MODULE2

INDUCTIONMACHI NES
Oncomplet
ionofthi
scour
set
hestudentshoul
dbeabl
etoknowt
heper
for
manceof
i
nduct
ionmachines

UNI
T1
CONTENTS
2.
0Int
roduct
ion
2.
1Sl
i
p
2.
2Fr
equencyofr
otorcur
rent
2.
3Der
ivat
ionofequi
val
entci
rcui
tsofi
nduct
ion
Att
heendoft
hisuni
t,t
hest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
o:
•stat
ethedefiniti
onofSlip
•knowt heappli
cationoinductionmachines
•knowt hatt
hespeedoft her otorf
requencyi
spr
opor
ti
onalt
ot heSl
i
p
•deri
veanequi val
entcir
cuitofaninducti
onmachi
ne
•understandthatthetorquei smaximum whenthepowerdissi
pat
edi
nr21/
Sist
he
maximum

2.0Int
roduction
Thepoly-phasei nduct
ionmachineoperateswithpol
y-
phasealter
nati
ngcur r
ent(a.
c)
appli
ed to primar ywindi
ng usuall
yon t he st
atorand car
ries a shor
tcircui
ted
secondarywi ndingont herotor.Thewi ndi
ngont herotorconsistofaser iesof
copperorAlumi num barshor
tcircui
tedtoget
heratbothendsandcar r
iedi
nasl ot
ted
magneticstructurewit
hnoexternalconnecti
ontotherot
orcir
cuit
.
Example ofsuch rotorconst
ruct
ion isSqui r
rel
-cage i
nduction motor.Induct
ion
machinecanoper at
ebothasanelect r
icmotororgener at
or.Ifarotorisall
owedt o
runont hebasi
soft hetor
quedevelopedbyi nt
eracti
onofthei nducedrotorcurr
ent
andai r
-gapfi
eldsthenthemachinei soperatingasamot or
.Ifar otorisdriv
ing
exter
nallybyaprime-moveraboveasy nchr
onousspeedt hemachi nebecomesa
generator.
Howev er,i
nductionmachi nei sal waysuseasamot or.Whent her otorspeedisequal
tosynchr onousspeedt herewi llbenoi nducecurrenti nther ot or;hence,not or
que
developed.Thus,t hemachi neactasasi mpl etransf or
merwi thanai r-
gapanda
shortci r
cuit
edsecondar ywi nding.Themagnet icfi
el dr ot
ati
ngatsy nchr
onousspeed
cutsr otorconduct or,voltagesar ei
nducei ntherot orconduct orwhi chgiver i
set o
rot
orcur r
entandt hisr otorcurr enti
nteractwithair-gapf i
eldt opr oducet hetorque.
Thetor queexi staslongast her otat
ingmagnet i
cf i
eldandi nducer ot
orcurrentexist
,
hence, therotorstartrotatingint hedir
ecti
onoft her otati
ngfield.

1
2.
1SLI
P
Sli
p(S)ofinductionmot ori
stherel
ati
vespeedbetweentherotati
ngmagneti
cf l
ux
androtorexpressedi nt
ermsofperunitsynchr
onousspeed.Itisadimensi
onless
quant
it
y .Thisr otat
ing magnet
icfi
eld cut
st he st
ati
onar
yr otorconduct
orst o
gener
ateemf .
Hence,
S=ns-
nr
ns
Wher
e,
ns=sy
nchr
onousspeedandnr=act
ual
mechani
cal
speed.
ns-
nr
Per
cent
ageSl
i
p(%S)= ×100%
ns
Afour-
polemachi
neoperat
ingat1000revolut
ionperminut
e(r
pm)andsuppl
ywi
th
f
requencyof50Hz,
thefr
actional
Sli
piscalcul
atedas;

ns=120f
p

=120 ×50
4
=1500r
ev/
min.
nr=1000r
pm

S=1500- 1000
1500
=1
3
Sincet heSli
pi sl
esst hanonebutgr eaterthanzero(0 <S<1) ,themachi neis
operatingasamot or
.Ifns=nr,thisimpl i
esthatS=0; t
hati
snot orqueisdeveloped
andt hemachi neisbehavingasasi mpl et r
ansfor
mer.I
fSi slesst hanzero,the
machi neisact
ingasagener ator.I
fSi sgr eat
erthanone(S >1)
,themachinei sact
asabr ake,t
hatisnri
sreversed,ns- (-
nr).
ns

S=ns +nr(
S >1)
ns

2.
2FREQUENCYOFROTORCURRENT
Thesy
nchr
onousspeed“
ns”i
sgi
venby

ns=60fr
pm
p

2
Therel
ati
vespeedbet
weent
her
otorconduct
orandr
otat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
dduet
o
st
atori
sgivenby
(
ns–nr)
.
Thus,
thef
requencyofr
otori
nduceel
ect
romot
ivef
orcee.
m.fi
sgi
venby

f
r=
p(
ns-nr
)
60
Sns=ns-nr

f
r=
p(
Sns) =Spns =Sf
s
60 60
Hence,thespeedoftherot
orfr
equencyispropor
ti
onalt
otheSli
p.Ther ef
oret
he
cur
rentandvol
tagei
nducedi
nrot
orofinduct
ionmachi
near
eofSl
ipfrequency.
Thef
requencyofcur
renti
nar
otat
ingconduct
ori
sal
sogi
venas
f
r=
pnr
60

2.
3DERI
VATI
ONOFEQUI
VALENTCI
RCUI
TSOFI
NDUCTI
ONMACHI
NES
Theleakagereactanceoft
herotorwil
ldependont hefr
equencyofther
otorcur
rent
.
Andsincefrequencyoftherot
orcurr
entisSfs (
i.
eSlipfr
equency)
,ther
otorl
eakage
r antx2i
eact sgi v
enby
x2=SX2
Wher
e,X2i
sthest
andst
il
lval
ueoft
her
otorl
eakager
eact
ant
x2=j
ωrL2=j
2πf
r 2πSf
L2=j sL2=j
SX2
Thi
sshowst
hatt
hei
nducer
otorv
olt
agemagni
tudei
sal
sopr
opor
ti
onal
toSl
i
p.
e2=4.
44f
rNФ
E2=4.
44f
sNФ

e2i
sinducedv
olt
ageatsl
i
p
E2=i
nducedv
olt
ageatst
andst
il
l
e2=4.
44f
sSNФ =SE2
Hence,
ther
otorcur
rentI
2isgi
venby

I
2=
e2 ={
SE2}
/{r2
2 +(
2 0.
SX2)}5
Z2
r
2=r
esi
stanceperphaseofr
otorwi
ndi
ng
X2=l
eakager
eact
anceperphaseofr
otorwi
ndi
ngatst
andst
il
l
=2πfmul
ti
plybyl
eakagei
nduct
anceperphaseofr
otorwi
ndi
ng.

