ee td WATER POLLUTION AND control 4 ‘41 INTRODUCTION it is essential to have the adequate availability {the civilization, man realized bodies that could support f sight, taste and ure water of human beings, antity. From the very beginning ©! Joped around water Besides physical sense 0! .s developed methods to meas the existence Ye og water in quality and qu fhe need of water. The civilization deve jeatture, transportation and drinking water. biological, chemical and medical science: effect on human beings. smell, the guality and to determine its 4.2 HYDROSPHERE second most essential thing for 1% of the earth surface is covered Tiquid and solid depending upon the temperature: ‘Asa liquid it which covers approximately 3/4'" of the earth’s surface. The ‘oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers and the ground water bodies surface water. About 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with ‘oceans, Interchange of water between earth's surface and a cycle, known as Hydrological Cycle: Hydrosphere controls th chat ensured continuous circulation of water betvt=eh biosphere. The total amount of water on earth is more than 1404 million cu km. Most of these water is salt water which is not suitable for drinking and other basic needs of man, domestic, agriculture, industrial sector etc. In spite of this, snost of the habitable land has adequate fresh water resources. Man needs water not only for drinking purpose but also for everyday work such as bathing, washing, heating, agriculture, industrial purpose, hydro power generation, steam power generation, navigation, swimmin8; fishing, for protection and for disposal of wastes, Without water development of life-style is not possible. ival of living components. he survi wr on the surface of Water is the About more than 71 by water. Water the earth occurs as Bas, forms the hydrosphere, iiydrosphere consists of the that interflow with the yrater mainly in the form o} phere is governed by atmos} d weather of the ear’ climate an the ecean, atmosphere and 42.1 The Hydrological Cycle terchange of water between d by a cycle, known as Hydrological Cycle surface and atmosphere is governes ly renewed through hydrological cycle. The hydrological ater as evaporation of water from the seas and oceans, to rainfall, which moves underground by infiltration unt of water on earth remains constant, Water is essential for all living organisms on earth. In earth’s (Figure 4.1). Water is continuous! cycle describes the movement of w “loud formation and condensation in “an off into rivers, lakes and seas. The total amo ‘movesiit from one place to another. Itensures continuous snly the hydrological cycle simply creulation of water between the ocean, atmosphere and biosphere, this cycle supplies resh water to the habitable land and controls the climate and temperature of the earth.ENGINEERING. Eid BA TEXBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ydrological cycle. Exc ‘into atmosphere: at shapes Plants play an important role in hy through leaves by transpiration process the seas and rivers is a major geological force th MUTINY Transpiration : Surtace Fig. 4.4_ the Hydro'ogical Cycle. 4.2.2-Netural Water Water is nature’s most useful compound. According to global scale more than 70% of earth surface is covered with water. The total amount of water in hydrosphere is about 1404 million km? of which 97% is ocean water and rest 3% is available as fresh water. About 77% of fresh water is stored in ice caps and glaciers; 22.5% of it is ground water and remaining 0.5% is distributed in lakes, rivers and streams. This large volume of natural water is classified into three heads. Various sources along with their characteristics are discussed as under: 4.2.2.1 Surface Water ‘Most surface water originates directly from precipitation in gin ly th or snow. e form of rainfall (a) Rain water, Rain water is the purest form of natural wa vater b ii ; as a result of evaporation from the surface water. However, when it falls ov a. wn on theWATE FOLUMON MH CoNRwON WAS ssolves a considerable amount of acidic solid particles, surface of the earth through the atmosphere, it dj prides lke COz, 0,, NO, cte and suspend) (©) River water. Water from rain a i _ and spring, inflows over the dissolves the soluble minerals of the soil and finaly fay inl crm. dissolved minerals of soil such as chlorides, sulfates, magnesium and iron, River water also contains the decomposition of plants and small particles of sand a {e) Lake water. Lake water usu; fs but quantity of organic mat surface of land, rivers. River water contains bicarbonates of sodium, calciura, organic matter, derived from the nd rock in suspension. ally contains much lesser ammount of dissolved it i6 quite high. Lakes hold standing fresh water throughout the year. As their water is much mon’ accessible than ground water or glaciers, they are considered as an important soune ct water supply, Water from this source is more uniform in quality than water {rane flowing rivers or streams, (0) Sea water. Seawater is the and dispose the impurities carried by makes seawater rich in dissolved im most impure form of natural water, Rivers join sea them. Moreover, continuous evaporation of water purities, Seawater contains about 3.5% dissolved salis of which 2.6% is sodium chloride, Other salts present are sodium sulfate, bicarbensen of k, Mg, Car bromides of K and Mg; and many other minerale, So it becomes ecomen teat to make this water potable. In some potable water can be obtained from sea Surface water, generally, contains suspended matter, which h bacteria. So, such waters are not considered for drinking purposes purposes, surface water is the basic available source of population. lave pathogenic But for all practical supply for majority of the Ground water is the next largest fresh water reservoir that does not evaporate beck into the air or run off the surface. A part of the rainwater, which falls on the