PROJECT REPORT ON

THE COMMON ACUTE AND CHRONIC INJURIES IN

WRESTLING

BY

SHUBHAM MAROTHI
WREST-678

Submitted to

THE DEPARTMENT OF WRESTLING

A MANDATORY PART OF
DIPLOMA IN SPORTS COACHING

SPORTS AUTHORITY OF INDIA

NETAJI SUBHAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPORTS
PATIALA

Session: 2021-2022

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled THE COMMON ACUTE AND CHRONIC

INJURIES IN WRESTLING submitted to NETAJI SUBHAS NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

SPORTS PATIALA is a bonafide record of work done by SHUBHAM MAROTHI under
our supervision.

Dr. OM PARKASH
HAED COACOF
WRESTLING DEPARTMENT

Mr. ABHAY NARAYAN Mr. RAM PAWAR

COACH OF WRESTLING COACH OF WRESTLING
DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT

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 DECLARATION
This is to certify that this report has been written by me. No part of the report is
plagiarized from other sources. All information included from other sources
have been duly acknowledged. I aver that if any part of the report is found to be
plagiarized, I shall take full responsibility for it.

SHUBHAM MAROTHI
WREST-678-2K21

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Wish to express my sincere thanks to Col. Raj Singh Bishnoi senior executive director,
Kamal ali khan in-charge academics, sports Authority of India, NSNIS, Patiala for granting
permission to work on this study. I take this opportunity to express my thanks and gratitude
to Dr. OM Parkash, Head of the Department of Wrestling, SAI NSNIS, Patiala for his
guidance and keep personal interest in making the blue print for this project work in spite of
his busy schedule, he spared his Valuable time and gave complete guideline, encouragement
and great enthusiasm for successful accomplishment of this project report work in scheduled
time. My sincere and especial thanks to Abhay Narayan Senior Coach of Wrestling
Department, SAI NSNIS, Patiala, for their cooperation and guidance for completing this
project of mine. My sincere thanks to R.C. Pawar Senior Coach of Wrestling Department,
SAI NSNIS Patiala, for their cooperation and guidance for this project of mine. I am also
thankful to my family members and my friends. I am beholden to my parents especially my
father, mother and for their encouragement, blessings and timely advice which enabled me to
complete my work. I will be failure my duty if I do not extend my heartiest thanks to my
batchmates who always encouraged me and gave me moral support whenever it was needed.

SHUBHAM MAROTHI
WREST-678-2K21

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION 1-2
Ⅰ  SPORTS INJURIES
 INJURIES IN WRESTLING
MAIN PART 3-23
Ⅱ  ACUTE INJURIES
LACERATION
MAT BURN
NOSE BLEEDING
SPRAIN
STRAIN
DISLOCATION
FRACTURE
CONTUSION
HEMATOMA AURIS
 CHRONIC INJURIES
BURSITIS
TENDONITIS
STRESS FRACTURE

Ⅲ SUMMARY 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY 25

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 Ⅰ
INTRODUCTION

SPORTS INJURIES
Sports injuries are injuries that occur in athletic activities or exercising. They can result
million teenagers and children alone that participate in some form of organized sport. About
3 million avid sports competitors 14 years of age and under experience sports injuries
annually, which causes some loss of time of participation in the sport. In the process to
determine what exactly happened in the body and the standing effects most medical
professionals choose a method of technological medical devices to acquire a credible solution
to the site of injury. Prevention helps reduce potential sport injuries. It is important to
establish participation in warm-ups, stretching, and exercises that focus on main muscle
groups commonly used in the sport of interest. Also, creating an injury prevention program as
a team, which includes education on rehydration, nutrition, monitoring team members “at
risk”, monitoring behaviour, skills, and techniques. Season analysis reviews and preseason
screenings are also beneficial reviews for preventing player sport injuries. Adults are less
likely to suffer sports injuries than children, whose vulnerability is heightened by immature
reflexes, an inability to recognize and evaluate risks, and underdeveloped coordination. Injury
rates are highest for athletes who participate in contact sports, but the most serious injuries
are associated with individual activities. Between one half and two-thirds of childhood sports
injuries occur during practice, or in the course of unorganized athletic activity. Baseball and
softball are the leading causes of sports-related facial trauma in the United States, with 68%
of these injuries caused by contact with the ball rather than player-player collision or being
hit by a swung bat from accidents, poor training technique in practice, inadequate equipment,
and overuse of a particular body part.

