MODULE 3 – PROPERTIES OF AREAS

CHAPTER 8 – CENTROID
Centroid
The point at which the total area of a plane figure or lamina is assumed to be concentrated is called
centroid
Centroid of a Line

Centroid of an Area

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Characteristics of Centroid
 The centroid represents the geometric center of a body
 The centroid may be located at a point that does not lie on the line/area.
 The coordinates of centroid is calculated with reference to the chosen axis
 An area can have only one centroid for all positions of the figure.
 In case of symmetric figures, centroid is located along the axes of symmetry

Centroid Of Regular Figures

Shape Area xc yc
Rectangle

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 Triangle

Semi-Circle

Quarter Circle

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Centre of Gravity
Centre of gravity is the point about which the resultant of the whole weight of the body may be
considered to act. It is denoted by G

A. CENTROID OF COMPOSITE FIGURES

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Note : If the area has a hole or cut out portion, the first moment of inertia and area must be subtracted
to yield the centroid

PROBLEMS

1. Find the centroid of an unequal angle section 100 mm × 80 mm × 20 mm.

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2. Locate the centroid of the following areas

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3. An I-section has the following dimensions in mm units :Bottom flange = 300 × 100, Top flange =
150 × 50, Web = 300 × 50. Determine mathematically the position of centre of gravity of the
section.
4. Find centre of gravity of the following lamina.

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5. Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the given shaded area

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1. Find centroid of the shaded area.
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Problems for Practice

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B. PAPPUS GULDINUS THEOREMS
Pappus Guldinus Theorems are two theorems describing a simple way to calculate volumes (solids) and
surface areas (shells) of revolution.
First Theorem
The surface area A of a surface of revolution generated by rotating a plane curve about an axis
external to it and on the same plane is equal to the product of the arc length of the curve and the
distance y traveled by its geometric centroid.

Examples

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Second Theorem
The second theorem states that the volume V of a solid of revolution generated by rotating a plane
area about an external axis is equal to the product of the area A and the distance y traveled by its
geometric centroid.

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Examples

PROBLEMS

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1. Calculate the shaded area obtained by revolving the line ABC about the i) X axis and ii) Y axis

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2. Obtain the expression for the area of a surface generated by rotation of a semicircular arc of
radius r about an axis passing through its end points.

3. Obtain the expression for the volume of a body generated by revolution of a triangle when its
base h is in touch with the axis of rotation and the length of the other side is r.

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 CHAPTER 9 – MOMENT OF INERTIA

Moment of Inertia
The Second moment of area, also known as moment of inertia of plane area is a geometrical
property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis.
Moment of Inertia is given as the sum of the products of each area in the lamina with the square of its
distance from the axis of rotation.

It is denoted with I for an axis that lies in the plane or with a J for an axis perpendicular to the plane
(referred as polar moment of inertia).

Characteristics of Moment of Inertia

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 MI is determined with reference to an axis and changes with change in axis position or

 Moment of Inertia about any axis is always a positive quantity

 MI is minimum when the axis of rotation passes through the centroid
 The SI units for area moments of inertia are expressed as m4or mm4.

Parallel Axis Theorem

Parallel Axis Theorem states that the moment of inertia of a plane lamina about any axis is equal to
the sum of moment of inertia about a parallel axis passing through the centroid and the product of
area and square of the distance between the two parallel axes.

Proof
In Figure, the x0-y0 axes pass through the centroid C of the area. If I’x and I’y are the moments of inertia
of the area about the centroidal axes x0-y0 and Ix and Iy the moments of inertia of the area about the
parallel axes x-y.

