Yxid l<d h' t;=ñh ud mka;sh bÈßhg le|jd miq.sh j;dfõ wgfjkshd jQ
ud fujr m<uqfjkshd jQfha ljr fya;= ksid ±hs m%ldY lrk f,i okajd isáhd
h' ud fjkodg jvd uykaisfhka yd W;aidyfhka lghq;= l< whqre" úia;r lr
.=rejrekag lSlrej isá ksid fyd| m%;sM, ,nkakg yels jQ nj mka;sh bÈßfha
m%ldY lf<a uyd ùrhl= f,is‚'
tfia mka;sh bÈßfha .=re;=ñh lreKq olajk úg ug wfma oyï mdif,a

f,dl= yduqÿrejka jykafia lshd ÿka lsisjla wfya;=lj bfí isÿjkafka ke;' yeu
fohlg u fya;=M, O¾uh wod< fõ hk mdvu isysm;a úh' uu tu lreKq o mokï
lrf.k woyia ±lajQfhñ' uu fyd¢ka mdvï l< ksid úNd.h fyd¢ka iu;a jQfhñ'
mdvï jev ksis whqßka fkdl<d kï wiu;a fjkakg fyda ,l=Kq wvq fjkakg
bv ;snqKs' tu.ska lshfjkafka yeu fohlg u n,mdk fya;=jla ;sfnk njhs'
fya;=j fyd| kï m%;sM,h fyd| fõ' fya;=j whym;a kï m%;sM,h o whym;a fõ'
fuh f,dalfha iEu fohlg u fmdÿ O¾u;djls' nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<
máÉp iuqmamdo O¾ufhka ±lafjkafka o tn÷ fya;=M, in|;djls' i;a;ajhd iir
weúÈkafka o fuu fya;=M, O¾uh yß yeá f;areï fkd.ekSu ksid h' fya;=M,
O¾uh fyj;a máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh we;=<;a flá iQ;% foaYkdjla o we;ehs tÞ
W.;a foa uu fuys igyka lrñ'
buiañx i;s box fyda;s fuh we;s l,ays fuh fõ'

buiai Wmamdod box WmamÊc;s fuh yg .ekSfuka fuh yg .kS'
buiañx wi;s box k fyda;s fuh ke;s l,ays fuh fkdfõ'
buiai ksfrdaOd box ksreÊCO;s fuh ke;sj hdfuka fuh ke;s j hhs'

102
fuu máÉp iuqmamdo iQ;%h b;d flá jqj o fuu.ska .uH jk w¾:h b;d
mq¿,a jQjls' —fuh we;s l,ays fuh fõ˜ hkak ir, ksoiqklska fufia oelaúh yels
h' j,dl=¿ we;s l, jeiai we;s fõ' jeiai we;s l, f;;ukh we;s fõ' f;;ukh
we;s l, ;=re,;d we;s fõ' ;=re,;d we;s l, j,dl=¿ we;s fõ' iajNdj O¾uh wdY%s;
fuu ls%hdj,sh ;=<ska lshfjkafka fuh we;s l, fuh we;s fõ' fuh yg.ekSfuka
fuh yg.kS hkakhs' fkdtfia kï fï fya;=fjka fï M,h fõ hk úoHd;aul
i;Hhhs'
tfia u j,dl=¿ ke;s l, jeiai ke;' jeiai ke;s l, f;;ukh ke;'

f;;ukh ke;s l, ;=re,;d ke;' ;=re,;d ke;s l, j,dl=¿ ke; hkak o
fidndoyu ms<sn| úoHd;aul i;Hhls' thg uq,a ù we;af;a fuh ke;s l,ays fuh
ke;' fuh yg fkd .ekSfuka fuh yg fkd.kS hkakhs' fkdtfia kï fya;=j
ke;s l, M,h ke; hkakhs'
ixch msßjeðhdf.ka fjkaj i;Hh fidhd .sh flda,s; Wm;siai fofokdf.ka

fojekakdg msKavmd;fha jäk miaj. NslaIQka jykafia,d w;=ßka wiaiÔ ysñhka
yuqúh' ta wjia:dfõ § Tnf.a .=rejrhd ljqo@ Tn ms<s.kakd oyu l=ula ±hs Wm;siai
úuiQ úg wiaiÔ ysñhka ÿka ms<s;=r fufia h'
fya;=j M,h fjhs 103

M,h fya;=j fjhs
fha Oïud fya;=mamNjd
f;aix fya;=x ;:d.f;da wdy
f;aix p fhda ksfrdafOda
tajx jd§ uyd iufKda

fya;= ksid yg .kakd hï O¾u;d fj;a o tajdfha fya;=j nqÿrcdKka jykafia
jod<y' tfia u tu O¾u;djkaf.a imqrd ke;sùula fj;akï th o Ydia;DjrhdKka
jykafia foaYkd lrk nj wiaiÔ ysñfhda Wm;siai msßjeðhdg mejiQy' thska m%ldY
jQfha o máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh u fõ' tys w¾:h jgyd .;a Wm;siai mßn%dclhd
ud¾.M, wjfndaO lsÍug mjd iu;aa úh' miq ld,fha § ießhq;a uyry;ka jykafia
kñka m%lg jQfha o Wka jykafiahs'
nqoaO;ajfhka m<uq i;sfha fndauev jev isá nqÿrcdKka jykafia fya;=

m%;H ksid iir ÿla we;s jk wdldrh;a fya;= m%;H ke;s ùfuka iir ÿla ke;s
jk wdldrh;a wkqf,dau máf,dau jYfhka fufkys l<y' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka
nqÿrÿka mila l< O¾ufhys yrh tfia fufkys l< nj h' ;uka wjfndaO lr
.;a fuu .eUqre oyu wúoHdfjka wkaO j ;DIaKdfjka uqim;a j isák ñksiqkag
wjfndaO fkdjkq we;ehs úu;shla o Wka jykafiag we;s úh' t;ek o oyu f,i
±lafjkafka máÉp iuqmamdohhs' nqÿjreka f,dj Wmkak o kQmkak o mj;akd mru
i;Hh kï fulS fya;=M, O¾uhhs' nqÿjre my< ù tu i;H fy<slr;s' hfula
fuu máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh wjfndaO lrkafka o fyf;u nqoaO O¾uh wjfndaO
lrkafka h' hfula nqoaO O¾uh wjfndaO lrkafka o fyf;u máÉp iuqmamdo
O¾uh wjfndaO lrkafka h'
fuu máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh fyj;a fya;=M, oyu nqÿrcdKka jykafia

i;a;ajhdf.a iir ÿl we;sùu yd ke;sùu ms<sn|j foaYkd l< oyula jqj o th
f,dalfha ish,a, yd nef|a' ldhsl udkisl" ndysr wNHka;r" ifÉ;ksl wfÉ;ksl"
iÔù wÔù ish,a, u fya;= m%;H we;s l, we;s fõ' ke;s l, ke;s fõ' iEu lreKla
ms<sn|j u úuid ne,Sfï § fuu fya;=M, iïnkaO;dj ±l .; yels fõ' .eg¨ we;s
jkafka fya;= m%;H we;sj h' tu .eg¨ úif|kafka o tu fya;= m%;H ke;s jQ úg h'
iudcfha ±l .; yels m%dK>d;" wo;a;dodk" uqidjdo wdÈ ´kE u wmpdr ls%hdjlg
fya;= m%;H we;' ta lsisjla bfí yg .kafka ke;' lsishï woaN+; n,hlska we;s
jkafka o ke;' tfia u fya;= m%;H ke;s ùfuka tu ÿisß;a o ke;s ù hhs'
104
fuh we;s l,ays
fuh fõ' ^buiañx i;s box fyda;s&
fuh yg wúÊcd mÉphd wkqf,dau iir ÿla we;s

.ekSfuka fuh ixLdrd''''' foaYkdj jk ieá
yg .kS ^buiai Wmamdod box WmamÊc;s&
fuh ke;s l,ays

^buiañx wi;s box k fyda;s&
fuh ke;'
fuh ke;sj wúÊcdh ksfrdaOd máf,dau iir ÿla

hdfuka fuh ixLdrd ksfrdaOd foaYkdj ke;sjk ieá
ke;sj hhs' ^buiai ksfrdaOd box ksreÊ®;s&
ñksiqka iudcfha § ÿrdpdrlï" je/È jev" fidrlï wdÈh isÿ lrkafka

wehs o hkak ms<sn| úuid ne,Sfï § fuu .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fidhd .; yels fõ'
ÿmam;alu ksid" kQ.;alu ksid" ñksiaiq fndfyda úg je/È jev lsÍug fm<fU;s'
nqoaO foaYkdj wkqj È<skaokag wd¾Ól myiqlï fkdi,ik úg È<s÷lu

jeä fõ' È<s÷lu ksid ñksiaiq fidrlï lr;s' fidrlï ksid wdhqO .ks;s' uqidnia
lsh;s' rcqka úiska fidreka ue~,Su msKsi kS;s ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk úg mrmK
keiSug isÿfõ' fufia È<s÷lu we;s l, fidrlu we;' fidrlu we;s l, wú
wdhqO .ekSï we;' ta wdldrfhka iudcfha fkdfhla wl=i, O¾u me;sr hkafka
tlsfklg n,mdk fya;= m%;H ksid h' fï whqßka ;Kaydj ksid fiùu we;s fõ'
fiùu ksid ,eîu fõ' ,eîu ksid we.hSu fõ' we.hSu ksid ne£u fõ' ne£u ksid
uf.a hehs isf;a' thska wdrlaIdj ;r flf¾' tys § wú whqO Ndú; lrkq ,efí' túg
l, flda,dy, we;s fõ' fufia f,dalfha fya;=M, oyu wkqj lreKq ldrKd isÿ
jk wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re plalj;a;s iSykdo iQ;%h" uyd ksodk iQ;%h wd§ iQ;%
lsysmhl u i|yka fõ'
fuu máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh ukdj wjfndaO lrf.k lghq;= lsÍfuka

iudcfha we;s .eg¨ fndfyduhlg úi÷ï fidhd .; yels fõ' mdi,a hk orejka
f,i wmg o fya;=M, oyu wfma wOHdmk lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSug wdOdr
lr .; yels h' mdvï fkdlrk orefjda úNd.fhka wiu;a fj;s' mdvï lrk
wh úNd.h fyd¢ka iu;a fj;s' fyd| jev lrk orefjda iudcfha f.!rjdorhg
,la fj;s' je/È jev lrk orefjda iudcfha wmjdohg ,la fj;s' fï wdldrhg
f,dalfha ish,a, fya;=M, iïnkaO;dj wkqj isÿjk nj ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'
fya;=j M,h fjhs 105
M,h fya;=j fjhs
idrdxYh

zhfula máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh olS kï fyf;u O¾uh olS' hfula O¾uh
olS kï fyf;u máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh olSZ hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia
foaYkd l< fial' thska meyeÈ,s jkafka máÉp iuqmamdoh fyaj;a fya;=M, oyu
nqÿiufha uQ,sl b.ekaùula njhs' fya;=M, O¾uh wmf.a tÈfkod Ôú;hg o
iïnkaO lr .; yels h' wmf.a m%Yak we;s ùug fya;=j l=ula o hkak fidhdf.k
th úi|d .ekSug fuka u iudcfha ish¨ .eg¨ i|yd o fï kHdh Wmfhda.S
lrf.k úi÷ï fidhd .; yels fõ' fufia máÉp iuqmamdoh m%dfhda.sl oyula
f,i wm Ôú;hg iïnkaO lr .; yels fõ'
l%shdldrlu
1' máÉp iuqmamdo flá iQ;%h yd tys f;areu u;lfhka lshkak'
2' Tnf.a Ôú;h yd ne÷Kqq lreKla mokï lrf.k th máÉp iuqmamdo O¾uh
fyj;a fya;=M, oyu wkqj ú.%y lr fmkajkak'
mejreu
² —máÉpiuqmamdoh W.kajk fya;=M, iïnkaOh iEu fohla yd ne£

mj;S'˜ fuh meyeÈ,s lrñka l;djla lrkak'
106
18 iduldó Ôú;hla .; lruq
—ieje;a kqjrg kqÿre fmfofil tla f.dúfhla Èkla l=Uqre jev lf<a h'
tÈkg fmrÈk rd;%s fydre rxpqjla ieje;a kqjr fmdfydi;a f.hlg we;=¿ ù
rkarejka wdNrK yd oyiska ne¢ msh,a,la o f.k mek f.dia ta l=Uqrg we;=¿ j" tajd
fnod .kakd úg yÈisfha Nhla we;s ù oyiska ne¢ msh,a, wu;l j" wfkla fnod.;a
jia;=j;a /f.k mek .shy' tÈk w¨hu nqÿrcdKka jykafia f,dj n,k l, fï
wysxil f.dúhd lrorhlg uqyqK fok nj ±l" Tyq flfrys lreKdj Wmojd"
wk| uyf;reka o le|jd f.k tu l=Uqrg jeähy' f.dúhd nqÿrÿka ±l <Õg wjq;a
je| kej; iS iEfuys fhÿfKa h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia l=Uqf¾ mfil ;snqKq" tf;la
f.dúhd kqÿgq oyiska ne¢ msh,a, ±l wk| f;reka wu;d ta foig w; È.= fldg" —
wdkkaoh" i¾mhd ÿgqfjys±@˜hs weiQy' —tfia h ÿgqfjñ˜hs wk| f;ryq ms<s;=re ÿkay'
fuh wid isá f.dúhd nqorÿka yd wk| f;reka l=Uqr miq fldg jeäh l,ays i¾mhd
urd ouñhs flúgla f.k <Õg .sh úg i¾mhl= fkd j rka msh,a, ±l" th /f.k
fõ,a, u; ;nd iS idkakg mgka .;af;a h'
iduldó Ôú;hla .; lruq 107

fmr Èk rd;%S l< fydrlu .ek miq Èk k.rh mqrd wdrxÑ úh' rdc
mqreIhka fï fidrlu .ek fidhk úg l=Uqf¾ fõ,a, u; ;=nqKq rka msh,a, yuq
úh' Tjqyq f.dúhd w,a,df.k rcq fj; f.k .shy' rcq kvqj fkdwid u Tyqg jo §
urkag kshu lf<a h' rdcmqreIhka Tyqg jo È§ f.k hk úg —wdkkaofhks" i¾mhd
ÿgqfjys o@ wdkkaofhks" i¾mhd ÿgqfjys o@ ztfia h ÿgqfjñ" tfia h ÿgqfjñ˜hs
lshñka f.dúhd y~kag úh' ta weiQ rdc mqreIfhda tfia lSug fya;= úuid ±k ish¨
mqj;a rcqg ±kajQy' rcq f.dúhd wdmiq f.kajd f.k" nqÿrÿka <Õg le|jd f.k
f.dia Tyq lS f;dr;=re ie<lr isáfha h' nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;uka jykafia wk|
f;reka iu. fï f.dúhd iSidk l=Uqr <Õg jevu l< nj;a" oyiska ne¢ msh,a,
±l th i¾mfhlehs jod< nj;a" tfia fkdjeäfha kï Tyq ;uka jykafia fj;g
le|jd f.k tkq fjkqjg" urd ouk nj;a mjiñka Tyqf.a ks¾fodaYS nj ;yjqre
l<y'
fn!oaO .syshl= úiska ks;s /lsh hq;= YS,h" ks;H YS,h" f.ayisl YS,h fyj;a
m[ap YS,hhs' tys m<uq YslaIdj zmK we;s i;=ka ueÍfuka je<lSuZ h' fuhska
fmfkkafka fn!oaOhl= ;=< uQ,sl jYfhka ;sìh hq;= .=Kh wúysxidjd§;ajh nj h'
nqÿrcdKka jykafia yeu wdldrhl u ysxidj fy<d ±laldy' ñksiqkag muKla
fkdj ish¨ i;=kag u ffu;%sh olajk f,i foaYkd l<y' mrmK keiSfuka
f;drj o~q uq.=re wú wdhqO mfilska ;nd ish¨ m%dKSkag ys;j;a j idkqlïms; j
l%shd lsÍug Wmfoia ÿkay'
iífí ;ika;s oKaviai - iífí ydhka;s uÉpqfkda

w;a;dkx Wmux l;ajd - k yfkhH k >d;fha'
ish,af,da o~qjug Nh fj;a' ish,af,da urKhg ìh fj;a' ;ud;a

o~qjug yd urKhg ìh neúka ;ud u Wmud fldg is;d wkqka
fkd keish hq;= h' fkd uerúh hq;= h'
m%dK >d;kh fuka u ysxikh ksid o mqoa.,hdg ú£ug isÿjk ÿla

úmdl nqÿ oyu wmg meyeÈ,s lr fohs' tu ksid mdi,a wjêfhys § u ysxikfhka"
>d;kfhka je<lS ish¨ i;a;ajhskag ffu;%S lreKd ±laùug wms wÈgka fldg
.ksuq' tu wêIaGdkh wm u Wmud fldg f.k mqreÿ mqyqKq lruq'
108
iífí ;ika;s oKaviai - iífíix Ôú;x mshx
w;a;dkx Wmux l;ajd - k yfkhH k >d;fh
zish¨ fok u o~qjug ;e;s .ks;a' ish,a,kag u Ôú;h m%sh

h' ta ksid ;ud Wmud fldg is;d wkqka fkd keish hq;= h'
fkdkeiaiúh hkqfjka nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y'
—hul= mrmK kikafka kï th fya;= fldg f.k fï Ôú;fha § Nh

yd ffjrh we;s lr .kshs' ffp;isl jYfhka ÿla fodïkia úkaokh lrhs'
m%dK>d;fhka fjkajqK mqoa.,hdg ta Nh" ffjrh ixis`ÿfKa fjhs'˜ hkqfjka
nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y'
ljr lreKla uq,a fldg f.k jqj o isÿjk i;a;aj >d;kh" ysxikh nqÿ
oyu wkqu; fkdlrhs' tod n%dyauKhka úiska ish oyia .Kka ;sßika i;=ka fuka u
ñksiqka o wudkqIsl j >d;kh lrñka ì,s mQcd mj;ajk ,È' tys § i;a;aj >d;kh"
ysxikh muKla fkdj jk úkdYh o isÿúh' hd. N+ñh ilia lsÍfï § úYd,
jYfhka jDlaI,;dfjda úkdYhg m;a fj;s' fï ksid hd.h jkdys ysxidjd§ h¦
mSvdldÍ h' W;a;Í;r jQ udkj .=K O¾u yd jákd iïm;a o úkdY lrk ÿ¾odka;
jQ ksIaM, l%shdjla f,i hd.h nqÿ oyfuys y÷kajd § ;sfí'
iQ;% foaYkdj, n%dyauK hd.h m%;slafIam fldg ;sfí' hd.h fjkqjg

nqÿ oyu wdfoaY lrkafka" odkhhs' tu.ska Ôj wÔj mßirhg ydks jkafka ke;'
m%pKav;ajh fkdue;' ysxikh" mSvkh fjkqjg tys we;af;a" ohdj" lreKdj"
wkqlïmdj jeks udkj .=K O¾u h' oka fokakdg fuka u ,nkakdg o isÿjkafka
fi;ls'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a wkqYdikh f,dalfha ´kE u rgl ´kE u jeishl=g

ms<smeÈh yelalls' Wka jykafia i;=re-ñ;=re" f,dl=-l=vd" w÷kk-kd÷kk" ÿgq-
kqÿgq yeu i;l=f.a u Ôú;h" m%dKh ta i;dg m%sh nj b.ekajQy' ffu;%S lsÍfï §
yeu ;rd;srul u" yeu i;l= u" wvx.= jkq i|yd" zudf.a ffu;%sh md ke;s" khs
msUqre - fmdf<dx wd§ §¾> cd;Skayg h' udf.a ffu;%sh fomd we;a;kayg h' ud f.a
ffu;%sh isjqmd we;a;kayg h' ud f.a ffu;%sh m;a;E" wd§ fndfyda md we;a;kayg h'˜
zyeu i;a;ajfhda o" yeu m%dKSyq o" yeu N+;fhda o hk fï yeu fok u hym;la u
ols;ajdæ fudjqka flfrka lsisjl= lrd;a ÿlla fkd meñfK;ajdæ˜ fufia ish¨ i;=kaf.a
u Ôj;aùfï whs;sh ms<s .ksñka ys;ñ;=re wdl,amhlska l%shd lsÍu ffu;%S ms<sfj;hs'
—uyfKks" bÈka oreKq fydreka wjq;a fome;af;a o~q we;s uy lsh;lska
YÍrfha fldgia lE,s lE,sj,g lmoa§ hfula ta fydreka flfrys ys; wukdm lr
.;af;d;a" ¥Is; ys;la" ;ry ys;la we;s lr .;af;d;a fyf;fï uf.a wkqYdikh
ms<smÈkafkla fkdfõ' uyfKks" tn÷ wjia:djl § jqj;a f;dm úiska fufia
is;sh hq;=hs' wfma ys; fjkia jkafka ke;' fudjqkag ;o jpk fkd lshkafkuq'
ys;dkqlïmS j ;ry fkdù ffu;%sh m;=rejuq' ta fu;a is;g wruqKq jQ ish¨ f,dalhd
flfrys uy;a jQ" wm%udK jQ" ffjr ke;s ffu;%sh m;=rejd jikafkuq' uyfKks"
y;=rl= flfrys jqj;a fufia is;kakg mqreÿ úh hq;=˜ h hkq nqÿ jokhs'
ta wkqj fudk u lreKla ksid j;a" fudk u flkl=g j;a ysxidjla"

mSvdjla lsÍug nqoaO O¾ufhka bvla ke;' ienE fn!oaOhka w;r ysxidjla" mSvdjla"
m%dK>d;hla" l,yhla" wdrjq,la" wukdmhla" .y neK .ekSula" f,a ye,Sula we;s
jkakg fudk u bvla j;a ke;' hï msßila w;r fïjd isÿfjf;d;a tys f;areu
Tjqka ienE fn!oaOhka fkdjk njhs'
ffu;%sh yd lreKdj j¾Okh lr .; hq;af;a iSud rys; j jefvk

