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Advanced Optical Spatial Modulation Techniques for FSO Communication

Article  in  IEEE Transactions on Communications · October 2020

DOI: 10.1109/TCOMM.2020.3035400

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Advanced Optical Spatial Modulation Techniques
for FSO Communication
Anirban Bhowal, Member, IEEE and Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum, Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati 781039, India
Email: a.bhowal@alumni.iitg.ac.in
Abstract—In this paper, spectral efficiency of free-space op-
tical (FSO) communication is enhanced by the utilization of
advanced schemes of optical spatial modulation (OSM). Optical
generalized spatial modulation (OGSM), optical enhanced spatial
modulation (OESM), and optical improved quadrature spatial
modulation (OIQSM) are proposed for performance improve-
ment of FSO systems over Gamma-Gamma (G-G) channel
incorporating pointing errors and path loss effect. These methods
are investigated in terms of bit error rate (BER) and the
analytical BER upper bound results are corroborated by Monte
Carlo simulations. Both spatial domain and symbol domain
errors are considered while calculating BER upper bounds.
The specifications required to implement the schemes are also
presented. The proposed methods offer benefits of reduced cost
and power consumption, and BER performance improvement
over OSM for higher spectral efficiencies. The upper bounds
of BER are tight for all values of transmit power for various
configurations of the proposed schemes.
Index Terms—FSO, OGSM, OESM, OIQSM
I. I NTRODUCTION
Free-space optical (FSO) communication has the potential
to overcome the limitations of the existing radio frequency
(RF) communication because of its higher data rates, band-
width, lower installation and maintenance costs, and inherent
security solutions [1]. Optical spatial modulation (OSM) is
commonly deployed in FSO communication to improve the
spectral efficiency. In OSM [2], a single optical chain and
multiple lasers with its corresponding apertures are present.
According to the message bits, the corresponding laser is
connected to the optical chain and the modulated symbol is
sent.
The channel model needs to incorporate the rapidly chang-
ing atmospheric conditions in FSO communication. Optical
signals undergo directional and energy changes due to random
variations of refractive index, temperature, and humidity of
atmospheric regions. Atmospheric turbulence (AT) [3] causes
modulation of small scale turbulent eddies with the large scale
turbulent eddies resulting in variations of the received optical
intensity and this phenomenon is known as scintillation. Such
AT induced fading can be properly represented by Gamma-
Gamma (G-G) channel model as reported in literature [1], [4].
The FSO performance may be influenced by building sways,
wind speeds which may cause misalignment of laser sources
and receivers. This leads to pointing error [4], so our channel
1
model also incorporates pointing error to consider all these
factors.
There are different modulation schemes which can be
used for FSO communication. On-off keying (OOK) requires
adaptive threshold for adjustment in accordance with the
varying atmospheric turbulences. M-ary quadrature amplitude
modulation (M-QAM) is the preferred modulation scheme for
FSO communication as its threshold is fixed irrespective of
the signal distribution [5], [6]. In literature, error analysis has
been done for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) [7] and
conventional FSO links [8]. Cooperative FSO communication
has been analyzed in terms of outage probability for channels
incorporating pointing errors in [9]. Optical MIMO systems
have been proposed in [10] to enhance system performance.
The performance of QAM with spatial diversity has been
analyzed in terms of outage probability and bit error rate for
different degrees of turbulence in FSO systems [11]. Spectral
efficiency of a single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) FSO sys-
tem has been analyzed for different turbulence effects along
with pointing errors in [12] and depending on the bit error rate
and channel conditions, the order of the phase-shift keying
modulation scheme is varied. To improve the performance
of SIMO FSO systems under atmospheric turbulence and
pointing errors, multi-pulse pulse position modulation scheme
has been proposed in [13]. Space shift keying (SSK) for FSO
communication has been explored in [14]. Diversity analysis
of optical SSK in MIMO FSO systems has been done in
the presence of atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors
in [15]. OSM for lognormal and G-G channels has been
investigated in [16]. OSM with photon counting receivers and
transmit diversity analysis has been reported in [17]. Spatial
modulation based subcarrier intensity-modulation (SIM) FSO
systems have been analyzed in terms of error probability
over lognormal channels in [18]. OSM over H-K turbulence
channels in FSO system has been reported in [19], where the
analytical average bit error probability for both coded and
uncoded OSM have been derived. OSM with spatial diversity
has been reported for FSO systems over G-G channel in [20].
An upper bound for average bit error rate using maximum ratio
combining and equal gain combining has been analyzed. A
similar analysis of OSM based FSO system has been done over
G-G channel in presence of pointing errors in [21]. Transmit
diversity and pulse position modulation have been utilized to
improve the performance of OSM based FSO systems in [22].

Differential OSM has been explored in [23]. Enhanced
spatial modulation (ESM), the RF version of optical ESM
(OESM), has been also extensively investigated in [24]. Im-
proved quadrature spatial modulation (IQSM), the RF version
of optical IQSM (OIQSM), has been explored in [25]. Gen-
eralized spatial modulation (GSM) in RF domain has been
reported in [26]. Optical MIMO enhances spectral efficiency,
but it comes at the cost of increased hardware cost and power
consumption, which will be discussed in the forthcoming
sections. Coding techniques can be used to improve the FSO
system performance [27]–[29], but it also requires overhead
bits adding to the system complexity. These drawbacks can
be mitigated by the use of OSM, but modern FSO systems
require much higher spectral efficiencies. The research gaps
from the literature survey include absence of performance
analysis of any advanced OSM schemes for outdoor FSO
communication. To the best of the author’s knowledge, cost
and power consumption analysis for such systems has not been
reported. Spatial domain and modulation domain BER analysis
for such advanced OSM schemes are not available for FSO
systems. All these factors motivate us to propose advanced
OSM schemes like OESM, optical GSM (OGSM) and OIQSM
for FSO communication and analyze its BER, cost, and power
consumption.
In OESM, single or double laser activation takes place,
thereby requiring 2 optical chains. In OGSM, a certain number
2
metrics is done in Section V. Section VI provides the detailed
results and Section VII concludes the paper.
II. C HANNEL M ODEL
AT induced fading can be suitably described by G-G
channel as described earlier. The effective number of large
scale and small scale cells of the scattering process are
denoted by α and β respectively. These values depend on the
turbulence conditions and have been defined in [31]. Rytov
variance σl2 is defined in [32, eq. (4)]. The AT induced fading
coefficient is represented by h. The attenuation of laser power
on atmospheric propagation follows Beer Lambert Law and the
laser power at a distance of z is given by hl (z). For a longer
observation period, the term hl is considered to be fixed. For
pointing error model, it has been assumed that the detector
can collect fraction h p of the power and its probability density
ζ 2 −1
function (PDF) can be written as f (h p ) = ζζ 2 h p , where
2
A0
h p [0, A0 ] and ζ = w z eq /2σ s . The ratio between equivalent
beam radius at the receiver (w z eq ) and twice the pointing
error displacement standard deviation at the receiver (σ s ) is
represented by ζ. The fraction of collected power in absence
of pointing error is denoted by A0 . The above mentioned terms
like ζ, A0 , w z eq and σ s are already defined elaborately in [4].
The overall PDF of G-G channel incorporating pointing errors,
where heq = h p hl h, can be written as in [4], [33]:
of lasers are activated and the number of optical chains is less ζ 2 (α β)  α βheq
 !
3,0 ζ2
than the number of lasers. Thus OGSM requires No pt optical f (heq ) = G , (1)
A0 hl Γ(α)Γ( β) 1,3 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1  A0 hl