surface of the earth, percolates into the earth. During this downward movement, it comes in contact with many minerals present in the soil and dissolves some of them. Water moves downwards till it meets the aquifers or porous hard rocks where it accumulates as the underground water source and comes out in the form of spring. Spring and weil water. These are the sources of ground water. In general, the ‘water of spring end well are clear and colorless though in contains many dissolved salts. For this, water of these sources becomes harder and is of high organic purity. Springs are ery rarely used as the water source for public water supply, because they are not reliable sources and are difficult to protect from contamination. Genera! is face water of ly, ground water is clear, colorless and harder than the surface wats Sen Jon. The guality ofthe ground water fe uniform and in the case of bacteria it is far aie toes: surface water. Usually, ground water is not used for public water supply asae Se ee”—S—i‘“F TEXLOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING i the most econo fers are available, a smay pa ical source of water supply. If suitable aqui ‘ble, ater supply is p: 4.2.2.3 Ocean Water wered by great oceans: The tty FE hich 97% is oceas, Tetances are deposited by Earth is full of water. 70% of earth surface is co’ amount of water on the earth is more than 1404 ‘million water. Always a huge amount of organic and inorganic su yater makes oc rivers air andi lee inte cveen, Moreoter, eaninuacnas evaporation 06 WI 1 1 rich in dissolved impurities. Though the ocean contains about ae Hire x in the world, but it contains high ‘concentration of salts about 4 oe Concentrated substance in the ocean water is sodium chloride, which makes nearly 90% of the total dissolved salts. wal irect water suy The ocean cannot be considered primary resources for the direct wal 'PPly for domestic, agricultural or industrial use owing to their high salt content. After the process of desalination, ocean water is used for some places for the said purposes. Oceans are very useful resource for obtaining other commodities, like fish and se food, common ” The electrical energy is also obtained from the tidal energy of the oceans. 4.3 POLLUTANTS Water is an essential for the existence of living organisms of the earth. Water's directly used by man for providing food and drink, personal and domestic hygiene, vecreation, aninval husbandry, agriculture, transport and industry. But water is polluted ways by man and environment. As a result, the biosphere is going to face an Sater pollution is defined as—any alteration in the physical, chemical and bioldgical properties of water, as ‘well as contamination with any foreign substance, ould constitute a health hazard and decrease the utility of water’So the polluted ter does not meet the minimum standards of any function and purposes. “The foreign substance, which alters the physical, chemical and biological properties and constitutes a health hazard and decrease the quality of water, is known as pollutant ‘According to quality water is classified as : (a) potable water, (6) polluted water and (c) contaminated water. {@) Potable water. The water, which is safe to drink, is called potable water. Municipalities have to supply potable water. Drinking or potable water fit for human consumption, should satisfy the following characteristics : () Tt should be clear, colorless and odorless. (ii) [t should be free from bacteria.CONTRO! WATER POLLUTION AND Gii) It should be free from decsease producing bacteria. : i cat (iv) I should be free from harmful minerals like arsenic, mercury, chromium salts. dmium and (») It should be tasteful. (vi) pH should be present between 78.5. (vii) Its alkalinity should not be high. (viii) Us total dissolved solids should not exceed 500 ppm. (ix) Its turbidity should not exceed 10 ppm. (x) It should not be corrosive. Natural water from river, canal, lake etc. does not confirm to all the required characteristics of drinking water. For removing various types of impurities, the processes are employed such as screening, sedimentation, filtration and removal of microorganism by boiling, adding bleaching powder etc. to make the water fit for consumption. Municipalities supply potable water for human consumption of which is tasteful is called palatable water. (b) Polluted water. (When physical, chemical and biological properties of water arealtered and contaminated with any foreign substance, which would constitute health hazards and change the quality of water then the water is called polluted water. Polluted water is hardly of any use for most purposes. It cannot be utilized for drinking because of its inherent health risk. High salt content water is not suitable for agriculture and industries. It also affects the aquatic life such as fish, plants and animals. The polluted water is not suitable for drinking, may be good for irrigation. The water that is unsuitable for irrigations may be’suitable for industries. So it can be concluded that each use of water has its own limits on the degree of pollution. Every use of water requires a certain minimum quality in respect to the presence of dissolved and suspended materials of both chemical and biological nature. The minimum quality of water should ensure no harm to the user. {e) Contaminated water. When water is polluted in contact with radioactive waste, toxic organics and pathogenic bacteria, then the water is called contaminated water. om Man is the ultimate sufferer in this manner after consumption of the aquatic food. Man may also be exposed to radiation while using the contaminated water for various purposes such as drinking, cooking, washing and bathing. However, the dose of the radioactive element is extremely low but it may be long-term cumula some cases. tive dose in The irrigation by contaminated water will pollute the soil from where the radio nuclides are transferred to the crops. Soil also gets polluted by direct release of low activity waste waters and by radioactive fall-out.