3
I
2canal
sobeexpr
essed
2 2
S)+X22}
0.
5
I
2=E2/
{(r
2/

Fi
gur
eshowsbel
owi
l
lust
rat
ether
otorequi
val
entci
rcui
t;

Phaseangl
e=t SX2)=θr
an-1(
r2
2 2 1/
Cosθr=r
2/{
r2 +(
SX2)}2
Theequi
val
entci
rcui
tforeachphaseoft
hest
atorwindi
ngofthemachi
necanalso
bederi
veexact
lythesamewayf ort
hatofatransf
ormerandisshowni
nf i
gure
bel
ow;
X1 I
1 r
1

V1 r
m Xm E1

Theequi
val
entci
rcui
tfort
hest
atorandr
otorcombinedisshownbel
ow;
X1 I 1 r
1 X2 I 2

V1 r
m Xm E1 E2 r
2/S

Frequencyf f
requencySf
Fig8.1:Combi nedequival
entci
rcui
t
Theinduct i
onmot orcant her
eforebuil
dasat r
ansformerwithaair
-gaphav
inga
vari
abler esistanceint hesecondarywindi
ng,thestatorcorr
espondt
ot hepr
imar
y
whil
et her otorcorrespondwiththesecondar
yoft hetr
ansfor
mer.
Xm =magnet
izat
ionr
eact
ance
r
m =t
hecor
elossequi
val
entr
esi
stance
t
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tcanber
efer
redt
othest
atorusi
ngt
heef
fect
ivet
urnr
ati
o

4
bet
weenst
atorandr
otor
..
2
r
21=[
(Kw1N1)
/(Kw2N2)
] .r
2

2
X21=[
(Kw1N1)
/(Kw2N2)
] .X2
Wher
e,Kw1andKw2ar
ewi
ndi
ngf
act
orf
ort
hest
atorandr
otorr
espect
ivel
y.

Fig8.2:Equi
valentci
rcui
tref
err
edt
ostator
Ifthecorelossisassumedt obenegl
igi
blesot
hatr
m =0,t
hent
hef
inalequi
val
ent
circui
tisshownbelow:
X1 I
1 r
1 X21 I
21

I
m

V1 Xm r
21/
S

Fi
g8.
3:Fi
nal
for
m ofexactequi
val
entci
rcui
t

5
UNI
T2
CONTENTS
2.
4Tor
quecal
cul
ati
on
Att
heendoft
hisweek,
thest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
o:
•st
atet
hedef
ini
ti
onofTor
quei
n(Sy
nchr
onousWat
ts)

2.
4TORQUECALCULATI
ON
Foran“
m”phasemachi
newi
thanequi
val
entci
rcui
toft
hef
orm shown;
I
nputpower=mVI
1Cosθ1
θ1=t
heangl
ebet
weenVandI
1

2
St
atorcopperl
oss=mI
1r 1

2
Powert
ransf
err
edt
orot
or=mI
21 r21/
S
2
Rot
orcopperl
oss=mI
21 r21=Pc

2 2
Gr
osspowerout
put=Pg=[
(mI
21 r21/
S)–(
mI21 r21)
]

=mI 2
21 r
1-
21(
S)
S
Fi
xedl
ossesar
efr
ict
ion,
windageandi
ronl
oss.
Netout
putpower=Gr
ossout
putpower– f
ixedl
osses
Now,
2πn)
( .
Tg=Pg=m.
I 2
21 .
r21.
(1-S)
60 S
n=ns.
(1–S)
Tg=gr
osst
orque
2
=[
m.I
21 .
r S] ÷[
21/ 2πns/
60] (
Nm)
(2πns/
60).Tgisequalt
othepowert
ransf
err
edacr
osst
heai
r-
gapandasameasur
e
ofthegrosst
orque.
Thepowert r
ansf
erredacrosstheai
r-
gapi
sof
tensai
dtobet
hegr
osst
orquei
n
Synchr
onousWatts.Ther
efore,
2
Gr
osst
orqueTg=m.
I21 .
(r
21/
S)

Tor
quei
n(Sy
nchr
onousWat
ts)=r
otor
copper
loss
S

=Gr
ossout
putpower
1-S
Consi
dert
heequi
val
entci
rcui
tear
li
erder
ived’

6
ByThev
eni
ntheor
em t
heabov
eci
rcui
tcanber
epl
acedwi
thThev
eni
nequi
val
ent
.
Ze=[
(r
1+j
X1)
.Xm] ÷[
j r1+j
(X1+Xm)
]
Ve=[
V.Xm] ÷[
j r1+j
(X1+Xm)
]
Nor
mal
l
y,
X1+Xm ≫ r
1

Ze=Re+j
Xe
=[
(r
1+j .Xm] ÷[
X1) X1+Xm]
And
XmV) ÷(
Ve=( X1+Xm)
2
Tor
queTe=m.
I21 r21/
S
I
21=Ve ÷ZT

I
21 Re X=Xe+X21

Ve r
21/
S

Fi
g8.
4:Thev
eni
nequi
val
entci
rcui
t

Ve2. 2
Te=[
m. r S] ÷[
21/ (Re+r
21/
S) +X2] Sy
nchr
onousWat
ts
Thegener
alTor
que–Sl
i
pcur
veofani
nduct
ionmachi
nei
sshownbel
ow;
Torque 0<S<1
Generati
ng Br
aki
ng
∞ -
2 -
1 0 1 Sl
i
p 2 ∞

1 <S <0
- Mot
ori
ng

7
 Fi
g8.
5:Torque–Sl i
pcur
ve
Thet or
queforSynchronousWatt
sist
hepowerdi
ssi
pat
edi ntherot
orr esi
stance
(r
21/
S).Then,thetorqueismax i
mum whent
hepowerdissi
patedinr21/Sist he
maximum.
Bymaxi
mum powert
ransf
ert
heor
em,
maxi
mum t
orquer
e-occur
swhen
/
Re+j
X/=r
21/
S
TheSl
i
pStf
ormaxi
mum t
orquei
sgi
venby
Re2+X2]
1/
2
21 ÷[
St=r
Hence,
mVe2.Re2+X2)
1/
2
Re2+X2)
1/
22
Tm =[ ( ] ÷{
[Re+( ]+X2}
Ve2] ÷2. Re2+X2)
1/
2
=[
m. [Re+( ] Sy
nchr
onousWat
ts
Wor
kedexampl
e
A37.3Kw,threephase,f
our -
pole50Hzinduct
ionmotorhasfulll
oadef f
ici
encyof
85%.Thefrict
ionandwindagel ossare1 ofnoloadlossesandther ot
orcopper
2
equalt
oironl ossatful
lload.Findtheful
lloadspeed.Stat
orresi
stancecanbe
negl
ect
ed.(Answer=1410r ev/min.
)
Sol
uti
on