chains to activate No pt lasers, where No pt < NL . Note that
NL denotes the total number of source lasers. Meanwhile in
OIQSM, double layer laser activation occurs for transmission
of real and imaginary parts of two symbols, and hence it
requires 4 optical chains. To increase the spectral efficiency,
multiple modulated symbols can be transmitted by a precoding
based scheme, as proposed in RF domain [30]. The transmis-
sion of multiple modulated symbols is basically implemented
in OGSM, thus OIQSM is essentially a simplified version of
OGSM. There is a trade-off between spectral efficiency and
energy efficiency. Hence, we are limiting it to transmission of
two modulated symbols at a time only in OIQSM, but it can
be extended for any number of modulated symbols.
The novelty of our paper lies in the fact that performance
analysis of these advanced OSM schemes are investigated
in terms of BER for FSO communication for the first time.
The upper bound of BER expressions are derived consider-
ing both spatial and symbol modulation error. Even though
these schemes already exist in RF domain, they cannot be
implemented directly in optical domain due to the presence of
pointing errors, atmospheric turbulences, and different nature
of optical transmitter and receiver than their RF counterparts.
The system parameters required for the optical transmitter and
receiver are specified. The pointing error effect is incorporated
into the channel model and cost and power consumption
analysis of the proposed FSO systems is reported.
Section II describes the channel model while Section III
elaborates the system model for the various schemes. Perfor-
mance analysis is carried out in Section IV, while comparison
of the proposed schemes in terms of different performance
,n
where Γ( ) denotes the Gamma function, G m
p,q (:| z) is the
Meijer G function [34], [35].
III. S YSTEM MODEL
For all the three proposed schemes, the distance of separa-
tion between source node (SN) and destination node (DN) is
L. Source node has NL lasers with its corresponding apertures
while DN has ND photodetectors with its corresponding
apertures. The photodetector has a responsivity of Re . In
an optical transmit chain, source data initially modulates a
high frequency RF sinusoidal signal. The modulated sinusoidal
signal contains negative data, which needs to be eliminated in
order to drive the laser as laser can only be driven by a positive
signal. Hence, a DC bias is added to make the RF modulated
signal positive by shifting the level of the signal above zero
mark. In this manner, the negative part of the modulated
signal will now be raised above zero, whereas the positive
portion will be raised to a more positive value. Thus the signal
after DC bias addition is used to modulate the laser intensity.
If the signal is zero, laser will be switched off, whereas
according to various levels of signal value, laser intensity
can be varied. The laser output is transmitted into free-space
through an aperture. At the receiver, an aperture collects the
optical wave and focuses the optical wave to the photodetector
which performs direct detection in absence of local oscillator.
The information content is directly proportional to the intensity
of the transmitted optical signal. This optical wave is converted
to electrical signal, subsequently followed by demodulation in
RF domain.
 3

The proposed schemes when used in the optical domain various combinations of laser sources are denoted by Cn where
have to take care of several parameters like jitter, pointing error n = 1, 2, ..., NL2 .
deviation, transmit and receiver aperture separation. The values Example I: An example of OESM is illustrated in Fig. 1
of the different parameters for optical domain are mentioned where the information stream is given by [1 0 0 1 1 1]. Thus
in Results section. In RF domain, signal propagation mainly the first four bits [1 0 0 1] are used as control bits, which
takes place by reflection and multipath propagation. But in corresponds to the combination labelled C10 in Table I, where
FSO communication, signal propagation is primarily line-of- the third and fourth lasers will be active and BPSK0 scheme
sight based and undergoes atmospheric turbulence induced will be used. Optical chain (OC) 1 will be connected to laser
fading and jitters due to environmental conditions. Hence, the 3 and OC 2 will be connected to laser 4. BPSK0 symbol will
channel model and parameter values are quite different from be sent from laser 3 and 4. All other lasers will be sitting idle.
the existing RF schemes. The proposed schemes are elaborated According to the secondary constellation scheme BPSK0 , the
in the following subsections. modulated bits would be [1 1] for the input bits [1 1]. Hence
the transmitted symbol vector will be x = [0 0 1 1]T . Here [ ]T
denotes the transpose of a matrix. The other OESM schemes
A. Optical Enhanced Spatial Modulation can be similarly implemented for higher modulation schemes
In OESM, two optical transmit chains are used and single and transmit sources.
or double laser activation takes place depending upon the
TABLE I: OESM 4t6b
message bits. A primary constellation and two secondary con-
stellation schemes are required for this technique. The size of L1 L2 L3 L4
the secondary constellation is half of the primary constellation C1 = 0000 QPSK 0 0 0
scheme. The total message bits are partitioned into two parts- C2 = 0001 0 QPSK 0 0
control bits and modulation bits. The value of the control bits C3 = 0010 0 0 QPSK 0
determines the lasers to be activated and these space modu- C4 = 0011 0 0 0 QPSK
lation bits determine the laser(s) to be used for transmission C5 = 0100 BPSK0 BPSK0 0 0
according to a mapping table. The modulation bits are used for C6 = 0101 BPSK0 0 BPSK0 0
symbol mapping. When a single laser is activated, the symbol C7 = 0110 BPSK0 0 0 BPSK0
is mapped according to the primary constellation, while for C8 = 0111 0 BPSK0 BPSK0 0
double laser activation, two symbols are mapped to either C9 = 1000 0 BPSK0 0 BPSK0
of the two secondary constellation schemes. For example if
C10 = 1001 0 0 BPSK0 BPSK0
primary constellation size is m where m = log2 (M) then size
C11 = 1010 BPSK1 BPSK1 0 0
of secondary constellation is m/2. Hence either one symbol
C12 = 1011 BPSK1 0 BPSK1 0
of m bits is transmitted from a primary constellation or two
C13 = 1100 BPSK1 0 0 BPSK1
symbols each of m/2 bits are transmitted from a secondary
C14 = 1101 0 BPSK1 BPSK1 0
constellation. The total number of possible combination of
symbol transmission is NL2 where NL denotes the number of C15 = 1110 0 BPSK1 0 BPSK1
source lasers. Hence spectral efficiency of OESM is given by C16 = 1111 0 0 BPSK1 BPSK1
ηOES M = log2 (NL2 ) + log2 (M).
For example if NL = 4 and M = 4, then primary constella-
tion will be 4-QAM also equivalent to quadrature phase shift
keying (QPSK), and secondary constellation will be binary
phase shift keying (BPSK). Since 4-QAM and QPSK are same,
hence the constellation schemes can take symbols from the set
{±1 ± j}. BPSK0 and BPSK1 are the secondary constellation
schemes given by BPSK0 = {±1} and BPSK1 = {± j}. In
this case, OESM can transmit 6 bpcu (bits per channel use)
while normal OSM can transmit only 4 bpcu with NL = 4
and M = 4. Thus this OESM scheme has been named as 4t6b.
Note that at yb means a number of source lasers will be used
to achieve spectral efficiency of y. For this particular OESM
scheme, 16 total combinations are possible out of which the
first 4 combinations are same as that of OSM with single Fig. 1: Proposed system model for OESM (In Example I, NL =
optical source being active. Double source activation is done 4, for input bits [1 0 0 1 1 1], C10 combination in Table I will
for the next 6 cases where symbol mapping is done according be implemented in which lasers 3 and 4 will send symbol 1).
to one of the secondary constellation scheme BPSK0 , while
the secondary constellation scheme BPSK1 is used for the next
6 cases. The active laser combination for space modulation B. Optical Generalized Spatial Modulation
for this scheme is tabulated in spatial mapping Table I. The This technique combines the benefit of optical chain and
four laser sources are denoted by L 1 , L 2 , L 3 and L 4 , and the laser selection to achieve improved spectral efficiencies than