^wmßudKx } wmamu[a[d& .=K O¾u f,isks' ujla iajlSh orejdg olajk wdorh
fifkyi fuka ish¨ i;a;ajhska flfrys ys;dkqlïmSj" ohdNß; j jdih lrk
f,i nqÿrcdKka jykafia foaYkd l<y' uq,a wjÈj, §¾>dhqIal jQ udkj j¾.hdf.a
wdhq m%udKh wvq ùug fya;= jQfha m%dK >d;hhs' iudchl ia:djrNdjh" wdrlaId
ùug iduldó jd;djrKhla mej;sh hq;= h' Ôú; wdrlaIdj ;yjqre ù fkdue;s
iudch ;=< lsisjl=g i;=áka fkdìhj jdih l< fkdyels h' tu iudcfha bÈß
.uk o kj;skafka h' fï ksid wfkl=;a ish,a,g u m<uq ñksiqka jYfhka wm
wka whg ysxid mSvd lsÍfuka" m%pKav;ajfhka je<lS isáh hq;= h' ta i|yd wkqn,
§fuka je<lS isáh hq;= h' tfuka u wkHhkag ysxid mSvd lrkq ±l ksy~j n,d
isàu o fkdl< hq;= jkafka h' ±l uqksj; /lSu ysxikhg wkqn, §ula jk neúks'
—kikakd keiSug" Èkkakd meroùug ;j;a flkl= msgqmiska meñfKhs'

ysxikh" NSIKh ksid j¾Okh jkafka fl%daOhh¦ ffjrhhs' ffjrfhka ffjrh
fkdikaisf|k nj;a wffjrfhka u ffjrh ikaisf|k nj;a nqÿ oyu fmkajd
fohs' ±yeñ fn!oaO rdcH md,khlg wod< oi ilaú;sj;aj, isõmdjqkag" mlaISkag
/ljrKh ie,iSu o W.kajd ;sfí' t;ek § th .=K O¾uhla fuka u jHjia:d.;
kS;shla o fõ'
110
iudchl mqoa.,fhda úúOdldr fj;s' we;euqkaf.a p¾hd rgd ñksialug ks.d
lrkafka h' Tjqkaf.a Ôúld f.dv ke.S we;af;a iudc úfrdaë l%shdldrlï weiqre
fldg f.k h' i;a;aj >d;kh" ysxikh Tjqkag idudkH h' tfy;a nqÿrcdKka
jykafia foaYkd fldg we;af;a" m%dKSkag ysxid lrkakd o" m%dKSka flfrys ohdjla
fkdue;s mqoa.,hd o" ji,hl= njhs' ;j o .ï kshï.ï úkdY lrkq ,nkakd
o" jg,d myr fokq ,nkakd o" tn÷ le<ô,sldr mqoa.,hl= hehs ck;dj w;r
m%isoaêhg m;a mqoa.,hd o" ji,fhla fõ' fujeks l%shd u.ska iudchg m%pKav;ajh"
NSIKh wdfoaY jk w;r tjeks m%foaY ñksia jdihg kqiqÿiq hehs ie,flhs'
we;eï rgj, cd;Ska w;r fuka u wd.ï w;r o isÿ jkakd jQ .egqï
iïmQ¾Kfhka u nqÿoyñka neyer flf¾' úhÜkdu cd;sl áõ kÜ ydka ysñhkaf.a
m%ldYhla fufia h' —Tn w; ;=jlal=jla we;af;a kï bka tla whl=g" fofokl=g"
;=ka fokl=g y;r fokl=g fyda mia fokl=g jqj;a fjä ;nd urd ±ñh yelshs'
th úkdYhls¦ wmrdOhls' tfy;a Tn hï wka;jd§ oDIaáhl msysgd th fndfyda
fokd w;r m;=rejñka hhs o thska Tn isÿ lrkafka ish oyia .Kkska mqoa.,hska
úkdY lr ±óuls' th uyd u wmrdOh jkafka h'˜ fun÷ m%ldY ;=<ska m%lg jkafka
;ukaf.a j¾.h" wd.u" l=,h muKla fY%aIaG h' wfkla ck j¾. wd.ï my;a
h" Tjqka ñiÈgqjka h" tksid Tjqka úkdY lr ±ñh hq;= h" Tjqkaf.ka rg cd;sh
wdrlaId lr .; hq;= h jeks oDIaáhla u; msysgd udkj j¾.hd úkdY lr ±óu nqÿ
oyug tlÕ fkdjk nj h'
ñksi;a nj ÿ¾,N hehs nqÿrcdKka jykafia fmkajd ÿkay' ^ÿ,a,Nxp

ukqiai;a;x& Wka jykafiaf.a o¾Ykfha moku jkafka lreKdj yd m%{djhs'
nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a lreKdj wm y÷kajkafka uyd lreKdj ûydldreKsflda
kdf:da& jYfhks' tu W;=ï .=Kh iuia; Ôù wÔù mßirhg u fmdÿ jQjls' tys cd;s
wd.ï l=,u, jYfhka m%fNaohla fkdù h' fuksid o~qjug" urKhg ;uka ìh
jkakdla fuka u fiiq ish¨ i;=ka o thg ìh jk nj ks;r ks;r fufkys l< hq;=
nj nqoaO foaYkhhs' th w;a;+mkdhsl O¾u m¾hdh f,i fmkajd § ;sfí' fuf,i
is;d l%shd lrkafka kï" fn!oaOhdg i;a;aj >d;khg" ysxikhg fuka u ta i|yd
wkqn, §ug flfiaj;a wjir fkdue;af;a h'
úfgl úúO fya;= u; úhre jegqKq ñksid fkdñksil= fia l<hq;a;

fkdl<hq;a; jgyd .; fkdyels j wirK j" uq,d j l%shd lrkq olakg ,efí'
udkj Ôú;j, jákdlu" w.h flfuka flfuka úhelS hñka mj;S' uqo, m%Odk
idOlh njg m;a ù jákd ñksia Ôú; wld,fha ñ,sk j hkq olakg ,efí' n,h"
Okh" ks,h fjkqfjka ´kE u my;a l%shdjla isÿ lsÍug we;eï fkdñksiaiq ie§
meye§ isá;s' túg rcjkafka lreKdj ohdj fkdj B¾IHdjhs" fl%daOhhs" ffjrhhs'
th úkdYfha fijKe,a, ñi ÈhqKqfõ wdf,dalh fkdfõ' nqÿ oyñka fok
O¾fudamfoaYh jkafka" ffjrfhka ffjrh fkdikaisf|a" wffjrfhka u ffjrh
ikaisf|a' hkak h' tjeks W;=ï oyul msysgd l%shd lsÍu iuia; Ôj wÔj mßirhg
u f<ka.;= ùula jkafka h' wÔù mßirh" tys w.h yd fid÷re nj o ±l ta iu.
ys;ñ;=re wdl,amhla j¾Okh lr f.k ;sîu ñksidf.a hy mej;aug fya;=fjhs'
mqoa., uÜgfuka muKla fkdj rdcH uÜgfuka o iodpdr iïmkak mßir

m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍug nqÿ oyu ks¾foaY lrhs' l+goka; nuqKdg nqÿrÿka
jod< mßÈ ±yeñ j meje;a jQ hd.fha § hd. lKq wdÈh i|yd .ia fkd lmk ,È' ìu
we;sÍug ;K fld< úkdY fkdlrk ,È' .j t¿ neg¿ l=l=¿ wdÈ i;=ka fkdurk
,È' wleue;af;ka" n, lsÍfuka ñksiqkaf.ka jev fkd .kakd ,È'
fufia fn!oaO b.ekaùï wkqj ñksiqka úiska fiiq ñksiqkag" ;sßika i;=kag
fuka u .y fld< wdÈh we;=<;a mßirhg o ydkslr fkdjk ms<sfj;l msysgd
lghq;= lsÍu nqÿ oyu wfmalaId lrhs' tys >d;kh" ysxikh ke;' wêl ;DIaKdj"
lEorlu yd iQrdlEu ke;' ys; ñ;=re yeÕSï yd ldreKsl nj msÍ ;sfí' wjfndaOfhka
yd bjiSfuka lghq;= flf¾'
wm úiska wÔù mßirh udkj hym; i|yd fhdojd .; hq;af;a ieyeis

udkisl;ajfhka f;drj h' iajlSh wjYH;d imqrd .; hq;af;a uf,ka frdka .kakd
nUrl= fuka iajNdj O¾uh iu. ys; ñ;=re wdl,amhla f.dv kxjd f.k nj
fn!oaO .syshkag fuka u meúoaokag o W.kajd we;' frdka .kakd ó ueiaid uf,a
fm;sj,g o" j¾Khg o" iqj|g o lsisÿ ydkshla fkd lrhs' ta fjkqjg mrd.
fmdaIKh lrñka Ydlfha meje;aug odhl fjhs' frdka f.k ó johla ne| iajlSh
ika;;sfha meje;au ;sr lr .kshs' w.kd T!IOhla f,dalhdg o m%odkh lrhs' fï
Wmudj u.ska fok w.kd mKsjqvh ñksid jgyd .kafka kï ;srir ixj¾Okh
i|yd iajNdj O¾uh jkid ±óug ñksid fm,fUkafka ke;' ;srir ixj¾Ok
ixl,amfha ish¨ uQ,sl ,laIK ta Wmudj ;=< .eífjhs' ñksid mßirfhka îajNdj
O¾ufhka& m%fhdack .; hq;af;a mßirh ys; ñ;=rl= f,i i,ld .ksñks' mßirfhka
.; hq;= Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu iqÿiq h' ta iu. u mßirh ¥IKh lsÍu fyda jkid
±óu fjkqjg ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h' ±ä .scqlñka jyd ÈhqKq ùug l%Er m%;sm;a;s
wkq.ukh lrkq fjkqjg l%udkql+, ÈhqKqjla i|yd ffu;%sh yd lreKdj jefvk
uDÿ m%;sm;a;s l%shdjg kexùu iqÿiq h' ixj¾Okh iaÓr idr jkafka ta whqßka l%shd
l< fyd;a muKls'
112
idrdxYh
f,dj Ôj;aùfï whs;sh iEu i;a;ajhl=g u fmdÿ jQ nj nqÿ oyñka ms<s.kshs'

tfy;a fndfyda wd.ïj, Ôj;aùfï whs;sh ,nd § we;af;a ñksidg muKs' foajjd§
wd.ï fuys § úfYaI h' tfy;a nqÿ oyu l=uk wdldrhl fyda i;a;aj >d;kh
ysxikh msgq olshs' ish¨ i;=kaf.a Ôj;aùfï whs;sh iq/lSu ñksidf.a j.lSu
nj nqÿ oyñka ms<s.kshs' th mqoa., muKla fkdj rdcH;dka;%sl l%shdj,shla
nj fndfyda wjia:dj, wjOdrKh fldg ;sfí' tu.ska iduldó Ôú;hla .;
l< yels nj fmkajd fohs' tys >d;kh" ysxikh" m%pKav;ajh ke;' wêl
;DIaKdj" lEorlu yd iQrd lEu ke;' ys; ñ;=re yeÕSï yd ldreKsl nj msÍ
;sfí' wjfndaOfhka yd bjiSfuka lghq;= flf¾' yÈis ÈhqKqj fkdj l%udkql+,
;srir j¾Okhla isÿfõ'
l%shdldrlu
1' Ôù mßirh flfrys wm ±laúh hq;= wdl,amh idlÉPd lrkak'
2' mßirhg wÞ< nqoaO foaYkd folla weiqßka Wka jykafiaf.a uyd lre‚l;ajh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
mejreu
² nqoaO O¾uh úIhNdr .=re Nj;df.a Wmfoia we;sj l=re,a,kag wdydr-mdk

§u i|yd ia:dkhla mdi,a msßh; ;=< ilia lrkak'

mqyqKqjg
wmdoflays fï fu;a;x - fu;a;x oamdoflays fï

p;=mamfoays fï fu;a;x - fu;a;x nyqmamfoays fï
iífí i;a;d iífí mdKd - iífí N+;d p flaj,d
iífí Nødks miaika;= - ud l[aÑ mdmud.ud
114
19 wdfrda.H mrud,dNd
tod mqIamsld .=re;=ñh o iu. mka;sfha wms ish¨ fokd u ms<sld frda.Skag
m%;sldr lrk uyr.u wfmalaId frday, fj; .sfha frda.Skag wydrmdkdÈfhka ix.%y
lsÍfï msxlulg iyNd.s ùug h' tys fkajdisl j m%;sldr ,enQ frda.Ska ±lSfuka
kSfrda.Slu Ôú;hg fl;rï jdikdjla ±hs wmg yeÕ=Ks' ta ms<sn| miqj mka;sfha
wm l< l;d nyg tla jQ mqIamsld .=re;=ñh kSfrda.S iïm; .ek nqÿrÿka jod< O¾u
lreKq /ila o we;=<;a fldg b.ekajQ mdvu wm is;a ;=< ;Èka u ldjeÿfKa h' tu
mdvfï wdrïNfha isg wjidkh olajd lreKq f.dkq fldg olajk f,i .=re;=ñh
wmg mejreula ÿkakd h' my; ±lafjkafka uúiska l< f.dkq lsÍuhs'
Ôú;h id¾:l j mj;ajdf.k hdug udkisl fuka u ldhsl kSfrda.S;dj

w;HjYH h' fkdfhl=;a f,vfrda.j,ska mSä; jQ mqoa.,hl=g iajlSh ÈhqKqj i|yd
ksisf,i fjfyi uykais ù ls%shd lsÍug yelshdjla fkd,efnhs' ñksia Ôú;hl
wka ish¨ ÿIalr;dj,g jvd n,j;a jkafka frda. mSvdjka h' kSfrda.S Èúfmfj;la
.; lrkafka kï ldhsl Yla;sh wmf.a ÈhqKqj fjkqfjka Wmßu f,i lem l<
yels h' —wdfrda.H mrud,dNd˜ hkqfjka kSfrda.S nj Wiia u ,dNh hehs nqÿrcdKka
jykafia foaYkd lf<a tneúks'
kSfrda.S Èúfmfj;la Wreulr .ekSug kï ukd fi!LH ms<sfj;a wdrlaId

l< hq;= h' ta fjkqfjka wmg b.ekajQ lreKq /ila O¾uh ;=< i|yka j we;' .sys
Ôú;fha § ks;H jYfhka wdrlaId l< hq;= hehs W.kajd we;s mxp YS,h mjd kSfrda.S
Ôú;hlg u. fmkajhs' tys ;=ka jeks is,amoh ldu ñ:Hdpdrfhka fyj;a ldufhys
jrojd yeisÍfuka je<lSuhs' th u mrodr fiajkfhka je<lSu f,i o ye¢kafjhs'
tkï YsIag iïu; iSudjka blaujd wiïu; f,i" wYsIag f,i ia;%S mqreI in|;d
meje;aùuhs' th b;d Nhdkl" udrdka;sl frda.j,g o fya;= úh yels h' j¾;udk
f,dalfha úYd, msßila tn÷ frda. mSvdjkag f.dÿre ù isá;s' Tjqyq is;ska o lhska o
wmuK ÿla ú¢;s¦ Ôú;fha ish¨ wfmalaId ì| jeà i;=g iem; wysñ ù Ôj;a fj;s'
wdfrda.H mrud,dNd 115

nqÿrcdKka jykafia W.kajd jod< ldu ñ:Hdpdrfhka je<lSu kSfrda.S ñksiqka
iys; iudchla f.dvk.d .ekSug úfYaIfhka u WmldÍ jk nj ñka meyeÈ,s fõ'
mxp YS,fhys miafjks YslaId moh ukdj wdrlaId lsÍu o kSfrda.Slu

