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The maximum range at witch a target can be located so as to guaratee that the leading edge
of the recieved backscatter from that target is receivd before transmission begins for the next pulse. This range is called
The slant range is the length of the skywave path between target and radar not the distance as measured along the Earth's surface (the so called Down Range).
The minimal measuring range Rmin (blind range) is the minimum distance which the
target must have to be detect. The transmitting time and the recovery time trecovery should are as short as possible, if targets shall be detected in the local area
During the transmitting time the radar cannot receive: the radar receiver is switched off using an electronic switch, called
duplexer.
radars with longer pulse width suffer a relatively large minimum range, notably pulse compression radars, which can use pulse lengths of the order of tens or even hundreds of microseconds. Targets at ranges closer than this minimum are said to be eclipsed.
Range Resolution: Resolution is usually divided into two categories; range resolution and
bearing resolution.
The target resolution of a radar is its ability to distinguish between targets that are very close in either range or bearing
Range resolution is the ability of a radar system to distinguish between two or more targets on the same bearing but at different ranges.
The Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF) of the radar system is the number of pulses that are transmitted per second.
The time between the beginning of one pulse and the start of the next pulse is called pulse-repetition time (prt) In order to obtain an unambiguous measurement of target range, the interval between
radar pulses must be greater than the time required for a single pulse to propagate to a target at a given range and back.
The time that an antenna beam spends on a target is called dwell time TD. The dwell time of a 2Dsearch radar depends predominantly on the antennas horizontally beam width AZ and the turn speed n of the antenna (rotations per minute).
The value of hits per scan m says how many echo signals per single target during every
antenna swing are received. The hit number stands e.g. for a search radar with a rotating antenna for the number of the received echo pulses of a single target per antenna turn.
Isotropic Radiation
Some antenna sources radiate energy equally in all directions. Radiation of this type is
known as isotropic radiation.
All other antennae have a gain opposite the isotropic radiator. This is caused either by
reflections or by the geometric extension of the antenna.
The expression for FSPL actually encapsulates two effects. Free-space power loss is
proportional to the square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver, and also proportional to the square of the frequency of the radio signal.
The second effect is that of the receiving antenna's aperture, which describes how well
an antenna can pick up power from an incoming electromagnetic wave.
Radar Cross Section The size and ability of a target to reflect radar energy can be summarized into a single
term, , known as the radar cross-section, which has units of m. If absolutely all of the incident radar energy on the target were reflected equally in all directions, then the radar cross section would be equal to the target's cross-sectional area as seen by the transmitter. In practice, some energy is absorbed and the reflected energy is not distributed equally in all directions. Therefore, the radar cross-section is quite difficult to estimate and is normally determined by measurement.
The higher the frequency of a radar system, the more it is affected by weather
conditions such as rain or clouds. But the higher the transmitted frequency, the better is the accuracy of the radar system.
Different RADARS
Monostatic pulse radar sets pulse compression radars short range radar Height-finding radar systems Weapons-control radar Search radar continuous-wave radar a 2D search radar
The amount of energy in this waveform is important because maximum range is directly related to transmitter output power. The more energy the radar system transmits, the greater the target detection range will be.
The energy content of the pulse is equal to the peak (maximum) power level of the pulse
multiplied by the pulse width.
Peak power must be calculated more often than average power. This is because most
measurement instruments measure average power directly. Transposing the upper equation gives us a common way for calculating peak power/average power.
Duty cycle is the fraction of time that a system is in an active state. Duty cycle is the
proportion of time during which a component, device, or system is operated. Suppose a transmitter operates for 1 microsecond, and is shut off for 99 microseconds, then is run for 1 microsecond again, and so on. The transmitter runs for one out of 100 microseconds, or 1/100 of the time, and its duty cycle is therefore 1/100, or 1 percent. The duty cycle is used to calculate both the peak power and average power of a radar system.