OSM. In OGSM, multiple lasers can be activated to improve
the spectral efficiency. However, decoding complexity and cost
also increase with use of multiple laser sources. Therefore,
it requires an optimum combination of optical chains and
laser sources. OGSM system uses No pt optical chains and
NL laser sources. A multiple pole multiple throw (No pt , NL )
switch is used for connecting the optical chains to the lasers.
Note that No pt out of NL lasers are chosen to be activated.
In OGSM, the message bits are partitioned into control bits
and modulation bits. C is defined as the control bits used
to choose the  set of active laser sources and is defined by
C = blog2 NNoLp t c. The set of valid laser patterns to be
activated is given by K having dimension of 2C . Out of NL
lasers,
 N  No pt number of lasers can be chosen in a possible
L of 3) indicating that the third pattern [0 1 0 1] from the set
N o p t manner. Since the data will be transmitted through
No pt lasers, hence the laser indices of such No pt lasers are
required.
 This
 multiple laser indices selection can be done by
blog2 NNoLp t c number of bits. The value of the control bits
determines which numbered laser activation pattern is to be
selected from set K. K set is a predefined spatial mapping
table fixed before transmission. If bit value in the selected laser
activation pattern is 1, then that particular transmit laser will
be activated. The modulated symbol is partitioned into No pt
groups and each group comprising of m bits (where M = 2m )
is transmitted from each laser. Symbol mapping is performed
according to the M-ary modulation scheme. Hence the spectral
  N 
efficiency can be defined as ηOGS M = log2 N o p t + mNo pt .
L
The optimum selection of number of optical chains No pt is
a matter of concern in OGSM systems. The selection has to be
done in such a way that it maximizes the spectral efficiency.
The first part of the spectral efficiency expression increases
from No pt = 0 to No pt = bNL /2c and then decreases.
However, the second part of the expression increases linearly
with No pt keeping the modulation term constant. Thus the
optimum value of No pt for which the spectral efficiency
is maximum should be between bNL /2c and NL . To better
understand the trade-off of spectral efficiency and BER, let
us discuss a more generalized version of OGSM where the
number of optical chains can be varied. The RF version of such
a scheme named orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
with generalized index modulation (OFDM-GIM) is given in
[36]. Let there be g groups of optical transmit chains and
lasers. If total incoming bits is b, then it will be split into g
groups of p bits each. The p bits are further subdivided into p1
and p2 bits where p1 bits are used for activating No pt out of
NL lasers. The p2 bits are used for symbol mapping according
to a M-ary modulation scheme. Hence a total number of g × NL
number of lasers and optical chains are present. In this case
the No pt value (i.e. number of activated chains and lasers)
is not constant for the entire system. It can vary in different
groups depending on the input binary stream. Such  a system
can achieve a spectral efficiency of blog2 (M N o p t NNoLp t cg. By
allowing variable values of activated lasers for each group,
spectral efficiency can be increased as compared to that
of a fixed No pt value [36]. It has been shown that such
OFDM-GIM based scheme can offer much improved spectral
efficiency value at the cost of marginal BER performance loss.
4
But as the BER value gets lower for high SNR values, the BER
performance loss is very negligible for high spectral efficiency
values. Thus high spectral efficiency values can be obtained
for OGSM also by adopting such schemes and the optimum
value of number of activated lasers can be considered similar
to what has been reported in [36] for OFDM based RF system.
Example II: Let us consider an OGSM system with NL =
4, No pt = 2 and M = 4. It gives C = 2 and ηOGS M = 6
bpcu (bits per channel use). The laser pattern set is given by
K = [1, 1, 0, 0], [1, 0, 1, 0], [0, 1, 0, 1], [0, 0, 1, 1]. The pattern
can be different, but should be fixed before transmission and
should have a cardinality of 2C . Let us assume the incoming
message bit sequence is [1 0 0 1 1 1]. The first 2 bits will
define the control bits (in this case it is [1 0] or decimal value
K will be used for activating the lasers. In the third pattern,
the second fourth bit values are one signifying that second
and fourth lasers will be activated. It means OC 1 will be
connected to laser 2 and OC 2 will be connected to laser 4.
All other lasers are not connected to OC and sitting idle. The
remaining bits in the incoming bit sequence, [0 1 1 1] will
be used for symbol mapping. Thus two 4-QAM symbols will
be sent. The symbols are 1 − j and −1 − j for bits [0 1] and
[1 1] respectively. Thus, the transmitted signal vector is given
by x = [0, 1 − j, 0, −1 − j]T . The example is pictorially shown
in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2: Proposed OGSM system model: OC-Optical chain, PD-
Photodetector (In Example II, NL = 4, No pt = 2, M = 4, for
input bits [1 0 0 1 1 1], third pattern from the set K will be
selected for the control bits [1 0], in which second and fourth
lasers will send 4-QAM symbols 1 − j and −1 − j for the
modulation bits [0 1] and [1 1] respectively).
C. Optical Improved Quadrature Spatial Modulation
A new scheme called optical improved quadrature spatial
modulation (OIQSM) is proposed for FSO system to enhance
the spectral efficiency. OIQSM can transmit double modulated
symbols in a single time slot by using two different layers
of laser sources. The original data stream is partitioned into
two parts- one is used for laser index mapping and the other
for symbol mapping. Again the laser index mapping bits are
split into two parts, which denote the indices of in-phase and
quadrature phase activated lasers. The mapped symbols are
partitioned into real and imaginary parts of the symbols. Now
 5