Ef
fi
ciency 0.
85= net
outputpower
net
outputpower +losses
Netout
put=37300W
Losses=copperl
ossPC +I
ronl
ossPi+f
ri
cti
onl
ossPf
No-
loadl
oss=PC +Pf=3Pf

Pf=1Pi
2
Onf
ull
load PC =Pi

Losses=PC +PC +1PC =5PC

2 2
Ther
efor
e,

0.
85= 37300
37300 +2.
5Pc
PC =2238W
Fr
om equi
val
entci
rcui
t

Pg=m.
I 2
21 r
1-
21(
S) Wat
ts
S

8
 2
PC =m.
I21 r21 Wat
ts
1-
Pg=PC( S)
S
Pg=Netout
putpower+f
ixedl
osses
Fi
xedl
osses=(
Ir
on+f
ri
cti
onl
oss)
Thus,
1-
2238( S)=37300+2238+1(
2238)
S 2
Ther
efor
e,

S= 1
18.
16
Sy onousspeedns=60f=1500r
nchr ev/
min
p

Ful
ll
oadspeedn,
=ns( 1- 1 )
1–S)=1500(
18.
16
=1417r
ev/
min.
Wor
kedexampl
e
A 415V,si
xpoles 50Hzst
arconnected wound r
otori
nduct
ion mot
orhas t
he
f
oll
owingpar
ameteri
nOhmsperphase.
R1=0.
04,
X1=0.
5,R21=0.
05,
X21=0.
15andXm =9.
85
St
ator
:rot
ort
urnsperphasei
s1.
5
Det
ermi
ne
(
a)Thest
atorcur
rentandgr
osst
orquei
nNm whent
hesl
i
pis0.
05
(
b)Themaximum grosst
orque,
thesl
i
patwhi
chi
toccurandgr
ossout
putpower
undert
hiscondi
ti
on
(
c)Thev alueoftheexternalr
esist
anceisinser
tedt
oproduce80%ofmaxi mum
torqueatstandsti
l
landst atewhichval
uewouldbeused.(Answers,(a)222/-
0 1
21 33A, 1360Nm ( b)246000Sy nchr
onousWatts, 0.
166, 205.16KW ( c)
0.214or0.0841
Sol
uti
on
Thei
nputi
mpedanceZi
sgi
venby

Z=0.
04+j
0. 1 +j
5+( 0.15)j
9.85
1 +j
10
=1.
253/
- 40
143.
St
atorcur
rentI
1=(
415/
√3)÷1.
253/
- 40
143.
9
 =191.
2/1430A
I
nputpower=√3V1.
I1.
Cosθ1
=√3×415 ×191. 40
2 ×Cos143.
=110.
3kW
2
Thest
atorcopperl
oss=3I
1R 1

2
2 ×0.
=3 ×191. 04
=4.
387kW
Powert
ransf
ert
other
otor=t
orquei
nSy
nchr
onousWat
ts
=(
110. 39)×103
3–4.
91 ×103Wat
=105. ts

Sy onousspeedns=60×50
nchr
3
=1000r
.p.
m
105.91
Tor
quei
nNm = ×103
2π ×1000
60
=1011.
14Nm
(
b)Taket
heThev
eni
nequi
val
entandmagnet
ici
mpedance
r
1=0.
04 X1=0.
5 X21=0.
15

Xm =9.
85 r
21/
S

Re=0. 9.
04( 85)=0.
0394
10
Xe=0.
5(9.85)=0.
493
10
Tor
quei
smaxi
mum when

0.
0394+j
(0. 15)=0.
493+0. 05
S
03942+0.
6432]
1/
2
05 ÷[
St=0. 0.
=0.
078
Tm =mVe2 ÷2[ R2e+X2)
1/
2
Re+( ]
2
03942+0.
6432)
1/
2
3 ×(
=[ 0. √3)] ÷2[
985 ×415/ 0.0394+(
0. ]

10
 097 ÷1.
=167. 367211984
=1,
222,
173,
313Sy
nchr
onousWat
ts
Gr
ossout
putpower=t
orque(
Synchr
onousWat
ts)×(
1-S)
=122.
2173313(
1–0.
078)
=112.
68W
Letext
ernal
resi
stancer
efer
redt
othest
atorbeR
Thenwi
thS=1
Ve2R21/ Re2+R21/ 2
St
art
ingt
orqueTS=[
m. S]÷[
( S) +X2]Sy
nchr
onousWat
ts
2 2
=[
3(0.
985V1)(0. ] ÷[
05+R) (0.
0394+0.
05+R) 6432]
+0.
But
TS=0.
8Tm
2
03942+0.
2982)
1/
2
=[
0.8 ×(
3(0.
095V1))]÷2[
0.0394+(
0. ]
Thus,
R=0.
481 or 0.
191

5=3
n=1.
2
22 ×0.
R=() 22 ×0.
481 or () 199
3 3
=0.
214 or 0.
0841R=0.
0841Ω (
smal
l
erv
alue)

Assi
gnment
:

11
UNIT3
2.
5Deter
minat
ionofci
rcui
tpar
amet
ers
2.
5.1Nol
oadt
est
2.
5.2Bl
ockedr
otort
estorl
ockedr
otort
est
2.
6Induct
ionmot
orsper
for
mancecr
it
eri
a
Att
heendoft
hisweek,
thest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
o:
•knowt
hepar
amet
eroft
heequi
val
entci
rcui
toft
hepol
y-
phasei
nduct
ionmot
or
•knowt
heper
for
manceofni
nduct
ionmachi
ne

