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EM MOD1-Ktunotes - in
EM MOD1-Ktunotes - in
KERALA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY
Prepared By
JINSHAD U
Assistant Professor
Al Ameen Engineering College
Sem.
Page
Module Contents Hrs Exam
No
Marks
Statics: Fundamental concepts and laws of mechanics - Rigid body -
2
Principle of transmissibility of forces
Coplanar force systems - Moment of a force - Principle of moments 2 3
I 15%
Resultant of force and couple system 4
Equilibrium of rigid body - Free body diagram - Conditions of
3
equilibrium in two dimensions - Two force and three force members.
Types of supports - Problems involving point loads and uniformly
5
distributed loads only.
II 15% 35
Force systems in space - Degrees of freedom - Free body diagram -
4
Equations of equilibrium - Simple resultant and Equilibrium problems.
Properties of planar surfaces - Centroid and second moment of area
(Derivations not required) - Parallel and perpendicular axis theorem - 3
Centroid and Moment of Inertia of composite area.
III
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Polar Moment of Inertia - Radius of gyration - Mass moment of inertia
2
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NOT
of cylinder and thin disc (No derivations required).
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Product of inertia — Principal Moment of Inertia (conceptual level). 3
Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus. 1
Friction - Characteristics of dry friction - Problems involving friction of
6
ladder, wedges and connected bodies.
IV 15% 51
Definition of work and virtual work - Principle of virtual work for a
4
system of connection bodies - Problems on determinate beams only.
Dynamics: Rectangular and Cylindrical co-ordinate system 1
Combined motion of rotation and translation - Concept of
instantaneous centre - Motion of connecting rod of piston and crank 4
V 20% 79
of a reciprocating pump.
Rectilinear translation - Newton’s second law - D’Alembert’s Principle -
4
Application to connected bodies (Problems on motion of lift only).
Mechanical vibrations - Free and forced vibration - Degree of freedom. 1
VI Simple harmonic motion - Spring-mass model - Period - Stiffness - 20% 92
7
Frequency - Simple numerical problems of single degree of freedom.
1. This Teaching Guide is prepared based on the course BE 100 ENGINEERING MECHANICS syllabus
laid down by APJ Kerala Technological University and released in 2016.
2. This draft version of the Teaching Guide prepared based on the above syllabus is not meant for
the study of Engineering Mechanics in general.
3. The Guide can be referred by both teachers and students for browsing the topics in general.
However, in no way, can it replace a standard textbook or reference of study.
4. This course kit is intended for private circulation only and is not meant for publication by any
means. The material contains information, formulae, diagrams, pictures, questions, etc from
various textbooks, references and online resources. The author does not claim any right to the
contents of the course kit.
5. The contents and questions in the textbook have been set to help students understand core
concepts in a simple lucid manner.
6. The entire course is divided into modules which have been further sub-divided into chapters
based on the topics of study. The modules have been presented in an order based on an easy
. I N
method of teaching. Modules and Chapter have been given appropriate names for references.
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NOT
7. The contents within boxes are meant for extra information and understanding. The matter
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within the boxes may also include topics that I felt need to be discussed for better
understanding.
8. The questions have been set on increasing standard meant for better understanding of
concepts. The answer kit for the questions in this course kit is in the process of completion.
9. Since there are infinite number of practical problems associated with mechanics, students are
advised grasp the concept rather than blindly know how to solve a particular type of problem.
10. A list of the University question papers has been attached at the end to help students
understand the Question Pattern.
11. I am highly indebted to my colleagues, students and critiques for motivating me to continue
updating this material for the betterment of this study of Mechanics
12. Finally, I advise students to critically analyse the concepts of each topic and question them if it
does not ring your bells since there lays the true process of learning.
JINSHAD U
A. MECHANICS
Mechanics can be defined as the branch of physics concerned with the state of rest or motion of
bodies that subjected to the action of forces.
Archimedes (287–212 BC), Galileo (1564–1642), Sir Issac Newton (1642–1727) and Einstein (1878–1955) have
contributed a lot to the development of mechanics. Contributions by Varignon, Euler, D. Alembert are also
substantial. The mechanics developed by these researchers may be grouped as
(i) Classical mechanics/Newtonian mechanics
(ii) Relativistic mechanics
(iii) Quantum mechanics/Wave mechanics.
Sir Issac Newton, the principal architect of mechanics, consolidated the philosophy and experimental findings
developed around the state of rest and state of motion of the bodies and put forth them in the form of three
laws of motion as well as the law of gravitation. The mechanics based on these laws is called Classical mechanics
or Newtonian Mechanics.