© et grater cette aca te eel = © Cig Repent MF Pitegeee fet Sater WE Piers emma, Sa Preise pete fF Siemon HPs a Sete chee neeezenmme Bb ORR pete 2 ete SP Peden pete, <>‘ fumnamabemeriee, yeoce Mitasene eps maura we Ble i, meriem emt af hee mater reset cceeet af Chet Benen, proctitis ot empire matin wAtilie exvatbetts: cmgenas eters terms 08 She watieminir duncan The cristae mattewatic, «30 ee decorum Beckrta in preence of Ganieed owners a wei ew Usted Hunlingradahi 0 ‘mebeterces St Aomacilewd fare theme cereinis aeons vwmsie of ame prearens, alebeds, weds eidcepdee ant cours They ave peoetuced torn domenitic federal seeckemewier GieRerers Aa 4 ceed! cavern Getacwency sores weet core decremee th GA of mgeatx, ple wad meee ‘Che presence oF Gemafond errges & Seweniad for Ge Fevers! of aque: edd west. is See ate oe sews woke pats odes Di woe GN heeAER ROAAATTRONE AN GTI During, carbon eal i aa oxygen present, When the oxygen gots exhaust anaerobic aviation BET eNerobie osielation comples organic eonypounds spl WE anat the gare® Granite, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane ete, are relearcdt ‘The processes, which affect the amount of dssatved OXYREY i ee cee joy Reseration, @ Photosynthesis, €) Reypitation, Gf) Ovation of waste, The first thee noes (reaeration, photosynthesis andl sespiration) prtuce 4 yarialon at dlssalvent pe en (DO). Reaeration process increases te dissolves oye level oh WaT phe process oN irs avhen the DO tevel falls below the saturation level Photosynthesis occurs in dayne Meh increases the DO level of water above saturation, Respiration, OST throughout anil night. decreases the DO level of water, The last process oxidation of awaste) vert of oxygen requinad for oxidation of waste. tn this process Wasle is ave rhe slay affects the an Aecomposed inte simple products 4.4.2) Blochemical Oxygen Demand (BoD) sd as amount of OXYRE™ eis detiv atter acteria of the organic BY al to the amount Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a sewag; required tor the biological oxidation i.<., oxidation by b, jerobie condition, The demand for oxygen ts directly preportion ani¢ waste materials that are to be broken down, When oxygen demand exceeds and the aquatic system Is under of ot the available oxygen, the dissolved oxygen level falls down ‘said to be polluted Importance of BOD. BOD is the most important measurement Of Sey ad, BOD will be greater treatment py which amount of decomposable organic matter cant be determing zanic matter is Lange. if the concentration of decomposable ory 4.4.2.1 BOD Determination itis the experiment that determines the dissolved oxygen for the aerobic oxidation ‘age is diluted with known volume of water that dissolved oxygen content is determined A known volume of a sample of sew) contains nutrients for bacterial growth, whose The whole solution is incubated in a closed bottle at 20° C for a period of 5 days. After difference between the original oxygen content this the unused oxygen is determined. The gives BOD. in the diluted water and unused oxygen of the solution after 5 days So, BOD at 20°C (in mg/D = (D, - DD x f gen before incubation(mg /)) where D, = Dissolved 0° incubated at 20°C (mg/l) and Dy = Dissolved oxygen after 5 day f = Dilution factor = Volume of diluted sample/Volume of undiluted sample (sewage).sw sewage has DER te at the beginning OF kis th 4.4.3 Nutrients elements to growth and reproduction of aquatic plants. Nutrients are essen ofa cals such as oxygen, hydrogen. carbon, silicon, ni trogen. calcium. potassium, ne, sodium. iron, manganese, boron copper, molybdenum cobalt are the constituents of nutrient. The mos! ents of nutrients by the aquatic plants are carbon, nitrogen and pl rater bodies are at 20 elements and absence of any of them can restrict the growth. fe tusoa ‘WATER POLLUTION AND CONTROL BH 4-1 riched with nutrients through both natural and man-made sources. Some impo s igh both natural and man: : Jan-made sources. Sor . cources of nutrients are given below (i) Rain water ma: ater may contain varyi local atmospheri in varying amounts of nutri i cuphecle pothation nutrients depending upon the Gi) Run off water i ater contains signifi eee icant quantities 5 ee ae quantities of nutrients and organic matter Gii) Agricultural ru is enti ig Pe ] ie enriched in fertilizers applied in crops. Nitrogen used — fea into nitrite, nitrate and ammonia in the soil s is the . eee tei nen source of nutrients and organic matter fF en and pl i ea animals. phosphorous are discharged by human and (p) Industrial wastes cont ‘ a tain nutrients in v. Teuarial was vutrie ariable quantity and quality. The was! 1 effluents from industries like fertilizers, chemicals a food at wah in nitrogen and phosphorous. : ee ation 4.4.3.1 Eutrop! Inall natural water like gr ground water, lakes, rivers, pond phos} -— : a , lakes, rivers, pond phosphorous is always found in traces in oxidized state. But in water bodies around v oe and ites nutrients ; ich : phosphorous come from detergents, sewage and industrial effluents enrich and increase ertility, The enricl i fat ent c 7 ; ine oe the fertiity The enrichment and over fertility of natural walet is known as Eutrophication. The eutrophication is basically a natural phenomenon that ated by increased nutrient supply through human ) This accelerated gets acceles nutrient enrichment in natural water bodies is considered to be activities a water pollutant. gentle wind passing Svar the Take Air Ge) ng Jad Fig, 4.2 Eutrophic lake. yr aquatic plant, in spite of this nutrient enrichment of feature and this results into increased a result, entire water becomes jling of the water body. The Nutrients are essential fo water beyond desired level is a very common fertility, rapid and dense growth of blue green algae. As turbid. Continued eutrophication leads to rapid upwe!