Wfoid b;d jeo.;a fjhs' tu.ska lshefjkqfha uohg yd m%udohg fya;=jk uµidr
Ndú;fhka je<lS isàu h' nqÿrÿka is.d,l kï .Dym;s mq;%hdg Wmhk Okh úkdY
jk lreKq ihla we;ehs W.kajd ;sfí' bka m<uqjekak uµidr Ndú;hhs' uµidr
Ndú;fhys úmdl ihla o tu iQ;%fha u ±lafjhs' tys f;jekak jkqfha" fkdfhla
frda.dndO yg.ekSuhs'
u;aøjH" u;aj;=r Ndú; lsÍfuka udrdka;sl frda. mSvdjkag f.dÿre ù

isák ck ixLHdj o f,dalfha b;d úYd, h' tneúka wo jk úg uµidr Ndú;h
fkdfhla whqßka n,j;a jHikhla ù ;sfí' YÍrhg b;du;a wys;lr fuu kqiqÿiq
mqreÿ ksid wkka; frda.dndOj,g f.dÿre jQjka iudcfha fldf;l=;a ±lsh yels h'
iuyre ojfia jev ksufldg wêl fjfyi uykaish ÿre lr .ekSfï myiq u.la
f,i o udkisl mSvd wju lr .ekSug o we;eï fõokd ;djld,sl j hgm;a lr
.ekSug o úlD;s i;=gla ,nd .ekSug o fuu ÿisßf;ys msysg fidh;s' u;aøjH yd
u;a j;=r b;d blaukska reêrh yd ñY% fjhs' tneúka uq¿ isrerg u W;af;ackhla
,nd fohs' tfy;a th wys;lr h' fuu W;af;ackhg yqrejQfjda kej; kej;;a
tys u we,S tys we;s ;djld,sl iqjh u fidhd h;s' wjidkfha isÿjkafka Wm;ska u
wmg Wreu jQ uyd¾> iïm;la jk fud<fha ffi, úYd, m%udKhla wld,fha
úkdY ù hdu h' fuu ;;a;ajh kqjKska jgyd fkd.ekSu ksid fï jk úg úkdY
ù we;s Ôú; ixLHdj o b;d úYd, h' yDohdndO" ms<sld" wlaudfõ frda. iy jl=.vq
frda.j,g o m%Odk fya;=jla jkafka uoHidr Ndú;hhs'
YdÍßl fi!LHhg fnfyúka wys;lr ;j;a m%n, lreKla kï ÿï mdkhg

weíneysùuhs' fuh o u;aøjH yd u;a j;=r Ndú;h fuka u yDo frda." uqL ms<sld
wdÈhg;a Yajik moaO;sfha úúO frda. we;sùug;a YÍrfha wNHka;r bkaøshhkaf.a
Yla;sh wvmK lsÍug;a m%n, fya;= idOlhla jkafka h'
ñksiqkaf.a ldhsl kSfrda.S;dj wvmK lrk ;j;a idOlhla jkafka wdydr

ms<sn| wksis yqre mqreÿlï h' wdydr o ldhsl frda.S njg fuka u kSfrda.S njg o
n,mEula we;s lrhs' nqÿ oyu wkqj l=i.skak f,dj n,j;a u frda.hhs' ish¨
i;a;ajhka Ôj;a jkafka wdydrfhks' wdydr .ekSfuka wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh hq;=
m%Odk lreKq lsysmhls'
116
² YÍrfha hymeje;au" hemSu
² Wmka l=i.sks fõokd ÿrelr .ekSu
² kQmka l=i.sks fõokd je<elaùu
² wdhqI" j¾Kh" iemh" n,h fuka u kqjK o jeäÈhqKq ùu

fï wkqj ldhsl fi!LHh iq/lSfï w;HjYH mshjrla f,i iqqÿiq wdydr
iqÿiq mßÈ wkqNj lsÍu i|yka l< yels h' m%udKhg jvd wdydr wkqNj lsÍu
ldhsl fi!LHhg lsisfia;a u ys;lr fkdfõ' nqÿrcdKka jykafia muK blaujd
wdydr .;a fldfid,a uy rcqg jod< mßÈ isys nqoaêfhka l%shd lrk ñksiqka" muK
±k wdydr .; hq;= h' túg l=i.skak fuka u ;j;a ldhsl fõokdfjda o ke;s fj;s'
.kakd wdydr iefKlska Èrjhs' wdhq iïm;a jeä ÈhqKq fjhs' wêfmdaIKh isrerg
wys;lr h' fïoh wêlùu fya;=fjka je,f|k frda.S ;;a;ajhka iudch ;=< nyq,j
±lsh yels h' wdydr jeäfhka wkqNj lsÍu;a Bg iß,k mßÈ ldhsl fjfyiSula isÿ
fkdùu;a fuu frda.j,g m%Odk fya;=jls' th md,kh lr.; fkdyels jqjfyd;a
uq¿ Ôú; ld,h u ta ksid u mSvd ú£ug isÿfjhs'
ukd ldhsl fi!LHhla Wreu lr .ekSug kï lsisÿ f,ilska fyda wms

u;aøjH" u;a j;=r Ndú;h fyda ÿïîu isÿ fkdl< hq;= fjuq' we;eïúg iuyreka
tajdg yqreù we;af;a úúO úIu mqoa.,hskaf.a weiqr ,eîu ksihs' tneúka weiqrg iqÿiq
.=Khym;a mqoa.,hka f;dard .ekSu b;d jeo.;a h' fuu wys;lr ls%hdj,g yqreùu
wm ixidr Ôú;fha wmuK l=i,a fldg ,nd.;a jákd Ôú;h w÷re w.dOhlg
weo ouk úIu n,fõ.hla nj ukdj f;areï .; hq;= h' wdydr wkqNjfha § o wm
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'
² YÍrhg ys;lr jQ wdydr fõ,la f;dard .ekSu
² t<j¿ yd m,dj¾. wdydrhg .ekSu
² m<;=re j¾. yels;dla wdydr fõ,g tlalr .ekSu
² ms<sld ldrl lD;%su ridhksl j¾. wvx.= fkdjk iajdNdúl wdydr mdk
Ndú;h
² ridhksl øjH fhdod .ksñka lD;s%u f,i j¾K .ekajQ wdydr mdk
Ndú;hg fkd.ekSu
ish Y%djl NslaIQka jykafia,d udkisl fuka u ldhsl jYfhka o kSfrda.S j"
m%fndaOj;a j lghq;= lsÍu nqÿrcdKka jykafia ksr;=rej u wfmalaId l<y' NslaIQka
jykafia,df.a fi!LH iïmkak nj wdrlaId lsÍu msKsi úkh kS;s /ila o mKjd
we;' b;d m%dfhda.sl jQ Wmfoia o ,nd § ;sfí' mdkSh yd mßfNdackSh c,h mú;% j
ksis l<ukdlrKfhka Ndú; lsÍu" mßirh m%sh ukdm f,i fuka u msßisÿ j
mj;ajdf.k hdu" meka fmrd mdkh lsÍu" isjqre wdÈh ksis f,i fidaod mßyrKh
lsÍu" NslaIQka jykafia,d jev isák wdjdi msßisÿ j" l%uj;a j ;nd .ekSu"
tf,iska u we| mqgq wdÈh msßisÿ j yd l%uj;a j Ndú; lsÍu úkfhys kSfrda.S NslaIq
iudchla we;s lr .ekSu msKsi wkq±k jod< lreKq iuyrls'
by; lS ish¨ lreKq ie,ls,a,g .;a úg kSfrda.Slu W;=ï u ,dNhla nj

fkdfhla whqßka meyeÈ,s fõ' tfia u nqÿ oyu wkqj ksjkska fumsg mqoa.,hl=g ,nd
.; yels W;a;Í;r iem;la kï kSfrda.Slu h' ksje/È fi!LH mqreÿ wkq.ukh
lsÍfuka hym;a fi!LH iïmkak Ôú;hla .; lsÍug yelshdj ,efí' Wiia
wOHdmkhla ,nd §ma;su;a wkd.;hlg Wreulï lSug ta ;=<ska ukd msájy,la
,efí'
idrdxYh
ldhsl kSfrda.S;dj hkq Ôú;hl id¾:l;ajh flfrys fnfyúka u

n,mdk wx.hls' ta fjkqfjka ksje/È fi!LH mss<sfj;a wdrlaId l< hq;= h'
u;aøjH yd u;a j;=r Ndú;h" ÿïmdkh jeks YÍrhg b;d wys;lr jQ kqiqÿiq
meje;au f,vfrda. /ila yg.ekSug uxfm;a újr lrhs' yDohdndO" ms<sld"
wlaudfõ frda. yd jl=.vq wdndO ta w;r m%Odk h' ms<sldldrl lD;s%u wdydr
mdk Ndú;h o f,vfrda.j,g fya;=jls' iqÿiq wdydr mdk j¾. muKla wjYH
m%udKhg .ekSu fuys § b;d jeo.;a h' ksÿla kSfrda.S Èú meje;aulg Wreulï
lsj yelafla tfia ls%hd lsÍu u.skqhs'
118
l%shdldrlu
1' u;aøjH" u;a j;=r Ndú;h yd ÿïîu jeks úIu p¾hdj,ska Ôú;hg isÿjk ydksh
ms<sn| lreKq idrdxY fldg olajkak'
2' zkSfrda.Slu W;=ï u ,dNhhsZ" fuu m%ldYfhys i;H;dj wkdjrKh lrkak'
3' tÈfkod wdydrmdk j¾. f;dard .ekSfï § wm wkq.ukh l< hq;= ms<sfj;
l=ula o@
mejreu
² —wms lhska iqjm;a fjuq˜ uefhka mdi,a isiqka w;g m;a lsÍug iqÿiq w;a
m;%sldjla ms<sfh, lrkak'

20 .eg¨ úi|k iiqka ms<sfj;
—pqkao" ud úiska wjfndaO lrf.k hï O¾uhla foaYkd lrk ,oafoa o tu

O¾uh w¾:fhka w¾:h" jpkfhka jpkh ixikaokh lrñka ix.dhkd l< hq;= h'
újdo fkdl< hq;= h' th ish,a,kaf.a hym; msKsi fya;= fjhs'˜
nqÿrcdKka jykafia YdlH ckmofhys fõO[a[ kï jQ YdlH rcorejkaf.a

Whfkys jevjik iufhys fuu m%ldYh lr we;af;a pqkao ysñhka wu;ñks' thg
fya;= jQfha ks.KaGkd;mq;a; Ydia;Djrhdf.a wNdjfhka miqj tu Ydikhg w;ajQ
brKu pqkao ysñhka úiska nqÿrcdKka jykafiag ±kqï §uhs' by; m%ldYfhka
meyeÈ,s jkafka Ydiksl .eg¨ úi£u i|yd ix.dhkd meje;aùu wkq±k jod<
njhs' ta wkqj ix.dhkd meje;aùfï uQ,sl w¾:h idlÉPd ud¾.fhka O¾u úkh
ksrjq,a lr .ekSu yd .eg¨ úi|d .ekSuhs' Ydik b;sydih ;=< tfia .eg¨ we;s
jQ wjia:djkays § Ydik NdrOdÍ uyf;rjreka uq,a ù ix.dhkd mj;ajd we;' tfia
meje;a jQ m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdj ms<sn| j wgfjks fY%aKsfha § wms W.;suq' fuys §
fojk yd f;jk ix.dhkd ms<sn|j úuid n,uq'
fojk O¾u ix.dhkdj
nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka f;uila .sh ;ek meje;a jQ m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdj

úúOdldrfhka Ydik Ñria;sÓhg fya;=úh' tfy;a thska ishjila wejEfuka kej;
iiqk ;=< .eg¨ u;=úh' úfYaIfhka nqÿrÿka úiska fkdmekjQ kS;s fkdmekùug;a
mkjk ,o kS;s lv fkdfldg wdrlaId lsÍug;a m%:u ix.dhkdfõ f.k ;snQ
;SrKh we;eï NslaIQka jykafia,d úiska fï jk úg fkdi,ld yßk ;;a;ajhg
m;a j ;snqKq nj fmfka' jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQkaf.a l%shdl,dmh fuhg ksoiqkls' jÊð
rdcHfha úiQ tu NslaIq msßi idudkH ck;djf.a muKla fkdj tl, md,lhd
jYfhka lghq;= l< ld,dfYdal rcqf.a mjd wkq.%yh ,eîug ;rï Yla;s iïmkak
jQy'
120
ldlKav mq;% hi ysñhka úYd,dfjys pdßldjl ksr; jQfha fï ld,fha h'
tÈk fmdfyda Èkhls' jÊð mq;a;l NslaIQyq úydria:dkhg meñfKk Wmdil
msßfika msßlr ,nd .ekSug hehs lshñka f,dayuh meka Ndckhlg lyjkq ouk
f,i b,a,d isáhy' hi ysñfhda fuu l%shdj,sh ±l th wlem nj odhlhkg fmkajd
ÿkay' tfy;a Wmdiljre fmr mßÈ u n÷kg lyjkq ±uQy' miqj jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQyq
iïudoï l< lyjkqj,ska fldgila hi ysñhkag o ,nd §ug W;aidy l<y' tfy;a
hi ysñfhda th m%;slafIAm l<y' lyjkq iïudoï lsÍfï isoaêh o we;=<;a j úkh
úfrdaë l%shdldrlï oyhla jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQka úiska wkq.ukh lrk ,o nj hi
ysñhkag ±k.kakg ,enqKs' pq,a, j.a. md,sfha ±lafjk mßÈ tu wlem oi jia;=j
fufia h'
1' lmam;s isx.sf,daK lmafmda - wÕl ¨Kq ;ndf.k Ndú; lsÍu lem h'
2' lmam;s oajx.=, lmafmda - ysre wjrg f.dia fijKe,a, oEÕ=,la jk;=re
wdydr wkqNjh lem h'
.eg¨ úi|k iiqka ms<sfj; 121

3' lmam;s .duka;r lmafmda - jrla j<|d wjika fldg fjk;a .ulg
hkafkuehs kej; je<£u lem h'
4' lmam;s wdjdi lmafmda - uyd iSudj ;=< msysá l=vd wdjdihkays fjk
fjk u fmdfydh l¾u lsÍu lem h'
5' lmam;s wkqu;s lmafmda - úkh l¾uj,g fkdmeñKs NslaIQkaf.a

wkqu;h miqj ,nd .kakd ßisfhka ix>
l¾u lsÍu lem h'
6' lmam;s wdÑKaK lmafmda - wdpd¾hhka jykafia,d úiska mqreÿ lrk ,o

lem fyda wlem oE ish,a, ta f,ig u
ms<s.ekSu lem h'
7' lmam;s wuÓ; lmafmda - lsß;a fkdjQ §lsß;a fkdjQ lsß je<£u lem h'
8' lmam;s cf,da.s md;=x - fkdmeiqKq iqrdmdkh lem h'
9' lmam;s woilx ksiSokx - jdá fkdueiQ we;sß,s mßyrKh lsÍu lem h'
10' lmam;s cd;rEmrc;x - rka ß§ lyjkq ms<s.ekSu lem h'
—Tn jykafia fuu lreKqj,g úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lsÍfuka Wmdil

Wmdisld msßia wm flfrys l,lsrj;e˜hs fpdaokd fldg jÊð mq;a;l NslaIQyq hi
ysñhkg máidrKSh l¾uh l<y' ^.syshkaf.ka iudj .ekSug ks¾foaY lrk o~qju
máidrKSh l¾u kï fõ'& ;j ÿrg;a fuu oi jia;=jg tfrys j woyia ±laùu
fya;= fldg f.k Wka jykafiag WlafÄmkSh l¾uh lsÍug o jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQyq
ie,iqï l<y' ^je/È fyj;a weje;a fkdokakd" fkdms<s.kakd NslaIQkag jrm%ido
;ykï lsÍu WlafÄmkSh l¾uhhs'& fï l%shdj,sh ±k.;a hi f;rKqfjda Bg fmr
wdmiq fldieUE kqjrg jevu l<y' wk;=rej mdjd yd wjka;s m%foaYj, jdih
lrk NslaIQka jykafia,d o ±kqj;a fldg jÊð mq;a;l NslaIQka jykafia,df.a oi
jia;=jg tfrys j O¾u úkh wdrlaId lr .ekSfï wruqKska l%shd l<y' ta wkqj
m<uqj mdjd m%foaYfhka NslaIQka jykafia,d yeg kula o wjka;s m%foaYfhka NslaIQka
jykafia,d wiQwg kula o iïnkaO lr .kakd ,oy' tys § tjlg úiQ fcHIAG
NslaIQka jykafia,d fj;ska Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug o iínldó iy hi hk ysñjreka
úiska l%shd l<y' jkjdiS iïN+;" fidafrhH kqjr jeis f¾j; hk uy f;reka
jykafia,df.a Wmfoia ,nd .kakd ,oafoa ta wkqj h'
122
jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQyq ;ukg tfrysj u;=jk úfrdaOhka u¾okh lr,Sug
wjYH fndfyda l%shdldrlïj,g fhduq jQy' bka tla mshjrla jQfha f¾j; ysñhka
fj; úYd, jYfhka msßlr mQcd fldg Wka jykafiaf.a iydh ;u md¾Yajhg
,nd .ekSug W;aidy .ekSu h' tfy;a f¾j; ysñhka tajd m%;slafIam lsÍu ksid
tu Wml%uh wid¾:l úh' wk;=rej fhduq jQfha fï jk úg nqÿ oyu ms<sn| j
wkjfndaOfhka isá ld,dfYdal rc;=ud ;u jpkhg wjk; lr .ekSug h' tu
W;aidyh ;rula id¾:l úh' hi ysñhka we;=¿ msßi úid,djg meñKSu je<elaùfï
ksfhda. ksl=;a lsÍug rc;=ud fhduq jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' tfy;a rc;=udf.a
ke.Kshl jQ kkaod ry;a fufyKska jykafiaf.a lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍfuka
wk;=rej rc;=udg h:d¾:h f;areï .ekSug yels úh' bka isÿ jQfha O¾ujd§ NslaIQka
jykafia,dg iydh §ug rc;=ud fhduq ùuhs' wk;=rej úid,d uykqjr uyjkfhys
l+gd.dr Yd,djg O¾ujd§ úYd, NslaIq msßila tla /ia jQy' tys§ NslaIQka w;r úúO
u;jdo jQfhka oijia;=j ms<sn| j iïu;hlg meñKSug fkdyels úh' wk;=rej
/ia jQ NslaIq msßif.ka ldrl iNdjla ^Wíndysldjla& m;a lrf.k fuu .eg¨j
úi£ug l%shdlsÍu iqÿiq njg f¾j; ysñhka f.kd fhdackdj iNd iïu; jQfha h'
ta wkqj t;ek /iaj isá mdÖk fyj;a fmrÈ. m%foaYh ksfhdackh lrk NslaIQka
jykafia,df.ka y;r kula tu Wíndysldjg ^lñgqjg& m;alr .kakd ,oy' Wka
jykafia,d kï iínldñ" id,ay" nqÊcfidaNs;" jdiN.dó hk iajdóka jykafia,d h'
mdfjhHl fyj;a ngysr m%foaYh ksfhdackh lrñka m;a jQfha f¾j;" iïN+;" hi"
iquk hk iajdóka jykafia,d isõ ku h' tu ldrl iNdj úiska mq¿,a wOHhkhlska
miqj ;SrKh lf<a oi jia;=j úkh úfrdaë njhs' ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;s;ajh ork
,oafoa iínldó f;rKqjka úisks' fï wjia:dfõ Ydikfha Ñr meje;au Wfoid
ixfYdaOkhla we;slr,Sug;a oijia;=j úkh úfrdaë nj ;yjqre lsÍug;a wjYH
ix> iïuq;sh ,nd .ekSu Wfoid fojk O¾u ix.dhkdj mj;ajk ,È'
ix.dhkdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re iïmskavKh

1' fya;=j
jÊð mq;a;l NslaIQka úiska l%shd;aul lrf.k tkq ,enQ úkh úfrdaë oijia;=j'
2' uQ,sl;ajh
ldlKav mq;a; hi ysñhka jÊð mq;a;l NslaIQka ms<s.;a wlem oi jia;=jg tfrysj
iqúYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq l< o fcHIaG;ajh wkqj ix.dhkdfõ uQ,sl;ajh fynjQfha
iínldó uyry;ka jykafia h'

