This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: C1872 − 18´2

Standard Test Method for

Thermogravimetric Analysis of Hydraulic Cement1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Research report footnote was added to Section 14 editorially in July 2018.

ε2 NOTE—Headnote information was corrected and unreferenced documents were removed from Section 2 editorially in
July 2018.

1. Scope C219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic Cement

1.1 This test method provides a technique incorporating a
thermogravimetric analyzer to determine the mass changes of
hydraulic cement upon heating in an inert gas environment.
The data can be used to determine the abundance of some
mineralogical components in hydraulic cement powders.
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This test method is applicable to hydraulic cement
powders.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are
caustic and may cause burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged
exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye
protection is recommended. Wash contact area with copious
amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of
15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with
the liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contami-
nated clothing immediately after exposure.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
Cement
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.23 on Compositional Analysis.
Current edition approved May 15, 2018. Published June 2018. DOI: 10.1520/
C1872-18E02.
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
ology
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1131 Test Method for Compositional Analysis by Thermo-
gravimetry
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E1582 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermo-
gravimetric Analyzers
E2040 Test Method for Mass Scale Calibration of Thermo-
gravimetric Analyzers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Technical terms used in this guide are defined in
Terminologies C219, E473, E1142.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Thermogravimetric analysis of cement is performed by
continuously monitoring mass changes of a hydraulic cement
powder specimen, in an environment with a controlled atmo-
sphere as the test temperature is increased at a constant rate.
Mass loss over specific temperature ranges and in a specific
atmosphere can be used to supplement the compositional
analysis of the cement by providing estimates of the mass
fraction of certain mineral constituents.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method is intended for use in acquiring,
analyzing, and reporting thermogravimetric data obtained from
hydraulic cement powders.
5.2 This test method can be used to determine the calcium
carbonate content of cements with interground limestone if the
calcium carbonate content of the limestone is known.
5.3 This test method can be used to determine the calcium
hydroxide content of hydraulic cement powder.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
1
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 C1872 − 18´2
5.4 This test method can be used to determine the mass loss
upon heating hydraulic cement powders within a specific
temperature range.
5.5 This test method can be used for qualitative and quan-
titative characterization, under certain conditions, of various
sulfate mineral components including calcium sulfate
dihydrate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate, and syngenite.
5.6 Different kinds of thermogravimetric analyzers are
available with different configurations and controllers.
Therefore, the parameters described should be considered as
guidelines. They may be altered to conform to the instrument
manufacturer’s instructions, provided the changes are noted in
the report.
6. Interferences
6.1 This test method depends upon distinctive thermal
stability ranges of the determined components as a principle of
the test. Materials that have no well-defined thermally stable
range, or that have thermal stability ranges that are the same as
other components in the cement, may create interferences.
Particular examples include the following:
6.1.1 Calcium silicate hydrate gel (C-S-H) releases physi-
cally and chemically bound water over a continuous and broad
temperature range, typically 100 to 600°C, and may be
observed even in nominally unhydrated cement powders that
have been stored in humid conditions. In specimens of partially
hydrated cement paste, the continuous release of water by
C-S-H upon heating can interfere with the measurement of
mass loss by other decomposing minerals within that tempera-
ture range, such as hydrated calcium sulfates and portlandite.
6.1.2 In unhydrated cement powders, the conversion of
gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate) to calcium sulfate hemi-
hydrate occurs over a temperature range, 100 to 200°C, that is
close to that of the subsequent decomposition of hemihydrate
to anhydrite (calcium sulfate). The two sources of mass loss are
difficult to distinguish when using an open sample container,
FIG. 1 Sample Thermogravimetric Curve for Unhydrated Portland Cement
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
2
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
but can be separated better by covering the container with a lid
having a narrow slit or hole for escape of vapors.
6.2 Heating rate can influence the temperature at which the
decomposition of a component is detected, as well as the
temperature at which that component reaches its maximum rate
of decomposition, identified readily by a peak in the first
derivative of the thermogravimetric data with respect to
temperature (see Fig. 1). A difference in heating rate of
5°C/min can change the peak temperature by as much as 50°C.
However, heating rates between 5 and 15°C/min have a
negligible influence on the total mass loss accompanying a
given decomposition event.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Thermogravimetric analyzer with a microbalance, tem-
perature controller, and data collection device, and gas flow
control device all complying with the requirements of Test
Method E1131, Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry.
7.1.1 Containers (pans, lids, and so forth), for holding the