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INJURIES IN WRESTLING
Wrestling has been practiced since ancient times, and it is a popular sport in India.
Conventionally, it is practiced in ashrams or akhadas on a field of dug earth and has been
called “Mall yudh” or “Pehlwani.” More modern practices are being followed in recent times.
The world over, records of ancient Olympic wrestling can be found as far back as 708 B.C. It
is a contact sport and its arduous nature, and compulsory physical contact leads to high injury
rate. Wrestling is second only to tackle football for the frequency of injury in high school
athletes. This is in spite of having the sixth-highest average annual participation of boys in
high school sports.

This sport involves all parts of the body in voluntary and involuntary movements. Various
biomechanical forces are imposed on both athletes due to the very nature of this game,
leading to injury to different parts of the body. The frequency and severity of these injuries
depend on several factors and are the result of their interaction at a point in time. These
factors are the type of exposure (competition vs. practice), style of wrestling, gender, age, etc.
Hence, to record reliable epidemiological data, it is essential to determine these accurately.
This is the first step towards building effective injury prevention program.

Two styles; freestyle (FS) and Greco-Roman (GR) are practiced the world over in the present
time. The difference lies in the type of moves allowed. Holds and attacks are allowed to both
the upper and the lower extremity in FS wrestling, whereas the lower extremity attacks are
not allowed in GR type. These are associated with a different pattern of injuries as a result. In
India, FS is the more popular style. In the study that we present, all wrestlers started their
careers practicing this style and shifted to GR style on sustaining injuries to the lower limb.

The popularity of this sport in India is evident from the number of medals won in Olympic
and World championships by Indian wrestlers. In spite of this, Indian wrestling has received
little attention in the world literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of
injuries experienced by the Indian wrestlers.

Wrestling is an extremely physically demanding sport requiring endurance, speed and

strength – no matter the age of the athlete. Athletes often wrestle in multiple matches through
an entire tournament, sometimes with back-to-back matches and days, which greatly fatigues
the body and increases the risk of injury. 

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Ⅱ MAIN PART
CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES

Sports injuries are divided into two broad categories, acute and chronic injuries. Acute
injuries happen suddenly, such as when a person falls, receives a blow, or twists a joint, while
chronic injuries usually result from overuse of one area of the body and develop gradually
over time. Examples of acute injuries are sprains and dislocations, while some common
chronic injuries are shin splints and stress fractures.

LACERATION,
MAT BURN
CONTUSION
SPRAIN
ACUTE INJURIES STRAIN
DISLOCATION
FRACTURE
NOSE BLEEDING
HEMATOMA AURIS

BURSITIS
CHRONIC INJURIES TENDONITIS
STRESS FRACTURE

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ACUTE INJURIES
An acute injury is a sudden and often overwhelming injury that results from some kind of
physical activity. Typically, acute injuries are caused by a sudden movement or impact
during either exercise or a sport. Following the injury, the body will experience a change.
This change could cause instability, or prevent another part of the body from functioning
properly. Generally, acute injuries are isolated, and do not affect more than one part of the
body. People often experience acute injuries from tripping, slipping, or falling during a sport.
While these injuries can be quite painful, a Long Island physical therapy office can aid in the
recovery process.

LACERATION

Laceration, tearing of the skin that results in an irregular wound. Lacerations may be caused

by injury with a sharp object or by impact injury from a blunt object or force. They may
occur anywhere on the body. In most cases, tissue injury is minimal, and infections are
uncommon. However, severe lacerations may extend through the full thickness of the skin
and into subcutaneous tissues, including underlying muscle, internal organs, or bone. Severe
lacerations often are accompanied by significant bleeding and pain.

