DOUBLE BOND TO
Citric Cycle (1)
- also known as tricarboxylic
cycle, Krebs cycle
- products are carbon dioxide,
NADH and FADH2
- it has 7 FEATURES
1. You have your Acetyl CoA
that acts as your fuel
source
2. You will be able to observe
reactions of reduction and
oxidation (4 times)
3. Presence of the oxidizing
agent NAD (nicotinamide-
adenine dinucleotide) and
FAD (Flavin adenine
dinucleotide)
4. In the course of your Krebs
Cycle,
a. using NAD as an
oxidizing agent it will
result in the
formation of CARBON
DOUBLE BOND
OXYGEN
b. using FAD as an
oxidizing agent will
result in the
formation of CARBON
ANOTHER CARBON
5. Notice that there will be 2
carbons that will enter the
Krebs Cycle, 2 carbons will
also go out
a. Will it be the same
carbon that entered?
- NO
6. Krebs cycle involves FOUR
VITAMIN B
a. Thiamin (B1)
b. Riboflavin (B2)
c. Nicotinamide (B3)
d. Pantothenic Acid (B5)
7. You will observe the
utilization of GDP (high
energy source) that will be
converted into your GTP
which is your Guanosine
Triphosphate

Citric Cycle (2)
1. First Part
• Conversion of Oxaloacetate to
Citrate
- OXALOACETATE needs to react to your
Acetyl CoA
- That’s why we need to utilize the
products (Acetyl CoA, NADH and FADH2)
from beta oxidation
- Acetyl CoA BINDS with your
Oxaloacetate, forming CITRYL CoA
- Then, CITRYL CoA plus WATER thus the
production of your CITRATE
- Summary (2)
2. Second Part
• Conversion of Citrate to Isocitrate
• Take note, the alcohol part of our
Citrate is in the tertiary group
making it a “TERTIARY ALCOHOL IN
THE CITRATE FORM”
• Thus, we need to convert CITRATE
first into your cis ACONITASE then
eventually becoming your
ISOCITRATE
• In your ISOCITRATE, you can finally
observe that the alcohol is in the
SECONDARY ALCOHOL FORM
• Why do we need to convert your
tertiary alcohol into your secondary
alcohol?
o It’s because TERTIARY ALCOHOL is
very HARD to OXIDIZE as compared
to your secondary alcohol
• In this whole process of conversion
there’s only one enzyme used which
is the ACONITASE
• As you can see, there’s the removal
of water, it came from the removal
of Hydroxide (OH) from CARBON 2
and Hydrogen from CARBON 1.
• Now, from cis-aconitate you will
again use your ACONITASE, this time
you will add water to form a
SECONDARY ALCOHOL.
 • The hydroxide (OH) from H2O Why is that so?
molecule will be placed on the FIRST
CARBON
- From your ISOCITRATE, if you will
actually use your oxidizing agent NAD
• The Hydrogen that will then REMOVE one HYDROGEN
from H20
from second and first carbon of the
molecule will
ISOCITRATE
be placed on
the SECOND - Aside from the removal of your
CARBON thus HYDROGEN we also removed CARBON
the formation thus CARBON plus two molecules
of your (oxygen) will result in the formation of
ISOCITRATE. your CARBON DIOXIDE

• So, from CITRATE to cis-ACONITATE - The COO from ISOCITRATE is gone after
and then ISOCITRATE its conversion to KETOGLUTARATE
- Because if you remove the COO from
3. Third Part the structure, it will actually result into
your CARBON DIOXIDE
• Conversion of Isocitrate to
Ketoglutarate - On the other hand, on the first carbon
Hydrogen is removed from the
Hydroxide then another is removed
from the first carbon itself. Resulting in
the formation of Carbon double bond
Oxygen
- The two hydrogen that came from the
FIRST carbon earlier will now be added
to your NAD+ resulting into NADH and
proliferation of one of your Hydrogen
atoms
- Our final result will be ALPHA
KETOGLUTARATE

• One of the features of the Krebs

cycle that we mentioned earlier is
that when we utilize NAD as an
OXIDIZING AGENT, it will form
CARBON DOUBLE BOND OXYGEN
4. Fourth Part 5. Fifth Part
• Conversion of KETOGLUTARATE to • Conversion of
your Succinyl CoA then SUCCINATE SUCCINATE
to your
fumarate and
then
L MALATE
• This time we’re
• There’s a similarity to the third part
now using FAD as
of Krebs Cycle and this one
our OXIDIZING
• The only difference is the need for AGENT thus
the addition of CoASH resulting in a
• So, once you actually add your Carbon double
CoASH or your Co Enzyme A you will bond Carbon
be able to eventually form now your • As you can see
Succinyl Co Enzyme A FAD will undergo HYDROGENATION
• Once you already have your Succinyl since it will remove one of the
CoA, next that must be produced is HYDROGEN in your CARBON 1 and
the SUCCINATE CARBON 2 resulting into the conversion
• To convert your Succinyl CoA to
of SUCCINATE to FUMARATE
Succinate there must be the • The 2 HYDROGEN that was removed
presence of your Succinyl CoA earlier will be added now to your FAD
synthetase and GDP resulting into FADH2
• The GDP will be reacted upon by the • Now once you have your FADH2 the
two molecules of your Succinyl-CoA next step would be THE CONVERSION of
producing GTP your FUMARATE into your L-MALATE
• On the other hand, your Succinyl • For the conversion of your FUMARATE
CoA SYNTHETASE will remove the to L MALATE we will ADD WATER
THIOESTHER of Succinyl CoA MOLECULE
therefore we call the product • The hydrogen of WATER will be added
SUCCINATE. on the First and second carbon resulting
into

->
• The oxygen of • TAKE NOTE:
WATER will be o Acetyl CoA that will react to your
added on Oxaloacetate can also come from
Hydrogen your Carbohydrate metabolism
above the or other metabolic pathways
second o BETA OXIDATION IS NOT THE
carbon ONLY SOURCE OF ACETYL COA
resulting into OH thus the final result of
this reaction is: L-MALATE

6. Sixth Part
• Conversion of L-MALATE to your
OXALOACYTATE

• Same thing will happen wherein

HYDROGEN atoms will be removed
from your CARBON 2 and HYDROXYL
group thus forming your CARBON
double bond OXYGEN (NAD+)
- hydrogenation
• The two hydrogen atoms earlier will
go now to your NAD thus resulting
into NADH and a HYDROGEN ATOM
• MALATE DEHYDROGENASE will be
the enzyme on this conversion of L
MALATE to OXALOACETATE.
• We need to regenerate
OXALOACYTATE since it will now
again react to your Acetyl CoA from
the reaction of Beta Oxidation