3' wkq.%dyl;ajh
ld,dfYdal rc;=ud'
4' iyNd.s jQ msßi

;%smsglh ms<sn| j mq¿,a ±kqula we;s uy ry;ka jykafia,d y;aish kuls' tneúka
fuu fojeks O¾u ix.S;sh i;a;i;sl ix.S;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
5' ia:dkh
úYd,d uykqjr jd¨ldrduh
6' jljdkqj
nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir ishhlg miq
7' .; jQ ld,h
udi wgls
8' m%;sM,
1' jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQka úiska ms<s.kakd ,o oi jia;=j úkh úfrdaë hehs
ix> iïuq;sfhka m%;slafIam lsÍu
2' úkh kS;s ,sys,a fkdlsÍug m<uq O¾u ix.dhkdfõ § .kakd ,o ;SrKh ta
whqßka u l%shd;aul lr,Sug tlÕ ùu
3' nqoaO ld,fha mgka jevqKq Ydiksl meje;aug tfrys Wmøj bj;a lr Ydiksl
iïm%odhg ixfYdaOkhla we;s ùu
4' oi jia;=j ms<s.;a úYd, NslaIq msßila jQ w;r Wka jykafia,d úiska uydidx>sl
kñka fjk u ksldhla msysgqjd .ekSu yd t;eka mgka ix.S;shg uQ,sl jQ yd
tlÕ jQ YslaIdldó jQ merKs NslaIQ iïm%odh f:Íh kñka fmkS isàu'
f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdj
wfYdal iuh Ydik b;sydifha kj ikaêia:dkhla iksgqyka l< hq.hls'

ld,dfYdal rdcH iufhka miqj Ndr;fha nqÿ iiqk kej; m%fndaOhg m;ajQfha
wfYdal rdcH iufhys § h' thg fya;= jQfha fndfyda md,lhka Ydik Wkak;sh
mfil ,d rdcH Wkak;sh muKla i,ld lghq;= lsÍuhs' rdcH wkq.%yh fkdue;s
iEu wjia:djl u isÿjkqfha Ydiksl mßydkshls' ld,dfYdal rcqf.ka miqj
n,hg m;a Tyqf.a orejkaf.ka o wk;=rej n,hg m;a kkao rdc fm<m;g wh;a
md,lhkaf.ka o Ydik wNsjDoaêhg wod< m%udKj;a fufyjrla bgq fkdjqKq ;rï
h'
124
wfYdal iufha § nqÿ iiqkg rcq úiska olajk ,o we,au;a" mqo i;aldr;a ksid
wkHd.ñlhskag ,enqK jrm%ido ySk úh' fn!oaO n,h l%ufhka j¾Okh jkakg
úh' fuhska fkdi;=gq jQ wkHd.ñlfhda úúO ,dN m%fhdack wfmalaIdfjkq;a nqÿ
iiqk flf,iSfï wfmalaIdfjkq;a ;uka úiska u isjqre fmdrjdf.k jHdc f,i
NslaIq fjia .;ay' jeä jYfhka fun÷ msßia iiqkg tla ùu ksid Tjqkaf.a n,h o
jeä úh' Tjqka ;ukaf.a u;h Wml%uYS,S j iudc.; lsÍug fhduqùu fya;=fjka
is,aj;a NslaIQkag úúO wmyiq;dj,g uqyqK §ug isÿúh' Wmiïmod NslaIQkag wod<
m%Odk úkh l¾uhla jk fmdfydh l¾u mjd i;ajila uq¿,af,ys isÿ fkdúKs'
O¾udfYdal wêrdchdg fuu jd;djrKh ie,úh' ta ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug

fyf;u me,¨ma kqjr wfYdaldrduhg weue;shl= msg;a lr yeßfha h' Tyq tys
jevisá Wmimka NslaIQka jykafia,dg fmdfydh l¾u lsÍug ksfhda. l< kuq;a
is,aj;a NslaIQyq th m%;slafIam l<y' fuhska lsmqKq weue;sjrhd úiska NslaIQka
jykafia,d lsysm kula >d;kh lrk ,È' ta w;r rc;=udf.a ifydaorhl= jQ ;siai
f;rekaf.a ueÈy;aùu ksid NslaIq >d;k kej;sKs' rcqg fï .ek ±k .ekSug
,eîfuka miq kej;;a t;=ud ±ä Ñ;a; mSvdjg m;aúh' ;ukq;a fuu mdmldÍ
l%shdfõ fldgialrejl= ù we;a ±hs ±k .ekSug rcqg wjYH úh' È.ska È.g u fï
ms<sn| j NslaIQka jykafia,df.ka úuiQ l, ,enqK ms<s;=rej, fmdÿ tlÕ;djla
fkdjqKs' fï i|yd ksYaÑ; ms<s;=rla ,nd.; yels ry;ka jykafia kul
jYfhka fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai ysñhka ms<sn|j rc;=ukag ie, úh' rc;=ud úiska
fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai ysñhkag ;u .eg¨j bÈßm;a lrk ,È' thg ,enqK ms<s;=r
jQfha rc;=udf.a ±kqïj;aNdjhlska f;drj NslaIq >d;kh isÿùu ksid tu mdmldÍ
l%shdfõ Tyq fldgialrejl= fkdjk njhs' wk;=rej nqÿ iiqkg fï jkúg w;a ù
we;s brKu ms<sn| j fofokd w;r §¾> ms<si|rla we;súh' O¾udfYdal rc;=udg
Ydikfhys mej;s w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j ksje/È wjfndaOhla we;sjQfha túg h'
fï ;;a;ajfhka Ydikh uqojd .ekSug l< hq;= ld¾hh f,i ;SrKh jQfha Ydik
ixfYdaOkhla lsÍuhs' fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai udysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ m<uqfjka
isÿl< ld¾hh jQfha fï jkúg iiqkg we;=<;a ù isá ÿ¾u;OdÍ NslaIQka jykafia,d
bj;a lsÍuhs' ksis l%ufõohla ;=<ska tu bj;a lsÍu isÿflreKs' bj;a lrk ,o wkH
,íêl NslaIq msßi yegoyils' bka wk;=rej fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai ysñfhda ;jÿrg;a
iiqfka mdßY=oaO;ajh yd Ñr meje;au iy;sl lr,Su Wfoid ix.dhkdjla lsÍfï
wjYH;dj o rcqg fmkajd ÿkay' f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdjg miqìu ilia jQfha ta
whqßks'

ix.dhkdj ms<sn| f;dr;=re iïmsKavkh
1' fya;=j
,dN m%fhdack wfmalaIdfjka ñ:Hd ,íêl msßia NslaIq fjia .ekSfuka Wmka .eg¨'
2' uQ,sl;ajh
fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai uyry;ka jykafia
3' wkq.%dyl;ajh
O¾udfYdal uy rc;=ud
4' iyNd.s jQ msßi

O¾uOr úkhOr nyqY%e; NslaIQka jykafia,d oyila fï i|yd iyNd.s jQ ksid fuu
ix.dhkdj idyiaisld ix.S;sh kñka ye¢kafõ'
5' ia:dkh
me,¨makqjr wfYdaldrduh
6' jljdkqj
nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir foish ;sia yhla .sh miq
7' .; jQ ld,h
udi kjhls
8' m%;sM,
1' ÿ¾u;OdÍ NslaIQka jykafia,d yegoyila iiqfkka fkrmd yeÍu
2' fmdfydh l¾u wdÈh iduQysl j isÿ lsÍug NslaIQkag yelshdj ,eîu
3' iiqkg we;=¿ j ;snQ ÿ¾u; mkaiShla y÷kdf.k tajdg ms<s;=re jYfhka olajk
,o O¾u lreKq mkaishhla we;=<;a lr l:dj;a:qmamlrKh kï .%ka:h rpkd
lr wNsO¾u msglhg we;=<;a lsÍu' ta wkqj f:rjdo wNsO¾u msglh m%lrK
i;la njg m;a ùu'
4' nqÿ oyu foaYdka;r jYfhka jHdma; lsÍu - ta hgf;a rgj,a kjhlg my;
i|yka mßÈ O¾u ¥;hka jykafia,d msg;a lr yßk ,È'
126
rg kdhl;ajh
ldYaór .kaOdr uÊ®ka;sl ysñ we;=¿ msßi
uysi uKav,h uydfoaj ysñ we;=¿ msßi
jkjdiS foaYh rlaÅ; ysñ we;=¿ msßi
wmrka; foaYh fhdakl Oïu rlaÅ; ysñ we;¿ msßi
uyd rÜG uyd Oïu rlaÅ; ysñ we;=¿ msßi
fhdakl foaYh uyd rlaÅ; ysñ we;=¿ msßi
ysuj;a fmfoi uÊ¯u ysñ we;=¿ msßi
iaj¾K N+ñh fidaK W;a;r ysñ we;=¿ msßi
;ïnmKaKsh ñys÷ ysñ we;=¿ msßi
fï wdldrhg Ydikfha ÑriaÓ;shg yd jHdma;shg wod< j f;jk O¾u

ix.dhkdfjka m%;sM, /ila Wod jQ nj meyeÈ,s h' by; igyk wkqj ;ïnmKaKsh
hkqfjka tjlg y÷kajd we;af;a Y%S ,xldjhs' ñys÷ uy ry;ka jykafia m%Odk
O¾u ¥; msßi tod furgg meñKSu w;súYsIag ft;sydisl isÿ ùuls' thska f:rjdo
nqÿ oyfuys flakaøia:dkhla njg furg m;a ùu o" fkdfhla whqßka Y%S ,dxflah
ixialD;sh nqÿ oyu uq,afldg ixj¾Okhg m;a ùu o isÿ úh'
Ydiksl jYfhka we;s jQ .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg WmldÍ jQ m<uq" fojk"

f;jk O¾u ix.dhkd j;auka iudcfha .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg w.kd wdo¾Yhls' ldrl
iNdjla ;=<ska oi jia;=j úksYaph lsÍug fhdod .;a l%shdud¾.h j¾;udkfha
idudðl" foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól wdÈ úúO wxYhkag wod< j mek k.sk .eg¨
ksrdlrKhg Ndú; l< yels h' tfuka u fï l=uk fyda wxY iïnkaO j we;sjk
w¾nqo úi|d .ekSug rdcH ueÈy;a ùu jeo.;a h' tfia fkdjqKfyd;a tu .eg¨j
;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh jkq we;' .eg¨ we;s jQ úg ;ks ;ksj úi÷ï fiùug fkdf.dia
nqoaêu;=kaf.a yd úfYaI{hkaf.a Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug fhduqùu b;d jeo.;a h'
idlÉPdfjka o iïuq;sfhka o t<efUk úi÷ï fndfyda fihska id¾:l fõ' fuu
lreKq f;areï f.k wms Ôj;a jk iudcfha úúO lafIa;%hkag wod< j mek k.sk
.eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùug fhduq fjuq'

idrdxYh
nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka jir ishhla .sh ;ek jÊðmq;a;l NslaIQka
jykafia,df.a oi jia;=j uq,alrf.k úYd,d uykqjr jd¨ldrdufha § iínldó
ysñhkaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka yd ld,dfYdal rcqf.a wkq.%dyl;ajfhka fojk
O¾u ix.dhkdj mj;ajk ,È' udi wgla uq¿,af,a meje;s fuu ix.dhkdjg
ry;ka jykafia,d y;aiShla fokd iyNd.s jQy' tneúka fuh i;a;i;sl
ix.S;sh kï fõ' f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdj mj;ajd we;af;a nqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka
jir foish ;siayhla .sh ;ek me<¨makqjr wfYdaldrdufha § h' ta i|yd
fya;= ù we;af;a ñ:Hd ,íêlhska ,dN m%fhdack wfmalaIdfjka iiqka .; ù
Ydik úfrdaë l%shdldrlïj, ksr;ùu h' fuys uQ,sl;ajh fud.a.,Smq;a;;siai
uyry;ka jykafia biqÆ w;r wkq.%dyl;ajh ,nd § we;af;a wfYdal rc;=ud
úisks' udi kjhla uq¿,af,a meje;s fuu ix.dhkdjg iyNd.s jQ ry;ka
jykafia,df.a ixLHdj oyils' tneúka fuu ix.S;sh idyiaisld kï úh'
l%shdldrlu
1' Ydikfha Ñr meje;aug yd jHdma;shg wod< j f;jk O¾u ix.dhkdfjka

isÿ jQ fiajdjka folla kï lrkak'
2' —w ˜ fldgig .e<fmk ms<s;=r —wd ˜ fldgiska f;dardf.k thg ysñ wxlh
jryk ;=< fhdokak'
w fldgi wd fldgi
1' wNsO¾u msglh ^ & 1' fojk O¾u ix.dhkdj
2' ysuj;a m%foaYh ^ & 2' úYd,d uykqjr
3' oi wlem jia;=j ^ & 3' ñys÷ udysñ
4' ;ïnmKa‚h ^ & 4' l:dj;a:qmamlrKh
5' jd¨ldrduh ^ & 5' uÊ¯u f;reka jykafia
128
mejreu
² ix.dhkd;%hg wod< uQ,sl lreKq j.=.; fldg olajkak'

21 iqrlsuq fy< l,d fl;
ñys÷ uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a jevuùu Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh;a ta yd

ne÷Kq ish,a,;a fmdaIKh lr,Sug" ixj¾Okh lr,Sug kka whqßka uq,a jQ nj
m%lg lreKls' Wka jykafiaf.a ,xld.ukh foaYSh ixialD;sfha wdrïNh f,i o
ie,flhs' tu.ska furg wOHdmkh" isß;a úß;a" foaYmd,kh" wd¾Ólh" ck weoys,s"
NdIdj yd idys;Hh" l,d Ys,amd§ iEu iudc ixialD;sl lafIa;%hkag nqÿiufhka
wdNdih o we;s j ixj¾Okh jQfha h' wm fuys § idlÉPd lrkafka foaYSh l,d
Ys,am yd idys;Hh fn!oaO wdNdifhka fmdaIKh ù jeã .sh wdldrhhs'
fn!oaO l,dj
fy< l,d fl; ireidr jQfha nqÿ iufha wdNdifhks' th wfma b;sydih
mÍlaId lsÍfï § mila fõ' ñys`ÿ ysñhka ,laÈjg jevu lsÍug fmr foaYSh l,dj
jeä ÈhqKq ù fkd;sìK' mYapd;a uyskao hq.fha § ks¾udKh flreKq
² fndaê>r
² fÉ;sh>r iy od.eí
² m%;sud>r iy nqÿ ms<su
² Ñ;% Ys,amh
² leghï ks¾udK
wdÈ ish¨ l,d Ys,am fmdaIKh ù we;af;a nqÿ iufha wdNdifhks' Y%%S uyd fndaê
frdamKfhka miqld,Sk j we;s jQ fndaê>rh nqÿ oyfï yrj;a mKsúv mokï
lrf.k ks¾udKh jQjls'
nqoaO ld,Skj b;d ir, ks¾udKhla jYfhka werô fn!oaO ia:Qmh wx.
jYfhka fuka u ixfla;d¾: jYfhka o úÑ;%;ajhg m;a jQfha fy< fndÿ ixialD;sh
;=<sks' ta yd ne÷Kq jdy,alv mjd .eUqre ixfla;d¾: iys; b;d ishqï ks¾udKj,ska
iqieÈ nj úoaj;a ms<s.ekSuhs' ia;+mfha wdlD;sh wkqj nqínq,dldr" >gdldr wdÈ úúO
wdlD;s olakg ,efí' tmuKla fkdj ia;+mfha ta ta wx. u.ska .eUqre fn!oaO
ixl,am fi!kao¾hd;aul j ksrEmKh lrk nj uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk
iQÍkaf.a ms<s.ekSuhs'
130
nqoaO m%;sudj ks¾udKh jQfha §¾> ld,hla ta fjkqjg ixfla; Ndú;fhka
wk;=rej h' l%s'j' 1 jeks ishjfia § muK werô nqoaO m%;sudj wm%dKsl l¿.,lg
lreKdfõ yoj; we;=¿ lsÍug fy< l,dlrejd ±rE W;aidyhls' uyfuõkdfõ
jev isák iudê m%;sud jykafia fuhg idlaIs orhs' f;d¿ú," /iafjfyr" wjqlk
wdÈ ia:dkhkays msysá nqoaO m%;sud fy< l,dlrejdf.a fndÿ ne;sh;a l,dldó
ks¾udKYS,S yelshdj;a m%lg flfrk m%Odk ksoiqka lsysmhls'
uQ,sl jYfhka fuu ;%súO ffp;Hh wruqKq lrf.k ieliqKq i|lv myK"
uqr.," fldrjla., muKla fkdj .,a l=¨kl fldgk ,o leghu mjd fn!oaO
f;audjla /.;a ks¾udKhla lsÍug ;rï fy< l,dlrejd nqÿ oyñka mqnqÿjdÆ
ksjqKq ukila we;s wfhla úh' fn!oaO isoaOia:dkhlg msúiSu i|yd we;s msh.eg
fmf<ys mduq, msysá i|lv myK hkq w¾O ljdldr .,a mähls' tys tlsfkl w¾O
jD;a;dldr ;Sre ;=< ksrEms; uQ¾;s yqfola w,xldrh msKsi u fkdfõ' uydpd¾h
fikr;a mrKú;dk iQÍkag wkqj thska iir .uk ms<sn| fn!oaO b.ekaùï
ksrEmKh flf¾'
i|lv myKg fomiska msysgqjd we;s iDcqfldaKdY%dldr .,a mqjre fol

uqr.,a f,i ye¢kafõ' wNh.sß úydr r;ak m%didofha ±lsh yels uqr., isxy,
l,dlrejdf.a Ys,amSh ksmqK;dj f,djg lshdmdk m%isoaO ks¾udKhls' tfuka u
úydr ì;a;sfha o we;eï úg od.eí .¾Nfha we;=<; w¢k ,o ì;=is;=jïj, o nqÿ
iufha wdNdih ±lsh yels h' tajdg uQ,dY%h ù we;af;a
cd;l l:d
nqoaO pß;h
Ydik b;sydih hkdÈhhs'
wkqrdOmqr hq.hg wh;a fn!oaO Ñ;% ys|.," wïn,kaf;dg" lrU.," .,aTh"

f.dkdf.d,a, wdÈ ia:dkj,;a fmdf<dkakre hq.hg wh;a Ñ;% uyshx.K ffp;Hh"
;sjxl ms<suf.h" ,xld;s,l úydrh" W;a;rdrduh" ÈUq,d., hkdÈ ia:dkj, §;a
±l.; yels h' uykqjr Y%S o<od ud<s.h uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% iïm%odh wOHhkh
lsÍug fyd| f;da;ekakls' le,Ks úydrfha ì;=is;=jï kQ;k fn!oaO Ñ;% iïm%odhfha
ms<sìUqjls'
f,ka úydr" mín; úydr" mOdk>r" Wfmdai:>r" máud>r" fÉ;sh>r"

jgodf.h wdÈh fn!oaO jdia;= úµd;aul ks¾udK jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'
is;=,amjqj" fjiai.sßh" ñyska;f,a" oUq,a," ys|.," lrU.," uq,a.sß., wdÈ ia:dk
mÍlaId lsÍfuka fn!oaO jdia;= úµdfõ bme/Ks ÈhqKqj meyeÈ,s lr .; yels fõ'
iqrlsuq fy< l,d fl; 131
jgodf.h fÉ;sh>rfha úldYkhla f,i ie,fla' fmdf<dkakrej" ;sßhdh iy
w;a;k.,a, hk ia:dkhkays msysá jgodf.j,a Wiia l,d;aul ,laIK m%lg lrk
w;r uKav,.sß jgodf.h Y%S ,xldfõ msysá iqúfYaI jQ fn!oaO l,d ks¾udKhla
f,i ie,fla'
fn!oaO idys;Hh
ñys÷ ysñhka ,xldjg jevuùfuka miq fuys m%p,s; jQ n%dyaó wlaIr ud,dj
tjlg wfYdal fi,a,smsj, Ndú; jQ n%dyaó wlaIr ud,dj u nj mqrdúoHd{fhda
úYajdi lr;s' ñyska;,fhys wgiegf,kaj, lgdrï fldgd igyka lr we;s flá
jels ±kg yuq ù we;s uq,a u f,aLk jYfhka ie,fla' miq ld,Sk j ñyska;,d mqjre
,smsh jeks úYd, m%udKfha wNsf,aLk ,sheù we;'
fy<wgqjd
ñys÷ ysñhka m%uqL msßi fy<niska fm< oyu úia;r l< njg yd uq,ska
mej;s md,s wÜGl:d o fy<nig ke.+ njg o idOl we;' ta wkqj l%s'mQ' 3 jeks
Y;j¾Ifha § muK isxy, idys;H mßj¾;k iajrEmfhka werô nj fmfka' tu
fy<wgqjd wo úoHudk fkdùu furgg isÿ jQ uy;a mdvqjls' l%s'mQ' 3 jeks ishjfia
isg l%s'j' 7 jeks ishji olajd ld,h w;r rpkd jQfha hehs ie,flk .%ka:dj,sh
b;d úYd, h' kuq;a wjdikdj jkqfha tajd wog úoHudk fkdùu h' Bg miq hq.fha §
tkï wkqrdOmqr wjidk iufha § rpkd jQ .%ka: ;=kla muKla wog fYaIj mj;s'
tajd fufia h'
1' Oïmshd wgqjd .egmoh
2' isLj,| yd isLj<| úksi
3' ishnia,lr
ishnia,lr
wkqrdOmqr hq.fha rpkd jQ .%ka: w;ßka fYaI j mj;sk merKs u lD;sh