TREATMENT:

Appropriate treatment of lacerations is important to decrease the risk of excessive scar

formation. The first step in the management of lacerations is haemostasis, or the termination
of bleeding. Direct continuous manual pressure to the area of injury with sterile gauze is
helpful for achieving haemostasis. Once bleeding has stopped, the wound may be explored to

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determine the severity and extent of involvement of bone, muscle, tendons, nerves, or blood
vessels. Exploration may reveal the presence of foreign debris, such as concrete or sand,
within the wound.

To treat the laceration before you see the doctor:

Apply direct pressure to the wound. Use gauze, a clean cloth, plastic bags, or, as a last
resort, a clean hand. If your wound bleeds through the gauze or cloth, do not remove
it. Add more gauze.

If possible, elevate the wound above the heart. This will make it harder for blood to
flow to the wound. 

Do not tie a tourniquet around an affected limb. This may cause more damage.

If bleeding stops, let some water run over the wound. Tap water is safe to use.

If muscle, tendon, bone, or organs are exposed, do not try to push them back into
place.

If you are feeling faint, lie down or sit with your head between your knees.

MAT BURN
A mat burn is a form of an abrasion involving the scrapping off of the outer layer of skin. Mat
burn can be caused by skin rubbing on surfaces such as wrestling mats, studio floors of
martial arts schools, basketball courts, football equipment and pads, and weight machines. It
is very common, but can often lead to other much worse maladies than just a burn or scrape.

The places where mat burn is usually associated with are known breeding grounds for MSRA
(antibacterial resistant Staph germs). If not treated immediately MSRA can set in and spread
through skin-to-skin contact. It can also lead to ringworm fungus diseases. These include
athlete’s foot, jock itch, and hepatitis and impetigo. That is a rash of tiny sores, which ooze
pus and germs, and are extremely infectious. To prevent these infections from spreading
certain steps can be taken before and after getting mat burn.

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Treatment:

The injured area should be thoroughly clean with antiseptic soap and water. A solution of
hydrogen peroxide may be applied if required.

To prevent mat burn from ever happening, all athletes should wipe down the surfaces where
they will be playing, working out, etc. A combination of bleach and mat cleaner should be
used on the walls and surfaces of the equipment they will be using. Players should always
shower Z

Usually, a sharp blow to the face such as a punch, direct impact, falling the mat towards the
face, sometimes accompanying a nasal fracture.

 Nosebleeds can occur in athletes of any age, either spontaneously or after physical contact.
They can impede or even halt performance. Prophylaxis is the best treatment. Athletes with a
propensity for nasal haemorrhage should frequently coat the sides of the septum with
petrolatum. Sudden epistaxis during a sports event should be treated by applying cotton to the
bleeding area. If possible, the cotton should be soaked in a solution such as 3% hydrogen
peroxide or epinephrine. Cauterization is sometimes appropriate; surgery is rarely necessary.

Treatment: -
have the wrestler in a sitting position with the head forward. If it is not possible a reclining
position with the head and shoulders raise should be used. Apply finger pressure by pressing
on the bleeding nostril. Cold compresses should also be applied to the nose and face

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SPRAIN
Knee ligament injuries can also occur during wrestling,  most commonly to the inside
(Medial Collateral Ligament †“MCL) or outside (Lateral Collateral Ligament- LCL) of the
knee. These injuries are often the result of the leg twisting outward from the midline of the
body. First-degree sprains can be treated with RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation)
and the athlete can return when the pain subsides. Second- and third-degree sprains need to
be treated by a physician, but they rarely need surgical intervention. Maintaining strength of
the quadriceps and hamstrings, as well as flexibility through the lower extremities, can help
prevent injury.

A sprain is where one or more of your ligaments is stretched, twisted or torn. Ligaments are
strong bands of tissue around joints. They connect one bone to another and help keep your
bones together and stable. Sprains often occur in ligaments around joints in the ankle or knee.
The joint is not dislocated or fractured. The symptoms of a sprain include:  pain, 
inflammation (swelling),  Bruising, and Restricted movement in the affected area.

