The World during

Rizal’s Time
Written Report

Submitted by: GROUP 1

BORJA, Ashley H.
CERILLO, Marcella Lyn A.
DIZON, Angeline C.
GAMBOA, Angelina M.
LIM, Amalia Lindsay L.
LUIZON, Julia Isabel T.
PONTAÑELES, Angel C.

Submitted to: Mr. Jonef Raul B. Reyes

 Summary of Report
The World during Rizal’s time–Rizal’s Century:
A.THE 19TH CENTURY

Industrial Revolution

• The discovery of the steam engine triggered an

economic revolution that resulted in the usage of
equipment in the manufacturing sector in European
cities.

• It refers to the transformation of manufacturing

brought about by the invention and use of
machines

Positive effects:

• The rise of the factory system

• Mass production of essential and non-essential goods.
• Improvement of people’s standard of living
• Greater urbanization of society
• Beginnings of specialization or division of labor
• Invention of labor-saving devices
• Beginnings of individual capitalism
• Fostering of individual capitalism
• Encouragement of people’s mobility

Negative effects:

• Widening the gap between the rich and the poor

• Unending economic warfare between labor and capital
• Pollution and other environmental problems
• Beginning of child and women labor
• In the Philippines, it caused the displacement of the farmers from their lands
 French Revolution
• The French Revolution caused a political revolution in
Europe and other areas of the world.

(This revolution empowered common people to overthrow

their cruel landlords who were abusing the rights of people,
and it was the first revolution to demonstrate that people had
the ability or power to fight the cruel government.)

American Revolution
• During this time, the colonies initially rejected the
British Parliament's power to govern without
representation, and they became self-governing
sovereign states.

(Like the first 2 revolution the American Revolution is also

relevant as it also sent a message to the world that there is a
need for representation. Because for them to know the
people’s needs they need to be heard and represent themselves. Those 3 revolutions encourage
people around the world to not just rely on their cruel government or abusive ruler.)

The Rise of Social Sciences: Period of Enlightenment

• Reliance on human reason as opposed to faith and religion

The 19th century was the time when the expansion of science and technology had at least three
significant consequences.

• First, everyday experience and innumerable scientist impressed the importance of science
on the mind of ordinary citizens
• Second, as science became more prominent in popular thinking, the philosophical
implication of science spread to broad sections of the population. Technical advances led
the people to develop optimistic faith in man’s capability to achieve progress.
• Third, the methods of science acquired unrivaled prestige after 1850. For many, the union
of careful experiment and abstract theory was the only route to truth and objective reality.
(It indicates that people recognize the importance of science in understanding the world. For
example, before the expedition, people believed that the globe was flat and that you would drop at
the end of it. Then Galileo was able to establish that the globe is round, which caught people's
interest and made them want to learn more about science rather than faith and religion.)

The Opening of Suez Canal

• The travel distance between Europe and the Philippines

was considerably reduced, bringing the nation closer to
Spain.

(As you can see from the map, before they needed to travel for 6
months but when the Suez Canal was opened they now had a
shortcut route.)

(From the events that I've mentioned, it led the world to be more productive and intelligent by
inventing different machines and making them interested in things around them.)

B. THE NEEDS FOR REFORM

Propaganda Movement, reform and national consciousness movement that arose among
young Filipino expatriates in the late 19th century. Although its adherents expressed loyalty to the
Spanish colonial government, its authorities harshly repressed the movement and executed its
most prominent member, José Rizal.

• The reform movement that Jose Rizal led exposed the abuses committed during the
Spanish colonial and feudal rule. Aside from writing novels, he was also a part of the
publications La Solidaridad and La Liga Filipina. This clearly proved Rizal’s involvement in
the reform movement.