jkafka ldjH ks¾udKhg Wmfoia imhk ishnia,lrhs' th oKaãkaf.a ldjHdo¾Yh
kue;s ixialD; .%ka:h weiqfrka ks¾udKh flreKq kuq;a foaYSh idys;Hhg u.
fmkajk fndfyda lreKq we;=<;a neúka iajdëk lD;shla f,i o w.h l< yels h'
—fmfoka nqÿ isß;e - niska j;a isß;a wE

mo hq;= niska k¿ wE - wk;=re ,l=Kq olajï˜
132
fuu WmfoaYh wkqj" isxy, idys;Hlrejkaf.a jia;= úIh úh hq;af;a fn!oaO
f;audjla u hehs ms<s.kakd ,È' tfuka u furg idys;HlrKfhys ksr;jQjka
jeämqr u fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d ùu;a .sys mçjreka mjd nqÿ oyñka YslaIKhla
,eîu;a mokï lrf.k isxy, idys;Hh fn!oaO idys;Hhla jQ nj tys b;sydih
úuid ne,Sfuka ikd: fõ'
Oïmshd wgqjd .egmoh
fuh" V jeks liaim rc;=ud úiska md,s OïumoÜG l:dfõ tk ÿrjfndaO

mo i|yd lrk ,o w¾: újrKhls'
isLj<| yd isLj<| úksi
fuys l;=jrhdf.a ku i|yka fkdfõ' NdId ,laIK wkqj wkqrdOmqr hq.hg

wh;a hehs ie,fla' NslaIQka jykafia,dg wod< úkh kS;s fuys úia;r flf¾' fuu
lD;sh w;S; msßfjka wOHdmkfhys,d Ndú; jkakg we;ehs Wml,amkh flf¾'
óg wu;r j tjlg rpkd jQfha hehs ie,flk t¿ fndaêjxYh" o<od jxYh"

t¿ :QmjxYh" t¿ flaiOd;=jxYh" wilaodlj" l=iodlj" ñhqre if|i jeks fndfyda
idys;H ks¾udKj, iq/lS we;af;a kduh muKs'
tfy;a tf,i úkdY fkdjQ fmdÿck ú{dkfha levm;la n÷ l%s'j' 5 - l%s'j' 10

jeks ishji olajd w;r ld,fha rpkd jQfha hehs ie,flk iS.sß .Sj,ska isxy,
idys;Hfha wdÈ;u hq.h ms<sn| jegySula ,nd.; yels h' ta w;r o nqÿ oyñka
fmdaIKh jQ ldjH ixl,amkd olakg ,efí'
fmdf<dkakre hq.fha isg uykqjr hq.h olajd ,shejqKq fndfyda idys;H

l,d ks¾udKhkays fn!oaO wdNdih olakg ,efí' ta ms<sn| j ta ta hq.j, m< ù
we;s m%Odk;u fn!oaO idys;H lD;s ms<sn| fuys we;s f;dr;=re j.=j weiqfrka
idlÉPd l< yels h'

idys;H
hq.h l¾;Djrhd wruqK
ks¾udKh
ishnia,lr wndi,fujka ldjHd,xldr ms<sn|
Î jeks fiak& Wmfoia iemhSu
wkqrdOmqr
isLj<| yd NslaIq úkh kS;s meyeÈ,s
l;=jrhd wm%lgh
isLj<| úksi lsÍu
uLdfoaj cd;lh
uqjfoõodj;
l;=jrhd wm%lgh weiqfrka nqÿ .=K

ldjHhla lsÍu
O¾u m%§msldj
md,s fndaê jxYfhys tk
fyj;a uyd
.=re¿f.daó mç;=ud mo 205lg w¾: újrK
fmdf<dkakrej fndaêjxY iemhSu
mßl:dj
wudj;=r nqÿrÿkaf.a mqßioïuidrÓ
.=re¿f.daó mç;=ud
.=Kh úia;r lsÍu
iiodj; ii cd;lh weiqfrka nqÿ
l;=jrhd wm%lgh
.=K j¾Kkd lsÍu
OïumoÜG l:dfõ tk
ioaO¾u
l:d mßj¾;kh lrñka
r;akdj,sh O¾ufiak ysñ
fmdÿ ckhdg WÑ; mßÈ

bÈßm;a lsÍu
uhqrmdo ;=kaf,daljdiSkaf.a mQcd
oUfoKsh
mQcdj,sh mßfõKdêm;s ,eîug nqÿrÿka iqÿiq jk
nqoaOmq;% ysñ nj úia;r lsÍu
l=i cd;l l:dj weiqßka
lõ is¿ñK fojeks merl=ïnd
fndaê i;a;aj pß;h
rcq
j¾Kkd lsÍu
:QmjxYh il, úoHd pl%j¾;S rejkaue,s uydiEfha
mrdl%u mKaä; b;sydi l:dj lshdmEu
isjqjeks
fndai;=kaf.a w;S;
isxy, cd;l merl=ïnd rcqf.a
Njhka ms<sn| l;d
l=reKE., fmd; wdrdOkdfjka l¾;D
bÈßm;a lsÍu
uKav,hla
o<od jykafiaf.a b;sydi
o<od isß; foõr| oï
l;dj iy Bg iïnkaO
miÕskdjka
mQcd úê úia;r lsÍu
134
chisßuy fnda iñ÷kaf.a
isxy, fndaê
ú,a.ïuq, uy f;r b;sydi l:d f.kyer
jxYh
mEu
l=reKE., md,s odGdjxYh isxy,g
o<od mQcdj,sh mßj¾;kh lrñka
l;=jrhd wm%lgh
nqoaO pß;h;a" o<od
b;sydih;a m%ldY lsÍu
t¿w;a;k.¨ md,s w;a;k.¨ jxYh
l;=jrhd wm%lgh
jxYh isxy,hg ke.Su
ksldh ix.%yh foajrlaIs; chndyq ,laÈj b;sydih;a" nqoaO
fyj;a fyj;a fojeks Ydikfha b;sydih;a
Ydikdj;drh O¾ulS¾;s udysñ úia;r lsÍu
.ïfmd<
rijdysksh we;=¿ md,s
foajrlaIs;
ioaO¾ud,xldrh uQ,dY% j, tk l;d
chndyq fyj;a
isxyf,ka olajd ck;dj
fojeks O¾ulS¾;s
;=< Y%oaOd nqoaê j¾Okh
udysñ
lsÍu
fuf;la ,shù ;snqK
md,s - isxy, nK
ioaO¾ur;akdlrh úu,lS¾;s OïuÈkak
fmd;aj, tk lreKq
ysñ
ix.%y lrñka nK l;d
ix.%yhla lsÍu
f,dajev ùod.u uy ir, niska O¾u lreKq
i`.rdj f;reka úia;r lsÍu
fldaÜfÜ nqÿ .=K ùod.u uy nqÿ .=K lúfhka úia;r
w,xldrh f;reka lsÍu
IâNdId mrfïIajr i;a;=N;a; cd;lh
ldjHfYaLrh
f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, weiqßka fndaêi;aj

udysñ pß;h j¾Kkd lsÍu
.=;a;s, cd;lh weiqßka
jE;a;Efõ
.=;a;s, ldjH fmdÿ isxy, ckhdg
f;reka
ldjHhla ks¾udKh lsÍu
óg miq hq.j, § o fn!oaO f;aud /.;a ks¾udK isxy, idys;Hh ;=< ìys ù
;sfí' mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais" bx.%Sis úfoaYSh wdl%uK ksid Y%S ,xldj fndfyda ÿIalr;dj,g
uqyqK mEj o isxy, .;a l;=jre fn!oaO f;aud mokï lr.ksñka ks¾udKlrKfha

fh§u w;a fkdyeßhy' w,.shjkak uqlfjá;=ud úiska oyïfid~lj" l=iodlj jeks
cd;l ldjH iy iqNdIs;h jeks WmfoaY ldjH rpkd lsÍfuka ta nj ;yjqre fõ'
fixlv., rdcOdks iufha § o ú,a.ïuq, kï uy f;r kul úiska

i|lsÿreodlj" lhsje,af,a mKaä; iy fmardfoKsfha úchfldaka o t;=udf.a
uqkqnqrd o úiska rÑ; úOqr cd;l ldjHh" l;=jrhd i|yka fkdjk ;=kairfKa lú
fmd;" f.dv.ïfoKsfha .Ks; weÿre;=ud úiska lrk ,o iïnq,d cd;l ldjHh"
l¾;D w{d; wd,jl ouk ldjHh" nyql¾;Dl lD;shla jk uyìkslauka lj o"
foajo;a; jreK o" o<od jrefKa jeks .%ka: o fn!oaO idys;H lD;Syq fj;s'
uykqjr rdcOdks iufha § je,súg wirK irK irKxlr uydysñmdKka

úiska idrd¾: ix.%yh" idrd¾:§mkS kï i;r nKjr ikakh jeks .%ka: o
l=,fialr wmamqydñ úiska l< uksfpdar cd;l ldjHh" uydfiak kï ysñ kul
úiska iqu.=odlj" je,súg ysñhkaf.a YsIH .sks.;amsáfha fyrK ku ks¾udKhla
jk f;rejkaud,d kï f;rejka .=K lshfjk ldjHh o úl%uisxy mKaä; uqo,s
úiska rÑ; foajO¾u cd;l ldjHh o idys;Hhg tla ù ;sfí'
furg uyckhd msx mõ ms<sn|j úYajdifhka hq;=j ,Êcd Nh folska wkQkj

yev.eiqfKa fujeks O¾u idys;Hhla uÕska yslaujkq ,enQ ksidfjks' fn!oaO
idys;Hh ñksidg úkaokh muKla fkdj oyï rih o ,nd fohs' tneúka úYsIag
,laIK m%lg lrk fulS iïNdjH isxy, fn!oaO idys;H lD;s mßYS,kh lsÍu;a
wdrlaId lr .ekSu;a wm ldf.a;a j.lSula fõ'
fuu ish¨ lreKq i,ld ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,s jkafka Y%S ,dxflah l,dfl;
fuka u idys;Hh o nqÿ iufha wNdifhka fmdaIKh jQ nj h' ta ms<sn|j jeäÿrg;a
wOHhkh fldg wmf.a cd;sl jákdlï ye¢k .ekSu;a tajd u;= mrmqrg ixrlaIKh
fldg odhdo lsÍu;a wm i;= j.lSuls'
136
idrdxYh
wkqnqÿ ñys÷ ysñhka úiska wmg odhdo lrk ,o nqÿ iuh hq.fhka hq.h

isxy, idys;Hh fkdfhla whqßka fmdaIKh lf<a h' .sys meúÈ m`äjreka fn!oaO
f;aud weiqßka .oH moH lD;s rdYshla ìys lrñka isxy, idys;Hh fn!oaO
idys;Hhla njg m;a lr ;sîfuka th ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ'
wfma l,d Ys,amSyq o b;sydih mqrd ta ta hq.j, iqúi,a ±l=ïl¨ od.eí"

fndaê>r" fÉ;sh>r" m%;sud>r fuka u Ñ;%" uQ¾;s" leghï wdÈ ks¾udK o ìys
l<y' fuu idys;H ks¾udK yd l,d ks¾udK weiqßka wm úkaokhla iy
YslaIKhla ,nk w;r tajd /l.ekSug o wÈgka lr.; hq;= h'
l%shdldrlu
1' cd;l l;d mokï lrf.k uykqjr hq.fha ,shjqKq lD;s 2la yd tajdfha
l;=jreka kï lrkak'
2' Tn leue;s ft;sydisl fn!oaO l,d ks¾udKhla Ñ;%hg k`.kak'
mejreu
² ks¾udKd;aul fn!oaO Ñ;% /iafldg fmd;a msxpla ks¾udKh lrkak'

22 Kh fkdù if;disk
f.juq Èúu. ±yeñk
wm úÿy, bÈßmsg uy u. wi, fyd¢ka w;= m;r úyso .sh úYd, ishU,d
.ila we;' nia kej;=ug o fijK fok tu .i hg uE;la jk ;=re u l=vd fjf<|
i,la ;sìK' ±ka t;ek olakg ,efnkafka flfuka Èrdm;a jk f.dvke.s,a,la
muKls' tl, tu fjf<|if,ys ysñlre wms ±k isáfha ke;' fndfyda úg wfma
mdif,a .=re;=uka,d fuka u wm o tu fjf<|i,ska mEka" mekai,a" wNHdi fmd;a
wdÈh ñ, § .;a ieá ug u;l h' uqo,d,s udud miq lf,l ÿmam;aj isáfha h'
fjf<|if,a o uq, § fuka nvquqÜgq fkd;sìKs' miqj Tyq úiska th jid ouk ,È'
miq.sh i÷od WoEik m<uqjeks ld,mßÉfþofha wm mka;shg jevu l<" wmg nqÿ
oyu W.kajk iajdóka jykafia iu." zuqo,d,s ududg isÿ jQfha l=ula o@ Tyqf.a
fjf<|du wid¾:l jQfha wehs±@Zhs wms idlÉPd lf<uq' tu l:dnfya § wfma .=re
yduqÿrefjda fufia mejiQy'
—orejfka f,dafl ´kE u flfkla iemfia Ôj;a fjkak leue;shs' ljqo

ÿla ú¢kak leue;s@ ljqre;a keye fkao@ uqo,d,s udud;a tfyuhs' wms;a tfyuhs' ta
ukqiaihg fudlo jqfKa' lfâ wdodhug jvd úhou jeä lr .;a;d' wh jeh iudkj
;shd.;af;a keye' iqfLdamfNda.S Ôú;hla m;df.k w;HjYH fkdjk foag;a orkag;a
neß úÈhg úhoï l<d' wka;sfï § È.g yryg w÷kk whf.ka Khg .kak isÿ
jqKd' Kh f.jd.kak neß jqKd' Kh nr ksid uy is;a fõokd ú¢kak;a Kh ÿkakq
whf.a kskaod wmydij,g uqyqK fokak;a isÿ jqKd' iuyre Kh b,a,d kvq u.g
.shd' wka;sfï § f.or fodr bvlvï úl=Kñka Kh f.jkak;a lfâ jid oukak;a
uqo,d,s udug isoaO fj,d' orejfka Kh ùu uy ÿlla' Kh fkdùu iemhla' talg
nqÿ nfKa lshkafka wkK iemh lsh,hs' wkqkag Kh ke;s flkd iudch bÈßhg
fkdìhj hkjd' ljqre ljqre;a fndfydu iqyoj wdY%h lrkjd' fldhs f.org;a
hkjd tkjd' ljqre;a thdg wdofrhs' thd iefmka bkakjd" i;=áka bkakjd' tfyu
Kh fkdù Ôj;a fjkak kï fyd| l<ukdlrKhlska ñ, uqo,a jf.a u wfkla
foa;a mßyrKh lrkak ´kE' wrmßiaiñka" fyd| ie,eiaula we;=j" whg Tfrd;a;=
fok jeh rgdjla we;=j l%uj;a j wh .ek;a jeh .ek;a fyd| wjOdkhlska yßhg
138
;rdÈfhka nvq lsrd n,kjd jf.a lghq;= lrkak ´kE' talg nqÿ nfKa lshkafka
iuÔúl;dj lsh,d' ta jf.a u Kh fkdù bkak kï" Kh fkdùfï iemh ú| .kak
kï lEï îï we;=¿ tÈfkod úhoï iSudj ±k f.k lrkak ´kE' ñ, uqo,a ;snqKg
ir," pdï Ôú;hla .; lrkak mqreÿ ´kE' fï yeu foalg u wod< l%shd;aul l<
yels m%dfhda.sl Wmfoia nqÿ oyfï ;sfhkjd'
uysÉP;dj lshkafka uy;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;slu" wiSñ; wdYdj,a we;slu'

tfia jQ úg yß yïnlrk iïm;a iSudjla ke;sj jeh lrkak ñksiaiq fm,fUkjd'
fudloao fjkafk@ whg jvd jeh jeäfjkjd' túg Kh fjkjd' nqÿ oyfï
W.kajkafka w,afmaÉP;dj' wju n,dfmdfrd;a;= widj,a we;slu' ,o muKska i;=gq
ùug yels" myiqfjka fmdaIKh l< yels ieye,a¨ pdï Ôú; .; lrkak hehs
nqÿrcdKka jykafia wmg wkqYdikd lrkafka' tfyu jqKdu iïm;a ñ, uqo,a
jqK;A wkjYH úÈhg jeh fjkafka keye' Kh fjkak isÿjkafk;a keye' uu
ldgj;a Kh fj,d keye lsh,d i;=gq fjkak" iefmka bkak wjia:dj Wod fjkjd'
Kh fj,d Kh ysñhkaf.ka fpdaokd wiñka Tjqkaf.a jyf,la jf.a Ôj;a fjk
tl" Kh ysñhkag nfha yex.s,d bkak tl uy ÿlla' Kh fkdù ±yeñj Wmhdf.k
ld î Ôj;a fjk tl iemhla'˜
iajdóka jykafiaf.a fï flá foaYkfhka miafia Wka jykafia wjir ÿkakd

wmg m%Yak ;sfhkjd kï wykak lsh,d' ta fj,dfõ úplaIK m%Yakhla weyqjd'
—yduqÿrejfka" Kh fkdù isàu jf.a u ÿisß;a fkdlr isàu;a iemhla fkao@˜
—Tõ" ta iemhg lshkafk wkjÊc iemh lsh,d' nqoaO foaYkdfõ ta iemh