Sprains are common injuries in many sports and, if necessary, can be treated with rest and
anti-inflammatory medication.

Treatment:

For immediate self-care of a sprain, try the R.I.C.E. approach — rest, ice, compression,
elevation:

Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. But don't avoid
all physical activity.

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 Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area immediately. Use an ice
pack or slush bath of ice and water for 15 to 20 minutes each time and repeat
every two to three hours while you're awake for the first few days after the
injury.

Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage
until the swelling stops. Don't wrap it too tightly or you may hinder circulation.
Begin wrapping at the end farthest from your heart. Loosen the wrap if the pain
increases, the area becomes numb or swelling is occurring below the wrapped
area.

Elevation. Elevate the injured area above the level of your heart, especially at
night, which allows gravity to help reduce swelling.

Over-the-counter pain medications such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and
acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) also can be helpful.

After the first two days, gently begin to use the injured area. You should see a gradual,
progressive improvement in the joint's ability to support your weight or your ability to move
without pain. Recovery from sprains can take days to months.

A physical therapist can help you to maximize stability and strength of the injured joint or
limb. Your doctor may suggest that you immobilize the area with a brace or splint. For some
injuries, such as a torn ligament, surgery may be consider.

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3
STRAIN

A muscle strain is an injury to a muscle or a tendon — the fibrous tissue that connects
muscles to bones. Minor injuries may only overstretch a muscle or tendon, while more severe
injuries may involve partial or complete tears in these tissues.

Sometimes called pulled muscles, strains commonly occur in the lower back and in the
muscles at the back of the thigh (hamstrings).

Participating in contact sports — such as soccer, football, hockey, boxing and wrestling —
can increase your risk of muscle strains.

Certain parts of the body are more susceptible to strains during participation in certain sports.
Examples include:

Legs and ankles. Sports that feature quick starts and jumping, such as hurdling
and basketball, can be particularly tough on the Achilles tendon in your ankle.

Hands. Gripping sports, such as gymnastics or golf, can increase your risk of

muscle strains in your hands.

Elbows. Elbow strains are often caused by throwing sports and racquet sports.

Treatment:
For immediate self-care of a muscle strain, try the R.I.C.E. approach — rest, ice,
compression, elevation:
Rest. Avoid activities that cause pain, swelling or discomfort. But don't avoid all physical
activity.

Ice. Even if you're seeking medical help, ice the area immediately. Use an ice pack or slush
bath of ice and water for 15 to 20 minutes each time and repeat every two to three hours
while you're awake for the first few days after the injury.

Compression. To help stop swelling, compress the area with an elastic bandage until the
swelling stops. Don't wrap it too tightly or you may hinder circulation. Begin wrapping at the
end farthest from your heart. Loosen the wrap if the pain increases, the area becomes numb or
swelling is occurring below the wrapped area.

Elevation. Elevate the injured area above the level of your heart, especially at night, which
allows gravity to help reduce swelling.

Some doctors recommend avoiding over-the-counter pain medications that can increase your
risk of bleeding — such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium
(Aleve) — during the first 48 hours after a muscle strain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, others)
can be helpful for pain relief during this time period.

A physical therapist can help you to maximize stability and strength of the injured joint or
limb. Your doctor may suggest that you immobilize the area with a brace or splint. For some
injuries, such as a torn tendon, surgery may be considere

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3
DISLOCATION:

A dislocation occurs when the bones in a joint become separated or knocked out of their
usual positions.

If the joint is partially dislocated, it is called a subluxation.

Dislocations can be very painful and cause the affected joint area to be unsteady or immobile
(unable to move). They can also strain or tear the surrounding muscles, nerves, and tendons
(tissue that connects the bones at a joint).

Most dislocations result from acute injuries or overuse.

The dislocated part hurts (especially when it is used), is usually swollen, and
may be bruised or look distorted, bent, or out of place.