specimen must be dimensionally stable and chemically inert
with respect to cementitious components within the tempera-
ture limits of this method.
7.1.1.1 Aluminum oxide is suitably inert with respect to
hydraulic cement to be used for containers and lids at tempera-
tures exceeding 600°C or when the lid need not be sealed to the
pan.
7.1.1.2 Aluminum is a suitable material for measurements
of the calcium sulfate hydrates and other components at
temperatures less than 600°C, which require the pan and lid to
be sealed with only a small slit or pinhole to allow escape of
vapors.
7.1.1.3 Platinum pans can be used for analyses from ambi-
ent temperature up to 1200°C
7.1.1.4 Pans and lids can be obtained from the manufacturer
of the thermogravimetric analyzer or from a vendor recom-
mended by the manufacturer.
 C1872 − 18´2
8. Reagents and Materials
8.1 An inert compressed gas is required for this method.
High-purity nitrogen gas (99.99 % N2) is sufficient. High-
purity argon or helium are also acceptable.
9. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
9.1 Cement powders are normally analyzed as soon as
possible after being received because they will tend to absorb
moisture and react with carbon dioxide over time. Measuring
an as-received sample provides a baseline against which
subsequent measurements can be compared to assess the
degree of aging.
9.2 Typical sample masses will depend on the instrument
being used and on the specific minerals of interest. Depending
on the instrument being used, measurement of calcium
hydroxide, syngenite, and calcium carbonate typically require
about 50 mg of cement powder, while determination of cal-
cium sulfate hydrate content in cement often require about
100 mg of powder. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for
guidance on the optimum mass of sample.
10. Calibration
10.1 Calibrate the mass signal from the apparatus according
to Test Method E2040.
10.2 Calibrate the temperature signal from the apparatus
according to Test Method E1582.
11. Procedure
11.1 Turn on the flow of the inert gas and establish its flow
rate.
NOTE 1—The appropriate flow rate depends on the type of instrument
being used. For example, instruments with small horizontal tube furnaces
typically operate with a gas flow rate of 50 mL ⁄min. Refer to the
manufacturer’s instructions for guidance on the appropriate flow rate.
11.2 Open the apparatus and load the reference and empty
sample pans. Close the apparatus.
11.3 Zero the mass signal with the reference and sample
pans in place.
11.4 Open the apparatus to expose the specimen holder.
11.5 Prepare the specimen as outlined in Section 9 and
carefully place it in the specimen holder, if this was not already
done as part of the sample conditions described in Section 9.
11.6 Close the apparatus.
11.7 Record the initial mass after any sample conditioning
already described.
TABLE 1 Suggested Compositional Analysis Parameters
Flow Rate
Specimen Sample Size, mg
mL/minA
Unhydrated Cement 50 50
Calcium Sulfate Hydrates or 100 50
Syngenite
A
May differ depending on instrument design.
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
11.8 Initiate the user specified temperature program and
collect the data of mass and mass change versus time and
temperature. Table 1 provides typical measurement parameters.
Consult the manufacturer’s instructions to determine optimum
parameters for a specific thermogravimetric analyzer.
11.8.1 The mass loss profile shall be expressed in absolute
mass units of milligrams or grams. Expanded scale operation
may be useful over selected temperature ranges.
NOTE 2—Some instrument software may default to a normalized mass
percentage scale based on the original sample mass. Absolute mass loss
profiles can be recovered from a percentage scale if the original mass is
known.
11.8.2 If only one or two components of the compositional
analysis are desired, specific, more limited temperature ranges
may be used. Similarly, several heating rates may be used
during analysis in those regions of greater or lesser interest.
11.9 The analysis is complete when a state of constant mass
is obtained at the maximum temperature of interest.
11.10 Calculate and report the sample composition (see
Sections 12 and 13).
12. Calculation and Interpretation of Results
12.1 Table 2 shows the typical temperature ranges for
decomposition reactions in an open pan for common compo-
nents of unhydrated cement. The temperature ranges reflect
averages of those reported in several studies, and are dependent
on heating rate. In general, lower rates of heating will cause
decomposition onset temperatures to be lower.
12.2 Quantitative Determination of Individual Components:
12.2.1 The mass percentage of any solid component listed
in Table 2 can be determined from the mass lost by that
component upon its thermal decomposition.
12.2.2 Each mineral component thermally decomposes over
a characteristic temperature range. Approximate minimum
temperature X and maximum temperature Y for each compo-
nent are indicated in Table 2.
12.2.3 For some components such as calcium hydroxide,
calcium sulfate hemihydrate, or syngenite, mass loss occurs
over a relatively narrow temperature range. Other components
that may be present due to significant prehydration effects,
such as C-S-H gel, lose mass over a wide temperature range
and therefore contribute to uncertainty in attributing a mass
loss value to a particular mineral. Normally the steps are
interpreted as a change in mass before and after the effect, so
the corresponding “baseline” is horizontal. Sometimes rela-
tively sharp decomposition steps occur during the decomposi-
tion process. This baseline drift, possibly due to mass loss by
Purge Time Temperature °C Heating Rate
min Initial Maximum °C/min
10 25 1000 10
10 25 500 10
3
 C1872 − 18´2
TABLE 2 Mass and Mass Loss Per Mole of Pure, Stoichiometric Cementitious Components, With Typical Decomposition Temperature
Ranges
Temperature °C
Component M g/molA C g/molA
Min (X) Max (Y)
CaSO4 · 0.5 H2O (Bassanite) 145.1 9 90 200
CaSO4 · 2 H2O (Gypsum) 172.1 27 100 200
Mg(OH)2 (Brucite) 58.3 18 230 330
K2Ca(SO4)2 · H2O (Syngenite) 328.4 18 250 300
Ca(OH)2 (Portlandite) 74.1 18 380 600
MgCO3 (Magnesite) 84.3 44 550 800
CaCO3 (Calcite) 100.1 44 600 1000
Ca5(SiO4)2CO3 (Spurrite) 444.6 44 700 850
A
Values of M and C assume pure mineral components.