úia;r lr,d ;sfhkafka fufyuhs' zfuf,dj wd¾h Y%djl f;fï ksje/È ldh
l¾ufhka hqla; fjhs' ksje/È jdla l¾ufhka hqla; fjhs' ksje/È ufkda l¾ufhka
hqla; fjhs' fyf;u —uu tfia ldhsl jdpisl yd udkisl jQ ksje/È p¾hdfjka
hqla; fjñ˜ hehs iqj ú¢kafka h' fidïkig m;a jkafka h'˜ ksje/È ldh l¾uh
lshkafka m%dK>d;h" ysxikh ta i|yd wú wdhqO o~q uq.=re ±ÍudÈfhka f;dr j
ish¨ i;a;aj m%cdj flfrys lreKd" ffu;%S fmr±ßj l%shd lsÍu' ksje/È jdla l¾uh
lshkafk fndrefjka jxpdfjka wkqka /jàfuka f;drj i;Hjd§ ùu" fla,dï lshd
wkqka fNao lsÍfuka f;drj wka whf.a iu.sh leue;s j iu.s nj we;sjk jpk
lSu" ysia jpk l;d lsÍfuka f;drj w¾:j;a jpk l;d lsÍu yd r¿ mreI jpk
l;d lsÍfuka f;drj lkg ñysß yDohx.u ys;j;a nj jvk jpk l;d lsÍu'
ksje/È ufkda l¾uh lshkafka úiu jQ ±ä f,daNfhka f;drj mß;Hd.YS,s ùu"
jHdmdofhka fl%daOfhka f;drj lreKd" ffu;%S iy.; ùu" ñ:Hd oDIaáfhka je/È
±lSfuka f;drj we;a; we;s ieáfhka ±lau' fï yeáhg ldhsl" jdpisl" udkisl
Kh fkdù if;disk
f.juq Èúu. ±yeñk 139
je/È l%shdjkaf.ka ta lshkafka wl=i, l¾uj,ska je<ls,d ta ;sfodßka l=i,
l¾uj," yß l%shdj, fh§uhs wkjÊc iemh' fï meje;auguhs iïud lïuka;
lshkafka'˜
—iajdóka jykai" Od¾ñl Èú meje;au;a fï tlal ne¢,d ;shkjd fkao@˜

tfyu weyqfõ iqo¾YkS'
—Tõ" ±yeñ Èú meje;aug lshkafk iïud wdÔj lsh,' kS;s úfrdaë

O¾u úfrdaë úÈyg mdmldÍ lghq;= l¾udka;" fjf<|dï wdÈfhka Okh Wmhd
Èú meje;aùug lshkafka ñÉPd wdÔj lsh,d' ta wOd¾ñl Ôúldjkaf.ka ñÈ,d
O¾udkql+,j" kS;Hdkql+,j" idOdrKj Okh Wmhd Èú meje;aùu iïud wdÔj h'
Th biairy lfâ lrmq uqo,d,s udug;a fpdaokdjla ;sfhkjd wOd¾ñl fjf<|dï
lrmq njg' thd fo;=ka j;djla u kS;sfha /yekg wyq jqKd' u;a meka" u;a øjH
fjf<|dï lr,d' ta jf.a u jeä ñ,g nvq úl=K,;a wyq jqKd' tl ierhla thd
ueÈjqfKa nd, nvq fyd| nvq lsh,d úl=K,d' ta úÈfy fjf<|dï fkdl< hq;=hs
lsh,d nqÿ nfKa W.kaj,d ;sfhkjd' fudk úÈylska yß mõ" wl=i,a isoaO fjk"
;udg;a wkqkag;a wjevodhl kS;s úfrdaë /lshdjlska Ôj;a ùu jrola' ta úÈfy
ñ:Hd Ôúldjla w;a yer Od¾ñlj iïud wdÔjfhka Èú mj;ajkakhs nqÿ oyu
W.kajkafk' úfYaIfhka u ;=,d l+g ^fydr lsreï WmlrK Ndú;h& udk l+g
^fydr ñKqï l%u Ndú;h& lxi l+g ^jHdc NdKav wf,úh& i;=ka fjf<|du" uia
fjf<|du" wú wdhqO fjf<|du" ji úi fjf<|du" uµidr fjf<|du nqÿ oyug
mgyekshs' tajd wdOd¾ñlhs' ;ukag;a wkqkag;a ydksodhlhs'
u, fkd;,d frdka .kak nUrl= jf.a iudchg ydks fkdlr" mSvdjla fkdlr
Wmhd Èú meje;aùug nqÿrcdKka jykafia Wmfoia fokjd' wO¾ufhka Ôj;aùuh"
O¾ufhka ñh hduh hk fï foflka fofjks l%shd ud¾.h m<uq jeks tlg jeäh
W;=ï njhs oyfuys i|yka jkafka' O¾u .relj lghq;= lrkakdg O¾ufhka u
/ljrK ,efnkjd' Okh;a thska ,nk ÈhqKqj;a Od¾ñlj u m%d¾:kd l< hq;= nj;a
ta lsisjla wOd¾ñl j fkdm;k ;eke;a;d is,ajf;la yd kqjKe;af;la yeáhg;a
nqÿrcdKka jykafia y÷kajkjd' W;aidyfhka" ù¾hfhka" oEf;a Yla;sfhka" ukd
mqyqKqjlska Okh bmhsh hq;= nj W.kajk nqÿ oyu Od¾ñl l%fudamdhhkaf.ka
Wmhd imhd .;a fNda. iïm;a we;a;l= ùughs .syshdg u. fmkajkafk'˜
—iajdóka jykai" f.dú;ek ta úÈfy Od¾ñl Ofkdamdhk ud¾.hla fkao@˜

tfyu m%Yak lf<a nqoaêlhs'
140
—Tõ' f.dú;ek b;d u fyd| Od¾ñl Ofkdamdhk ud¾.hla' nqoaO pß;h;a"
nqoaO O¾uh;a" fn!oaO ixialD;sh;a f.dú;ek tlal ne¢,hs ;sfhkafk'˜
fuu idlÉPdj wjika jQfha iajdóka jykafia úiska ,nd ÿka mejreulska' ta
wkqj Od¾ñl Ofkdamdhk ud¾. ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lsÍug isiqkag mjrk ,È' wm
ish¨ fokd ilia l< tu ,ehsia;= w;=ßka jeä u ,l=Kq m%udKhla ysñ jQfha m%idÈks
úiska bÈßm;a l< m;%sldjg h' tys Ofkdamdhk ud¾. fod<yla olajd ;snqKs'
1' f.dú;ek
2' Od¾ñl fjf<|du
3' .=re fiajh
4' kS;S{ jD;a;sh
5' ffjµ jD;a;sh
6' úÿ,s ld¾ñl lghq;=
7' jvq l¾udka;h
8' fmof¾re l¾udka;h
9' bxðfkare jD;a;sh
10' ßhÿre jD;a;sh
11' ,smslre fiajh
12' rdcH fiajh
mdi,a orejka jk wm o" ljr f,ilskaj;a wkqkag Kh fkdjkakl= ùug;a"

iïud wdÔjfhka Ôú;h mj;ajdf.k hdug;a" Od¾ñl Ofkdamdhk ud¾.hla f;dard
.ekSug;a wÈgka lr.; hq;= nj meyeÈ,s l< iajdóka jykafia idlÉPdj tf;lska
ksu l<y' oyu fkd±kSfuka yd thg msgqmEfuka uqo,d,s udud úYd, lror /ilg
uqyqK § ;ssfnk nj wms Wka jykafia iu. l< idlÉPdfjka wjfndaO lr.;af;uq'
Kh fkdù if;disk
idrdxYh
wh jeh iuj mj;ajd fkd.ekSu" úúO ÿisß;aj,g fhduqùu" uysÉP;dj

wdÈ úúO fya;= ksid we;sjk wd¾Ól .eg¨ fndfyda wh úi|.kafka wkqkag
Kh ùfuks' Kh ùu ÿlls' Kh ysñhdg wjk;j Ôj;a ùug thska isÿ fõ'
wd;au wNsudkh" wd;au f.!rjh ke;s ù hhs' ud wkalsisjl=g;a Kh ke; hk
i;=g iemh .syshl= úiska N=la;s ú¢h hq;= hehs nqÿ oyu W.kajhs' tfiau wkjÊc
iemh kï jQ ;sfodßka isÿjk wl=i, l¾uhkaf.ka fjka ù iïud lïuka;h
m%.=K lsÍu o iemfhls' Od¾ñl Ofkdamdhkh nqÿ oyu ;=< fkdfhla whqßka
w.h fldg ;sfí' ±yeñ Ofkdamdhk ud¾.hla wkq.ukh lsÍug wm o wÈgka
lr.; hq;= h'
l%shdldrlu
1' Khldrhl= ùfuka flkl=g uqyqK §ug isÿjk .eg¨ myla kï lrkak'
2' iïud lïuka; hkak O¾udkql+,j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
3' j¾;udk iudcfha olakg ,efnk wOd¾ñl Ofkdamdhk ud¾. ksid isÿjk
úm;a ms<sn| mqj;a m;lg hefjk ;Sre ,smshla ,shkak'
mejreu
² ksjfia wjYH;d wkqkag Kh fkdù msßuid .; yels whqre ±lafjk jev

ms<sfj<la ilia lrkak'
142
mqyqKqjg
woñka Ôj;a fjkjd ú;r g

±yeñka ñhhkq fid|uhs ok yg
fuf,iska joy< uqks nK isys fldg
ienúka mska fldg meñfKõ ksjkg
Kh fkdù if;disk
23 rdcd Nj;= Oïñflda
mdif,a m%Odk Yd,dfõ fõÈldjg by<ska Wi ì;a;sfha iúlr ;snQ f,dl=

uqyqK;la we;s ì;a;s Trf,daiqj oyj,a 1'30 i,l=Kq lf<a h' ta iu. u kdo jQfha
mdi,a ld,h ksuùfï iSkqjhs' ta wjia:dfõ § mka;s Ndr .=re;=ñh mdi, ksud lrk
fudfydf;a lshk lúh <uqka iu. u .dhkd l<d h'
l,a jeis jiSjd - fl;aj;= idr fõjd

i;a is;a ksfõjd - rch ±yeñj fi; iefoajd
ñysß yçka .dhkd l< fuu lúh fuka u thska flfrk m%d¾:kh o ñysß h' —foafjda
jiai;= ldf,ak˜ fn!oaO wmf.a m%isoaO m%d¾:kd .d:dfõ wka;¾.;h fkdìf|k
whqßka ks¾udKh lr we;s fuu lúh fnfyúka u w¾:j;a h' rgl md,lhd ±yeñ
ùfï m%d¾:kdj fuys we;=<;a fõ' ±yeñ md,kh hkq l=ula o hk m%Yakhg ,ndÈh
yels ir, ms<s;=r ck;djg fi; iok i¾j idOdrK md,kh hkakhs' ck;d
ys;jd§ md,khlg WmfoaY /ila nqÿ oyfuys we;=<;a j we;' oirdc O¾uh thska
tlls' cd;l md,sfha we;=<;a uyd yxi cd;lfhys oirdc O¾uh ±lafjkafka fï
whqßks'
odkx iS,x mßÉpd.x - wÊcjx uoaojx ;mx

wlafldaOx wúysxi[ap - Lka;s[ap wúfrdaOkx
1' odkh 2' iS,h 3' mß;Hd.h 4' Rcq nj 5' uDÿ nj
6' ;mi 7' wfl%daOh 8' wúysxidj 9' bjiSu 10' úreoaO fkdùu
cd;l md,sh mokï lrf.k l=reKE., idys;H hq.fha § ìys jQ isxy,

cd;l fmdf;a fuu ldrKd oyh i|yka j we;af;a fï whqßks'
144
—ta wid rÊcqrefjda yxi rÊcqrejka jykai" kqU jykafia úiska úpdrk
,oaod jQ ish,af,ys u úfrdaOhla ke;sj mj;sñka isáfhñ' ;jo Y%uK n%dyauKdÈ
W;a;uhka úIfhys odkh o ksrka;r jYfhka m[apYs,dÈ jQ is,a /lSu h" ÿ.Su.S
hdpl mq;% ñ;% l,;% nkaOq j¾.dÈ ish¨ i;a;ajhskag WmfNda. mßfNda.dÈ jia;=
§u h" i,is;a ke;sj Rcq jQ meje;=ï we;s nj h' fmdahla mdid fmfyjia /lSu h'
lsfmk iq¿ fkdùu h' wkqkag ysxid mSvd fkdlsÍu h' iykiS,S nj" i¾j idOdrK
hhs lshk ,o oirdc O¾uhkag úfrdaOhla fkdfldg ud flfrys u msysáhd olsñ'
fï ldrKh fya;=fldg f.k yeu fõf,ys i;=gqj jdih flfrñ ---˜ wfma fmr
rc orejka fuu oirdc O¾uh l%shdjg k.ñka b;d id¾:l ±yeñ md,khla isÿ l<
njg ksoiqka b;sydifhys fndfyda h'
1' odkh
oirdc O¾uj, m<uqjekak odkhhs' fuh fn!oaO wdpdr O¾uhkag we;=<;a

b.ekaùï .Kkdjl m<uqfjka u bÈßm;a jkakls' odkh hkafkys wd.ñl w¾:h
jkafka mQcdjla jYfhka fyda wkq.%yhla jYfhka ;ud ika;l j mj;akd jQ WmfNda.
mßfNda. jia;+ka wkHhkag ,nd §u h' md,lhl=g th b;d myiq h' kuq;a fuhska
woyia flfrkafka wúêu;a f,i ks¾Okhskag iïm;a fnod§u fkdfõ' lsishï
md,lhl= tfia l<fyd;a b;du;a flá l,l § rdcNdKavd.drh ysiajkq we;'
th rg ;=< ke;s .eg¨ fndfyduhla ks¾udKh ùug fya;= fjhs' rgjeishkaf.a
±ä wm%idohg;a rfÜ mßydkshg;a th fya;= fõ' tneúka ie,iqï iy.; j
rgjeishkaf.a wd¾Ól iuDoaêh Wodlr,Sfï wruqKska iïm;a fnod§u odkhhs' ta
wkqj lDIs l¾udka;fhys fhfokakka ye¢k Tjqkg wjYH N+ñh" lDIs îc" lDIs
WmlrK ,nd§u" fjf<odfuys ksr;jkakkag wjYH uQ,sl Okh ,nd§u" rdcH
fiajfha ksr; jkakkag wjYH wdydrmdk yd jegqma ,nd§u wdÈ jYfhka uQ,sl
wjYH;djka imqrd,k iqN idOkh fuys odkh kï fõ' tfiau ck;djg iqjfia
Ôj;a ùug wjYH wdydrmdk" we÷ï me,÷ï" ksjdi" fnfy;a wd§ uQ,sl wjYH;d
i,id§u o odkhg wh;a fõ' ta wkqj odkh hkafkys ir, w¾:hg tyd .sh mq¿,a
l%shdldrlula rdcH md,kfhys iudc wka;¾l%shdjkays mj;akd nj meyeÈ,s h'
md,lhl= fyda kdhlhl= fkdjqK o wmg o fun÷ l%shdldrlïj,g iudk

hula l< yels h' mka;sfha fmd;la" mEkla" mekai,la ke;s whl=g tjekakla
,ndÈh yelskï" fjk;a l=uk fyda wOHdmksl i;aldrhla l< yelskï th o
odkhg we;=<;a fõ' tneúka l=vd l, isg u wms o odkh hk ixl,amh m%dfhda.sl
h:d¾:hla njg m;alr,Sug wêIaGdk lr .ksuq'
rdcd Nj;= Oïñflda 145

2' iS,h
nqÿ oyug wkqj lh jpk foflys ixjr Ndjh iS,hhs' tkï ukd yslaóula
we;=j lghq;= lsÍuhs' ta i|yd .syshka Wfoid ks¾foaYs; m[ap iS,h wdrlaId lsÍu
wjYH h' th md,l msßif.a o iS,h úh hq;= h' idudkH ck;djg jvd lh jpkh
folays ixjr Ndjh md,l msßi ;=< meje;sh hq;= h' tneúka kdhlhd m%dK>d;fhka
wE;aj ñksiqka we;=¿ ish¨ i;a;aj iuQyhdg ;u rdcOdksh ;=< ksoyfia Ôj;aùug
wjYH jgmsgdj ilia lr Èh hq;= h' ysxidldÍ l%shdj,g bv fkd;eìh hq;= h'
ck;djf.ka hefmk md,lhdg l=uk wjia:djlj;a ck;d ika;l foa wksis f,i
mßyrKh lsÍug whs;shla ke;' rdcH n,h fhdodf.k ck;d ika;l foa ;udf.a
iqL úyrKh i|yd muKla fhdod.kafkakï th fidrluls¦ jxpdjls' tneúka
ck;dj ika;l foh úydr ika;l fohla fuka i,ld wdrlaId lsÍug md,lhd
l%shdl< hq;= h' fï wdldrhg md,lhd je/È ldufiajkfhka wE;aj" fndrefjka
jxpdfjka f;drj" u;aøjH Ndú;fhka fjkaj lghq;= lsÍu Tyqg wod< iS,h fõ'
tfia u rgl" wkdÈu;a ld,hl mgka mj;ajdf.k tkq ,nk pdß;% jdß;% we;' tu
ioa pdß;% jdß;% o iS,hg wh;a fõ' ;u md,k ld,h ;=< tajd lvfkdfldg wdrlaId
lsÍu o md,lhdf.a j.lSuls' th o oi rdcO¾uhkays iS,h yd ne£ mj;skakls' fï
wdldrhg iudcfha meje;aug wod< idOq p¾hdjka iudch" fuka u m%cd ys;ldó
foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s o wdrlaId lrñka md,lhl= l%shdlrk úg rg o ixj¾Okh l<
yels h' ñksiaiq i;=áka ji;s' l,g jeis ,efí' rg ire idr fjhs'
3' mß;Hd.h
wms idudkH jHjydrfha § odkh yd mß;Hd.h hk jpk fol tl u

w¾:fhys ,d Ndú; lruq' tlla wfklg jvd úfYaI fldg l;dny lsÍug fhduq
fkdfjuq' tfy;a foaYmd,k jYfhka tu idrO¾u folays fjkila we;s nj oirdc
O¾uhkays th fjk fjk u olajd ;sîfuka meyeÈ,s fõ' mß;Hd.h hkq md,lhd
ish Okh" ld,h" fuka u ldhsl udkisl Y%uh" iqjmyiqj rfÜ;a ck;djf.a;a
hym; i|yd lem lsÍuhs' lsishï kdhlhl= fï ish¨ foa lemlrkqfha ;u
fm!oa.,sl wNsjDoaêh Wfoidkï th hqla;s iy.; fkdfõ' rgl kdhlhl=g
;udf.a iqL úyrKh i|yd wuq;=fjka yßyïn lsÍula wjYH fkdfõ' thg fya;=j
rdcH kdhlhdg iajNdjfhka u ;udg muKla fkdj ;u mjqf,a ish¨ fokdf.a
iqjmyiqjg wod< ish,a, ysñjk neúks' tneúka md,lhd ;u md,k ld,h ;=<
iïmQ¾Kfhka u iajlSh Ôú;h leml< hq;af;a rgjeishkaf.a wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjks'
merKs rcorefjda fuu iïu;fhys msysgd lghq;= l<y' ;uka fjkqfjka ;u
orejka fjkqfjka wh:d f,i Okh bmehSug Tjqyq fhduq fkdjQy' ;u iïmQ¾K
146
ld,h u ck;d wNsjDoaêh fjkqfjka leml<y' Od;=fiak rc;=udf.a mq;a ldYHm
msh rc;=udf.ka jia;=j b,aÆúg t;=uka l,d jej wìhig Tyq le|jdf.k ú;a
fmkakqfõ ;ud ika;l jia;=j th njhs' fmr rcoji wyia l=i ism.kakd ;rug
od.eí f.dv ke.=fKa;a uy uqyqÿ isrlrk ;rug jeõ wuqKq bÈjqfKa;a n; nq,;ska
rg iY%Sl jQfha;a rcjreka ;u ld,h" Y%uh" Okh ck;dj fjkqfjka leml<
ksid h' th md,lhdf.a mß;Hd.YS,S" Od¾ñl m%;sm;a;sh fõ'
fjk;a wruqKq we;sj mß;Hd. lsÍug o md,lhkg wjia:dj Wodfõ' ksoiqkla

jYfhka wi,ajeis rdcHhka iu. fyd| ys; mj;ajdf.k hdug hï hï mß;Hd.
lsÍug isÿfõ' tfia u Wiia fufyjrla lrk mqoa.,hkag yd wdh;kj,g o rch
wjYH mß;Hd. l< hq;= h' tn÷ mß;Hd.h jqj o isÿ lsÍu rdcHfha hym;g fya;=
fõ' fï .=Kh idudkH ck;dj flfrys o meje;sh hq;= h' wdOdrhla Wmldrhla
wjYH whg fkdmsßfy,d th bgqlr §ug wm o miqng fkdúh hq;= h' tys § ;udf.a
ld,h" Y%uh" Okh fuka u ;udf.a iqjmyiqj o wkqka fjkqfjka lemlsÍfï .=Kh
;=<ska mqoa.,hd ;=< mj;akd jQ wiSñ; ;Kaydj md,kh lr .ekSug o yelsjkq we;'
fï ;;a;ajh iudch ;=< o Od¾ñl;ajh ks¾udKh ùug fya;= jkafka h'
4' Rcq nj
md,lhd rfÜ;a ck;djf.a;a hym; Wfoid wkq.ukh lrk m%;sm;a;s"