2.
5DETERMI
NATI
ONOFCI
RCUI
TPARAMETERS
Theparamet
eroftheequiv
alentci
rcui
tofthepol
y-
phasei
nduct
ionmot
orcanbe
obt
ainedbymeansoft
hefol
lowingsi
mplet
ests;
(
1)Nol
oad(
openci
rcui
tonsecondar
y)orr
unni
ngl
i
ghtt
est
(
2)Bl
ockedr
otort
est(
shor
tci
rcui
tonsecondar
y)
(
3)Measur
ementofst
atorwi
ndi
ngr
esi
stance
2.5.1Nol oadtest:-themachineisrun-
upt oi
tsnoloadspeedandt hevari
ati
onof
theinputpowerPOC attheinputcur
rentI
OC f
orarangeofvolt
agesVOC f
rom 125%of
ratedvolt
ageatr atedfr
equencytotheminimum possi
blet
omai nt
ainnoloadspeed
constantarerecorded.
X1 I
OC R1

POC VOC Rm Xm

Fig9.1:Equival
entci
rcui
tforr
unni
ngl
i
ghtt
est
Theno- l
oadlossesPfareassumedtobeconst
antandequalt
othev
alueatr
ated
fr
equencyandv olt
age.
2
Pf=POC –m.
IOC .
R1
Sincet
hemachinerunattheappropr
iat
elysynchr
onousspeedatnol
oad(
i.
e,S=0)
;
hence,
ther
otorisanopencir
cui
t.Thi
simplies
2 2 21/
XOC =[
(VOC/
IOC)–(
POC/
m.I
OC ) ]2=X1+Xm
-
1
θOC =Cos [
POC/
(VOC.
IOC)
]

12
 2
ROC =Rm =POC/
IOC

2.5.
2Blockedr ot
ortestorlockedrot
ortest:-inthiscasethesli
pisone.Ar educe
volt
ageisapplytothemachinesothatrat
edcur rentfl
owt hr
oughthestat
orwindi
ng.
TheinputpowerPSC,v ol
tageVSCandcur rentI SCarerecordedandreducedtoper
phasebasis.Rm andXm areconsi
dernegli
gible.Hence,t
heshuntbranchiszer
o.
I
SC R1 X1 X21

PSC R21
VSC

2 2
PSC =m.
ISC .
(R1+R21)=m.
ISC Re

2 2 22
(
X1+X21)=(
VSC/
ISC)–(
PSC/
m.I
SC )

R21=α2R2, X21=α2X2
-
1
θSC =Cos[
PSC/
(VSC.
ISC)
]
α=t
urnr
ati
oofst
ator
/rot
or
St
atorr
esi
stancecanbeeasi
l
ymeasur
edbet
weent
wot
ermi
nal
s.
R2=Rot
orr
esi
stance, R1=St
atorr
esi
stance
Ther
efor
e,
Re–R1) ÷α2
R2=(
Hence,t
hestat
orresi
stancecanbedeter
mined.Thesum ofr
eact
ance’
sX1 +X21
mustbediv
idedint
oit
sst at
orandr
otorcomponentandr
ecommendeddist
ri
but
ion
i
sshowninthetabl
ebel
ow;
Tabl
e Fr
act
ionofX1+X21
S/
NO CLASS X1 X21
1 A Nor
malst
arti
ngtor
queandcurrent 0.
5 0.5
2 B Nor
malst
arti
ngtor
quelowstart
ingcurr
ent 0.
4 0.6
3 C Hi
ghst
art
ingtor
quelowstar
ti
ngcurrent 0.
7 0.7
4 D Hi
ghst
art
ingtor
quehighr
unningsli
p 0.
5 0.5
5 Wound 0.
5 0.5
r
otor

Thus,val
ueforstatorr
esistanceandl eakagereactancethemagnet i
zi
ngr eactance,
thestandsti
llval
ueofr otorresist
anceandl eakager esi
stanceandv al
uef ortotal
fi
xedlossescanbeobtaineddirectl
yfr
om t her
esultofthesimpletest
.
Exer
cise
Ar
esul
tofal
ockedr
otorandr
unni
ngl
i
ghtt
est30kW t
hree-
phase50Hz415Vdel
ta

13
connect
edsqui
rr
elcageconduct
ormot
orar
e;
Li
nev
olt
age Li
necur
rent Tot
alPower
LockedRot
or 77A 6.
4KW
Runni
ngl
i
ghtt
est 22.
8A 1.
4KW
Thest
atorr
esi
stancei
s0.
48Ohmsperphase.
2
Pf(
tot
alf
ixedl
osses)=POC –m.
IOC R1

2
1400–3 ×(
=[ 0.48) ×(
22.
8 ÷√3)]
=1150W
415 ÷22.
ZOC =( 8)/
√3
=31.
4Ω
2 2
No-
loadr
esi
stanceROC =Rm =POC/
I 1400 ÷3)÷(
OC =( 22.
8/√3)
=2.
7Ω
42–2.
72)
1/
2
XOC =X1+Xm =(
31.
=31.
3Ω
ѲOC =Cos-1[
POC/
(VOC.
IOC)
]
Fr
om t
hel
ockedr
otort
est
2
PSC =m.
ISC (R1+R21)
I
mpl
i
es,
77)
6400=( 2
(0.
48+R21)
3 √3
R21=0.
6Ω

ZSC = 130
77/√3
=2.
92Ω
X1+X21=(
2.922–1.
062)
=2.
72Ω
Forst
andar
d-cagemot
ori
tcanbeassumedt
hat
X1=X21X1=X21=1.
36Ω
Xm =313–X1
=29.
94Ω

14
2.
6INDUCTI
ONMOTORSPERFORMANCECRI
TERI
A
Per
for
manceofani
nduct
ionmot
orcanbemeasur
edbyt
hef
oll
owi
ngf
act
ors:
1.Ef
fi
ciency
,η
2.St
art
ingt
orque
3.St
art
ingcur
rent
4.Powerf
act
or
5.Pul
lout(
maxi
mum)t
orqueTm
Shownbel
owi
sthegr
aphi
cal
repr
esent
ati
onofi
nduct
ionmot
orchar
act
eri
sti
cs;
I
,p.
f,
Tandη
I
S T Tm =maximum t
orque
η TS=start
ingt
orque

TS
S
Fi
g9. 2:Characteri
sti
cofi
nducti
onmot or
Anot
herimpor t
antf actorthatmustbet akenint
oconsi
der
ati
onindesi
gningof
2
i
nduct
ionmot orareIRandcor elossandmeansofwhi
chheatdi
ssi
pat
iont
hatmust
beemployed.
Theeff
ici
encyisapprox
imatel
yproporti
onalt
o(1–S).Iti
szeroatnol oadandr i
se
2
tomaximum atorusuallybel
ow ful
lload.Thi
smaximum occurroughlywhereI R
l
ossesinstat
ororrot
orsum toanamountequaltot
henoloadconstantlosses.
2
AthigherloadtheI Rl
ossesi
ncr
easemor
erapi
dlyt
hant
heout
putsot
hatt
he
ef
fi
ciencyslowl
yfal
l
s.
Alsoinordertor educethecorel
ossest heworki
ngf l
uxBmustbesmal
l.Thi
s
i
mpl i
esaconf l
ictrequi
rementont heloadcurr
entI2 si
ncet
hetor
quewhi
chis
deter
minebyloadisdependentont
heproductofBandI2.