Other injuries, such as fractures, blood vessel and nerve damage, compartment
syndrome, infections, and long-lasting joint problems, may also be present or
develop.

Doctors can sometimes diagnose dislocations based on symptoms, the

circumstances causing the injury, and results of a physical examination, but
sometimes x-rays or other imaging tests are needed.

Treatment involves putting the bones back in place (reduction), usually by

manipulation, and immobilizing them, but sometimes surgery is needed.

Many dislocations cause no long-lasting problems, but some weaken or tear

the ligaments and tendons that stabilize the joint.

Joints may become stiff, and muscles may shorten or waste away when a joint
is immobilized.

Joints are part of the musculoskeletal system, which consists of bones, muscles, and the
tissues that connect them (ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissue, called soft
tissues). The musculoskeletal system gives the body its form, makes it stable, and enables it
to move. In dislocations, the bones in a joint are completely separated. In subluxation, the
bones are only partly out of position, not completely separated. Dislocations can be

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accompanied by injuries to other tissues of the musculoskeletal system, such as the
following:

Dislocations, fractures, sprains, and strains (collectively called musculoskeletal injuries)

vary greatly in severity and in the treatment needed.

Dislocations may be open (the skin is torn) or closed (the skin is not torn).

Dislocations usually involve a limb but can occur in other parts of the body, such as
the jaw, neck, or spine.
The prognosis and treatment of dislocations vary greatly depending on the location and
severity of the dislocation.

Treatment: -
Don't move the joint. Until you receive help, splint the affected joint into its fixed
position. ...
• Put ice on the injured joint. Don't delay medical care. Get medical help immediately
• Medication: Your doctor may recommend medication to reduce pain from a dislocation
• Manipulation: A doctor returns the bones to their proper places.
• Rest: Once the joint is back in place, you may need to protect it and keep it immobile. Using
a splint can help the area heal fully.
• Rehabilitation: Physical therapy exercises strengthen the muscles and ligaments around the
joint to help support it.
• Surgery: Your doctor may recommend surgery if: – Manipulation does not work to put the
bones back in place. – The dislocation damaged blood vessels or nerves. – The dislocation
damaged bones, tore muscles or ligaments that need repair.

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FRACTURE:

A bone fracture is the medical definition for a broken bone.

Fractures are usually caused by traumas like falls, car accidents or sports injuries. But some
medical conditions and repetitive forces (like running) can increase your risk for experiencing
certain types of fractures.

If you break a bone, you might need surgery to repair it. Some people only need a splint, cast,
brace or sling for their bone to heal. How long it takes to recover fully depends on which of
your bones are fractured, where the fracture is and what caused it.

• A bone fracture is a medical condition where the continuity of bone is broken.

• Bone fracture occurs because of high force impact or stress. Most bone fractures are caused
by falls and Direct impact.

• Pain, swelling and bruising;

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• Discoloured skin around the affected area;

Angulation: the affected area may be bent at an unusual angle; Inability to move the affected
area.

Treatment: -

Stop bleeding, especially in the case of open fracture where the skin is torn, by wrapping the
wound with a sterile bandage or a clean cloth.

Avoid moving the affected area; any movement can result in serious complications.

Cool the affected area by applying and ice pack or ice cubes wrapped in a clean cloth.

Treat the patient's shock: help them get into a comfortable position, encourage them to rest.
Cover them with a blanket or clothing to keep them warm.

Injuries to the ribs:

Injury to the ribs consist of cracked ribs, torn cartilage on the end of the ribs and damage to
the intercostals muscles (the muscle between and under the ribs).

When the bone or cartilage is torn the ribs must be pulled back into position with adhesive
tape and held securely in position until healing is completed.

The wrestler may workout lightly but must have the injured ribs securely taped.

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Heat will reduce local soreness but the main treatment consists of secure taping.

