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Caie As Level Maths 9709 Pure 1 v1
Caie As Level Maths 9709 Pure 1 v1
ORG
CAIE AS LEVEL
MATHS (9709)
SUMMARIZED NOTES ON THE PURE 1 SYLLABUS
CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
2. Functions
1. Quadratics
Domain = x values & Range = y values
1.1. Completing the square Function: mapping of an x-value to a y -value
x2 + nx
2.2. Find Range
x2 + nx ⟺
Find the highest possible y -value and lowest possible
y -
n n2 value based on the domain
(x + )2 − ( )
2 2 For Quadratic functions, such as
f (x) = 3x2 + 5x − 6,
x2 − c ≤ 0
2.5. Finding Inverse
⟹− c≤x≤ c
y = x.
To solve an equation in some form of quadratic.
An inverse function has a property such that:
Substitute by another variable.
4
E.g. 2x + 3x2 + 7, use u = x2 ,
∴ 2u2 + 3u + 7 f f −1 (x) = f −1 f (x) = x
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
Write f (x) as y
Make x the subject
Swap every single x with y . By now you should have y as
the subject
Replace y withf −1 (x). Read as “The f
inverse of x”
Example:
f (x) = 3x + 4
y = 3x + 4
y − 4 = 3x
y−4
x=
3
x−4
y=
3
x−4
f −1 (x) =
3
Example:
Make f (x) = x2 + 1 a one-to-one function.
Solution:
{W12-P11} Question 10:
f (x) = 4x2 − 24x + 11, for x∈ R
g (x) = 4x2 − 24x + 11, for x ≤ 1
2
1. Express f (x) in the form a (x − b) + c,
hence state
coordinates of the vertex of the graph y = f (x)
2. State the range of g
x2 + 1, x ≤ 0 and x2 + 1, 0 ≤ x 3. Find an expression for g −1 (x) and state its domain
Solution:
Part (i)
First pull out constant, 4, from x related terms:
4 (x2 − 6x) + 11
n 2 n 2
(x − ) −( )
2 2
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
4 [(x − 3) − 32 ] + 11
2
4 (x − 3)2 − 25
Part (ii)
Observe given domain, x ≤ 1.
Substitute highest value of x
g (x) = 4 (1 − 3)2 − 25 = −9
∴ g (x) ≥ −9
Part (iii)
Let y = g(x), make x the subject
y = 4 (x − 3)2 − 25
y + 25 2
= (x − 3)
4
2.8. Stretch
y + 25
x=3+
4
1
x=3± y + 25
2
1
∴x=3− y + 25
2
1
∴ g −1 (x) = 3 − x + 25
2
2.7. Translation
Let y = f (x)
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
{S13-P12} Question 7:
Point R is a reflection of the point
(−1, 3) in the line
3y + 2x = 33.
Find by calculation the coordinates of R
Solution:
Find the equation of line perpendicular to 3y + 2x = 33
intersecting
point (−1, 3)
2
3y + 2x = 33 ⇔ y = 11 − x
3
2
m=−
3
3
m × m1 = −1 and so m1 =
2
3
y= x+c
2
2y = 3x + 9
Find the point of intersection by equating two equations
2 3x + 9
11 − x=
3 2
Change in x = 3 − −1 = 4
Thus R
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
( , ) x = 3 + 4 = 7 and y = 9 + 6 = 15
2 2
R = (7, 15)
3.3. Equation of a Straight Line
3.5. Equation of a circle
y = mx + c
y − y1 = m (x − x1 )
Standard Form: (x − a)
2
+ (y − b)2 = r2
Centre = (a, b)
3.4. Special Gradients Radius = r
General form: x2 + y 2 + ax + by + c = 0
Parallel lines: m1= m2 Centre = ( −a −b
2 , 2 )
Perpendicular lines: m1 × m2 = −1 a 2 b 2
2
Radius
=( 2 ) + ( 2 ) −c
tangent
to the curve at that point Note: if eqn. of circle is in general form, it’s highly
recommended to convert it into its standard form by
The gradient of a tangent at the vertex of a curve is equal
to zero
– stationary point completing
square to easily find center and radius
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
2 2
(x + 2) + (−7x + 11) = 25
Use the formula of the sector to find the area of OPS:
Find x
1 2
OPS = r θ
x2 + 4x + 4 + 49x2 − 154x + 121 = 25 2
Area of ASP is OAS − OPS :
50x2 − 150x + 100 = 0
1 2 1 1
x2 − 3x + 2 = 0 ∴ ASP = r tan θ − r2 θ = r2 (tan θ − θ)
2 2 2
Part (ii)
4. Circular Measure Use trigonometric ratios to get the following:
π 6
4.1. Radians cos ( ) =
3 AO
Finding AP:
180
Radians to degrees: θ × π
AP = AO − r = 12 − 6 = 6
4.2. Arc length Finding AS:
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
π
AS = 6 tan ( ) = 6 3
3
Arc PS = rθ
π
PS = 6 × = 2π
3
Pe1 = 6 + 6 3 + 2π
2 × Pe1 = 12 + 12 3 + 4π
5. Trigonometry
5.4. Tangent Curve
5.7. Identities
sin θ
tan θ ≡
cos θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ ≡ 1
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
If trig (θ ) = a, then
θ = trig−1 (a) planAand plan