. I N
Albert Einstein proved that Newtonian mechanics fails to explain the behaviour of high speed (speed of light)
E S
NOT
bodies. He put forth the theory of Relativistic Mechanics.
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Schrödinger (1887–1961) and Broglie (1892–1965) showed that Newtonian mechanics fails to explain the
behaviour of particles when atomic distances are concerned. They put forth the theory of Quantum Mechanics.
Note :Physical bodies deform slightly under the action of loads. If the deformation is negligible compared to its
size, the body is termed as rigid. In Rigid Body mechanics, we assume bodies to be rigid bodies.
Force is a vector quantity and its unit is Newton (N) in S.I. systems and dyne in C.G.S. system.
Types Of Quantities
1. Scalar : Scalar quantities are those with which only a magnitude is associated. Examples of scalar
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Graphically a force may be represented by the segment of a straight line.
E
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C. LAWS OF MECHANICS
The following are the fundamental laws of mechanics:
1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
2. Newton’s Law of Gravitation
3. Law of transmissibility of forces
4. Parallelogram law of forces
Newton's second law of motion explains how an object will change velocity if acted by a
force. For a body with constant mass, the second law can also be stated in terms of an
object's acceleration. The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of
forces acting on it and occurs along a straight line in which the force acts.
E S . I N
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Law 3 :To every action there is always an equal reaction: or the mutual interactions of two bodies are
always equal but directed in opposite direction
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Polygon Law of Forces
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If a number of concurrent forces acting on a rigid body are represented in magnitude and direction
by the sides of a polygon, taken in order, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and
direction by the closing side of polygon taken in reverse order.
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NOT
Note :In engineering mechanics we deal with only rigid bodies. If deformation of the body is to be considered in
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a problem, the law of transmissibility of forces will not hold good.
Analytical Proof
Direction of R :
Tanα = CD/OD =Q sin a/ P+Q cos θ
Note : Parallelogram Law is valid for all vectors and hence forces also
D. FORCE SYSTEMS
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force system.
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When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a body or particle, it is called
collinear forces.
Practical Example : Rope being pulled by 2 persons
b. Non-Coplanar Force System: When the system of forces are not in the same plane, it is
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called non-coplanar system of forces.
E
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Concurrent Non-Concurrent
10
E S . I N
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4. Parallel Force Systems: Forces whose line of action are parallel to each other are called parallel
force system. They are of 2 types
11
E S . I N
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Practical Example : Force applied on steering wheel or raft concrete foundation
12
PROBLEMS
1. Find the magnitude of the two forces, such that if they act at right angles, their resultant is √10 N.
But if they Act at 60°, their resultant is √13 N.
2. The greatest and least resultants of two forces F1 and F2 are 17 N and 3 N respectively.
Determine the angles between them when their resultant is √149 N
3. A screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and F2 as shown in figure. Determine the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force by parallelogram method
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4. The two structural members, one of which is in tension and the other in compression, exert the
indicated forces on joint O. Determine the magnitude of the resultant R of the two forces and the
angle which R makes with the positive x-axis.
13
E S . N
2. Add the components of forces along the x and y axes with proper sense of direction.
I
3. Find the resultant and inclination of the forces
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14
PROBLEMS
1. Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the resultant of the force on the bolt.
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2. If the magnitude of the resultant force is to be 9 kN directed along the positive x axis, determine
the magnitude of force T acting on the eyebolt and its angle.
3. Determine the resultant of the 3 forces acting on the bracket and its direction.
15
E S . I N
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5. If Φ = 30 and the resultant force acting on the gusset plate is directed along the positive x axis,
determine the magnitudes of F2 and the resultant force.
16
2. Determine the resultant of the forces acting on the ring shown in figure.
E S . I N
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3. Find the resultant of the three concurrent forces as shown on figure.
4. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the following forces.
i. 20 N inclined at 30° towards North of East.
ii. 25 N towards North.
iii. 30 N towards North West and
iv. 35 N inclined at 40° towards South of West.
17
Scalar Formulation
Moment is a vector quantity whose direction is perpendicular to the plane of the body. The right-hand
rule is used to establish the sense of direction of moment. Throughout the text, clockwise moments
are taken as positive while anti-clockwise as negative.