minerals such as C-S-H gel, may be accommodated by
constructing tangent lines to the baseline at the onset and
termination of the main mass loss signal, marking the point at
which the tangent lines depart from the curve as the onset and
terminating temperatures Ti and Tf, respectively, and assigning
the mass difference ∆m = m(Ti) – m(Tf) as the mass loss due
to the component in question. Calculating and plotting the
derivative of the mass loss with respect to temperature may be
helpful both in identifying reaction onset/completion tempera-
tures and in delineating the baseline drift.
12.2.4 The mass percentage of a particular component with
a narrow decomposition temperature range may be calculated
on an original mass basis, assuming that the component is
stoichiometric and pure, by using the following equation:
M∆m
P5 3 100
Cm O
12.2.5 Determinations of calcium sulfate dihydrate and
calcium sulfate hemihydrate are complicated by the fact that
the dihydrate form often first decomposes to the hemihydrate
form before decomposing fully to anhydrite. Therefore, the
hemihydrate mass loss signal generally has contributions both
from original hemihydrate and from any hemihydrate formed
by decomposition of dihydrate; an example is shown in Fig. 2.
Referring to Fig. 2, calculations of calcium sulfate dihydrate
and hemihydrate can be made according to the following
formulas, each of which is based on Eq 1 and the values in
Table 2, assuming that the components are pure and stoichio-
metric:
6.374@ m ~ T 1 ! 2 m ~ T 2 ! #
P ~ Dihydrate! 5 3 100 (2)
mo
(1) P ~ Hemihydrate! 5