— nes EA TPS Tg te — Se 42 BLA TExI800K OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING mo of the freshwater bodies is reduced and many ponds, quatic entity. A typical eutrophic lake is shown in Fig: 42- ers and ponds by providin, 1 waste from entering ing lakes permanently Io, mean tt oPhication can be controlled to protect lakes, Hiv ‘sures for sewage treatment and by restricting industria the water bodies. 4.4.4 Heavy Metals Water found in the environment is used directly by man for providing food, drink, personal and domestic hygiene, recreation, animal husbandry, agriculture, trenspor and industry. Surface water collects toxic elements from the sources like industria wastewater, sewage water, agricultural run off, rainwater carrying toxic elements in air etc. The toxic elements in water enters into the human body through fish, drinking water, water used for domestic purposes. Water contains toxic elements like heavy metals such as As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn ete. Arsenic (As). Ground water is extremely polluted by arsenic. Arsenic is a component used in manufacture of pesticides, fertilizers, detergents etc. Pesticides are the main source of arsenic. For agricultural work ground water and pesticides, fertilizers are widely used, Hence contamination of arsenic with ground water occurs. Arsenic contamination of ground water is now a major problem in Bangladesh and West Bengal. At present twelve districts of West Bengal are affected by arsenic poisoning. Thousand and thousand people are attacked with Arsenicosis disease using arsenic contaminated water. Arsenic present in water as (CH,)3As (Trimethyl arsenic), (CH,),AsH (Dimethyl arsenic acid), CH,AsH, (Methyl arsenic acid). Besides West Bengel and Bangladesh, Chile, Argentina, North Mexico also are suffered by arsenic poisoning There are different theories behind this contamination. One theory is : arsenic deposits are present in aquifers, When the rate of ground water extraction is very high, the water level falls below the level of arsenic deposits, and the poison is released. When the aquifers get recharged, the arsenic contaminates the water. Arsenic has tendency to react with sulphydryl groups-SH present in enzymes. HT eet ol Enzyme [ As—O” oe Ss —— As—O” + 20H‘ware pouurion ano conreot 4.13 Enzymatic activity is inhibited by this way. The biochemi arsenic are combined with enayme, coagulation of proteins ete. eflects of Arsenic is an clement found in combination with oxygen, chlorine, hydrogen mercy, gold and iron. ‘The effect of arsenie starts on body tissues after two to five years of constmplion of contaminated water, The skin develops spots, then hard nodules, jeading later Lo gangrene and cancer, It also causes many other complications, such as Diindness. liver and Kidney problems and goiter Mercury (Hg). Industries involved in the manufacture of paints, paper, fertilizers, pesticides, discharge mercury into their effluents, Such industrial effluents ate discharged into surface water. As a result mercury level in surface water is increased and thereby pollution takes place, Mercury levels as low as 0,001 mg/L are known lo inhibit the photosynthetic rate of phytoplankton resulting, in low oxygen production in the aquatic environments, Biomagnitications of mercury result in unacceptably high concentration in the organismns at the top most trophic level in a food chain, Mercury is the most toxic aquatic ‘ s concentration death. pollutmt and is known to couse mercury poisoning in human beings eacoeding25 mg/L proves dangerous and concentration of 200 mg/1 caus ‘The washing of elemental mercury from industries and agricultural activities would stay at the bottom of the river or lakes. Certain bacteria and micro organisms metabolize mercury first to Hg?" ions, and eventually to CH, Hg’ and (CH),Hg, Fishes take bacteria and methyl mercury compounds which slowly concentrate in the fatty tissues of their bodies, Small fish are caten by large fishes, which are eaten by human. Beeause of the cumulative effect, by the time we the people vat fishes from mercury contaminated lake. The build up of any poisen along a foud-chain is called Biomagnifications. The best treatment for mercury poisoning is a dosage of chelating agent stich as EDTA as in the case of lead poisoning Common symptoms of mercury poisoning are : : | @) Insomnia () Tingling of fingers and lips. (c) Intolerance and nervousness (a) Restlessness and irritability (c) Abdominal discomfort and constipation ( Nerve and brain damage (@ Weakness and fatigue Lead (Pb). Lead is widely used in the industries like pigment, storage battery manufacturing , chemicals , cover of electrical cables which is used in ground water,wt 4:14 WEE TEXTBOOK OF EIMROMMIENTIAL EHOMEEEIS ih eo . wpiite Ce. penarihs tee LIAD oy we ste CAE diy ssrceets OE OT oh rameters beg Vine es VP HO tg lead pipe to carry corrosive pases, metal CT through food, vater and air. Lead poisoning, § sss toe bir Of its chemical reaction vith protein that jake: can stay iv Pee Fesult red cell of haemoglobin will be decreased. baad AP KA 4, atten $8 BI Reta ed cae fe CNGIOT a cpasrtctlathed tr th organic and inorganic compound in disoo) ‘ nurotoxicity, kidney tumours and defects i bones because of similarities betvecn the C2 Cadmium (Cd). Cadmium enters inte suriae plastic works, textile plants, zinc ores processing, PF discharge cadmium into their ffiuents. Su dustrial surface water. It is lethal to aquatic plants any than 1 mg/l. Its toxicity increases when it cui zinc. Cadmium poisoning in human body damage of kidney and liver. Chromium (C1). Paints, dy discharge their effluents into wate 4.4.5. Thermal Pollution Thermal power plants, nuclear power pI chemical plants, pulp and paper mills etc are the amount of water is used by the indus water is 12°C higher than the near by woter returned. For this the temperature of natural oxygen (DO) which results in loss of aquatic pl known as thermal pollution. Thermal pollution is defined a5 2 proc: effects on living organisms in water. Actually, thermal p the adverse effects of heated effluents emerging frown deterioration of aquatic and terrestrial environment. The following troubles arise for the thermal po (@ It causes toxic effects. (ii) It reduces the growth of aquatic plants and (iii) It reduces the dissolved oxygen. (io) It spreads diseases. () It destroys the coldwater living plants and animals. (vi) Oxygen demand for survival of aquatic lives increases v temperature. ith the increase of i(wit) Tt disrupts ecosystems in the natural environment. (citi) Population of parasites rises. 