2
Anyarbit
rar
yinreduct
ionoft hecor
elosseswil
lresul
tinthei
ncreaseinI Rlosses
foragiv
enload.Powerfactorcanbeimprovedbydecr
easi
ngtheleakagereactance
andincr
easingmagneti
zingreact
antascanbeseeni ntheequi
valentci
rcuitear
li
er
deri
ved.
Iti
showevernotwisetoreducethel
eakagereact
ancet
omi
nimum si
ncet
hest
art
ing
curr
enti
sessenti
alli
mitedbytheser
eactance.
Thepull
-out(maxi
mum)tor
quewi
l
lbehi
gherf
orl
owerl
eakager
eact
ance.The
powerf
actorp.
f=Cosθ.

15
 -
1
R12+X12)
1/
2
θ=Cos[ R1/
( ]
Hi
ghstart
ingt
orquei
sproducebyhi ghI
R2 andthehi
gherther
otorresi
stantR2 t
he
hi
ghert
hestar
ti
ngtor
que.AhigherR2isi
nconfli
ctwi
thahighef
fi
ciencyr
equirement.
2
T=[
mI2R ω]×[
2/ (1–S)
/S]or
2
Tω =m.
I2R 2.
(1–S)
Wor
kedexampl
e
Uset
her
otorequi
val
entci
rcui
t;
(
i) Fi
ndR2f
orwhi
cht
hedev
elopedt
orquewi
l
lbemaxi
mum
(
ii
) Whati
sthesl
i
patt
hismaxi
mum t
orque?
(
ii
i) Det
ermi
neR2f
ormaxi
mum st
art
ingt
orque
(
iv) Whati
stheef
fectofX2ont
hemaxi
mum t
orque?
Sol
uti
on
I
2 SX2

SE2 R2

P=Tω
2
PI
2R [
2.(1–S)
/S]perphase

ω =ωS( ; T=P
1–S)
ω
2
T=(
I2R2)
/(SωS)

I V SE2] ÷[
2= =[ R22+( 21/
SX2)]2
Z
2
S2E22] ÷[
R22+( 2
I
2 =[ SX2)]
E22/
T=[ ωS] ×[
(SR2)
/(R22+S2X22)
]
Atmaxi
mum t
orque
(
dT/
dR2)=0
SE22/ R22+S2X22–R2( R22+S2X22]
2
={ ωS}×{
[ ]÷[
2R2) }
I
mpl
i
es,
R22+S2X22–2R22=0R2=SX2 f
ormaxi
mum t
orque
Obt
aindT/
dX2
(
ii
)Sl
i
p=R2/
X2

16
(
ii
i)Formaxi
mum st
art
ingt
orque
Atst
artS=1
R2=X2
(
iv)Ef
fectofX2ont
het
orque,
Foragi
venr
otorr
esi
stanceR2t
hest
art
ingt
orque
X2→0
Whati
sT?
Wi
l
lbemaxi
mum i
fX2=0andmi
nimum asX2→

Assi
gnment
UNI
T4
CONTENTS
2.
7Speedcont
rol
ofi
nduct
ionmot
or
2.
7.1Var
yingt
hesy
nchr
onousspeed
2.
7.2Speedcont
rol
bychangi
ngsl
i
p

Att
heendoft
hisweek,
thest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
o:
•knowhowt
ocont
rol
thespeedofani
nduct
ionmot
or

2.
7SPEEDCONTROLOFI
NDUCTI
ONMOTOR
I
nducti
onmot or
sarewidel
yusedinindust
ryandalsoasdomest
icappli
cati
on.I
t
however
,haveonedrawnbacki.
ethespeedcannotbeeasi
l
yandeff
ici
entl
yvari
es
overawider
angeofoper
ati
ngcondi
ti
on.
Thev
ari
ati
oncanbeachi
evedby
;
(
a)Var
yingt
hesy
nchr
onousspeedoft
rav
ell
i
ngf
iel
d
(
b)Byv
ary
ingsl
i
pS
(
c)Byv
ary
ingt
hef
requency
2.
7.1VARYI
NGTHESYNCHRONOUSSPEED:
-Thesy
nchr
onousspeednsi
sgi
venby

ns=120f
p
Thisi
ndi
catesthatns canbev
ary
ingbychanget
henumberofpol
eorchanget
he
suppl
yfr
equency.
(
a)Pol
echangi
ngmet
hod:
-thedesi
gnoft
hest
atorwi
ndi
ngi
ssucht
hatby

17
 changethepol
econnecti
onoft hev ar
iouscoi
lthenumberofpolecanbe
changedaccor
dingl
y2synchronousspeedr esult
.Ifmorethanone
i
ndependentwindi
ngprovi
dedandeachar r
angef orpol
echangemore
synchr
onousspeedcanbeobt ained.
Di
sadvant
ageisthatonl
ydi
scr
etechangei
nspeedoft
hemot
orcanbeobt
ainedby
t
hist
echnique.
Adv
ant
age:
eff
ici
encyandr
eli
abl
eforbr
ushl
esssqui
rr
el-
cagedmot
or.
(
b)Variati
onoff r
equency:-i
fi tispracti
cabletov aryfrequencyofsuppl y,t
he
synchronousspeed oft hemot orcan bev aried.Var iat
ion ofdiscr
eteor
continuousdependi
ngoni fthevari
ationofsupplyisdi screteorconti
nuous.
But t he maximum t orque dev eloped is inversely pr opor
ti
on to the
synchronousspeed.Thatis,
2
T=(
I2R 2)
/(SωS)
Tokeepmaxi mum t orqueconstantthesuppl yvol
tageandf requencyshould
i
ncreaseatt hesamet ime.Thepr oblem oftheapplicati
onoft hi
smet hodis
thatthesupplyfrequencyisalwaysfixed.Withtheadv er
tofsolidstat
edevice
suchast r
ansist
or,thyri
storetcwithl ar
gepowerr atingiti
spossi bl
etouse
stat
icinvert
erstodrivetheinducti
onmot or
.
2.
7.2SPEEDCONTROLBYCHANGI
NGSLI
P:-