(During the 18th century, Jose Rizal, together with Graciano López Jaena and Marcelo del
Pilar established La Solidaridad (The Solidarity) that urge reforms in both religion and
government in the Philippines, and it served as the voice of what became known as the
Propaganda Movement during Spanish colonialism.)
(While in Europe, José Rizal became part of the Propaganda Movement, connecting with other
Filipinos who wanted reform. He also wrote his first novel, Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not/The
Social Cancer), a work that detailed the dark aspects of Spain's colonial rule in the Philippines,
with particular focus on the role of Catholic friars. The book was banned in the Philippines, though
copies were smuggled in. Because of this novel, Rizal's return to the Philippines in 1887 was cut
short when he was targeted by police)

(Rizal returned to Europe and continued to write, releasing his follow-up novel, El Filibusterismo
(The Reign of Greed) in 1891. He also published articles in La Solidaridad, a paper aligned with
the Propaganda Movement. The reforms Rizal advocated for did not include independence—he
called for equal treatment of Filipinos, limiting the power of Spanish friars and representation for
the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes (Spain's parliament).)

• He also believed that reforms, to be fruitful, must come from above; and that those that
come from below are shaky, irregular, and uncertain. Rizal’s weakness was his failure to
fully trust his people. His idea that change should come from above is the clearest proof
that he is kind of detached from what is happening on the ground. He repudiated the
revolution because he thought that reforms, to be successful, should come from above.

C. THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPE, AMERICA AND ASIA

Europe

The 19th century was a revolutionary period for European history and a time of great
transformation in all spheres of life. Human and civil rights, democracy and nationalism,
industrialization and free market systems, all ushered in a period of change and chance.

(By the end of the century Europe had reached the peak of its global power. Social and national
tensions as well as international rivalries festered however - all exploding in conflict at the
beginning of the 20th century.)

Political

Taking inspiration from the French Revolution of 1789, people across Europe challenged
aristocratic ruling classes and fought for the development of civil and human rights, democracy
and national independence.
(That was the turning point in European history and then nationalism emerged as a revolutionary
claim promising citizens more involvement in democracy, but it was exclusive, imagining a world
of national territories inhabited by ethnically similar people.)

• Across Europe, revolutionaries attacked aristocratic privileges and established systems.

Particularly, revolutions of 1848-1849 were milestones in the fight for equality, self
determination, and human rights.

Markets and People

Steam, smoke, factories, noise are the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in Great
Britain. It turns the continent into the world centre of industrialization, finance and commerce.

With steam power fueling the growth of heavy industry, new technological advances served as a
catalyst of industrial advancement. Large factories with thousands of workers mass manufactured
industrial and consumer items, completely changing manufacturing methods.

• Workers of the 19th century

(They were low-wage workers with no legal protection or social security. They were frequently
forced to labor and live in horrendous conditions. But at the end of the century their situation
improved through the gradual attainment of voting rights.)

Science and Technology

Speed, dynamism and a belief in progress defined Europe at the end of the 19th century.
Railways, electricity, cinema, photography and new theories in science and medicine affirmed
Europe’s leading role in this technological coming of age.

(The beginning of the railway era proved Europe's status as a technical world leader. Because
long-distance travel became accessible for people of all socioeconomic groups as industrialization
progressed.)

• Railways altered the European landscape by building tunnels, viaducts, and bridges over
previously inaccessible obstacles.

(Then the longest tunnel opened in 1882 with the 15 km Gotthard rail tunnel connecting northern
and southern Europe. Railways attracted massive transit and tourism.)
Imperialism

• The 19th century witnessed a globally dominant Europe. Empires expanded, colonies
amassed – all pushed energetically forward by the Industrial Revolution. Colonies provided
the raw materials and luxury commodities to meet rising consumer demand, in return
promising vast markets for European products. Abuse and inequality were excused as a
necessary part of ‘civilizing’ savage peoples. The gradual ending of slavery was followed
by new forms of intolerance and racism.

America

The United States entered the 19th century as a new nation. Over the following hundred
years, as the size and population grew, eventually it became the world's greatest agricultural and
industrial economy.

(For the most part, the United States concentrated on domestic economic, political, and social
concerns, but near the end of the century, it gained interests abroad that entangled it in
international politics.)

• The U.S. population grew by over 90 million in 1910.

This growth was fueled in part by a surge in immigration between 1880 and 1910. 17 million
immigrants, attracted because of free land and better wages, expanded the size of the American
workforce while increasing the diversity of American society.

• Industrialization and urbanization came at a cost.

(Meanwhile, the development of industrial output and greater mechanization of agriculture

prompted millions of Americans to relocate from the rural to urban areas. Factory conditions were
often hazardous and unhygienic. Cities' uncontrolled growth resulted in dangerous and hazardous
living conditions in industrial workplaces.)