since there are two modulated symbols, hence two in-phase

and two quadrature phase lasers are activated for transmitting
the two real and two imaginary parts respectively. The laser
set (1,2), (1,3), (1,4) and (2,3) are activated for the bit patterns
(00), (01), (10) and (11) respectively for NL = 4. This laser set
activation pattern can be changed but should be fixed before
transmission.
  The
  spectral efficiency of OIQSM [25] is given
by 2 log2 N2L  + 2 log2 M.
Example III: For our proposed OIQSM based FSO system,
let us consider input data stream is [11010110]. The part
of the data stream which will be used for activating the
corresponding laser source is [1101], while the remaining part
[0110] will be used for symbol mapping. Hence, the lasers
which are activated for transmitting real and imaginary parts
(a)
are {2, 3} and {1, 3} for bits [1 1] and [0 1] respectively. 4-
QAM modulation scheme is used in this case and accordingly
 
the symbols will be 1 − j, −1 + j for the symbol mapping
bits [01, 10]. The real and imaginary parts will be separated.
Note that +1 and -1 are the real parts of the above two 4-
QAM symbols, and they are to be sent from lasers 2 and 3
respectively. Similarly, -1 and +1 are the imaginary parts of the
above two 4-QAM symbols, and they are to be sent from lasers
1 and 3 respectively. Hence, we can write x r = [0, +1, −1, 0]T
and x i = [−1, 0, +1, 0]T . Thus, overall signal vector which is
transmitted is x = x r + jxx i = − j, 1, −1 + j, 0 T . The in-phase
 
and quadrature phase laser activation are shown in Fig. 3(a)
and 3(b) respectively.

IV. P ERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (b)

Message bits are transmitted by source node to destination Fig. 3: Proposed OIQSM system model for (a) in-phase laser
node in a single time slot. At the photodetector, thermal, shot activation (b) quadrature phase laser activation (In Example
and dark current noise are the dominant sources of noise. The III, NL = 4, M = 4, for input bits [11010110], the control
total noise variance is computed by adding up the variances bits are [1 1] and [0 1] for which lasers {2, 3} and {1, 3} will
of the three types of noises. Ambient light produces thermal be activated for real and imaginary parts of the two 4-QAM
noise which is represented by additive white Gaussian noise symbols (1 − j) and (−1+ j) for the symbol mapping bits [0 1]
of zero mean and variance N0 . Shot noise arises due to and [1 0] respectively).
the random arrival of photons. Dark current noise arises
in the absence of light. x is the transmitted source vector.
s is pthe transmitted signal vector and can be expressed as
s = Oe f f E x, where E denotes the average symbol energy, where average received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is γ̄ = NE0 ,
R O E PND PNL
Oe f f is the optical efficiency of the system. Assume y is whereas γe f f = e Ne0f f , γS M = j=1
( i=1 hi j ) 2 . Note
the receiver output. Decoding at the receiver takes place that H is the channel matrix having dimension of ND × NL
by maximum likelihood (ML) decoding which is given by and hi j is an element of the channel matrix which follows
ŝ = arg min ky − H sk 2 , where S is the set of normalized G-G distribution with pointing errors as in Eq. (1). The
s∈S integration involves multi-dimensional integration over the
transmit symbol vectors. Each scheme - OSM, OESM,
channel gains from each laser to photodetector. Hence, exact
OIQSM and OGSM - has its own predefined set S, containing
closed-form expressions cannot be derived and the integrals
all the symbol vectors for that particular scheme. Pairwise
are numerically evaluated with the help of Mathematica.
Error Probability (PEP) is the probability of symbol vector s
0 The average BER (ABER) (denoted by Ps ) occurring during
being decoded as s . For detection of symbol mapping bits,
detection of the symbol mapping bits is bounded by [24]:
the average PEP can be computed as:
1 XX
Ps ≤ n(s → s0 ) APEP(s → s0 ) Symbol ,
  s 
1   1

 
 γe f f ||H s − s ||  
H H 0 2 
 
 |S|log2 (|S|)
APEP(s → s ) 0 Symbol
= EH Q    s∈S s0 ∈S
|S|   ND 2  (3)
where n(s → s 0 ) is the number of bit errors that occur when
 ∞ 
 s 
γe f f N NL
||hi j s − hi j s0 || 2 
P D
P
=
1  1 j=1 i=1 s is decoded as s0 . During detection of the laser index, the
Q  γ S M (h)dh ,
 f
|S| 0  ND
 2 

 asymptotic APEP (where the laser index j can be incorrectly
(2) detected as i) for G-G channel with pointing errors can be
 6

computed as:  also done for moderate and weak turbulence conditions. For
∞
1 X X  X (−α β/( A0 hl )) k moderate turbulence conditions, k ≥ 0 generates negligible
APEP( j → i) = C truncation error for more higher transmit power values of 30
|S| j∈S i∈S k =0 γe(k+1)/2
ff k!
  N D dBm or more. At transmit power value of 20 dBm, PEP under
3,4 0,k +1−ζ 2 ,k+1−α ,k +1− β ,ζ 2 

×G5,5 1 moderate turbulence conditions gives almost the same value
ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
(2ND ) k N D +N D Γ( k N D +N D +1
) produces negligible truncation error for the series at transmit
× (k N D +N D )/2 √
2
, (4)
γe f f π(k ND + ND )Γ((k ND + ND )/2)
α βζ
4
where C = A h (Γ(α)Γ(β)) 2 . The details of this derivation can be
0 l
found in Appendix A. This expression contains summation of
k from 0 to ∞. To truncate the infinite sum series in Eq. (4),
we are going to explore the value of k for which the truncated
finite series is giving insignificant errors. The Cauchy ratio test
can be used to check the convergence of the infinite series first.
The series is convergent if:
ak+1
lim | |≤1. (5)
k →∞ a k
The series coefficient of k + 1th and k th terms are obtained
only from Eq. (4). The ratio of two Meijer G functions will
always be a nonzero real number for all values of k. It can
be derived in a similar manner as shown in [14]. However,
after solving the ratio of k + 1th and k th term, it can be
observed that the degree of k in the denominator exceeds
that of the numerator by one. Hence on applying the limit
condition, the ratio equation will result in zero indicating
that the infinite series is convergent. The values of k which
give insignificant numerical error due to truncation of the
infinite series to a finite series is investigated [37, pp. 135]
in Mathematica. We have expressed PEP values in the form
of scientific notation a × 10b with accuracy upto 5th place
of decimal digit. The numerical error due to truncation of the
infinite sum is considered upto 10 −7 . Numerical error of any
value less than 1 × 10 −7 is considered to be insignificant. We
for k ≥ 4. Similarly under weak turbulence conditions, k ≥ 3
power value of 30 dBm, while for transmit power value of
20 dBm, k ≥ 5 yields insignificant truncation error. Hence, it
is concluded that as the turbulence conditions decrease, the k
value required to generate negligible truncation error is larger
at a particular value of transmit power. It is pertinent to note
that for more number of photodetectors, the limiting value
of k to produce insignificant truncation error is greater for
a particular value of transmit power. For ND = 2, k ≥ 4
generates insignificant numerical error at transmit power value
of 30 dBm. The upper limit of summation variable k to
generate accuracy till 5th place of decimal digit for different
cases is shown in Table II. The different scenarios are allotted
a particular case number in the table. For Case 1 and 2,
the analysis of k values for which the truncation of terms
generates insignificant numerical errors, is illustrated in Fig.
4, while a similar analysis for Case 3 and 4 is shown in Fig.
5. The values of PEP at different k values are shown in the
figures, which helps the readers to easily understand the k
values required to generate insignificant truncation error at
different transmit power values. In this paper, we have consid-
ered strong turbulence conditions and a single photodetector
scenario. Hence considering all values of transmit power, we
have considered the limiting value of k as 10 for which the
numerical error induced due to truncating terms of the series
is insignificant. Thus, the upper bound results will be tight
for the considered range of transmit power values for strong
turbulence conditions.
X: 4 X: 6
Y: 0.095
X: 8
Y: 0.095
10-1
Y: 0.08811