;Skaÿ" ;SrK yd l%shdud¾. wjxl úh hq;= h' fudk u úÈfha n,mEulgj;a hg;a
fkdù fl<ska ;SrK f.k lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj Tyqg ;sìh hq;= h' th Rcq .=Kh
fõ' th md,lhl=g w;HjYH fõ' Pkao" oafõY" Nh" fuday hk w.;s.dó ÿ¾.=K
md,lhl= fj; mj;Skï Tyqg Rcq m%;sm;a;shl msysgd lghq;= lsÍug fkdyels jkq
we;' rchla ;=< fyda fõjd iudchla ;=< fyda fõjd ks¾udKh jk .eg¨ úúOdldr
fõ' tu .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùug hdfï § md,lhdg ;u {d;s j¾.hdf.ka"
foaYmd,k ys;j;=kaf.ka" wi,ajeis rdcHhkaf.ka úúO n,mEï t,a,úh yels h'
tmuKla fkdj ;SrK fjkia lr,Sfï wruqKska we;eï msßia md,lhdg ;E.s fnda.
jrm%ido wdÈh ,nd §ug mjd fhduq fj;s' lsishï md,lhl= tajdg .scq j md,k
m%;sm;a;s kS;s Í;s wKmk;a fjkia lrkafkakï th Rcq .=Khg mgyeks fõ' tfia
Rcq ;SrK .ekSug;a iDcqj wjxlj lghq;= lsÍug;a wfmdfydi;a md,lhskg ;u
ks,OdÍka" fiajlhka wdÈkaf.a fuka u uyckhdf.a o iydh ,nd .ekSug fkdyels
jkq we;'
tneúka md,lhd whqla;sh" widOdrKh msgq ±l hqla;sh yd idOdrKh

l%shd;aul lsÍug ;rï jQ Wcqmámkak .=Kfhka hqla; whl= úh hq;= h' lshk foa
lrk" lrk foa lshk kdhlhl= úh hq;= h' th Rcq .=Kfhys m%uqL ,laIKhls'
u;= Èkl Tn o lsishï iudchl" wdh;khl" rgl kdhlhl= úh yels h' ck;d
wdYS¾jdoh uOHfha tu kdhl;aj N+ñldj ksje/È j l%shdjg ke.Sug yels jkqfha
wo ojfia mgka iDcq .=Kh mqreÿ mqyqKq lrf.k hdfuka muKs'
5 uDÿ nj
md,lhd Rcq .=Kfhka hqla; whl+ fuka u uDÿ .=Kfhka o hqla; whl= o
úh hq;= h' uDÿ .=Kh hkq yojf;a we;s fudf<dla .;shhs¦ f;;a njhs¦ ldreKsl
.=Khhs' ck;d ys;jd§ md,lhl=g fuh o wjYH u .=Kdx.hls' ck;d .eg¨j, § o
iudc w¾nqohkays § o tjdg fyd¢ka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug ;rï md,lhd ldreKsl
úh hq;= h' ixfõ§ úh hq;= h' md,khg kS;s Í;s wjYH h' ta ;=<ska ck;dj
je/Èj,g fm,öug ;sfnk bv wvq jkq we;' th rgl ixj¾Okhg o fya;= jkq
we;' kuq;a ck;dj mSvkhg m;ajk whqßka yd rgg úm;a;sodhl f,i .kakd jQ
r¿ ;SrKj,g lsisjl= leue;s ke;' tneúka o~qju o udkqIsl úh hq;= h' t,a, jk
ck;d úfrdaOhkg md,lhd weyqïlka Èh hq;= h' tajdfhys lsishï widOdrK;ajhla
we;akï tu kS;sÍ;s ixfYdaOkh fyda wfydais fyda lsÍu md,lhl= l< hq;= h'
nqÿrÿka úiska NslaIq ixúOdkh fjkqfjka mkjk ,o we;eï úkh kS;s mjd fjkia
lrkq ,enqfõ tajdhska NslaIQka jykafia,dg we;sjk mSvd j<lajd .ekSfï wruqKsks'
rgl kdhlhdg o tfia lsÍfï yelshdjla ;sìh hq;= h' th uDÿ nfõ ,laIKhls'
th m%dfhda.sl h:d¾:hla njg m;ajkqfha md,lhd yd md,s;hka w;r msh mq;=
in|;djg iudk ne£ula meje;=Kfyd;a muKs' wfYdal rc;=ud tfia i,ld l%shd
l< md,lfhls' Tyqf.a fi,a,smsj, i|yka we;eï m%ldYj,ska ta nj meyeÈ,ss fõ'
6' ;mi
fuys u;=msg w¾:h jkafka mis÷rka mskùfuka wE;a j Ndjkdkqfhda.S j

l%shd lsÍuhs' tfy;a md,khg wod< ixl,amhla jYfhka .;aúg tjekakla woyia
fkdfõ' fuys § w¾:j;a flfrkqfha md,lhd mis÷rka mskùug .scq fkdù l%shd
lsÍuhs' ikaiqka b÷rka we;sj lghq;= lsÍuhs' idudkH ck;djg ke;s n,hla rdcH
Wreuh;a iu. md,lhl=g ysñ fõ' muK blaujd rc biqre ú¢ñka b÷rka mskùug u
fhduq jqjfyd;a ck;d fiajhg lemùug wjia:djla md,lhkag fkd,efnkq we;'
ck;djf.a m%Yakj,g úi÷ï ,nd§ug Tjqka wiu;a jkq we;' túg ck;djf.a
wfmalaId" n,dfmdfrd;a;= ì|jefÜ' m%;spdr ±laùug ck;dj fhduqjkqfha md,lhdg
tfrysj ler,s .eiSfuks' th rgl wNHka;r yd ndysr jYfhka fndfyda .eg¨
ks¾udKh lr,Sug fya;= jkakls' tn÷ ;;a;ajhla we;s fkdùug kï md,lhd
148
bkaøsh oukfhka hq;= j m[apldu jia;+kag .scqfkdù l%shd l< hq;= h' th md,lhdg
wod< ;mi fõ'
7' wfl%daOh
fl%daOfhka f;drùu wfl%daOhhs' tkï ffjÍ fÉ;kdfjka f;dr j ffu;%S

iy.; j lghq;= lsÍuhs' lsisÿ md,lhl=g rdcHfha fjfik ish¨ fokdf.a u iydh
;u md,kh i|yd fhdod .ekSug fkdyels jkq we;' fld;rï hym;a md,khla
meje;sh o thg úreoaO j úfõpk t,a, lrñka úfrdaOdl,am we;s j lghq;= lrk
msßia ´kE u iudchl ±lsh yels h' ldhsl j yd udkisl j mSvk we;s lrjkq ,nk
tu n,fõ.hkag md,lhd uqyqK Èh hq;af;a fl%daOfhka f;dr j h¦ ffu;%S iy.;
j h' lsisúgl;a fl%daOfhka u fl%daOh ch.; fkdyels h' th ch.%yKh l< yels
jkafka ñ;% ,S,dfjka lghq;= lsÍfuka muKs' nqÿ jokska th ikd: flf¾' ish
tl u mq;= rlakd ujl fuka ffu;%S iy.; j ck;dj wdrlaId lsÍug md,lhd
l%shd l< hq;= h' orejka l=uk wdldrfha ysxidjla mSvdjla l< o Tjqka flfrys
foujqmshka ;=< fl%daOhla ffjrhla we;s fkdfõ' Tjqyq Èjd rd;%S foflys u Tjqkf.a
iemj;a nj u m%d¾:kd lr;s' ta whqßka u md,lhska o l%shd lsÍug fhduq jqjfyd;a
iuia; rdcHh u iuDoaêu;a jkq we;'
8' wúysxidj
ysxidldÍ l%shdldrlïj,ska f;dr ùu wúysxidjhs' ysxidj fohdldr h' ta
ldhsl ysxikh yd udkisl ysxikh jYfhks' kS;shg wkql+, fkdù" widOdrK
f,i o~q uq.=re wdÈfhka myr§u yd w;a md is¢u wd§ jO nkaOkhkag mqoa.,hd
,lalsÍu ldhsl ysxikhhs' ck;djf.ka widOdrK f,i nÿ wh lsÍu" ck;d
úfrdaë wKmk;a bÈßm;a lsÍu" iudkd;au;dfjka f;dr j lghq;= lsÍu" idOdrK
mokul msysgd /lshd ,nd fkd§u" wdfl%daY mßNj lsÍu wdÈh ;=<ska isÿjkqfha
udkisl ysxikhhs' oro~q ys;=jlaldr md,lfhda fï fowxYfhka u ck;dj mSvkhg
,lalr;s' ñksid we;=¿ iEu i;a;ajfhla u ysxikhg wleue;s h' wúysxidjg
leue;s h' fmr rcorefjda fï wdo¾Yfha msysgd l%shd l<y' wfYdal rc;=ud fn!oaOhl=
ùfuka wk;=rej i;a;aj ysxikfhka yd >d;kfhka je<lS rdcH md,kh l< nj
i|yka h' ,xldfõ wuKav.dñKS wNh jeks md,lhka lsisÿ i;a;ajhl= fkdueßh
hq;= njg ud>d; wd{dj mkjk ,oafoa;a nqoaOodi jeks md,lhska ñksiqkag muKla
fkdj ;sßika.; i;a;ajhskag mjd m%;sldr lsÍug fhduq jQfha;a Tjqka ;=< meje;s
wúysxidjd§ yeÕSu ksid h' úfYaIfhka ta i|yd Tjqkg u. fmkaùu ,enqfKa nqÿ
oyñks'

9' bjiSu
bjiSu fyj;a laIdka;sh hk W;=ï .=Kh oi rdcO¾uj, fuka u

mdrñ;dj, o olakg ,efnkakls' fuh rdcH md,lhska i|yd úfYaIfhka ks¾foaY
jqj o f,dl= l=vd iEu whl= úiska u m%.=K l< hq;a;ls' bjiSfuka iekiSu ,efí h
hk wdmaf;damfoaYh h:d¾:hla njg m;a lr .; yels jkafka túg h' md,lhl=g
uqyqK §ug isÿjk .eg¨ wiSñ; h¦ weiqre lsÍug ,efnk msßi úIu h' úreoaO
md¾Yajhkaf.ka t,a, jk wNsfhda. wmuK h' fï ish,a, ksje/È j l<ukdlrKh
lrf.k úi÷ï fiùug kï bjiSu keue;s .=KO¾uh w;HjYH fõ' bjiSu keue;s
lvqj hul= f.a wf;a mj;Skï ÿ¾ckhkag l< yels fohla fkdue;s nj ixialD;
mçjrekaf.a woyihs' —bjik okd remq hqohg ch fldäh'˜ hk WmfoaYd;aul
m%ldYfhka o cks; jkqfha bjiSfï we;s jeo.;aluhs '
Okh" n,h" ;reKuoh" w;a;=lalxikh ^;ud Wiia fldg ie,lSu&

mrjïNkh ^wkqka my;a fldg ie,lSu& mqoa.,hdf.ka bjiSu m,jd yßk idOlj,ska
lsysmhls' fïjdhska tlla fyda lsysmhla fyda ys;g .;a md,lhl=f.ka bjiSu
keue;s .=K O¾uh l%shd;aul fkdfõ' bjiSu fkdue;s j úfõl nqoaêfhka f;dr
j .kq ,nk ;SrK rglg fnfyúka u úm;a;sodhl h' th mqoa.,hdf.a fuka u
iudcfha;a rfÜ;a úkdYhg fya;= fõ' §>s;s fldai, cd;lfha § §>dhq l=ureg
<Õ fkdn,kak ÿr n,kak hkqfjka msh rc;=ud ,ndÿka WmfoaYfhka o meyeÈ,ss
lrkqfha bjiSfï yd nqoaêu;a Ndjfha jeo.;aluhs' j¾;udkfha fndfyda .eg¨ yd
úkdYldÍ l%shdj,g m%uqL;u fya;=jla ù we;af;a ñksiqka ;=< bjiSu fkdue;sluhs'
bjiSu ksjglula f,i fkdis;d f,dl= l=vd iEu fok u bjiSfï .=Kh m%.=K
l<fyd;a bka iudcfha mj;sk fndfyda .eg¨j,g úi÷ï ,efnkq we;'
10' wúfrdaO;dj
oirdc O¾uj, oyfjks .=Kdx.fhka woyia lrkqfha lsisjl=g;a úreoaO

fkdùuhs' lsisjl= iu. fyda fkd.eàuhs' md,lhl=g lghq;= lsÍug isÿjkqfha
iEuúg u iudk woyia ork msßia iu. muKla u fkdfõ' úreoaO woyia ork msßia
iu. o lghq;= lsÍug isÿ fõ' úreoaO woyia ork tu msßif.a woyia fkdi,ld
yeÍugj;a Tjqka u¾okh lsÍugj;a md,lhd fhduq fkdúh hq;= h' ck;d ys;jd§
md,k l%uhl o m%;súreoaO n,fõ. l%shd;aul úh yels h' we;eï úg md,kh
ksje/È Èidjg fhduq lrùfï yelshdj we;af;a tjka úfrdaOhkaghs' ck;d ys;jd§
fkdjk wKmk;a" kS;s yd fr.=,dis bÈßm;a jk úg tajdg ck;dj tlÕ fkdfõ'
tjka wjia:dj, § md,l msßi uyckhd u¾okh lsÍug lghq;= lrkafka kï
150
th YsIag iïu; iudch úiska lsisfia;a wkqu; fkdlrkq we;' tneúka md,lhd
úfõpk bjiñka lghq;= lsÍu wúfrdaO;djhs' l=uk md,k ;ka;%hl jqj o meje;au
r|d mj;skqfha fuu .=Kfhka hq;=j lghq;= l<fyd;a muKs' mka;s ldurfha § fyda
ndysr iudcfha § fyda wmg o úúO woyia Woyia ork msßia uqK .efikq we;'
we;eï úg wm úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,nk iqnjd§ woyia o Tjqka úiska m%;slafIam
lrkq we;' tjka wjia:djkays § idOdrK j lreKq bÈßm;a lrñka Tjqka ksje/È
u;hg .ekSug wm W;aidy .; hq;= h' tfia fkdue;s jqjfyd;a nyq;rfha u;hg bv
foñka Tjqka iu. wukdmhlska f;dr j lghq;= lsÍu o wúfrdaO;dfõ ,laIKhla
fõ'
fï wdldrhg oirdc O¾u ms<sn| j úuid ne,Sfuka meyeÈ,s jkqfha tajd

yqfola md,k uQ,O¾u muKla u fkdjk njhs' ´kE u iudchl meje;aug fya;=jk
iodpdr O¾u moaO;shla o jk njhs'
idrdxYh
cd;l md,sfha i|yka oirdc O¾u nqÿ oyu ms<s.kakd md,lhl=g muKla
ks¾foaY ù ke;' tajd ´kE u wd.ñl úYajdihla ork md,lhl=g .=refldg
.; yels h' fï oirdc O¾uhg wkq.; j lsishï md,lhl= ;u md,k ;ka;%h
fufyhjkafka kï tu iEu rdcHhla u ixj¾ê; rdcHhla jkq we;' idudkH
ck;dj o fuu .=K O¾uhkays msysgd lghq;= lsÍug fhduq jqjfyd;a fm!oa.,sl j
;udf.a wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okhg;a fmdÿfõ iudc ixj¾Okhg;a u. mEfoa'

l%shdldrlu
1' oirdc O¾u w;ßka Tn ;=< we;ehs Wml,amkh l< yels .=K O¾u
kï lrkak'
2' wúysxidjd§ j l%shd l< ,dxlSh md,lhska fofokl= kï lrkak'
3' —bjiSfuka iekiSu ,efí˜ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a ,shk rpkdjlg ksoiqka

f,i oelaúh yels isoaêhla fláfhka y÷kajd olajkak'
mejreu
² uyd yxi cd;lh lshjd tys f;audj Ñ;%hg k.kak'
152
24 ksjka uf.ys îch Y%oaOdjhs
wm nqÿrcdKka jykafia Èkla u.O ckmofhys talkd,d kï n%dyauK .ug

jeä fial' ta l=Uqre iS idk" jmqrk ld,hls' tu .fuys liSNdroajdc kï Okj;a
nuqfKla ish msßi o iu.ska mkaishhla k.=,a fhdod .ksñka ;u l=Uqre hdh iS
idñka isáfha h' wm Nd.Hj;a nqÿrcdKka jykafia fuu ia:dkhg ms~q msKsi jevu
lf<a ta w;r;=rhs' tu o¾Ykfhka fndfyda fokd m%idohg m;a jqj o liSNdroajdc
nuqKdg ;ry .sfha h' tys § we;sjQ ixjdofha fldgila fufia h'
ksjka uf.ys îch Y%oaOdjhs 153

nuqKd (- —Y%uKh" uu iS idñ' jmqrñ' iS id jmqrd wkqNj lrñ' Tn
o tfia lrkak' iS idkak" jmqrkak" iS id jmqrd wkqNj
lrkak'˜
nqÿrcdKka jykafia (- —n%dyauKh" uu o iS idñ' jmqrñ' iS id jmqrd wkqNj lrñ˜
nuqKd (- —Y%uKh ug Tnf.a úh.y fyda k`.=,a fyda ySje, fyda

flúg fyda Tnf.a .jhka fyda fkdfmfka'˜
nqÿrcdKka jykafia (- —n%dyauKh" Y%oaOdj udf.a îchhs' ;mi uf.aa jeiaihs'

m%{dj uf.a úh.i iy k.=,hs' ,Êcdj uf.a k`.=,sihs'
uki fhd;hs' isysh udf.a iSje, yd flúghs'˜
fï wdldrhg wm nqÿrcdKka jykafia nqÿ oyu wkqj iS iEu l=ula ±hs

liSNdroajdc nuqKdg meyeÈ,s fldg ÿkay' —nuqK" udf.a fï iSiEu wuD; M,h
kï jQ ksjk msKsi fjhs' fï iS iEu isÿ lsÍfuka ish¨ ÿlska ñÈh yels h'˜
fuu foaYkdj Y%jKh lsÍfuka wk;=rej liSNdroajdc nuqKd nqÿrcdKka jykafia"
O¾u r;akh fuka u ix> r;akh flfrys o m%idohg m;aj f;rejka irK
.sfha h' Wmdilhl= njg m;aú h' fuu nqoaO foaYkdj wkqj" ta wudM, fk<d
.ekSug wm j.d l<hq;= îch kï Y%oaOdj h' ksjka u. .uka lsÍu werfUkqfha
Y%oaOd fj;s'
Y%oaOdj
nqÿ oyfï mru ksIaGdj ks¾jdKhhs¦ m%{d m%;s,dNhhs' tkï we;s ;;= we;s
ieáfhka ±lSuhs' tys wdrïNh Y%oaOdj h' m%nqoaO wd.ñl ixfõ§ Ndjhhs' ;%súO
r;akfhys .=K ±k Wmojd.;a m%idohhs' ;%súO r;akh ms<sn| Nla;sh úYajdi ud;%h
fyda weoys,s fkdfõ' tu ksid nqÿ oyfï Y%oaOdj ms<sn| iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla fhduq
flf¾' th úúOdldrfhka úia;r fjhs'
1' nqÿ.=K ±l f;areï f.k we;s jk meye§u Y%oaOdjhs