0 the increase in heat contributes to the physical, inthe receiving water. These changes can be insignifi on the ecology of the receiving water. ‘The waste heat is important for some beneficial pouse, agriculture, agriculture and space heating. The air of 2 g) warmed up by using the waste heat as a mechanism of cooling. In the green h i passed through vertical towers where air passes. The green houses have an import role for growing vegetables, fruits and flowers. Jogical changes ‘cant beneficial or harmful depending chemical and biol | uses. It may be used in green een house could be ouse water ant 4.4.6,Radioactive Pollution ‘The sources of radioactivity are both natural and man-made. The man-made kind. The emission of energy from radioactive es are posing a threat to mani ‘olution. ch constitutes health hazard is called Radioactive P d man-made. Natural souret substances, Whi ‘The two main sources of radioactive pollution are natural an\ sources are = (@ Cosmic rays from outer sp. low and so they are not health hazard. tive element present in earth’ U8, Rd, Th™®, and C’ ace. The intensity of cosmic rays in the biosphere is in rock, soils etc. crust i. (ij Emission of radioa These elements are U™* Man-made Sources are = (@ Use of radioactive material in nuclear weapons. (i) Use of U5, Pu*® for fission. iii) Use of radioactive materials in nuclear power plan's e isotopes in medical, industrial and (ic) Use of radioactive ‘The use of radioactive isotopes in a number of beneficial purposes effects in environment. In spite of beneficial use radioactive isotopes constitute health hazard hecatse of leaks, accidents and disposal of radioactive wastes. Maximum amount of madioactivity released from these sources ultimately reaches the aquatic bodies including Tver, lakes, underground water and oceans. The wastes disposed into water bodies contain high concentration of radioactivity, which are readily absorbed by the organisms. Theabsorbed radionuclides are accumulated in tissues of organisms causing physiological disorder and also in food chains. Plants and phytoplankton take the radioactive substances directly from the water. Man is the ultimate sufferer taking the aquatic organisms as research work.Se 4.16 Ml A TEXBOOK OF ENVRONNENTAL ENGINEERING and trea! food. It can be concluded that disposal, control Tesponsible for water pollution Effects of radioactive pollution : Radioactive pollution causes damage of th (2) It causes pathological damage Per™ () Itaffects chromosomes of genetic cells #2 mutation which passes from generation £0 = or leukaemia. (©) It causes long term effect on tumox results in cancer. Gi) It reduces the effectiveness of ZVIES. 4.4.7. Pathogens (Biological Pollution) Pathogenic pollutants are biolo, The common pathogenic pollutants are bacte: causing infection in favourable seasons. Thev. sewage, agricultural waste, industrial waste. are known as disease causing agents. Pathogenic pollutants are classified (@} Bacteria. They are enteric microorgeni diseases. Bacteria enters into water from dom intestinal disorders by water borne pathogen polluted water causes E coli, diarrhea. choler: (6) Viruses. They are found in sewage 2 They are excreted by infected persons. Viruses are parasites. Water borne viral pathogens infectious hepatit Enteric viruses cause meningitis—a weather and absence of oxygen promotes their (c) Protozoa. Protozoa are the lowest form of organisms. They can be free living or parasitic. Protozo amoebic dysentery is caused by them. Malari breeds in stagnant water. They also cause cho! liarrhea, Pootorea ane found i) potable water by contamination with sewage. ont ntae 2S eed si mete te et ae ie a (0) Helminths. The huma: WATER POLLUTION AND CONTROL I 4.17 : oF anim: are parasitic worms resi ail wash: Gintitiy : “ye Nematoda eens Sewage contaminated water oe These They are usually anaegiiea tt and Platyhelminths (tape worms) sane this group arasitic Worms namely tay eee Snteminaisd water: food: and ana the Peworms are found in cattles, which are infected one contaminated drinking wat. ese int and Amoriasis rer, i 0 These parasites cause ine infecti ins ee intestine infection (e) Algae. Algae reside i aes —— water. It is secondary pollutant of water. They es sis and act as natural purifier of water. But they cng te psi i properties of water suchas taste colour, odour turbidity etc., due aren a — is nats ‘Algae have planiktonic form, they generate y 2 pig 5 bad taste to water. Dead algae over the nae reel cause eae in ah ae infects tuman body and is indirectly responsible for diarthea. ae 4.4.8 Pesticidal Pollution ; Pesticides are the chemicals, which are used to kill pests Pests are a special type ofliving organisms such as insects, nematodes and weeds, which destroy crops. To protect crops pesticides are good but these are worst enemies of the environment. Generally ote are organic compounds. Some inorganic compounds are also known eg, CuSOs SEO; NiCly; As,O, etc. Pesticides can be classified into different categories depending capon the nature of pest. The categories are : (i) Herbicides, e.g., carbamates. (ii) Insecticides, e.g., organo-phosphorus compounds. (iii) Fungicides, e.g., dithiocarbamates. (iv) Rodendicide, e.g., naptholthiouraea. ‘The well known insecticides are Malathion, DDT , Endrin, Carboryl, which are used to kill insects. Fungicides, Mercuric Chloride, dithio-carbonates are used to kill fungii and plant bacterial pathogens. Herbicides, sodium arsenate, 2,4 dichloro phenoxy acid methyl bromide are used to Kill plant ‘weeds. Rodenticides, thallium, o-napthol thiourea, sodium fluoroacetate are used to kill rodents and some other mammals. But residual pesticides, fungicides, insecticides etc are washed out into river, lakes etc, and pollute them. The pesticides are the worst enemy of man on the earth. These not only contaminate lithosphere but also pollute the biosphere. These are cumulative poison in the body, usually accumulate in food chain and are hazardous.