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CONTUSION
A bruise, also known as a contusion, is a type of hematoma of tissue, the most common
cause being capillaries damaged by trauma, causing localized bleeding that extravasates into
the surrounding interstitial tissues. Most bruises occur close enough to the epidermis such
that the bleeding causes a visible discoloration. The bruise then remains visible until the
blood is either absorbed by tissues or cleared by immune system action. Bruises which do
not blanch under pressure can involve capillaries at the level of skin, subcutaneous tissue,
muscle, or bone. Bruises are not to be confused with other similar-looking lesions. (Such
lesions include petechia (less than 3 mm (0.12 in), resulting from numerous and diverse
etiologist such as adverse reactions from medications such as warfarin, straining,
asphyxiation, platelet disorders and diseases such as cytomegalovirus), purpura (3–10 mm
(0.12–0.39 in), classified as palpable purpura or non-palpable purpura and indicates various
pathologic conditions such as thrombocytopenia), and ecchymosis (more than 1 cm (0.39 in),
caused by blood dissecting through tissue planes and settled in an area remote from the site of
trauma or pathology such as periorbital ecchymosis, e.g. "raccoon eyes", arising from
a basilar skull fracture or from a neuroblastoma).

Treatment:

Treatment for light bruises is minimal and may include RICE (rest, ice, compression,

and elevation), painkillers (particularly NSAIDs) and, later in recovery, light stretching
exercises. Particularly, immediate application of ice while elevating the area may reduce or
completely prevent swelling by restricting blood flow to the area and preventing internal
bleeding. Rest and preventing re-injury is essential for rapid recovery.

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HEMATOMA AURIS
Hematoma Auris or Cauliflower ear is an irreversible condition that occurs when
the external portion of the ear is hit and develops a blood clot or other collection of fluid
under the perichondrium. This separates the cartilage from the overlying perichondrium that
supplies its nutrients, causing it to die and resulting in the formation of fibrous tissue in the
overlying skin. As a result, the outer ear becomes permanently swollen and deformed,
resembling a cauliflower.

The condition is common in martial arts such as Brazilian jiu-

jitsu, wrestling, boxing, kickboxing, judo or mixed martial arts and in full-contact sports such
as rugby union.

Treatment

There are many types of treatment for the perichondral hematoma that can lead to cauliflower
ear, but the current body of research is unable to identify a single best treatment or
protocol. There is definitive evidence that the drainage of this hematoma is better for the
prevention of cauliflower deformity when compared to conservative treatment, but the use of
bandages and/or splinting after drainage requires more research

Because an acute hematoma can lead to cauliflower ear, prompt evacuation of the blood can
prevent permanent deformity. 

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CHRONIC INJURIES
A chronic injury is the result of prolonged, repetitive motion that is particularly common in
endurance sports such as swimming, running and cycling. As such, chronic injuries are often
referred to as overuse injuries – injuries resulting from overusing one body area while playing
a sport or exercising over a long period.

Common types of chronic sports injuries

 Stress fractures

 Tennis elbow

 Shin splints

 Runner's knee

 Heel inflammation

 Ankle sprain

 Groin pull

 Hamstring strain

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These injuries are commonly related to one of the following – improper technique, trying to
progress too fast, or overdoing certain motions while playing a sport. They are commonly
associated with sports such as long-distance running, cycling and swimming.

When it comes to chronic injuries, you may still apply the first 2 treatment methods (Rest and
Ice). But most chronic injuries can only be resolved with the use of medication and physical
therapy.

In the short term, anti-inflammatory medication may help to cope with pain and inflammation
associated with the injury. In the longer term, however, your healthcare provider may send
you to a physical therapist to do some gentle stretching and strengthening exercises.

The prevention of injury recurrence is the most important aspect of managing overuse
injuries during sports. The majority of overuse injuries involve muscle fatigue due to a lack
of strength or endurance. As a result, the muscle tightens and may undergo structural damage
followed by muscle spasms and shortening.