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By definition, the moment of inertia of the element dA about the x-axis is given by

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Similarly

Perpendicular Axis Theorem

Perpendicular Axis Theorem states that the moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis
perpendicular to the lamina and passing through the centroid is equal to the sum of moment of
inertias of the lamina about two mutually perpendicular axes in the same plane and passing through
the centroid.
OR
Perpendicular Axis Theorem states that the polar moment of inertia is equal to the sum of moment of
inertias of the two centroidal axis in the plane of the lamina

Proof
In Figure, the x0-y0 axes pass through the centroid C of the area. If I’x and I’y are the moments of inertia
of the area about the centroidal axes
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Moment Of Inertia Of Regular Sections
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Shape

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Rectangle NOT Ix Iy

Triangle

Circle

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 Semi-Circle

Quarter Circle

A. MOMENT OF INERTIA OF COMPOSITE SECTIONS

Procedure
1. Divide the given area into its simpler shaped parts.
2. Locate the centroid of each part and indicate the perpendicular distance from each centroid to the
desired reference axis.
3. Determine the MI of each “simpler” shaped part about the desired reference axis using the parallel-axis
theorem

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4. The MI of the entire area about the reference axis is determined by performing an algebraic summation

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of the individual MIs obtained

KTU PROBLEMS
1. Determine moment of inertia about the x and y axis.

2. Find the moment of inertia of a T-section with flange as 150 mm × 50 mm and web as 150 mm ×
50 mm about X-X and Y-Y axes through the centre of gravity of the section. Find the moment of
inertia of the section about the centroidal axis

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3. Determine the moments of inertia of the cast-iron beam section about horizontal and vertical
axes passing through the centroid of the section.

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4. Find moments of inertia about the centroidal axes of the section shown in figure

5. A compound beam is made by welding two steel plates 160 mm × 12 mm one on each flange of
an ISLB 300 section. Find the moment of inertia the beam section about an axis passing through
its centre of gravity and parallel to X-X axis. Take moment of inertia of the ISLB 300 section about
X-X axis as 73.329 × 106 mm4.

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6. Find the value of x so that the centre of gravity of the uniform lamina shown in figure remains at
the centre of the rectangle ABCD

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Problems for Practice
1. Find the MI of the lamina with a circular hole of 30 mm diameter about the axis AB

2. A rectangular hole is made in a triangular section as shown in figure. Determine the moment of
inertia of the section abut X-X axis passing through the centre of gravity of the section and
parallel to BC. Also find moment of inertia through BC

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3. Find moment of inertia with respect to centroidal axes

Polar Moment of Inertia

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The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an axis perpendicular to the lamina and passing

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through the centroid is called polar moment of inertia

Radius of Gyration
The radius of gyration of an area about an axis is the distance to a long narrow strip whose area is
equal to the area of the lamina and whose moment of inertia remain the same as that of the original
area
Consider a lamina of area A whose moment of Inertia is Ix, Iy and Iz with respect to x, y and z axis.
Imagine the area is concentrated into a thin strip parallel to the axis and has the same moment of
inertia as that of the lamina

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Product of Inertia
The product of inertia is the sum of the product of each differential area and its moment arms about
the two perpendicular reference axis.

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Characteristics of Product of Inertia
 The SI units for product of inertia are expressed as m4or mm4.
 Product of inertia may be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the location and orientation of
the coordinate axes.
 Product of inertia for an area will be zero if either x or y axis is an axis of symmetry for the area.

Rotation of Moments of Inertia

The moment of inertia and product of inertia of a lamina with respect to an inclined axis u and v
rotated an angle θ with respect to the reference axis x- y is given by

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Principal Axes and Principal moments of Inertia
The inclined set of axis u-v about which the product of inertia Ixy is zero is called the Principal Axes.
The angle made by the principal axes with respect to the reference axes is called principal angle θp.
The moments of inertia about the principal axes are called Principal Moment of Inertia and yield the
maximum and minimum values of moment of inertia of the lamina.

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PROBLEMS
1. Determine the moments of inertia and the radius of gyration of the shaded area with respect to
the x and y axes.

2. For the given section, find

i. Polar Moment of Inertia about the centroidal Z-Z Axis

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 ii. Radius of gyration about x, y and z axes
iii. Principle moments of Inertia

Mass moment of Inertia

Mass moment of inertia or rotational inertia of a body is a measure of the body’s resistance to
angular acceleration. Mass Moment of Inertia is the sum of the products of the mass of each particle
in the body with the square of its distance from the axis of rotation.
The mass moment of inertia about the axis O-O is given as

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Mass Moment of Inertia of Circular Thin Disc

Mass Moment of Inertia of Cylinder

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