where: 16.122@ m ~ T 2 ! 2 m ~ T 3 ! # 2 5.374@ m ~ T 1 ! 2 m ~ T 2 ! #

P = mass percent of component in the original powder,
M = molar mass of pure stoichiometric component in Table
2 (g/mol),
∆m = vertical distance between upper and lower tangent
lines, as shown in Fig. 2 (g),
C = mass loss per mole of pure stoichiometric component
in Table 2 due to thermal decomposition (g/mol), and
mo = original mass of sample (g).
3 100
mo
12.2.6 TGA is not recommended for determining the mass
percentages of components that ordinarily have strongly over-
lapping decomposition temperature ranges, unless procedures
are used to separate the decomposition temperature ranges (see
Blaine, R., “Determination of calcium sulfate hydrates in
building materials using thermal analysis,” American
Laboratory, 27 (14), 24–28, September 1995).

FIG. 2 Sample Thermogravimetric Curve for Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate and Hemihydrate

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
4
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.

12.2.7 TGA is not recommended for determining the mass
percentages of components in specimens that decompose over
a wide temperature range or that have ambiguous or variable
compositions, such as C-S-H gel, AFt, and AFm phases.
12.2.8 The total mass loss upon ignition of a cement
powder, on an original mass basis, can be determined from the
thermogravimetric data according to the formula:
m ~ T 0 ! 2 m ~ 1000!
∆M 5 3 100
m ~ T 0!
where:
∆M = total mass loss per 100 g of cement,
m(T0) = mass of original specimen after completion of
purge time, and
m(1000) = mass of specimen at 1000°C.
13. Report
13.1 The report shall include the following:
13.1.1 Description of the specimen, including the name of
the manufacturer and information on lot number and bulk
oxide or mineralogical phase composition, when known.
13.1.2 Description of storage time and conditions, and of
any sample pretreatment prior to analysis.
13.1.3 Description of the thermogravimetric analysis
apparatus, including, where appropriate, the make and model
of commercial equipment used.
13.1.4 Temperature range over which the various compo-
nents are measured and the respective heating rates.
13.1.5 Method of assigning mass loss to different
components, if different from that described in this test method
(for example, automated software tangent constructions, inte-
gration of differential curves).
13.1.6 Purge gas identification, flow rate, and composition.
13.1.7 Pre-analysis purge time.
13.1.8 Number of determinations.
13.1.9 The original specimen mass, in milligrams, after any
preconditioning or equilibration within the instrument.
13.1.10 The calculated mass percent, on an initial sample
mass basis, of each component analyzed.
13.1.11 Original or photocopy of the thermal curve(s).
13.1.12 The specific dated version of this test method used.
14. Precision and Bias2
14.1 Precision—The precision statement was determined by
statistical examination of 282 test results from ten laboratories,
designated as ASTM Interlaboratory Study 1236.
2
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C01-1015. Contact ASTM Customer
Service at service@astm.org.
TABLE 3 Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate (% of Original Mass)
Repeatability
Powder Average Standard
Deviation
x̄ sr
Sample C 2.51 0.21
Sample K 2.37 0.40
Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
C1872 − 18´2
14.1.1 Two cement powders were tested to determine the
precision and bias of the test method for measuring the
abundance of solid minerals in hydraulic cement powders:
• Sample C: A portland cement powder provided by a cement producer as
part of that producerâs typical clinkering and grinding operations. The
powder was homogenized and distributed to the laboratories participating in
the interlaboratory study.
• Sample K: A laboratory-synthesized cement. The powder comprised NIST
SRM 2686a standard reference portland clinker powder (90.0 % by mass),
reagent-grade gypsum powder (3.0 % by mass), reagent-grade calcium car-
(3)
bonate powder (5.0 % by mass), and reagent-grade syngenite powder (3.0
% by mass). The powder was homogenized and distributed to the laborato-
ries participating in the interlaboratory study.
14.1.2 The precision of this test method is based on an
interlaboratory study conducted in 2016. As many as ten
laboratories tested two different cement samples, a total of
three times, for each of six properties. Every “test result”
represents an individual determination. Practice E691 was
followed for the design and analysis of the data; the details are
catalogued as ASTM Interlaboratory Study 1236.
14.1.3 Repeatability (r)—The difference among repetitive
results obtained by the same operator in the same laboratory
applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
constant operating conditions on a replicate test specimen
within short intervals of time would in the long run, in the
normal and correct operation of the test method, exceed the
following values only in one case in 20.
14.1.3.1 Repeatability can be interpreted as maximum dif-
ference between two results, obtained under repeatability
conditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes
under normal and correct operation of the test method.
14.1.3.2 Repeatability limits are listed in Tables 3-7 below.
14.1.4 Reproducibility (R)—The difference between two
single and independent results obtained by different operators
applying the same test method in different laboratories using
different apparatus on the same test specimen would, in the
long run, in the normal and correct operation of the test
method, exceed the following values only in one case in 20.
14.1.4.1 Reproducibility can be interpreted as maximum
difference between two results, obtained under reproducibility
conditions, that is accepted as plausible due to random causes
under normal and correct operation of the test method.
14.1.4.2 Reproducibility limits are listed in Tables 3-7
below.
14.1.5 The above terms (repeatability and reproducibility
limits) are used as specified in Practice C670.
14.1.6 Any judgment in accordance with statements 14.1.1
and 14.1.2 would have an approximate 95 % probability of
being correct.
14.1.7 Precision of Measurements of Mass Loss up to 950ºC
Reproducability
Repeatability Reproducibility
Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation
sR r R
4.17 0.58 11.69
3.86 1.11 10.81
5
 C1872 − 18´2
TABLE 4 Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (% of Original Mass)
Repeatability Reproducability
Repeatability Reproducibility
Powder Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
x̄ sr sR r R
Sample C 3.83 0.10 0.86 0.28 2.41
Sample K 3.13 0.08 0.55 0.24 1.53