P=m.
I2
R.
(1-S)=Tωω =m.
I2
R.
(1-S) ÷TS
S S
=[
m.E2.
( ] ÷TSR
1-S) or =[
m.E2/ 1-
TR] ×[ S]
S
11
Tor
que V1 r
2

Sl
i
p
1 11 111
V1 >V2 r
2 >r
2 >r
2

Thesol
i
dli
nesar
espeedt
orquechar
act
eri
sti
cofi
nduct
ionmot
or
1 11 111
e.gdi
ffer
entr
otorr
esist
ancer2,r
2 ,r2 ordi
ff
erentstat
orvolt
ageV1,V2.Ther
efor
e,
fourspeedN1,N2,N3 andN4 atwhicht hemot orcanr unresul
t.Theslipofan
i
nducti
onmotorcantheref
orebechangebychangi nganyofthefol
l
owing.
Vari
ablestat
orvolt
agemet hod:
-From equati
on t or
quedev elopispr
opor
tionalt
o
11
squareoftheappl
yv ol
tageandforagivenrotorresi
stantr
2 t wocurv
esasshown
forappl
iedvolt
ageV1 andV2.Hence,t hemot orcant her
eforerunatN2 orN4 if
vol
tagecanvarybet
weenV1andV2.
Var
iat
ionofr
otorr
esi
stance:
-Thi
smet
hodi
sonl
yappl
i
cabl
eonwound-
rot
ormot
or.

18
 1 11 111
Forthreedi
ff
erentrotorr
esi
stancer
2,r2 ,r
2 t
hreedi
ff
erentspeedofoperati
onar
e
possibl
e.Bycontinuousvar
iati
onofrotorresi
stanceconti
nuousspeedv ari
ati
oni
s
possibl
e.

Assi
gnment
:

19
UNI
T5
CONTENTS
2.
8St
art
ingmet
hodf
ori
nduct
ionmot
ors
2.
9Si
ngl
e-phasei
nduct
ionmot
or
2.
9.1Oper
ati
onoft
hesi
ngl
e-phasei
nduct
ionmot
or
2.
9.2Met
hodofst
art
ingsi
ngl
e-phasemot
or
Att
heendoft
hisweek,
thest
udent
sar
eexpect
edt
o:
•knowt
hemet
hodsf
orst
art
ingi
nduct
ionmot
ors
•under
standt
hemet
hodofst
art
ingsi
ngl
e-phasemot
or

2.
8STARTI
NGMETHODFORI
NDUCTI
ONMOTORS
Thei mportantofapol y-phaseinduct
ionmot oratstandst i
l
lisrel
at i
vel
ysmal land
whensuchamachi neisconnecteddirect
lytoasuppl ysyst
em theiniti
alcurrentwi l
l
bev eryhighoftheor derofsi xtimesfulll
oad( curr
ent)atalow powerf actor.To
accelerat
eamot orfrom resttoitssteadystateoperati
onspeed,t heinputener gy
mustbegr eat
erthant hesum oft hemotor`
skineticenergyandthel oadbyatl east
thetotall
osses.

Reducedv oltagest ar
tingmet hod:-ini
ti
all
yr educedv olt
agei ssuppl
ytot hestator
andv ol
tagei ncreasetoratedvaluewhent hemot ori
swi thi
n25%ofi t
sf i
nalspeed.
Thereislimitati
oni ntheuseoft hismet hod;v ari
ablevoltagesour
ceisneededand
star
ti
ngt orquedr opsubstanti
all
y.Star-
delt
ast arti
ngisar educedvol
tagemet hodfor
star
ti
ngi nwhi chthemot orisaccel
eratedfrom r esti
nstarandr uni
ndelta.
Atstar
tingthelinecur
rentisl
imitedt
o5t i
mesful
lloadcur
rentindel
tabutl
esst
han
2ti
mesf ul
lloadcurr
entstarconnect
ionandst
art
ingtor
quewillbeonl 1
y ti
mesthat
3
ofdelt
a
Oneoftheadvant
agesofthi
smethodi
sthati
tinexpensi
vet
obui
l
dandr
equi
reonl
y
a2-
poledoubl
ethrowswit
ch(2-
wayswi
tch)
.

STAR DELTA
Fi
g10.
1:St
ar-
Del
taStar
ter
Rotorr
esist
ancestart
ing(curr
entli
mit
ing)
:-Thestart
ingcur
rentcanbereducedi
f
themotorimpedancei
sincreaseandinthepart
icul
arcaseofwoundrot
ormachine

20
thisisdonebyi ntr
oducingaddi t
ionalr
ot orresistanceineachoft he3l i
nesdur i
ng
starti
ngperi
od.Thiscanal sobemadet oi ncr
easet hestart
ingtorqueav ai
labl
esince
theslipatwhichTm occuri ncr
easeast her otorresist
anceincrease.Thishighv al
ue
ofhi gh st
arti
ng torque/amperesofst arti
ng torque can be obtained using thi
s
met hod.Therotorresist
ancewi l
lgenerallyber educedinst epsast hemachi nerun
upt oi t
sfullspeed.Ithowev erhasoneadv antagewhi chi sextr
al ossesinext r
a
resist
anceinstator
.
(
Readmoreaboutaut
otr
ansf
ormerst
art
ingandmul
tici
rcui
tst
art
inganddi
recton
l
i
nestar
ti
ng)

2.
9SI
NGLE-
PHASEI
NDUCTI
ONMOTOR
Appli
cati
onsofthesearef
oundinf
an,vacuum cl
eaner
,pumpandgri
ndi
ngmachines.
Asinglephasemot ori
snotsel
fst
art
ingbecauseinst
eadofrot
ati
ngmagneti
cfiel
d
i
ni t
sai r
-gapithaspulsat
ingmagneti
cf i
eld.However
,iti
sconti
nuoustoruni f
st
arted.
Mostsinglephaseinducti
onmotorarei
nf actt
wophasemot orinwhichonewi ndi
ng
(auxi
l
iary
)isdisconnectedfr
om thesuppl
ywhent hespeedreachesacertai
nv al
ue
andt hemachinet henoperateasat ruesingl
e-phasemotorwi t
hasi nglestat
or
windi
ng( mai
nwi ndi
ng).