• Child labor was prevalent. Immigrant laborers with limited English suffered exploitation and
prejudice. Through bribery and corruption, political machines ruled over cities. Unregulated
companies and banks established monopolies that dominated whole industries and could
influence pricing and salaries.
(As a result of these issues, the Progressive system was started. Activists and unions campaigned
for better working conditions, more reasonable pay, and shorter work weeks. Politicians and
companies were exposed for their abuses and corruption by journalists. Laws prohibiting child
labor was approved, as well as legislation establishing new schools and requiring compulsory
education. Also the Women's rights campaign received new traction after a sequence of wins in
which women were granted the right to vote in a number of western states.)

• For the first time, the United States acquired major international interests near the end of
the 19th century. It gained control of neighboring Cuba and Puerto Rico, as well as the far-
flung Philippine Islands and Guam, after defeating Spain in the Spanish-American War in
1898.

(In order to sustain its new conquests, the United States invaded Hawaii, American Samoa, and
other Pacific Islands.

East and South Asia

In the 19th century, three factors changed the Asian monetary system forever: the
globalization of trade, colonization, and inflation.

(The growth of international trade in the 19th century led to increasing contact—much of it
violent—between cultures. The Opium War in 1839-1842 between Britain and China was the
violent resolution of a protracted trade dispute.)

• The opening of Japan by Commodore Perry's Black Fleet in 1853 demonstrated how
merchants might threaten traditional monarchy' power.

(Because of Commodore Perry’s command for a trade and opening of Japan ports they needed
silver to trade dollars, governments all throughout Asia were obligated to issue coins that met
western size and weight requirements. The US, Mexico, and Peru all sent a large amount of
money to Asia. These coins were frequently re-issued after being counter-marked and melted
down.)

• Colonization of Asia by European forces

(The colonization of Asia by European forces was another significant event in the 19th
century. The currency began to resemble the traditions of the foreign imperial powers
when European countries imposed this system of administration on native populations.)
 • Poor governance connected to the production of paper money was a major underlying
factor for merchant dominance and the development of European colonies. As empires
increased their war expenses, Asian rulers frequently authorized the enormous fabrication
of paper money that was essentially worthless. As a result, hyperinflation occurred.

(Hyperinflation was the effect. As a result, a confusing number of coins circulated simultaneously.
Copper coins and equally worthless paper money were utilized, but none was as valuable as silver
trade dollars)

D. THE CHANGING RELIGIOUS FRONT IN THE PHILIPPINES: SECULARIZATION

The Secularization Controversy

• Secularization a process by which the society is slowly transforming from having close
identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship. It means the
increase in the worldly, the temporal, or non-church functions or activities

(It is about the cultural transition in which religious values are gradually replaced with nonreligious
values. In the process, religious figureheads such as church leaders lose their authority and
influence over society.)

(In the field of sociology, the term is used to describe societies that have become or are becoming
modernized—meaning that features of society such as the government, the economy, and schools
are more distinct, or less influenced by religion.)

• created on 1759 by Charles III of Spain instituted a policy which aimed to subject the Catholic
Church to the Spanish monarchy but its movement started in 1770s

(Following the expulsion of the Jesuits from all of the Spanish empire's territories, including the
Philippines, the Spanish monarchy issued a royal decree in 1774 requiring seculars to replace
empty clergy positions in parishes. Governor General Simon de Anda carried out the proclamation
in the Philippines. In the Philippines, this meant that native priests would replace the vacancies,
which sparked outrage among Spaniard regular pastors for a variety of reasons.)
 In relation to the secularization movement, there are two main groups among the
Roman Catholic clergy in the Philippines:

Seculars (seculares) – Clergymen/Church officials who are not members of a religious

order. They are primarily indigenous Filipinos. They were referred to as indios at the time,
with the term Filipino reserved for Spaniards born in the Philippines.

Regulars (regulares) – Clergymen who are part of an established order. They are mostly
Spaniards.

(These are 2 kinds of priests who served the Catholic Church in the Philippines. Regular priests
belonged to religious orders as their main task was to spread Christianity. Examples were the
Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans, and Augustinians. Secular priests did not belong to any
religious order. They were trained specifically to run the parishes and were under the supervision
of the bishops.)