Eg: Force applied perpendicular to the handle of wrench to rotate a pipe
E S . I N
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18
E S . I N
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3. Determine the moment of the force in figure about point O
19
Couple
The moment produced by two equal, opposite, and non-collinear forces is called a couple. The
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perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the two and opposite parallel forces is known as
E
arm of the couple.
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A couple can be represented by a vector with magnitude and direction equal to the moment of the
couple.
20
NOT
To tight the nut by spanner To rotate the key in lock
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To open or close the door To open or close the wheel valve of water line
To rotate the steering wheel of car.
21
PROBLEMS
1. Determine and locate the resultant R of the forces acting on the beam.
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2. Determine and locate the resultant R of the two forces and one couple acting on the beam.
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3. Forces act on the sides of a regular hexagon of side 2 m as shown in figure. Determine the
resultant and its position from the centre of the hexagon
22
5. A dam is subjected to three forces as shown in figure. Determine the single equivalent force and
locate its point of intersection with the base AC, assuming all forces lie in the same plane.
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NOT
6. Determine the resultant of the forces and couple which act on the plate shown. Also find the x
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and y intercepts about point O.
1. Four parallel forces of magnitudes 100 N, 200 N, 50 N and 400 N are shown in Figure. Determine
the magnitude of the resultant and also the distance of the resultant from the A.
23
E S . I N
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4. Four forces act on a rectangle as shown in figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force. Also find the intersection of line of action of the resultant with x and y axes
assuming D as origin
5. Determine the resultant of a force system acting tangential to the circle of radius 1 m, as shown
in figure. Also find its direction and line of action.
24
E S . I N
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PROBLEMS
1. Replace the force system acting on the beam by an equivalent force and couple at point B.
25
3. Replace the force system by a resultant force and couple moment at point O.
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4. Two coplanar forces P and Q are shown in figure. Assume all squares of the same size.
i) If P = 4 kN, find the magnitude and direction of Q if their resultant passes through E
ii) If Q = 110 kN, find the magnitude and direction of P if their resultant passes through F
26
E S . I N
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3. Figure shows two vertical forces and couple of moment acting on a horizontal rod fixed end.
i) Determine the resultant of the system
ii) Determine an equivalent system through the fixed support
27
Types of Forces
Forces that act on a body can be divided into two general categories—
Applied forces (action)
Reactive forces (or, simply reactions)
Reaction
Reaction is the opposing force that a support offers whenever it is acted upon by external or inherent
forces.
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Weight suspended from a string Body resting in groove
PROBLEMS
1. Draw FBD of the following crate at point As
28
S . I N
A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of all external and reactive forces and
E
NOT
moments acting on it is zero.
Proof
By applying polygon law of forces, draw triangle OAB representing the system of forces shown with
external angles as indicated
29
E S . I N
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30
PROBLEMS
1. Three cables are joined at the junction ring C. Determine the tensions in cables AC and BC caused
by the weight of the 30-kg cylinder.
E S . I N
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2. Determine the tension in the cables AB, BC and CD necessary to support the 10-kg and 15-kg
traffic lights at B and C, respectively. Also, find the angle θ.
3. Two smooth pipes, each having a mass of 300 kg, are supported by the forked tines of the
tractor. Find the reactions at the points of contact.
31
E S . I N
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5. Find the reactions at the points of contact if the weights of he balls A,B and C are 100 kN, 80 kN
and 120 kN respectively
6. A wheel wheghing 1000 N rest on a block on an inclined plane 300. The height of the block is 10
cm and the diameter of the ball is 60 cm. Find the force that will move the with minimum itensity
32
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2. Two vertical masts AB and CD are guyed by the wires BF and DG, in the same vertical plane and
connected by a cable BD of length l = 20 m, from the middle point E of which is suspended a load
Q of 100 N as shown in figure. Find the tensile force S in each of the two guy wires BF and DG if
the sag d = 1 m.
3. A smooth circular cylinder of radius 1.5 meter is lying in a triangular groove, one side of which
makes 15° angle and the other 40° angle with the horizontal. Find the reactions at the surfaces of
contact, if there is no friction and the cylinder weights 100 N.
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5. Three cylinders weighting 100 N each and of 80 mm diameter are placed in a channel of 180 mm
width as shown in figure. Determine the reactions at points of contact
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6. A rope of 9 m long is connected at points A and B, two points in the same level, 8 m apart. A load
of 300 N is suspended from a point C on the rope, 3 m from A. What load connected to a point D,
on the rope, 2 m from B is necessary to keep portion CD parallel to AB
34