will explore the values of k for which we can get accurate X: 10

Y: 0.05544

results upto 5 places of decimal by truncating the infinite X: 6

Y: 0.05222
X: 8
Y: 0.05544

sum to first k terms, i.e. the first five digits of decimal X: 2

Y: 0.01497
X: 4
Y: 0.01522
X: 6
Y: 0.01522

remain unaltered even on increasing the value of k further. X: 6 X: 8 X: 10

10-2
X: 4
Y: 0.007 Y: 0.007244 Y: 0.007244 Y: 0.007244
It is observed that at higher SNR values (or higher values of X: 0
Y: 0.004422
X: 2
Y: 0.004422

transmit power), lower k values can ensure that the truncation

PEP

of terms produces insignificant error. For example at transmit X: 4

Y: 0.003122
X: 6
Y: 0.003121
X: 8
Y: 0.003121

power value of 10 dBm, PEP for k = 0 is 4.44444×10 −2 , 10-3

for k = 2 value is 7.42234×10 −2 , for k = 4 value is
Case 1, 10 dBm power
X: 0 X: 2
Y: 0.0004444 Y: 0.0004444 Case 1, 15 dBm power
Case 1, 20 dBm power
8.88875×10 −2 , while for k ≥ 6 value is 9.50011×10 −2 . X: 0
Y: 0.0002444
X: 2
Y: 0.0002444
Case 1, 30 dBm power
Case 2, 10 dBm power
Thus at 10 dBm transmit power, k = 6 is the limit at which Case 2, 15 dBm power
Case 2, 20 dBm power
numerical error due to truncation is insignificant. Similarly, 10-4
Case 2, 30 dBm power

for 15 dBm transmit power, PEP for k = 0 is 1.39186×10 −2 , 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Value of summation variable (k)
8 9 10

for k = 2 PEP value is 1.49666×10 −2 , while for k ≥ 4 PEP

value is 1.52222×10 −2 . Hence, the limit of k is 4 at 15 dBm Fig. 4: Analysis of k values for Case 1 and 2 due to truncation
transmit power. Now for 20 dBm transmit power, PEP value of the infinite series to a finite series for different power values.
for k ≥ 0 is 4.44222×10 −3 , while for 30 dBm transmit power,
PEP value for k ≥ 0 is 4.44444×10 −4 . Thus, the truncating The average bit error rate for laser index detection (denoted
of terms generates insignificant numerical error for k ≥ 0 by Plide ) is given by:
at high values of transmit power exceeding 20 dBm. It is to 1 XX
be noted that as the value of k increases, the computation Plide ≤ n( j → i) APEP( j → i) . (6)
|S|log2 (|S|) j ∈S i ∈S
time will also increase. The study of k values for which the
truncating of terms of the series produces insignificant error is The total bit error rate of the system (Pe ) can be upper
 7

TABLE II: k values required for accuracy till 5th place of decimal digit in scientific notation
10dBm power 15dBm power 20dBm power 30dBm power
Parameters
k PEP k PEP k PEP k PEP
α = 4.2, β = 1.4, ND = 1 (Case 1) 6 9.50011×10 −2 4 1.52222×10 −2 0 4.44222×10 −3 0 4.44444×10 −4
α = 4.0, β = 1.9, ND = 1 (Case 2) 8 5.54444×10 −2 6 7.24444×10 −3 4 3.12211×10 −3 0 2.44411×10 −4
α = 11.6, β = 10.1, ND = 1 (Case 3) 10 5.54444×10 −3 8 8.42213×10 −4 5 3.00001×10 −4 3 2.00112×10 −5
α = 4.2, β = 1.4, ND = 2 (Case 4) 10 8.44431×10 −3 8 1.12113×10 −3 6 1.81112×10 −4 4 1.21100×10 −6

X: 10 X: 12
Y: 0.008444 Y: 0.008443
10-2 OES M
Nsw = 2(η −log2 (M ))/2−1 , (13)
X: 6 X: 8 X: 10  p 
OGS M
= 1/4 1 + 1 + 4 × 2((η −2log2 (M ))+1) ,
Y: 0.001111 Y: 0.001121 Y: 0.001121

10-3 Nsw (14)

X: 4 X: 5 X: 7 X: 8 X: 10
Y: 0.0002712 Y: 0.0003 Y: 0.0003 Y: 0.0008422 Y: 0.0008422
 p 
OIQS M
10-4
X: 4
Y: 0.0001754
X: 6
Y: 0.0001811
X: 8
Y: 0.0001811
Nsw = 1/4 1 + 1 + 4 × 2((η −2log2 (M ))/2+1) . (15)
PEP