TABLE 5 Calcium Hydroxide (% of Original Mass)

Repeatability Reproducability
Repeatability Reproducibility
Powder Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
x̄ sr sR r R
Sample C 0.43 0.05 0.20 0.15 0.55
Sample K 0.57 0.20 0.38 0.55 1.06

TABLE 6 Calcium Carbonate (% of Original Mass)

Repeatability Reproducability
Repeatability Reproducibility
Powder Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
x̄ sr sR r R
Sample C 9.01 0.63 0.63 1.77 1.77
Sample K 5.32 0.84 0.93 2.35 2.60

TABLE 7 Syngenite (% of Original Mass)

Repeatability Reproducability
Repeatability Reproducibility
Powder Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
x̄ sr sR r R
Sample C 1.18 0.17 0.81 0.49 2.26
Sample K 2.47 0.35 1.01 0.98 2.84

TABLE 8 Mass Loss up to 950ºC (% of original mass)

Repeatability Reproducability
Repeatability Reproducibility
Powder Average Standard Standard
Limit Limit
Deviation Deviation
x̄ sr sR r R
Sample C 5.17 0.29 0.33 0.81 0.93
Sample K 3.42 0.42 0.46 1.18 1.28

TABLE 9 Mass Loss of Samples A and B (% of original mass)

Method Sample A Average Sample A Repeatability Limit Sample B Average Sample B Repeatability Limit
x̄ r x̄ r
This Test Method 2.00 0.27 2.52 0.28
Test Method C114 1.97 0.10 2.48 0.10