(The secularization movement in the Philippines was a movement in the Philippines from the 18th
to late 19th centuries under Spanish colonial rule seeking greater rights for native Filipino Roman
Catholic clergy. The movement had far-reaching significance for Filipino nationalism and the
Philippine Revolution.)

• Conflict began when the bishops insisted on visiting the parishes that were being run by regular
priests.

(Though it was their duty, they argued to check on the administration of these parishes. But the
regular priests refused these visits, saying that they were not under the bishop’s jurisdiction. They
threatened to abandon their parishes if the bishops persisted.)

• As a result in 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa decided to uphold the diocese’s authority
over the parishes and accepted the resignations of the regular priests.

(He assigned secular priests to take their place. Since there were not enough seculars to fill all the
vacancies the Archbishop hastened the ordination of Filipino seculars. A royal decree was also
issued on November 9, 1774, which provided for the secularization of all parishes or the transfer
of parochial administration from the regular friars to the secular priests.)
• Then the regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit for the
priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education, and
inadequate experience.

(The controversy became more intense when the Jesuits returned to the Philippines. Jesuits is a
religious order of the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome. They had been exiled from the
country because of certain policies of the order that the Spanish authorities did not like.)

• Next the issue soon took on a racial slant because the Spaniards were clearly favoring their
own regular priest over Filipino priests. Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical governor of the
Church, sided with the Filipinos.

(Unfortunately, he died in an earthquake that destroyed the Manila Cathedral in 1863. After his
death, other priests took his place in fighting for the secularization movement. Among them were
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora or we known as GOMBURZA.)

• This was considered to be the dawn of Philippine Nationalism, particularly after the execution
of Gomburza. They headed the secularization movement. They advocated the right of the
Filipino secular clergy over the assignment of parishes rather than giving them to the newly
arrived Spanish friars in the country.

(But then they were accused of being involved in the 1872 Cavite mutiny. The Gomburza were
later regarded as martyrs by liberal reformists and Filipino nationalists. The trios were referenced
in José Rizal's El Filibusterismo and their death was often cited by Katipunan figures as being an
inspiration for the Philippine Revolution.)
REFERENCES:

19th Century

• Basto, J. (2013, July 7). 19th century world of Jose RIzal. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/jombasto/19th-century-world-of-jose-ri

• Lausingco, L. I. (2013, August 12). Chapter 2 Rizal. Prezi.Com.

https://prezi.com/vvgo9afhqhrv/chapter-2-rizal/

• Bangot, P. (2015, July 17). The world during rizal’s time. Slideshare.

https://www.slideshare.net/lelolewashawa/the-world-during-rizals-time

The Needs for Reform

• Abad, L. (2015, November 12). Rizal on Reform and Revolution (part 3 of 4). Filipino

Journal. https://filipinojournal.com/rizal-on-reform-and-revolution-part-3-of-4/

• B. (2021, May 3). José Rizal. Biography. https://www.biography.com/political-

figure/jos%C3%A9-rizal

The Condition of Europe, American and Asia

• East and South Asia in the 19th Century. (2016). American Numismatic Society.

http://numismatics.org/east-and-south-asia-in-the-19th-

century/?fbclid=IwAR1VPmewwX9qYLUBoTGu17mmuyBHd7Z_JJ6iip1HKNlrLBS48Tr

AVART8eA

• EUROPE: A GLOBAL POWER | HOUSE OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. (n.d.). House of

European History. Retrieved September 24, 2021, from https://historia-

europa.ep.eu/en/permanent-exhibition/europe-global-

power?fbclid=IwAR1qRl1LHqaTZhec5vngtT8F87oI1ErW1WEbiQWkqY9JUtWwSClVpo

70JG8
 • The United States in the 19th Century. (n.d.). World War I Centennial. Retrieved September

24, 2021, from https://www.worldwar1centennial.org/index.php/edu-home/edu-topics/584-

u-s-neutrality-1914-1917/5054-the-united-states-in-the-19th-century.html

Secularization

• The Secularization of Priest During Spanish Period. (2020, January 11). PHILIPPINE-