X: 2 X: 3 X: 5
Y: 1.801e-05 Y: 2.001e-05 Y: 2.001e-05
The derivation of number of switches required for all these
10-5 schemes is provided in Appendix B. The hardware cost is
X: 2
X: 4 X: 6
Case 3, 10 dBm power
Case 3, 15 dBm power calculated for all the schemes. Let us assume that Co , CS/P
Y: 1.211e-06 Y: 1.211e-06 Case 3, 20 dBm power
10-6
Y: 1e-06
Case 3, 30 dBm power and Csw are the costs of optical chain, serial to parallel
Case 4, 10 dBm power
Case 4, 15 dBm power converter, and optical switch respectively. Total hardware costs
Case 4, 20 dBm power
Case 4, 30 dBm power of OSM, OESM, OGSM and OIQSM are given by Eq. (16),
10-7
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 (17), (18), and (19) respectively.
Value of summation variable (k)
COS M = Co + CS/P + Csw Nsw
OS M
, (16)
Fig. 5: Analysis of k values for Case 3 and 4 due to truncation
of the infinite series to a finite series for different power values. COES M = 2Co + CS/P + Csw Nsw
OES M
, (17)
COGS M = Co No pt + CS/P + Csw Nsw
OGS M
, (18)
bounded as: COIQS M = OIQS M
4Co + CS/P + Csw Nsw . (19)
Pe ≤ Ps + Plide − Ps Plide . (7)
Total cost of optical spatial multiplexing based MIMO system
The BER bounds depend on the different OSM schemes. MIMO
is given by Ctot = Co NL . The number of switches required
Depending upon the number of lasers activated and which
for OGSM, OESM, and OIQSM are much lesser than the
transmit lasers are active, the corresponding channel gains will
requirement in OSM for a particular spectral efficiency and
vary and accordingly the integration over those channel gains
M-ary modulation scheme. Hence the switch cost and power
will be done. The predefined set of possible symbol vectors
consumption of switches are much lesser for higher spectral
also vary according to the schemes, thereby changing the BER
efficiencies in OESM, OGSM and OIQSM. An example is
values.
considered for η = 8 bpcu, NL = 6 and M = 4. For
V. C OMPARISON OF P ERFORMANCE M ETRICS OESM 4 switches are required, for OGSM 3 switches are
Power consumption, cost and complexity analysis of the required (assuming No pt = 2), for OIQSM switch requirement
proposed methods are carried out in this section. Power is 2, while the switch requirement is 32 for OSM. The
consumption of optical chain and optical switch are considered example is pictorially illustrated in Fig. 6 where the overall
as Poc and Psw [38] respectively. Note that α tr is the slope power consumption and cost of the proposed methods are
dependent load factor and Pt is the total transmitted optical compared with that of OSM and optical MIMO (Optical spatial
power. Power consumption of OSM, OESM, OGSM and multiplexing (SMX)) techniques. The parameters considered
OIQSM can be explained as Eq. (8), (9), (10), and (11) are Poc = 53W, α tr = 3.1, Pt = 6.3W, Psw = 0.2W, Co =
respectively. 1000$, CS/P = 2$, Csw = 220$. Please note that these are
typical values obtained through quotations and websites [39]–
OS M
Ptot = Poc + α tr Pt + Psw Nsw
OS M
, (8)
[48]. The cost may vary according to location, however the
OES M
Ptot = 2Poc + α tr Pt + Psw Nsw
OES M
, (9) proportion of the values with respect to each other is nearly
correct to the best of the author’s knowledge. An optical
OGS M
Ptot = Poc No pt + α tr Pt + Psw Nsw
OGS M
, (10) chain comprises of intensity modulator, RF modulator, DC
OIQS M OIQS M
Ptot = 4Poc + α tr Pt + Psw Nsw . (11) bias adder, pulse shaping and I/Q modulator blocks. Hence the
cost is calculated accordingly. For the particular example as
Power consumption of optical MIMO is given by = MIMO
Ptot shown in the figure (for η = 8 bpcu), the power consumption
Poc NL + α tr Pt . Number of switches are different for each of OSM is relatively lesser than the other schemes, however
scheme and number of switch requirement for OSM, OESM, this trend is not fixed for all values of spectral efficiency
OGSM, and OIQSM to achieve a spectral efficiency of η, are and modulation scheme. As the spectral efficiency increases,
given by Eq. (12), (13), (14) and (15) respectively. the number of switches in OSM increase by a power of 2
OS M
Nsw = 2(η −log2 (M )−1) , (12) whereas for other schemes, the growth in switches is linear.

For example if η = 20 bpcu and M = 4, number of switches
in OSM is 131072 while number of switches in OESM is
256, number of switches in OGSM is 362, and number of
switches in OIQSM is 11. In this case, we can clearly see that
the total power consumption of OSM will exceed that of the
other advanced OSM schemes due to excessive requirement
of switches. The slight increase in the power consumption of
multiple optical chains in advanced OSM schemes is negated
by the excessive power consumption of switches in OSM for
very high spectral efficiency values. The total cost of OSM
also exceeds the cost of other advanced OSM schemes for
such high spectral efficiency values. Thus, we can conclude
from this detailed analysis that as spectral efficiency value
increases, advanced OSM schemes perform better than OSM
both in terms of power consumption and cost.
×104
3500
3411
7 values. For other turbulence conditions, the parameters can
3000 6
Total cost (dollars)
2500 Total power consumption (Watts) 5
2000 4 that the channel gains are independent of each other.
1500 3
1000 2
500
231.9
1 8042
126.13
78.9 126.3
0 0
OSM OESM OGSM OIQSM Optical SMX OSM
(a)
Fig. 6: (a) Power consumption and (b) cost comparison of the
proposed methods.
VI. R ESULTS
Strong turbulence conditions (α = 4.2, β = 1.4) are consid-
ered for all simulations. The separation distance between two
nodes is considered to be 2 Km. Single photodetector, ND = 1
is considered for analysis. Aperture size of the transmitter
aperture is 7.5 cm, separation between two transmitter aperture
is 40 mm, diameter of receiver aperture is 20 cm, 2 mrad
is considered as the divergence angle, responsivity (Re ) is
0.5, 0.8 is the optical efficiency of the system (Oe f f ), 30 cm
is considered as the corresponding jitter standard deviation,
corresponding beam radius at 1 Km is 2.5 m, and standard
deviation of noise is 10 −7 . In FSO systems, transmission
power is lost as the beam becomes more wider as it travels
through free space. Hence, the narrow receiving aperture fails
to receive wide beam signals and much of the optical signal
is also lost due to misalignment errors. 2 mrad divergence
angle transmitter is chosen such that it can allow enough
margin of error in pointing angle to maintain the target of
the circular beam. Such a 2 mrad divergence angle will give a
beam diameter of 2.5 m at 1 Km. A wider beam angle at the
transmit laser can be considered for a wider aperture diameter
at the receiver, but it will also mean more transmission power
8
loss. The transmit and receive aperture diameters are related
by the following equation [49]:
!2
AR DR
= , (20)
AB DT + 100 × d × θ
where D R and DT are the diameters of receiving and trans-
mitting apertures, θ is the divergence angle, d is the distance
at which beam radius is calculated, AR and AB are the area of
receiver and area of transmitted beam respectively. From this
equation, the ratio of areas is kept at -20 dB and the values of
transmit and receive aperture diameters are calculated as 20
cm and 7.5 cm respectively. These values basically determine
the value of ζ 2 which indicate the effect of pointing error.
Since we wanted to analyze advanced OSM schemes in the
worst atmospheric conditions, we have chosen such a high ζ 2
value and accordingly generated the required aperture diameter
64002
be varied and investigations can be done for the performance
analysis of OSM schemes with different parameters. The
distance between two transmit apertures are chosen such that
it exceeds the spatial coherence distance in order to ensure
For Monte Carlo simulations, 106 G-G channel realizations
are generated. The source bits are randomly generated and the
symbol mapping is done according to the particular scheme.
Thus for 106 bits, number of erroneous bits are computed by
4442
activating the corresponding lasers and transmitting the bits
2882
2662
across the particular channel. At the receiver, symbol detection
OESM OGSM OIQSM Optical SMX is done in two steps- first the laser activation bits are estimated
(b) to know the particular laser index and in the next step the
symbol mapping bits are decoded.
The performance of the proposed methods- OESM and
OGSM are compared with that of OSM and other techniques
available in the open literature, in terms of BER as shown in
Fig. 7. The results from [14], [50], [51] are used for perfor-
mance comparison. In [50], single-input-single-output (SISO)
optical system has been implemented over G-G channel em-
ploying OOK and assuming strong turbulence conditions. BER
has been computed over G-G channel assuming light fog
and strong turbulence conditions, and 4-QAM modulation in
[51]. In [14], BER has been computed for SSK based FSO
system under strong turbulence (for NL = 4, ND = 1). The
results of all these methods are obtained for our values of
transmit optical power and plotted in the figure. We have
considered NL = 4 and spectral efficiency of 6 bpcu for
our analysis of the proposed methods. We have considered
No pt = 2, and 4-QAM modulation is used for OGSM and
OESM, while OSM uses 16-QAM to achieve the same spectral
efficiency. OESM and OGSM easily outperform OSM as OSM
uses a higher modulation scheme which has closer spacing
between constellation points, thus causing more error. OESM
outperforms OGSM as single laser activation also occurs
sometimes in OESM, while OGSM always activates 2 lasers
for the above scenario, hence OESM suffers from less optical
interference as compared to OGSM. It is to be noted that
when more lasers are activated, more number of laser indices
have to be estimated correctly at the receiver leading to more
chances of error. Thus, increase in spatial domain error leads to
 9