14.1.7.1 Test Method C114 describes the test method for
measuring loss on ignition (LOI) of cement that uses macro-
scopic quantities of powder, on the order of grams. This test
method can be used to measure the total mass loss upon
ignition using powder masses on the order of tens of milli-
grams.
14.1.7.2 Eleven laboratories participated in an interlabora-
tory study comparing the LOI measured by Test Method C114
to the mass loss upon heating to 950ºC measured by this test
method for each of two materials. The materials were:
• Sample A: A portland cement powder prepared as Proficiency Sample 201
by the Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL).
• Sample B: A portland cement powder prepared as Proficiency Sample 202
by the Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL).
14.1.7.3 Repeatability limits using both methods are given
in Table 9, based on the results of ASTM Interlaboratory Study
1236. The repeatability limit for the method described in Test
Method C114 is the value reported in Table 1 of that test
method.
14.2 Bias—The material compounded and homogenized by
laboratory methods, described in Section 14.1.1, was used as a
reference material to determine the bias of the method for
measuring the abundance of calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium
sulfate hemihydrate, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate,
and syngenite. The determination was made based on statistical
analysis of the results of ASTM Interlaboratory Study 1236
described in 14.1.2.

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
6
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 C1872 − 18´2
TABLE 10 Bias Analysis Using Sample K (% of Original Mass)
Difference Between
Number of Measured & True 95 % confidence
Component Measurements Critical Values Standard Deviation t Statistic interval on bias
x̄2x true
A
N |t| x̄ – xtrue s s⁄ œN

Bassanite 15 2.15 1.43 2.70 2.05 no bias

Gypsum 15 2.15 0.34 0.54 2.40 [0.04, 0.63]
Ca(OH)2 27 2.06 0.54 0.37 7.65 [0.40, 0.69]
CaCO3 27 2.06 0.14 0.25 2.87 [0.04, 0.24]
Syngenite 27 2.06 -0.60 0.96 -3.24 [-0.97, -0.22]
A
Magnitude of the critical values of the t statistic is based on the number of measurements made.

14.2.1 The analysis proceeded as prescribed in Practice
C670.
14.2.2 The bias analyses for calcium sulfate hemihydrate,
calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium hydroxide, calcium
carbonate, and syngenite are summarized in Table 10.
NOTE 3—The information in Table 10 is not intended to be used as a
correction for laboratory measurements. For a given mineral, some
laboratories consistently reported measurements greater than the true
value and others consistently reported measurements lower than the true
value. Therefore, the 95 % confidence intervals reported in Table 10 are
not uniformly applicable to every laboratory.
15. Keywords
15.1 composition; hydraulic cement; thermogravimetry

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. PREHYDRATION OR AGING

X1.1 The partial hydration or carbonation of cement due to
prolonged storage or handling can have detrimental effects on
the reactivity of the powder and on the development of
properties such as early-age strength (see Theisen, K. and
Johansen, V. “Prehydration and Strength Development of
Portland Cement,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 54 (1975) 787–790).
This section provides a means of using thermogravimetry to
quantify the degree of aging of a cement powder relative to a
reference state such as the as-received condition of the powder.
X1.2 Prehydration or aging of a hydraulic cement can be
estimated by comparing the TG curve of stored cement to the
TG curve of the as-received cement (see Stoian, J. et al., “New
Insights into the Prehydration of Cement and Its Mitigation,”
Cem. Concr. Res. 70 (2015) 94–103).
X1.3 Generic aging of cement, due to the combined effects
of surface hydration or carbonation, can be quantified by an
aging index calculated by the following equation:
P~t! 2 P~0!
I~t! 5 (X1.1)
P~0!
where:
I(t) = aging index of the cement stored for time t,
P(t) = percent mass loss between 105 and 1000°C of the
cement stored for time t, and
P(0) = percent mass loss between 105 and 1000°C of as-
received cement.
X1.4 The contribution of carbonation to aging can be
approximately separated from other types of aging by compar-
ing the mass percentage of CaCO3 in the stored cement to that
in the as-received cement, using the methods in 12.2.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222
Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http://www.copyright.com/

Copyright by ASTM Int'l (all rights reserved); Mon Oct 28 05:15:50 EDT 2019
7
Downloaded/printed by
University of Michigan (University of Michigan) pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.