B , for increasing its profits. Under plan A,
Where “trig” represents any Trigonometric Function the annual
profit would increase each year by 5% of its value
Inverse trigonometric functions are used to find angle in the preceding
year. Under plan B, the annual profit would
increase each
year by a constant amount of D
6. Series 1. Find for plan A, the profit for the year 2008
2. Find for plan A, the total profit for the 10 years
2000
6.1. Binomial Expansion to 2009 inclusive
3. Find for plan B the value of D for which the total
A neat way of expanding terms with high powers. profit
for the 10 years 2000 to 2009 inclusive would
be the
same for plan A
n
(x + y ) = nC0 xn + nC1 xn−1 y + nC2 xn−2 y 2 + … + nCn y n
Solution:
n! Part (i)
nCr =
r! (n − r)! Increases are exponential ∴ it is a geometric sequence:
k Part (ii)
k=0
Use sum of geometric sequence formula:
(The summation form is just another way to express
Part (iii)
6.2. Arithmetic Progression Plan B arithmetic; equate 3140000 with sum formula
un = a + (𝑛 − 1)d
D = 14300
sn = 12 n[2a + (n − 1)d]
dx
d2 y ′′
2nd Derivative =
dx2= f (x)
Definition: Sequence where successive terms are gained
dy
from
multiplying the same value E.g. 2,4,8,16,32… Increasing function: dx > 0
dy
Decreasing function: dx < 0
un = arn−1
dy
Stationary point: dx = 0
a (1 − rn )
Sn = 7.2. Chain Rule
(1 − r)
= ×
a = First term of the sequence dx du dx
1−r
u = x + x3
{W05-P01} Question 6:
A small trading company made a profit of 250000 dollars in du
= 1 + 3x2
the year
2000. The company considered two different plans, dx
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
dy dy 4 dy
= 5u4 = and = 0.02
du dx 3 dt
dy dy du 4 dy dy dx
= × = (1 + 3x2 ) × 5 (x + x3 ) = ÷
dx du dx dx dt dt
d2 y
Find second derivative dx2
{W05-P01} Question 6:
d2 y
y= If value –ve → max. point dx2 <0
5 − 2x
Solution:
Part (i)
Integration is the reverse process of differentiation
Differentiate given equation
The "S" shaped symbol is used to mean the integral of,
6 (5 − 2x)
−1 and
dx is written at the end of the terms to be integrated,
meaning "with respect to x". This is the same "dx"
that
dy appears in dx .
dy
= 6 (5 − 2x)−2 × −2 × −1
dx
your
integral
b
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
b
∫ y dx
a
4x+1
and the minimum point
M .
dy
Area bounded by the curve to the y -axis 1. Find expressions for dx and
∫ y dx
dy 9
( 4x + 1 + )
d
=
dx dx 4x + 1
d
8.3. Area Between Two Curves ((4x + 1) 2 + 9 (4x + 1) 2 )
1
−1
dx
subtract
the first curve by the second curve
Use dx Integrate the equation:
Make sure both equations have y as the subject
9
b b b ∫ y dx = ∫ 4x + 1 + dx
4x + 1
∫ y1 − y2 dx or ∫ y1 dx − ∫ y2 dx
= ∫ (4x + 1) 2 + 9 (4x + 1)
1
− 12
dx
dy
Use dy dx =0
b b b 2 18
∫ x1 − x2 dy quador
∫ x1 dy − ∫
x2 dy
− 3 = 0
4x + 1 (4x + 1) 2
a a a
8x − 16
3 =0
(4x + 1) 2
⇒ 8x − 16 = 0
⇒x=2
{S19-P01} Question 11:
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
Putting the x-value back to the equation of the curve will give With respect to y
us: Use dy
Make x the subject of the equation of the curve and
9
4 (2) + 1 + =6 input
πx2 in the integral
4 (2) + 1
b
∴M (2, 6) ∫ πx2 dy
a
iii. The line passing through M is parallel to the x-axis which
means its equation is simply:
y=6
2
9
∫ 4x + 1 + − 6 dx
4x + 1
0
[ 4x + 1 − 6x]
(4x + 1) 2 9
+
6 2
3 2 With respect to x
[ 4x + 1 − 6x] =
(4x + 1) 2 9 4
subtract
two volumes off each other
0
Use dx
4 Make sure that y is the subject of the equations of the
∴ The area is
3
two
curves
Note: You can integrate the two equations separately and b b b
then subtract
the area, you will still get the same answer π∫ y12 − y22 dx or
∫ πy12 dx − ∫
πy22 dx
a a a
a a a
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CAIE AS LEVEL MATHS (9709)
1 3 2
The diagram shows part of the curve
y = 2 (3x − 1) 3
∫ π (2 (3x − 1)− 3 ) dx
1
2
3
2
3 intersect at the Point A.
3
Find, showing all necessary working, the volume obtained =∫ π (4 (3x − 1)− 3 ) dx
2
2
3
Solution:
Using the formula for Volume of Revolution: Integrate it:
3
[4π (3x − 1) 3 ] 2 = 4
b 1
∫
2
πy dx
3
We will get:
3
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CAIE AS LEVEL
Maths (9709)