overall increment in BER. It is evident from the figure that our For example, OESM uses 16-QAM for NL = 4, ηSE = 8
proposed methods perform better than the existing methods. bpcu, while OESM uses 4-QAM for NL = 4, ηSE = 6 bpcu.
Similarly, OGSM with ηSE = 6 bpcu and OGSM with ηSE = 8
10-1 bpcu uses 4-QAM but have different number of optical chains.
As No pt value increases in OGSM, more lasers are active
10-2 and the performance degrades due to increase in optical
interference. It is pertinent to note that OGSM having 3 optical
10-3 chains performs better than OESM with 2 optical chains at the
BER

same spectral efficiency of 8 bpcu. This is because OGSM

uses 4-QAM and OESM uses 16-QAM to attain the same
10-4 OSM upper bound
OSM simulation
OGSM upper bound
spectral efficiency. As constellation size increases, the symbol
OGSM simulation vector spacing decreases leading to more chances of error.
10-5 OESM upper bound
OESM simulation Again for same spectral efficiency of 6 bpcu, OESM having 2
SSK upper bound
4-QAM FSO upper bound optical chains performs better than OGSM having 2 optical
10-6 SISO upper bound chains. This is because of the fact that OESM sometimes
0 10 20 30 40
Transmit optical power (dBm) activates single laser and optical chain also depending on
the message bits, which reduces the optical interference as
Fig. 7: Performance comparison of the proposed methods for compared to OGSM with 2 optical chains, where 2 lasers
spectral efficiency of 6 bpcu. and 2 optical chains are always activated. In all the figures,
the analytical upper bounds are tight in comparison to Monte
The comparison of OGSM, OESM, OIQSM, and OSM is Carlo simulations.
carried out in terms of BER in Fig. 8 for NL = 4 and a spectral
10-2
efficiency of 8 bpcu. OGSM uses No pt = 3 and 4-QAM modu-
lation while OESM utilize 16-QAM modulation. OIQSM uses
4-QAM modulation while OSM uses 64-QAM modulation. 10-3
OSM uses the highest modulation scheme, thereby yielding
the most inferior performance. OESM uses single or double
BER

laser activation, but requires a higher modulation scheme than 10-4 OGSM N =4 N =2, η=6 upper bound
L opt
OGSM and OIQSM, thereby leading to inferior performance OGSM N L=4 Nopt=2, η=6 simulation
OGSM N L=4 Nopt=3, η=8 upper bound
in OESM. OIQSM and OGSM uses the same modulation OGSM N L=4 Nopt=3, η=8 simulation
-5
scheme, but OIQSM uses only 2 optical chains while OGSM 10 OESM N L=4, η=6 upper bound
OESM N =4, η=6 simulation
uses 3 optical chains, leading to improved performance of L
OESM N =4, η=8 upper bound
L
OIQSM over OGSM. It can be observed that BER upper bound -6
OESM N =4, η=8 simulation
L

is tight in comparison to the simulation results. 10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Transmit optical power (dBm)
10-1
Fig. 9: Effect of parameter variations on system performance.
10-2
VII. C ONCLUSION
Three advanced schemes of OSM named OESM, OGSM,
10-3
and OIQSM have been proposed for FSO communication over
BER

G-G channel with pointing errors. It has been inferred that the
10-4 OESM upper bound
OESM simulation proposed methods perform better than OSM in terms of BER,
OIQSM upper bound
OIQSM simulation
cost, and power consumption for higher spectral efficiencies.
10-5 OGSM upper bound The proposed methods can attain the same spectral efficiency
OGSM simulation
OSM upper bound as that of OSM by using a lower modulation scheme which
OSM simulation
10-6 gives improved BER performance. The less number of optical
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 switches required in these advanced OSM schemes offer
Transmit optical power (dBm) benefits in terms of total cost and power consumption for high
Fig. 8: Performance comparison of the proposed methods for spectral efficiencies. The derived BER upper bounds are tight
spectral efficiency of 8 bpcu. for any SNR range. Such analysis along with investigation
of various system parameters can be useful to FSO system
The performance of OESM and OGSM for different pa- designers who want to incorporate these technologies in ap-
rameter variations are compared in Fig. 9. It is observed plications of fifth generation (5G) networks like smart health-
that the performance of OGSM and OESM degrades with an care, smart transport, smart sensors for surveillance and air
increase in spectral efficiency and hence higher target data quality control, etc. These works can be extended in future by
rates can be achieved at the cost of higher BER. With increase applying these advanced OSM schemes for FSO cooperative
in modulation order, the BER performance also degrades. communication. Outage probability and asymptotic analysis

can be carried out as well. The effect of receiver diversity on
system performance can be another scope of future work.
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 11