| 4718 gi a wnoov oF ones BA TexTDOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 4.4.9 Sediments Solids in water are present in the both suspended and dissolved conditions a may consist of organic or morganic materials. Inorganic solids include Coy” Tral, metals etc,, whereas organic solids are domestic waste, biological solids 10% MBAS ee ‘The suspended or dissolved solids can change the physical properties Such 25 1 et hardness and corrosion etc., of water. Sources of suspended solids include agriculture or urban activities. These sources suspended condition solids increase turbidity and «le the photosynthesis of plants. These also inhibit the vision aquatic animals lomestic and industrial waste, run-off fron,| yon water pollutant, f, stration, which redug ro the feeding a are most comm ase light pene and inter suspended particles from wate, Sedimentation is the natural method of removing, 4.5 POLLUTION OF RIVERS Luge quantities of municipal and domestic wastes are Te Icased by drains into tivers wastes cont vers of our country. The ain human excreta rowth of bacteris | ents for the fects such as water | om and cause pollution of maj urine, kitchen waste and organic substances, which act eo nuts vera un and fungi. The released wastes into rivers ¢ duv to the presence of bacteria, hookwornt mice sirable jons due to parasite borne disease: and entroviral infection due to viruses Run-off from land and field containing residual pesticides, fungicides ang insecticides into river causes pollution. Oil from oil spilis and automobile washing pollute our river body. Industrial wastes from textile, steel plants, oil refineries, pharmaceutical sugar and paper mills etc containing toxic substances, damage the biological activity of aquatic plants and animals, Atomic explosion and processing of radioactive materials near the rivers cause water pollution adversely. Agricultural wastes into rivers cause sive addition of nitrates and phosphates. It leads to “Eutrophication” due to the exces + due to excessive growth of algae and thereby BOD of water depletion of oxygen in wate! is increased. This ends to death of fish and other aquatic life. The presence of current in river plays an important role for the distribution of pollutants. Rivers receive pollutant from both point and non-point sources. The point sources are domestic and industrial wastes, which have varying characteristics. Rivers have self-purification capacity due to its flowing nature. The organic substances are | decomposed quickly with flow as the greater reaction of oxygen occurs by atmospheric | turbulence. Non-degradable pollutants are concentrated in rivers. But they get diluted in water with flow after their entry, while some of them are absorbed to the bottom sediments and some of them get incorporated into the body of organisms. The nor degradable pollutants in rivers gradually increased in concentration with time. Ar |excessive accumulation of organic matt septation ex eT ae hareer ta sen mean eer sete ange oF he 7] or the: Himalaya" Ganges pollution. The Ganga or the Ganges appeared from Oe Day asthe “Holy Ganga” and regarded as the lite: " ‘of the country. Bat noe arost potluled iver betas of Oot dleposal of domentic 20d iciosisl PTE, Say treatment. Hoge quantities of soil from erosion dit 19 €* er washed by rainwater into the river causing station This reduces the the Ganga anid ultimately the rives will be chucked and dest The Ganga basin is fertile and harne of te Oe of about 40% of popalsnor che is the source of drinking water i the region se apeson Oe for - ae applies fish and water to lhustries om both side of the f¥ Ag Oy oO SH | Ss aca ‘ Enzyme As—O + 20H" 4 ere aEnymatic acti AUC activity § 0 combined ctivity is > niibited by this way. The biock S with enayme 2 hibited by this way gulation of proteins ek: Arsenic am) Uphur b complexa are ond. So the biochemical effects of arsen enic is found in combination with oxygen, chlorine, on. The effect compo, concentration coagutl : ‘Ompounds at high concentration coasvlNS PT Lin of protege fon With enzymes and uncoupling of phosphorylation: nic starts on body tissues after two te B i Ue sets of aesenig foots ene ay, ical etl . ate proteins attacking 4. pydrogen METCURY, poy ve years OF CONSUMPLigg, [Tt also causes many F the cj i cancer. SSe contaminated water. Skin develops spots, gangrene, cance nid goiter, other compli such as blindnes live and Kidney problems 4.7 WATER FOLLUTANTS, SOURCES AND EFFECTS ae eae 7 Pollutants Effects SI.No, Sources | Domestic waste human | Cholera, dysentery. iyehoid, abdominal | ang animal excreta), | agricultural run-off, | | | fection, disorder | Hepatitis, Entroviral infection, dis | or nervous system. Dirty well, pond. reservoir | Infection by rouncworm, tapeworm, animal and human wastes! hook worm, Gastro-intestinal disorders and amoebic oh diseases. & coli Sewage water ) Worm: Sewage water, domestic waste cysentery. Iteesists entering of oxygen inside water, creates foul odour and causes poisoning in the body of fish. which affects in | human abdomen, causes turbidity. Upper layer of surface water Sewage. fossil uel | Methomoglobanimia in children body, burning, industrial wastes.) anaemia. not acceptable. causes cancer and agricultural cun-off | reacting with amine Sewage. fertilizer, agci- | Unhealthy for human and animals, cultural run-off. industrial | promotes algal growth and pollutes effluents. | water. Industrial processes for | Above 1 mgil causes fluorisis, defor- the production aluminium, | mation of skeleton. damage teeth j steal, phosphate fertilizers} enamel, bone etc. | agricultural run-off, | Industrial effluents | Offensive odour, corrosive to metal, | Unfit for human beings. Suiphides (H,S)8h. No. a 6. a 10, " Pollutants Sollel wanton Doptadable organic matter Lond «b) Atuonic (An) Morcury (Ha) Gacimtum (Cd) Zine (Zn) Radioactive olomonts Dotorgonts Pesticides Seureed Honwatio, yumedpal Commercial, Hust, And AgioUllal ‘anativitien, Bawage, wnibayo, nclhaatital Wanton agrioultoal any ott Motor fuels, toad patty and enamels, agniorlinal Positicicton, teinel batlary ehomieal lnctuntiion Induatrial Wanton, agiouttural ue oF fontlizor, insecticides, Deaticidos, tortiizar industry, combrstion of coal, Industrial wastes, mines: of motals, chemical fndowtey, manufacturing procoss of thermometer, barometer Mining, motaturgy, chemical, food proce: industry, ehonwcal wax oloctroplating industry, Industiial wastes, oloctros plating industry, motal oxtiaction process Atomic research center, hospital's waste, atomic explosion, nuclear power atation, Sewage and industrial wastes, Agrioultura, Industial waste, wood and carpet manulacturing proces | | a « | WATER POLLUTION AND GONTHOL MAO Erteete Auiphate patie of Na, Ky Mu eAURE aianhaad, exoessive amount of Vingolvert Na ubiharite ane eulphate Maiiage hoa, Kinny; Miwa nexcones Pauisoe ;varatyals, paaenee OF Fok Me ila ohanigas Ihe Colowe OF wale Aguatio tive, Fa. aquatic plants and Animale ave eaoreaned A cuntative polar cauaing lose of Appalte, GOnalipation, abdominal pain, jmontal totardetion, Horvoua disurder, brain dapiage and ble tne at the Junetion of loath and guns. Very polionouls, CauiweR ukin diseaReN, hin Canoes, patalyals, Cramps And even oat Fain samago, parayala and nowout fyatom bra dow, owe by oath Bone disease, hyportension, kidney Mage and dostivetion of rad blood coll Dizzinass, vomiting and diarthoa. Cancor in different parts of body, genetic problem, damage oHiving colt, aren Blood cancer Foaming in turbulent water, which interfores with sell: puntication of water {n takes and rivers. Aquatic plants and animals are affected, | Fish causes diseases of human: growth | reduction, diaturbance of hormone ot aquatic organisny4.24 Wa TexTBOOK OF ENVRRONMENTAL ENGINEERING iN 4.8 SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTIO! or pollution + There are hwo major sources of water pollu a single location a, ied at = tific’ 4 aluminium industry nt and sly i ified at locat; sily identi ion casi al effluents, domes. : 2 ide {0 Point Sources. The sources which can bee ae Known as point source eg. thermal power plant, steely ot be (i) Non-point sources. The sources which cann te dystial are Known as non-point sources e.g. agricultural run ~ 0! sewage, street washings, cattle field wastewater etc. The principal sources of water pollution are : () Domestic sewage. (ii) Industrial effluents. (iii) Agricultural run-off (iv) Automobile washing water. (2) Thermal power plant waste. (vi) Radioactive elements or wastes. (vii) Water flow of river, cannel, through different regions. 4.9 PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY Most commonly associated parameters with water quality are : @ Colour (B) Taste & Odour (©) Temperature (a) Turbidity : (©) Hardness ) pH ae (g) Total dissolved solids. (a) Colour, Water aquires colours when textile dying operations, food processing mining, paper production etc discharge their wastes into water bodies. Also leaves, wood tc imparts yellowish brown colour to water and minerals like Fe & Mn compounds change the colour of water, The permissible international limit of colour is 5 unit — 50 unit in Pe~ Co scale. : (b) Taste & odour. Industrial effluents cont. hydrocarbon, aleohol ete produ aining Cl, H foul taste and odour in water. W ten contaminated with alkaline matter and salty wi decomponition of organic matter produ ¢ ns give an offe NH,, phenol, ater tastes bitter ith metallic salts. Biological sa characteristic taste and odour growth of © odour to water causing unfit for use. Foul nid taste are unaeceplable for man algae, done sicro- organiWATER POLLUTION AND CONTROL 1, hydroelectric P ature. AS @ result imal life. es from thermal power plan bodies increasing tempe’ ant and anil turbidity. Clay’ ter. Turbidity Temperature. Thermal wast dustries pollute water ‘duces causing damage of aquatic pl ter causes (I yant and other in Fgsolved oxygen in water re ._ (a) Turbidity. Suspended and colloidal particles in wa! soil particles, soaps, detergents, oll, grease etc contribute to turbidity in wal causes reduction in transparency and pollute water. {6} pH. pH value is a measure of the degree of aci Extends from 0 (zero) indicates maximum acidity and 14 ‘um alkalinity. pH = ~ log [H'1. pH of ground water varies from 6 to 8.5. If PHis t defects occur such as incrustation, sedimentatiGh physiological ‘ed for disinfection. pH value of municipal Ihether the water is acidic or alkaline. ved chloride, bicarbonate, .d in ppm (parts Fe is known as dity or alkalinity of water: TRE (fourteen) indicates value ‘maximt more than 7, differen effects on human body. water is very important to 4a Hardness. Water becomes hard du Mg and bicarbonate salt o! per million) of mg/lit. Hard water due to bicarbonat Pevponate hardness ot temporary hardness. Hard wa Suite of Ca & Mg is known as non-carbonate hardness ter results in scaling and even bursting of boilers and water pipes. It and thereby results in economic loss. Jotal dissolved solids (TDS). Solid consists o! cent in water both in suspended and dissolved forms. Inorganic solid include clay, hile organic solid includes fibres, organic domestic waste etc. tion of suspended or dissolved solids can create taste, odour, ing problems. At pH< 7, Cl, is us know the people w! e to the dissol £ Fe, Hardness is expresses fe salts of Ca, Mg ter due to chloride and sulphate or permanent hardness. Hard consumes Soap sulphate salts of Ca, f organic or inorganic particles pres minerals, metals etc. wl Water with high concentra hardness corrosion and scali Pollution wet Gontrol of Wat water pollution are given below : plication of pesticides can be avoided. e used instead of usage of pesticides. dustrial wastes should be Some suggestions for controlling the 1. Over fertilization and improper ap} 2. More biological control pests can b 3, Acid, alkali, organic and toxic substances in in treated properly before discharge. 