—ioaOd iïmodj ljf¾ o" fuf,dfjys l=,mq;%fhla ie±yej;a jQfha ;:d.;hka
jykafiaf.a nqoaO;ajh ms<s.kshs' ta Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia wry;a fj;s' iïud iïnqoaO
fj;s' úÊcdprK iïmkak fj;s' iq.; fj;s' f,dalú¥ fj;s' wkq;a;r mqßioïu
idrÒ fj;s' foõ ñksiqkg Ydia;D fj;s' nqoaO;ajhg m;a jQfjda fj;s' Nd.Hj;a
fj;shs okshs" olshs' fuh Y%oaOd iïmod kï fõ"˜ hehs nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a .=K
±k nqoaO;ajh ms<sn|j we;s jkakd jQ wjfndaOfhka hq;a meye§u Y%oaOdj kñka
ye¢kafõ'
154
2' f;rejka .=K" l¾uh iy l¾u m, ms<sn| weoySu Y%oaOdjhs
hï ie±yej;l= ;=< nqÿrcdKka jykafia kj wryd§ nqÿ .=Kj,ska hqla; h"

Wka jykafia úiska foaYs; Y%S ioaO¾uh iajlaLd;d§ ihjeoEreï oyï .=Khkaf.ka
hqla; h" tfuka u NslaIQka jykafia,d iqmámkak wdÈ kj jeoEreï iÕ .=Khkaf.ka
hqla; h" hk ms<s.ekSfuka l¾uh iy tys m, úmdl ms<s.ekSSu;a Y%oaOd kï fjhs'
îoafOda fyda;s ioaoy;s - r;k;a;hx lïuM,ka;s& fuu ks¾jpkhg wkqj f;rejka
.=K ±k ye¢k .ekSu yd l¾uh iy l¾u M,h ±k ye¢k ms<s.ekSu Y%oaOdj kñka
ye¢kafõ'
fï meye§u ke;akï lsisjl= Ydia;Djrhd fj; we§ tkafkaj;a" Wka

jykafiaf.a oyug weyqïlka fokafkaj;a ke;' fuh woDYHudk n,fõ.hlg fyda
Ôjudk mqoa.,hl=g fyda jia;=jlg fyda ìh ùfuka isÿ jkakla fkdfõ' —ioaOd˜
kï" wjfndaOh fya;= fldg f.k we;s jk meye§u h' th l=i, mlaIfhys Wmokd
fYdaNk ffp;islhls' Y%oaOdj nqoaO foaYkdjkays úúOdldrfhka olajd ;sfí' tkï
Y%oaOd j n,hla" bkaøshla" prK O¾uhla" iïmodjla" wd¾h Okhla" fndaê mdlaIsl
O¾uhla hkdÈ jYfhks'
fn!oaOhl= úiska n, myla jeäh hq;= hehs foiQ nqÿrcdKka jykafia" tajd
kï ioaOd n,h" úßh n,h" i;s n,h" iudê n,h yd m[a[d n,h hhs jod<y'
Y%oaOdj bkaøsh O¾uhla f,i o olajd we;' thska tys jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s fõ'
zbkaøZ hkq zkdhlZ zm%OdkZ hk wre;a we;s mohls' Y%oaOdj l=i, O¾u úIhfhys
m%Odk;ajhla Wiq,k fyhska o" l=i, is;sú,sj,g fmrgq jk fyhska o tfia bkaøsh
O¾uhla f,i olajd we;' kj wryd§ nqÿ.=K w;r f;jekak zúÊcdprK iïmkakZ
hkakhs' prK O¾u kï jQ ms<smeÈh hq;= lreKq myf<djla tys ths' Y%oaOdj o tys
we;=<;a fõ' zprKZ hkq mdohg kuls' yeisÍu i|yd" .uka hdu i|yd mdoh wjYH
fõ' ks¾jdK kue;s ksIaGdj lrd hk .ukg prK O¾u WmldÍ fjhs' Y%oaOd" YS,"
Y%e;" ;Hd." m%{d wd§ jeäh hq;= .=K O¾u myla we;ehs jod< ;ekays o uq,g olajd
we;af;a Y%oaOdjhs' nqÿrcdKka jykafia §>cdkqflda,sh mq;%hdg mrf,dj ÈhqKqjg"
fuf,dj § jeäh hq;= iïmod y;rla jod<y' ioaOd iïmod" iS, iïmod" pd. iïmod"
m[a[d iïmod hkqfjks' fuh ÈhqKqj we;s lrk Okhls' .sys Èúhla .; lrk
mqoa.,hd ie±yej;a úh hq;= h' ioaOdj Okhla jkqfha tys we;s w.h ksid h'
Okhla" jia;=jla we;s ;eke;a;d È<skafola fkdfõ' tfiau ioaOd Okh ksid ldhsl"
udkisl jYfhka ÿlla we;s fkdfõ' ioaOdj" YS,h" ysß" T;a;mam" iq;" pd." m%{d
hk ima;d¾h Okh hul= ;=< we;akï Tyq wdOHd;añl jYfhka Okj;a mqoa.,hl=
f,i nqÿ oyfuys olajd ;sfí'
i;a;ajhd iirg ne| ;nk ldu" Nj" ÈÜÀ iy wúÊcd hk ie~ myßka
tf;r ùug o Y%oaOdj ;sìh hq;= h' th mqoa.,hdg fof,dj i,ik is;=ñKls'
Y%oaOdfõ uQ,sl m%fNao
irK hEu hkq yqfola weoySula" úYajdihla fyda fkdúuid lrkq ,nk
ms<s.ekSula fkdfõ' tfia u th fkdfmfkk n,hla flfrys Nh ksid we;s jk
Nla;shla o fkdfõ' fn!oaOhl= f;rejka irK hd hq;af;a o ish¨ fn!oaO ms<sfj;a
iïmQ¾K l< hq;af;a o Y%oaOdj fmr±ß fldg f.k h' tys uQ,sl m%fNao folls'
1' wuQ,sld Y%oaOd

2' wdldrj;s Y%oaOd
1' wuQ,sld ioaOd
wuQ,sld ioaOdj Nla;sh hkakg ióm h' th wúpdrj;a" mokula ke;s

weoys,a,ls' yqÿ ms<s.ekSï ud;%hls" fkdúuid ms<s.ekSuls' fya;= hqla;s iy.;
fkdjk" wúpdrYS,S" mokï úrys; wm%nqoaO m%idohls' jrla nuqKq msßila leáj
nqÿrÿka yd uka;%Kh lrkq msKsi pxlS n%dyauK f;fï meñKsfha h' fuys § nqÿrÿka
flfrys m%idohg m;aj isá pxlS nuqKd wi, isá" fõofhys yi< ldmál udkjlhd
yd nqÿrÿka w;r ixjdohla we;s úh' fuu ixjdoh wkqj ;u Ydia;Djrhd flfrys
fudjqkaf.a ms<s.ekSu mokula ke;s ms<s.ekSula nj meyeÈ,s úh' th nqÿ iufhys
m%;slafIam lrkq ,efí' —hï fia tlsfkldg ne÷Kq wkaOhska je,la fõ o@ tys m<uq
wkaOhd o u. fkdolshs' ueo isák wkaOhd o fkdolshs' w. isákakd o fkdolshs'˜
Bg iudk jQ nuqKkaf.a wkaOdkqlrKh" wkjfndaOh iys; wúpdrj;a ms<s.ekSu
nqÿiuh m%;slafIam lrhs'
2' wdldrj;s ioaOdj
nqoaO Oïu ix> hk ;%súO r;akh ms<sn| úpdrYS,S" mokï iys; m%nqoaO
m%idoh wdldrj;s ioaOdj h' lreKq ±k fya;= hqla;s mokï iys;j f;rejka
ms<s.ekSu h' lreKq ±k Wmojd.;a meye§u ^mido& kï fõ' —wuQ,sld Y%oaOdj˜ neyer
lrk nqÿ iuh w.h lrkafka wdldrj;S Y%oaOdjhs' —wdldr˜ hkqfjka fya;= iy.;
nj lshefjhs' hï mqoa.,fhla Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia iuHla iïnqoaO hehs o O¾uh
uekúka m%ldYs; hehs o ix>hd ksje/È u.g msúi we;ehs o ildrKj my§ kï ta
wdldrj;S Y%oaOdj h' fï Y%oaOd m%;s,dNhg meñfKkafka ioyï weiSfuks' Ydia;DDka
156
jykafia ukd f,i" meyeÈ,sj" m%KS;j" mõ-msx myoñka O¾u foaYkd lrk l,ays
ta O¾ufhys meye§" Nd.Hj;=ka jykafia iuHla iïnqoaO nj" O¾uh iajdlaLd; nj"
ix>hd iqm%;smkak nj ksYaph lr .kshs' Ydia;D m%idohg meñfKhs' fuh wdldrj;S
Y%oaOdj kï fjhs' Y%oaOdj ms<sn| m%fNao ihla fm< wgqjdfhka o; yels h'
1' iïmidok ,laLK ioaOd 4' Tlalmamk ioaOd

2' iïmlalkaOk ,laLK ioaOd 5' wd.u ioaOd
3' ioaoyk ioaOd 6' wê.u ioaOd hkqhs'
iïmidok ,laLK ioaOd hkq wmsßisÿ c,h msßisÿ lsÍug yels ueKslla
fia is; msßisÿ flfrk iajNdjhhs' ilaú;s rcl= i;= Wol m%ido udKslHh" le<ö'
wmsßisÿ jQ c,hlg ±uQ úg tu c,h msßisÿ fõ' tfia u is; myojk iajNdjh
iïmidok ,laLKhhs' meyeÿKq c,h msÍ we;s jejl wjg we;s .iaj, Pdhdj ta
c,fhys msßisÿj jefgkakdla fuka myka is;ays o f;rejka .=K ukdj msysghs'
iïmlalkaOk ,laLK ioaOd hkq mqoa.,hl=g l=i,a isÿ lr .ekaug o l< l=i,a
;j;j;a ÈhqKq lr .ekSug o Wmldr jk Y%oaOdjhs' hïlsis jeo.;a ld¾hhlg
bÈßm;a ùug ìfhka isák msßila ueog meñfKk ùr mqreIfhla tu msßi tu
jeo.;a ld¾hfhys fhdojd id¾:l m%;sM, fmkajd fokakdla fuka hïlsis O¾u;djla
hul=g l=i, O¾u lsÍug;a uki ;=< i;a .=Khka j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a mQ¾jx.uj
mj;S o" th iïmlalkaOk ,laLK Y%oaOdjhs' ioaoyk ioaOd hkq lsisÿ ielhla
ke;sj f;rejka .=K ms<s.ekSu ,laIK fldg we;s Y%oaOdjhs' l¾u M," máÉp
iuqmamdo wd§ O¾u flfrys ielhlska f;dr ms<s.ekSu ioaoyk ,laIKh fõ' nqoaOd§
r;ak;%h ms<sn|j we;s ÈjH" n%yau" udr" ukqIH wdÈ jQ lsisjl=g;a fkdfi,aúh
yelafla Tlalmamk ioaOdj h' hï fohla ms<sn|j we;s wjfndaOh fya;= fldgf.k
ildrKj is;d wkqN+;sfhka we;slr .kakd ksiel nj lsisjl=g;a ì¢h fkdyels h'
ljr fyda fya;=jla ksidj;a hul= f;rejka flfrys we;s lr.;a Y%oaOdj fkdìf|a
kï tn÷ jQ Y%oaOdj zTlmamk Y%oaOdjZ kñka ye¢kafõ' nqoaO;ajh" mfia nqoaO;ajh
fyda uyry;a nj hk ;=ka;rd fndaêfhka tlla wê.u fldg f.k u iir ÿla
kiñZhs hk woyi we;sj l=i,a oyï msÍï jYfhka mj;akd Y%oaOdj wd.u Y%oaOdj h'
wê.u Y%oaOd hkq ud¾. M,dÈh ,nd.;a ufyda;a;uhka jykafia,d ;=< WmÈk
Y%oaOdjhs' úfYaIfhka isõ uÕska l< hq;= ld¾hh ksul< fidajka wdÈ uÕ M,
,enQ wd¾h W;=ukaf.a Y%oaOdj fukñka ye¢kafõ' fn!oaO orejka jYfhka wm o
ie±yej;a úh hq;= h' th fn!oaO Ôú;hl uQ,sl ,laIKh fõ' wkd.; wNsjDoaêhg
wjYH wdYS¾jdoh ,efnkafka o ndOl ch f.k bÈßhg hdug yels jkafka o wm
ie±yej;a jQ úghs' fflrdál" r¿" kmqre .;s mej;=ï yer oud isksÿ is;a we;s
ixfõ§ m%shYS,S orejka ùug o ie±yej;alu wmg WmldÍ fjhs'
idrdxYh
meye§u" m%idoh hk jokaj, lshefjk Y%oaOdj fn!oaO m%;smodfõ

uQ, îchhs' ;=Kqrejkays .=K ±kf.k wjfndaOfhka l%shd lsÍu Y%oaOdfjys
,laIKhhs' wkaO úYajdifhka" wkjfndaOfhka l%shd lsÍu nqÿ oyu w.h
fkdlrhs' lreKq ±kf.k wjfndaOfhka úpdrYS,Sj l%shd lsÍu w.hhs' ta ;=<ska
wmg nqoaO r;akh" O¾u r;akh" ix> r;akh flfrys fuka u l¾uh" l¾u M,h
flfrys wjfndaOhla" úYajdihla f.dv kef.hs' th wmf.a f,!lsl fuka u
f,daflda;a;r Ôú;fha iqjm;a Ndjh i|yd moku ks¾udKh lrhs'
l%shdldrlu
01' Y%oaOdj hkq l=ula ±hs ir,j meyeÈ,s lrkak'
02' wuQ,sld Y%oaOdjg jvd wdldrj;S Y%oaOdfjys ±l.; yels fjki f.kyer
olajkak'
03' Y%oaOdfjys m%fNao w;ßka folla úia;r lrkak'
mejreu
² nqÿrÿka ms<sn|j Tn ;=< we;s jQ ie±ye;s is;sú,a,la lúhg k.kak'
mqyqKqjg
—l;udp .ym;s ioaOd iïmod bO .ym;s wßh idjflda ioafOda fyda;s ioaoy;s
;:d.;iai fndaêx b;sms fida N.jd wryx iïud iïnqoafOda úÊcdprK
iïmkafkda iq.f;da f,dalú¥ wkq;a;frda mqßioïu idrÒ i;a:d foajukqiaidkx
nqoafOda N.jdZ;s' whx jqÉp;s .ym;s ioaOd iïmod˜
^wx.=;a;r ksldh" jH.a>mÊc iQ;%h&
158

Budist G-9 S

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Budist G-9 S

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nqoaO O¾uh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ish¨ ysñlï weúßKs

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

Published by : Educational Publications Department

.=re jkaokd .d:dj

Tjd isma §fuk

mdi,a WoEik /iaùu wjidkfha flfrk wêIaGdkh

^rpl( mQcH .ka;=fka wiaiÔ ysñ&

fm<fmd; úfgl oekqï fldaIG a d.drhls' th ;j;a úfgl wm úkaokd;aul

ksoyia wOHdmkfha uydk¾> ;Hd.hla fia fï mqia;lh Tn foda;g

fm<fmd;a iïmdok ld¾hh fjkqfjka wm%udK jQ iïm;Aodhl;ajhla

mS' tka' whs,mafmreu

2' w;s mQcH .ka;=fka wiaiÔ uydkdhl iajdóka jykafia

3' wdpd¾h" mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k iajdóka jykafia

4' uydpd¾h WÈ; .reisxy

isxy, NdId ixialrKh (

2' whs' rxð;a

2' mQcH W!re.uqfõ wiaiÔ iajdóka jykafia

3' mQcH Èh.u kdro iajdóka jykafia

4' Wohrejka u,a,sldrÉÑ

5' wd¾'ta' .=Kj¾Ok

6' wd¾' tï' à' à' r;akdhl

Ñ;% iy msgljr ks¾udKh (

mß.Kl.; lsÍu iy msgq ks¾udKh (

01' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdK iuh 1 9'1'1

02' nqÿ isßf;ys úYsIag ,laIK 8 9'1'2

03' wkq;a;r mska fl;h iÕ .K 16 9'1'3

04' j¢uq ie±fyka W;=ï mqo ìï 22 9'2'1

05' issysh msysgqjd yqiau .ksuq 29 9'2'2

06' rcf.oßka fufyKjrg 34 9'2'3

07' Oïu mofhka ì|la 44 9'2'4

08' W;=ï meje;afuka Èú ux ire lruq 50 9'2'5

09' iS, iq.kaOh u W;=ï jkafka h 55 9'3'1

10' bgq lruq hq;=lï 61 9'3'2

11' nqÿnj me;+ n,xf.dv uydkdhl yduqÿrefjda 68 9'4'1

12' wgf,da oyu 73 9'4'2

13' jejhs od.enhs .uhs mkai,hs 78 9'5'1

14' ksíndk mrux iqLx 83 9'6'1

15' ÿlska ñfok u. W.ksuq 89 9'6'2

16' fkdlr mõlï lruq mskalï 95 9'6'3

17' fya;=j M,h fjhs M,h fya;=j fjhs 102 9'6'4

18' iduldó Ôú;hla .; lruq 107 9'7'1

19' wdfrda.H mrud,dNd 115 9'7'2

20' .eg¨ úi|k iiqka ms<sfj; 120 9'8'1

21' iqrlsuq fy< l,d fl; 130 9'8'2

22' Kh fkdù if;disk f.juq Èúu. ±yeñk 138 9'9'1

23' rdcd Nj;= Oïñflda 144 9'9'2

24' ksjka uf.ys îch Y%oaOdjhs 153 9'10'1

isÿy;a fndai;dKka jykafia fjila mqka fmdfyda Èkl W;=ï jQ nqoaO;ajhg

fï w;r nqÿrÿkag f,days; mlaLkaÈld kï n,j;a fõokd iys; udrdka;sl

fï w;r ießhq;a uyry;ka jykafia ;u wdhq ld,h wjika jk nj

nqÿrÿkaf.a fuu m%ldYfhys woyi f;areï .ekSfï yelshdjla wdkkao

fuu m%ldYfhka miq iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh ms<sn| ±kqï §u i|yd wdkkao

uyd m%cdm;S f.da;ó f;rKsh yd hfYdaOrd f;rKsh nqÿrÿka je| iuqf.k

bkamiq nqÿrcdKka jykAfia NslaIQka jykafia,d msßjrdf.k l=l=;a:d kÈh

t;ekska msg;a jQ Wka jykafia ysrKHj;S kÈfhka tf;r j l=iskdrd kqjrg

nqÿrcdKka jykafia ;uka tÈk rd;%sfha mYaÑu hdufhys msßksjka md jodrk

miqj NslaIQka jykafia weu;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia zf;rejka ms<sn|

wjidk jYfhka NslaIQka jykafia weu;+ nqÿrcdKka jykafia —uyfKks"

iïnqoaO mßks¾jdK iuh 5

iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh isÿjQfha l=iskdrdfõ u,a, rc orejkaf.a Wmj;a;k

2' iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKh Ñ;%hg kÕkak'