2.
9.1OPERATI
ONOFTHESI
NGLE-
PHASEI
NDUCTI
ONMOTOR
Theai
r-
gapf
luxi
nanal
ter
nat
ingmagnet
icf
iel
disgi
venas
B(
θ,t
)=Bm.CosθSi
nωt

=1Bm Si
n( θ)+1Bm Si
ωt- n(ωt+θ)
2 2
Thi
sisdoublerevol
vi
ngfi
eld.Thisshowstwomagnet i
cfi
eldsrot
ati
nginopposite
di
rect
ion.Thef
ir
stter
misforwardrot
ati
onandthesecondi
sbackwardrotat
ion.The
di
rect
ionofrot
ati
onofthef or
wardrotat
ingf
iel
disthedir
ecti
onofr ot
ati
onoft he
motor.
Thef
orwar
dsl
i
pSfi
sgi
venas
ns–n) ÷ns
Sf=(
=1–(
n/ns) (
mot
ori
ng)
Thebackwar
dsl
i
pSbi
sgi
venas
Sb=[
ns–(
- ] ÷ns
n)
ns+n) ÷ns
=(
=1+(
n/ns)=2–S (
braki
ng)

21
Weknowt
hat
2
T=[
m.I
2R 2( ] ÷ωS
1–S)
Ther
efor
e,t
het
orquef
orsi
ngl
e-phasei
nduct
ionmot
ori
sgi
venas
2 2
TT={
[I
2R 2( ] ÷ωS}–{
1–S) [I
2R 2( ] ÷ω(
1–S) 2–S)
}
(
For
war
d) (
Backwar
d)
Theequi
valentci
rcui
toft
hesi
ngl
e-phasemot
ordev
elopf
rom doubl
erev
olv
ingf
iel
d
theor
em i
sshownbelow;
Zf=for
war
dimpedance Zb=backwar
dimpedance R21,
X21r
efer
redt
othe
stat
or
R1 X1

0.
5(R21/
S)
0.
5Xm
0.
5X21

V 0.
5[R21/
(2–S)
]
0.
5Xm
0.
5X21

Fi
g10.
2:Equi
val
entci
rcui
t

Tor
que
Tor
queduet
onegat
iver
evol
vi
ngFi
eld
BACKWARD

Speed
FORWARD
Tor
queduetoposi
ti
ver
evol
vi
ngFi
eld

Fi
g10.
3:Tor
que-
speedChar
act
eri
sti
cs

22
Exer
cise
(
a)Wr
it
ebr
ief
lyont
hemodeofoper
ati
onofasi
ngl
e-phasei
nduct
ionmot
or.
(
b)St
atet
heneedofst
art
ersf
orst
art
ingi
nduct
ionmot
ors.
( antofa1 Hor
c)Theconst sepower
,230V4-
pol
es,
60Hzi
nduct
ionmot
orar
e
4
R1=10Ω,R21=11.
65Ω,X1=128Ω,X21=12.
8Ω,Xm =258Ω.
Forappl
yvol
tageof210Vat3%sl
i
p,cal
cul
ate
(
i) I
nputcur
rent
(
ii
) Powerf
act
or
(
ii
i) Powerdev
elop
(
iv) Shaf
tpower
(
v) Ef
fi
ci
ency
Assumet
hei
ronl
ossat210V=35.
5W andt
hemechani
cal
lossesi
s7Wat
ts
Sol
uti
on
11.65
Zmf=j
0.5 ×258=j
129Ω Zf21=0.
5× +j
0.5 ×12.
8=[
194.
2+j
6.4]Ω
0.
03
11.65
Zmb=j
129Ω Zb21=0.
5× +j
0.5 ×12.
8=[
2.96+j
6.4]Ω
2-0.
03

Zf=j
129×( 194.
2 +j
6.4)=105.
88/
-1230Ω=[
-57.
19–j
8.06]Ω
j129 +194.
2 +j
6.4

Zb=j
129×( 2.
96 +j
6.4)=6.
72/ 60Ω=[
-113. -2.
69–j
6.16]Ω
j129 +2.
96 +j
6.4
ZTOTAL=10+j
128–57.
19–j
8.06-2.
69–j
6.16=[
-49.
88–j
113.
78]Ω
=124.
23/ 330Ω
66.

ZTOTAL=V
I
Ther
efor
e,

(
i) I
nputcur
rent= V = 210 =1.69/ 330A
66.
Zt
otal 124.
23
(
ii
) Powerf
act 330=0.
or=Cos66. 402
2
(
ii
i) Powerdev
elop=I(1–S)
(Rf–Rb)
692(
=1. 1–0.
03)
(57.
19–2.
69)
=150.
99W
(
iv) Shaf
tpower=150.
99–7
23
 =143.
98W
(
v) I
nputpower=I
VCosθ
69 ×210 ×0.
=1. 402
=142.
67W
Out
putpower=150.
99–mechani
cal
losses
=150.
99–7–35.
5
=108.
49W
outputpower
Ef
fi
ci
encyη= ×100%
i
nputpower
108.
49
= ×100%
142.
67
=76%
2.
9.2METHODOFSTARTI
NGSI
NGLE-
PHASEMOTOR
Single-
phasemot orisnotsel f-
star
ti
ngduet oabsenceofar otati
ngmagnet i
cf i
eld
whent herotorofsingle-
phaseinducti
onmot orwi t
hatstandstil
l.However ,asingle-
phasei nducti
on mot ormayoper atesuccessfulprovi
ded thatan i ni
ti
alst art
ing
torqueisgiventothemet hod.Singl
e-phasemot ormayalsor uneitherdirect
ionso
thatthedirect
ioninwhi chitrotat
esisdeterminedbythedirecti
onofi ni
tialstart
ing
torque.
Thet
wocommonl
yusedmet
hodsf
orpr
ovi
dingt
hest
art
ingnecessar
yar
e;
(
a)Spl
i
t-phasi
ng
(
b)Capaci
torst
artmot
or
Split
-phasing/spli
tphasest ar t
:-motorf orspli
tphasi nghav est artingandr unning
windingi mportanceofwhi cht opr ovideaphasedi fferentbetweent hewi ndi
ngs
connection.Thest ar t
ingwi ndinghasahi ghinductancesot hatt hecur r
entf l
ow
throughitlagsofsuppl ybyal argephaseangl e.Thishasanef f
ectequi valenttot wo-
phasesuppl yandsopr oducer otat
ingmagnet i
cfiel
dwhi chstartt hemot or .Star
ting
windingi seithermadeofhi ghr esistanceorf inewi reoraddi ti
v eresistanceor
reactancemaybepl acei nser i
eswi thinthewinding.Thecent rif
ugalswi tchcutof f
theauxili
ary(start
ing)wi ndingwhent hemot orhaver eachedabout75%f ullspeed.
0 0
Thephaseangl eαbet weent het wocur rentImandIsisbet ween30 and45 andt he
start
ingtorqueisgivenby
TS=kI
mISSi
nα
Wher
eki
saconst
ant
Sincethephaseangl
eissmal
lthest
arttorqueisal
sosmal
l
;hence,themot
ori
suse
forli
ghtdut
ywithnoloadl
i
ght
.Themot oroperat
eat60%ef
fi
ciency
.