HISTORY.ORG. https://www.philippine-history.org/secularization-of-priests.htm

• Mendoza, R. E. (n.d.). RELIGION AND SECULARIZATION. Institute for Japanese Culture

and Classics. Retrieved September 30, 2021, from

http://www.seasite.niu.edu/tagalog/modules/modules/PhilippineReligions/mendoza-

article.htm?fbclid=IwAR12mpvpBor9_PFNc9Qt8AnYSVzcZiQgFGDsOBLgRGu5uLMnn

WtT90UETys

• 19th Century Philippines - Secularization Movement - PDFCOFFEE.COM. (2008, May

21). Pdfcoffee.Com. https://pdfcoffee.com/19th-century-philippines-secularization-

movement-pdf-free.html?fbclid=IwAR2Vax5kpoZs-TxZE74nR9-jtS3q-g5f9WvimtuD-

IJP_pKszsggCB9iPY0
Power Point presentation used:
 LWR 0009-4
BSBA FM2-4
No. Name Attendance Quiz Activity
Surname Given name M.I.

1 ALABAS Henrique Pablo Miguel I PRESENT 13 20

2 AMORADO Jefrielynne Mae A PRESENT 20 16
3 AQUILO Jamila B PRESENT 11 20
4 AY-AY Czarina Mae S PRESENT 19 16
5 AYENG Phobe Dianne D PRESENT 20 16
6 BEAÑO Jessa Mhel G PRESENT 19 16
7 BORJA Ashley H PRESENT Group 1 Secretary
8 CASTROVERDE Ann Maxyne PRESENT 15 20
9 CERILLO Marcella Lyn A PRESENT Group 1 Reporter
10 CIEGO Ailheenel Keynt A PRESENT 20 20
11 CRUZ Liane Joyce P PRESENT 11 16
12 DAQUIS Justine Kyle Lynnette M PRESENT 16 20
13 DIANZON Jared Emmanuel B PRESENT 17 20
14 DIZON Angeline C PRESENT Group 1 Designer & Researcher
15 DOMINGO Patricia Mae A 19 16
16 ESTOQUE Frierze Gyroe G PRESENT 8 20
17 FOJAS Joana Marie B PRESENT 20 20
18 GADIA Aila Marie E PRESENT 8 16
19 GAMBOA Angelina M PRESENT Group 1 Assistant & Researcher
20 GARDE Crisna Erica N PRESENT 17 20
21 GOLES Charity Grace C PRESENT 20 20
22 GONZALES Romelyn Margareth P PRESENT 14 20
23 IMPORTADO Rona Mea D PRESENT 20 16
24 LABARDA Elysia Ashlyn R PRESENT 15 20
25 LIM Amalia Lindsay L PRESENT Group 1 Reporter
26 LONTABO Jeferson A PRESENT 17 20
27 LOPEZ Morella PRESENT 20 16
28 LUIZON Julia Isabel T PRESENT Group 1 Designer & Technician
29 MAHABA Cenbell Grace D PRESENT 19 20
30 MATIAS Maria Victoria C PRESENT 20 20
31 MORALES Leslie A PRESENT 18 20
32 NICDAO Catherine Mae PRESENT 19 20
33 ONG John Kenneth S PRESENT 9 16
34 ORTALEZA Aaliyah Shakira T PRESENT 18 20
35 PACHECO Pauline Grace P PRESENT 18 20
36 PONTAÑELES Angel C PRESENT Group 1 Leader & Researcher
37 QUIRANTE Janna Ivy S PRESENT 11 20
38 RELATOR Danica C PRESENT 11 20
39 SANTOS Cresta Fe Coleen J PRESENT 19 20
40 SANTOS Jirose R PRESENT 19 20
41 SANTOS Janus F PRESENT 17 20
42 SAQUILAYAN Zyra Anne PRESENT 14 20
43 SIERRA Crystal Kaye R PRESENT 12 18
44 TACDA Rheabeth M PRESENT 17 20
45 TOLEDO John Kenneth R PRESENT 11 20
46 TOLEDO Uriel G PRESENT 15 20
47 VELASCO Ivy Cielo C PRESENT 9 20
48 VILLARUZ Aubrey Joy B PRESENT 18 20
49 VILLOTA Robert Matthew A PRESENT 11 16
50 ZAMORA Norielle C PRESENT 16 16