This indirectly leads to muscle weakness so that a recurrence of the injury occurs easily.
Recurrence of overuse injuries will continue until broken by active treatment interventions.
Some simple ways you may avoid chronic sports injuries include ensuring you always use
proper gear, warming up and cooling down before and after exercising, and making sure
never to overexert yourself. Chronic injuries are a lot more common than acute injuries.
Usually, chronic injuries occur over time. This makes them difficult to diagnose and treat.
Additionally, they’re the result of repetitive trauma to the tendons, bones and joints. Very
often, chronic injuries are the result of previous injuries that don’t heal properly. As a result,
it creates a muscle imbalance, like weakness or tightness. In addition, a chronic injury can be
the result of reckless, long-term habits, like unusual walking/running, improper cardio,
training issues or non-supportive footwear.

Usually, physical therapists can heal chronic injuries with the right treatment and care. Some
of the integral ways to treat chronic injuries involve identifying the cause of the injury, plus
aggravating factors you can change. In addition, they will restore any restricted motion and
rehabilitate weak muscles. Very rarely does a chronic injury require any invasive procedures,
like surgery.

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BURSITIS
The most common locations for bursitis are in the shoulder, elbow and hip. But you can also
have bursitis by your knee, heel and the base of your big toe. Bursitis often occurs near joints
that perform frequent repetitive motion.

A bursa is a closed fluid filled sac that function as a gliding surface to reduce friction
between tissues of the body.

Bursitis of knee can occur when the bursa filled with the blood from injury or overuse.

How to diagnosed: Bursitis of knee is diagnosed upon the typical location of a bursa
displaying signs of swelling including knee pain, tenderness, stiffness and sometime redness
& warmth.

In this condition increased pain when kneeling and can cause stiffness and pain with walking.

The range of motion of the knee is frequently preserved.

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Treatment:

Treatment typically involves resting the affected joint and protecting it from further trauma.
In most cases, bursitis pain goes away within a few weeks with proper treatment, but
recurrent flare-ups of bursitis are common.

Bursitis can be treated with ice compress, rest and inflammatory & pain medication.

Sometimes removal of fluid with a needle and syringe under sterile conditions and can be
performed by the doctors.

Sometimes surgical drainage and removal of the affected bursa sac may also be necessary.

Wearing knee pads may help to protect knee to further injury.

Bursitis generally gets better on its own. Conservative measures, such as rest, ice and taking a
pain reliever, can relieve discomfort. If conservative measures don't work, you might require:

Medication. If the inflammation in your bursa is caused by an infection, your

doctor might prescribe an antibiotic.

Therapy. Physical therapy or exercises can strengthen the muscles in the

affected area to ease pain and prevent recurrence.

Injections. A corticosteroid drug injected into the bursa can relieve pain and
inflammation in your shoulder or hip. This treatment generally works quickly
and, in many cases, one injection is all you need.

Assistive device. Temporary use of a walking cane or other device will help

relieve pressure on the affected area.

Surgery. Sometimes an inflamed bursa must be surgically drained, but only

rarely is surgical removal of the affected bursa necessary.

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TENDONITIS
Tendinitis is inflammation or irritation of a tendon — the thick fibrous cords that attach
muscle to bone. The condition causes pain and tenderness just outside a joint.

While tendinitis can occur in any of your tendons, it's most common around your shoulders,
elbows, wrists, knees and heels.

Most cases of tendinitis can be successfully treated with rest, physical therapy and
medications to reduce pain. If tendinitis is severe and leads to the rupture of a tendon, you
may need surgery.

The tendons are thick fibrous tissues that attach your muscles to your bone on the joint.

Tendonitis is caused by chronic overuse of tendon.

It can occur in any tendon but in the wrestling most often occurs in the tendons of the: -
Elbows, knees, shoulders & ankles

Its causes continue play without enough rest in between (perform repetitive work), tight calf
muscles, improper foot wear.

Pain in the affected tendon when moved or touched.

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Stiffness and restricted movement in the affected area.

TREATMENT:

The goals of tendinitis treatment are to relieve your pain and reduce inflammation. Often,
taking care of tendinitis on your own — including rest, ice and over-the-counter pain
relievers — may be all the treatment that you need.