24
 I
m

Centr
if
ugalswi
tch I S mai
nwi
ndi
ng(
runni
ng)
Auxi
liar
y(star
ti
ng)windi
ng
N

Fi
g10.
4:Spl
i
t-phasest
artmot
or

Capacitor
:-i
ftheexternalresi
storoft hestar
ti
ngwindingi
srepl
acebycapacitor
(t
ypical
lybet
ween30t o150pF)agr eaterphasedif
fer
entαcanbeachi
eved.Fort
he
capacit
orstartmotorthest ar
ti
ng( auxil
iar
y)windi
ngisopencir
cuit
edwhent he
motorisuptoitsoper
atingspeed.
L

Runni
ngwi
ndi
ng
St
art
ingwi
ndi
ng
N

Fi
g10.
5:Capaci
torst
art

Fig10.6:Capaci
torst
artcapaci
torr
un
Her
et hestart
ingwindingi
slefti
nthecir
cui
ttoi
mpr
ovet
hepowerf
act
or.

L
C2
C1 r
unni
ngwindi
ng
N st
arti
ngwindi
ng

Fig10.
7:Twocapaci
torst
art
Thishast headv
antageofsmoot
hrunni
ng speed t
han t
hatofcapaci
torst
art
capaci
torr
un.

25
Assi
gnment
:Readmor
eont
hef
oll
owi
ng:
:
Commutat
or,repul
sionmot
or,sal
i
entpol
emot
or,uni
ver
salmot
or,sl
i
pri
ngand
br
ushar
rangement
Exampl e
At hree-phaseinduct
ionmot ori
swoundf or4-pol
esandissuppl
iedf
rom a50Hz
system.Cal cul
ate
a.Thespeedoft hemot orwhenthesl
ipis4%and
b.Ther ot
orfr
equencywhenthespeedoftherotori
s600r
.p.
m
Soluti
on
p=2,f=50HzandS=0.
04
f
r=Sf
f=pn
n=50/2=25r
.p.
s
=1500r
.p.
m
0.
04=(
1500–nr)/1500
nr=1440r
.p.
m
S=(
1500–600)/1500=0.
6
f
r=0.
6*50=30Hz
EXERCI
SE
1.A200V,50Hz,sixpol
es,t
hree-phase,st
arconnect
edsqui
rr
elcagei
nduct
ion
mot
orgavethefol
lowi
ngtestresult
s;
Li
nev
olt
age l
i
necur
rent t
otal
power
Openci
rcui
t 200V 7.
9A 520W
Shor
tci
rcui
t 133V 48A 5540W
Thedir
ectcurr
entresist
anceperphaseoft hest
atori
s0.48Ωandthestat
or
and r
efer
red rot
orr esi
stances ar
e equal
.Deri
vet he par
amet
ers ofthe
equi
val
entci
rcuit
.
2.Aneightpoles,200V50Hz,t
hree-
phasei
nduct
ionmot
orr
unat726revol
uti
ons
permi nut
e.Cal cul
atet
hesli
p,r.
p.m,peruni
tsli
pandthef
requencyofthe
rot
or,copperlossandtor
queinN.m.Pg=5.5H.P.
3.Asix-
pole,50Hz,si
ngl
e-phaseal t
ernat
orhas54sl ot
s,only360fwhi chare
woundthenumberofconduct orspersl
otis12andthecoil
saref
ull
-pi
tch.The
f
luxperpoleis0.
04Wb,sinusoidaldi
str
ibut
ed.Cal
cul
ate;

26
 (
a)Thedi
str
ibut
ionf
act
orand
(
b)Ther
ootmeansquar
eval
ueoft
het
ermi
nal
vol
tageont
heopenci
rcui
t
4.A4-pol
es,thr
eephase,
840V, 50Hzi nduct
ionmotorhasanoutputof17.3kW.
therot
oremfmaking40cy clespermi nute.Cal
cul
atethemotorinputpower
andeffi
ci
encyift
herotat
ionallossesobservedatorqueof20Nm andst at
or
l
ossesof1000W.

ADDI
TIONALREADI
NG

Thefoll
owingisonlybutaveryshortl
istofclassi
ctextbooksreadi
l
yavai
labl
e
descri
bingtheoperat
ionanddesignofa.crotati
ngmachi nesainamanner
accessi
ble.Thus,
li
terat
ureexi
stsforthereaderint
erestedinamorein-
depth
underst
andingofa.crot
ati
ngmachi netheory.
1.A.E.Fi
tzger
aldandC.Ki
ngsl
eyEl
, ect
ri
cMachi
ner
y.McGr
aw-
Hil
l
,1971.
2.D.Z bas,El
or ect
ri
cMachi
nes-
Pri
nci
ples,Appl
i
cat
ions,and Cont
rolSchemat
ics.
West
,1989.
3.M.G.SayAl
, t
ernat
ingCur
rentMachi
nes.Pi
tmanPubl
i
shi
ng,
1978.
4.M.Li
wschi
tz-
Gar
ikandC.C.Whi
ppl
e,El
ect
ri
cMachi
ner
y,Vol
s.1–2.VanNost
rand.
5.T.Wi
l
diEl
, ect
ri
calMachi
nes,
Dri
vesandPowerSyst
ems.Pr
ent
iceHal
l
.
6.V.del
Tor
o,El
ect
ri
cMachi
nesandPowerSyst
ems.Pr
ent
iceHal
l
,1985.
7.Forat
extdescr
ibi
ngt
hepr
act
icali
ssuesr
elat
edt
ooper
ati
onandmai
ntenance
ofbot
ht ur
bogener
ator
sandhydrogener
ators,seeI
si szenbaum,I
dorKer nspect
ion
ofLargeSynchr
onousMachi
nes.IEEE-
Press,1996.

27