4, Reuse of treated Waste water for irrigation purposes. tion should bé taken for ground ‘water contamination. 5. Prevent and hazardous 6. To motivate industries to’ reduce the use of toxic chemical materials, ere 7; Complete treatment of sewage water can decrease from the receiving water bodies.on eee 4.28 EA TEGIOOK OF EVEGIEEENDE EIEREEENG S. Soll erosion can be minimized by reforestns sheds. inown as dissolved oxygen m (DO). i di 2) of waste water. DO. 2 DO test is very reliable fo 4.10.2. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) several advantages over the BOD COD test i ial wastes do not for toxic mat~ “WATER FOLLTON AND CONTROL ME 4.27 tion is diluted w Standardization procedure: 25 ml standard K,C?07 SOON te solution ‘ater lo about 250 ml. 20 ml i is added. Now dichromate solutic conc, H,SO, is ads ng ferroin 4s indicator th ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr's sal!) ust aistilled Ws riivatod Wil faut point is red Normality of FeSO,(NH,),SO, 6H,0 = (Vol of K,C¥,0, *025)/Veh Mohr's Salt calculation of COD Volume of unknown water sample taken = V ml (say) let the volume Of standard Mohr’s solution consumed in the 85 gictomate in unknown water sample containing organic matter » Amiand plank solution is B ml then . COD = 8000 (B - A) x N/V mg/1 jnorganic Interference. Sewage water somet.mes contains hi srigusly interferes in the determination of COD us ation of that oxidizing agent 6Ck + Cr,0,=14 HH 3Cl, + 2Cr* + 7HO ‘To eliminate this interference mercuric sulphate is added duz the sample. 4.41WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM Surface waters are the most suitable and widely used sour because of their high yield and other advantages. But surface water sou ‘ninated very much from domestic and industrial wastes. # .d water when it is decided to use for dri prove the aesthetic quality wat Water Treat! conta makes more problems than groun To protect public health and to imy ‘The treatment is done in a plant, which is known as Surface water treatment includes the following metho. (9 Coagulation. Suspended particles in surface water ca coagulation. Water is first entered in a mixer in which coagulant s sulphate, ferrous sulphate, ferric chloride, sodium silicate etc. suspended particles get coagulated. To improve coagulation a CO, +H,S + NH, + Ci Aeration tank for sludge digestion. 4, Tertiary treatment. The effluents from secondary treatment contains tiny pended particles, bacteria, dissolved organic and inorganic materials. The suspended ‘Activated ' Sludge Chlorination or —>{" Sedi- —>[ mentation Tickling —|_ fitter Anaerobic Asrobic. Primary treatment Secondary treatment AFlow diagram of Sewage treatment tin mé bay the eff b in aws ore WATER POLMON ANID CONTROL jing Particles ae removed by passin, LONTROE: yation ponds or hay ‘ % hrough sand filtey ‘ ban ‘ater tak the discolvod ory Porticior period pias aoe eet o waver Wirough mod} OA OTBDIC ING inorganic Bee? pamed:to comiove Oa eh mordibied cotton, eater 2AM Particles are elihinated by passing wags ‘The MAOr HD Of the tertig, te treatm ware He NUTOHNG ond earring oat oer Ne Ae phinent te Intended to be finally disposed jn meet” by chlorin: pio in water bodies like ri 6A? WATEROOUALITY STANDARD — condary treated sewage ation. This treatment of ver, lake, canals etc. About 71% of earthy water, nly D5 be AVNaBIe ee need Fe water, Inspite of the abundance of days aed walpr i Polluted by different means of hipan cehee om] ‘ ee tial to one ora tatialily standard in the interest of public health, All developed counties tric iy ae rarten Near duality standard, Polfuied wolor gensrhies waithveoacieies, whic h sill a oi of people every year ssl) over the world, particularly in developing eonniries, Pettuted water should not be used for drinking purposes because of ils Inherent hwalth risk, ‘The water, vhich ix not suilablé for drinking may be good for irrigation, aggculture, fish grovth and industrial cooling purpose, But each tse of water hor ite wan linnit on ths 4 pollution, Every use of water requires certain minimum quality of water WN respect to the presence of dissolved and suspended materials having, both chemical and biological character. ‘The limit of minimum quality of water and its maintenance for drinking and uther ubes to ensure no harm to the user is known as water quality standard. In 1965” Water Quality Act” first declared ‘Water Quality Standard’, After that in 1972 Veders) Water Pollution Control Act’ gave importance regarding, water quality standard. In 1987 ‘Clean Water Act’ was declared with correction and accuracy. The ayencies playing an important role in specifying the norms are: (a) Indian Gtandard Institution (SI) (h) World Health Organization (WHO) te) Indian Council of Medical research (CMR) (d) United States Public Health Service (USPHS) ‘The aims of the water quality standard are ; (a) To ensure the safe use of water and safeguard the environment. (hb) To mark the limit of water quality. “4 (} To maintain the quality of water scientifically, () To ensure the.uuse of pure water for different purposes by proper planning. () To control water pollution and to maintain the limits on the degree of pollution.Drinking Water Standards