Medications

For tendinitis, your doctor may recommend these medications:

Pain relievers. Taking aspirin, naproxen sodium (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB,
others) may relieve discomfort associated with tendinitis. Topical creams with anti-
inflammatory medication — popular in Europe and becoming increasingly available in the
United States — also may be effective in relieving pain without the potential side effects of
taking anti-inflammatory medications by mouth.

Corticosteroids. Sometimes your doctor may inject a corticosteroid medication around a

tendon to relieve tendinitis. Injections of cortisone reduce inflammation and can help ease
pain. Corticosteroids are not recommended for tendinitis lasting over three months (chronic
tendinitis), as repeated injections may weaken a tendon and increase your risk of rupturing
the tendon.

Physical therapy
You might benefit from a program of specific exercise designed to stretch and strengthen the
affected muscle-tendon unit. For instance, eccentric strengthening — which emphasizes
contraction of a muscle while it's lengthening — has been shown to be a very effective
treatment for many chronic tendon conditions, and is now considered first line treatment.

Surgical and other procedures

In situations where physical therapy hasn't resolved symptoms, your doctor might suggest:
Dry needling. This procedure involves making small holes in the tendon with a fine needle to
stimulate factors involved in tendon healing. Ultrasonic treatment. This minimally invasive

2
procedure uses a small incision to insert a special device that removes tendon scar tissue with
ultrasonic sound waves.

3
Stress fractures:
Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. They're caused by repetitive force, often from
overuse — such as repeatedly jumping up and down or running long distances. Stress
fractures can also develop from normal use of a bone that's weakened by a condition such as
osteoporosis.

Stress fractures are most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot.
Track and field athletes and military recruits who carry heavy packs over long distances are
at highest risk, but anyone can sustain a stress fracture. If you start a new exercise program,
for example, you might develop stress fractures if you do too much too soon.

Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. They're caused by repetitive force, often from
overuse — such as repeatedly jumping up and down or running long distances. Stress
fractures can also develop from normal use of a bone that's weakened Stress fractures are
most common in the weight-bearing bones of the lower leg and foot. You might have
swelling around the painful area. To reduce swelling and relieve pain, you might recommend
applying ice packs to the injured area as needed — 15 minutes every three hours. To reduce
the bone's weight-bearing load until healing occurs, you might need to wear a walking boot
or brace or use crutches. surgery is sometimes necessary to ensure complete healing of some
types of stress fractures, especially those that occur in areas with a poor blood supply.

Treatment:

Most stress fractures will heal if you reduce your level of activity and wear protective
footwear for 2 to 4 weeks. Your doctor may recommend that you wear a stiff-soled shoe, a
wooden-soled sandal, or a removable short-leg fracture brace shoe.

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Ⅲ
SUMMARY
All the above sports injuries occur during any Wrestling or exercising. They can result from
accidents, poor training or warming up technique in practice, inadequate equipment, and
overuse of a particular body part. It is very important for any one related to sports field to be
aware about all kinds of sports injuries; causes symptoms, prevention and treatment, in order
to manage an injury prevention program as a team, which includes education on rehydration,
nutrition, monitoring team members, monitoring behaviour, skills, and techniques.

Exercise is important to good health, but people often get hurt when participating in sports or
other physical activities. A sports injury involves damage to part of your body due to sports,
exercise or athletic activities. A sports injury can be acute (sudden) or chronic (develop over
time). Sports injuries are commonly caused by overuse, direct impact, or the application of
force that is greater than the body part can structurally withstand. Common injuries include
bruises, sprains, strains, joint injuries and nose bleeds. Medical investigation is important, as
leaving an injury untreated can have far more severe consequences. A rehabilitation program
for sports injuries is designed to meet the needs of the individual patient, depending on the
type and severity of the injury. Active involvement of the patient and family is vital to the
success of the program. The goal of rehabilitation after an amputation is to help the patient
return to the highest level of function and independence possible, while improving the overall
quality of life--physically, emotionally, and socially.

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