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com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD9364.pdf of Yl (from Eq. (23)) can be written as:
[47] Mouser, “Microcontroller.” [Online]. Available: https://www.mouser.in/
datasheet/2/268/30010089d-1314518.pdf ∞
2α βξ 4 X (−α βy/( A0 hl )) k
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datasheets/ndl7603p.pdf A0 hl (Γ(α)Γ( β)) 2  k =0 k!
[49] H. Willebrand and B. S. Ghuman, Free Space Optics: Enabling Optical   
3,4 0,k +1−ζ 2 ,k+1−α,k +1− β,ζ 2 
Connectivity in Today’s Networks. Indianapolis, Indiana, USA: SAMS ×G5,5 ζ −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ ,k 
2 2 1 . (26)
Publishing, 2002.
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MIMO FSO communications over double generalized gamma fading
The PDF of γl (considering change in random variables) is
channels,” in 2015 IEEE Int. Conf. on Commun. (ICC), June 2015, pp. computed as:
5144–5149. √
∞
[51] M. Sahu, K. V. Kiran, and S. K. Das, “FSO link performance analysis α βξ 4 X (−α β γl /( A0 hl )) k
with different modulation techniques under atmospheric turbulence,” f γ l (γl ) = √
in 2018 Second Int. Conf. on Electron., Commun. Aerosp. Technol. A0 hl (Γ(α)Γ( β)) 2 γl k =0 γe(kf +1)/2 k!
f
(ICECA), March 2018, pp. 619–623.   
3,4 0,k +1−ζ ,k +1−α,k +1− β,ζ 
2 2
[52] A. P. Prudnikov, Y. A. Brychkov, and O. I. Marichev, Integrals and × G5,5 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
1 . (27)
Series. New York, NY, USA: Gordon and Breach, 1990.
[53] A. Jaiswal, M. R. Bhatnagar, and V. K. Jain, “Performance of optical Now the moment generating function (MGF) of γl is written
space shift keying over Gamma-Gamma fading with pointing error,”
IEEE Photon. J., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1–16, April 2017.
as:  ∞
Mγ l (s) = e −s x f γ l (x)dx . (28)
0

A PPENDIX A The MGF of γl can be obtained with a few mathematical

C ALCULATION OF S PATIAL D OMAIN PEP computations and can be written as:
∞
α βξ 4 X (−α β/( A0 hl )) k
The PEP calculation of the spatial domain in all OSM based Mγ l (s) =
A0 hl (Γ(α)Γ( β)) 2 s (k+1)/2 k=0 γe(k+1)/2 k!
schemes is done in the following manner. The PEP for spatial ff
  
3,4 0,k +1−ζ ,k +1−α,k +1− β,ζ 
2 2
domain part (where laser index j is estimated as i) is given × G5,5 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
1 . (29)
by: v
u
ND
γe f f X
t
1
! The channels are independent of each other, so the MGF of
PEP( j → i) = Q |hl j − hli | 2 . (21) γz = γl can be evaluated as:
P
ND 2 l=1
∞
To calculate the PEP for spatial domain part, the PDF of the k N D +N D X (−α β/( A0 hl )) k
Mγ z (s) = C N D s − 2
absolute value of the difference between two G-G random γe(kf +1)/2
k =0 f k!
variables need to be calculated. Let Yl = |hl j − hli |, Xl = hl j −    ! ND
hli and γl be a new random variable such that γl = Yl2 γe f f and 3,4 0,k +1−ζ 2 ,k+1−α,k +1− β,ζ 2 
× G5,5 1 , (30)
ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
γz = γl . hli and hl j are two independent random variables
P
following non negative G-G distribution (as in Eq. (1)), so the α βξ 4
where C = A h (Γ(α)Γ(β)) 2 . The PDF of f γ z (γz ) is now
PDF of Xl is given by: 0 l
 ∞ evaluated by computing the inverse Laplace transform of MGF
 0 f h l (x + hi ) f h i (hi )dhi , x ≥ 0
 and is written as:
f X l (x) =  

(22)
 −∞x f h l (x + hi ) f h i (hi )dhi , x < 0 . ∞
(−α β/( A0 hl )) k
 X
f γ z (γz ) = C
Now the PDF of Yl can be written as: k =0 γe(kf +1)/2
f k!
f Yl (y) = f X l (y) + f X l (−y) ,
k N D +N D −2
(23)    ! ND γ 2
3,4 0,k +1−ζ 2 ,k +1−α,k +1− β,ζ 2  z
× G5,5 1 .
where f X l (y) = f X l (x) for x > 0 and f X l (−y) = f X l (x) ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
( k N D +N D −2
)!
2
for x < 0. Using the PDF of G-G distribution, the PDF of (31)
f X l (x) can be written as:
Now by using Eq. (31), the PEP can be evaluated as:

(α βζ 2 ) 2 ∞
 α β(x + hi )  ∞ 
 !
ζ2 γ z γe f f 
3,0
r
f X l (x) = G 1
( A0 hl Γ(α)Γ( β)) 0
2 1,3 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1 
A0 hl PEP( j → i) = Q f γ z (γz )dγz
0 ND 2
α βhi
 !
3,0 ζ2
× G1,3 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1  dhi . (24) X∞ !N
(−α β/( A0 hl )) k 3,4  0,k +1−ζ 2 ,k +1−α ,k+1− β,ζ 2   D
A0 hl = C G5,5 1
We can evaluate f X l (x) for x ≥ 0 (using [52] Eq. (2.24.1.3)) (k +1)/2 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
k =0 γe f f k!
[53]:  ∞ k N D +N D −2
1  1
√

∞ × γz 2
er f c γz γe f f dγz .
α βξ 4 X (−α βy/( A0 hl )) k 2( k N D +N D −2
)! 0 2ND
f X l (x) = f X l (y) = 2
A0 hl (Γ(α)Γ( β)) k=0
2 k! (32)
  
3,4 0,k +1−ζ ,k +1−α ,k +1− β ,ζ 
2 2
× G5,5 ζ 2 −1,α −1, β −1,k −ζ 2 ,k 
1 . (25)
 12

 ∞ a −1 √ Γ( a+2 )
By using the relation, 0 x 2 er f c(b x)dx = 2 (a+1)b2a+1 √π , Anirban Bhowal obtained his Bachelor of Tech-
nology degree in Electronics and Communication
the APEP of the spatial domain part is obtained as in Eq. (4). Engineering from Heritage Institute of Technology,
Kolkata in 2012. He received his Master of Technol-
A PPENDIX B ogy degree in Communication Engineering from In-
dian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad
N UMBER OF S WITCHES C ALCULATION FOR A DVANCED in 2015. He graduated with a PhD degree from
OSM S CHEMES the Department of Electronics and Electrical Engi-
neering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati in
For calculation of number of switches, first the number of 2020. He was also the recipient of best PhD thesis
lasers for each scheme is to be determined. One switch can award from IIT Guwahati. His research interests in-
connect two lasers, hence number of switches will be half of clude spatial modulation in RF and FSO systems, UOWC and FSO cooperative
systems, hybrid FSO/RF communication and BAN communication. He has
the number of lasers. For OSM the spectral efficiency is η = served as the referee of several reputed journals including IEEE Comm.
log2 (NL ) + log2 M. Number of lasers required can be written Letters, IEEE Wireless COmm. Letters, IEEE Transactions on Communica-
as NL = 2η −log2 M . Hence number of switches for OSM is tions, IEEE Internet of Things, IET Radar, Sonar and Navigation, Electronics
OS M = N /2 = 2η −log2 M −1 . For OESM, the number of Letters, IET Journal of Engineering, Journal of Physical Communication
Nsw L Elsevier, OSA Applied Optics etc.
switches can be derived in a similar manner:
η = log2 NL2 + log2 M
2 log2 NL = η − log2 M
NL = 2(η −log2 M )/2
OES M
Nsw = 2(η −log2 M )/2−1 . (33) Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum (S’01-M’05-
SM’14) received the Ph.D. degree from the School
For OGSM, it is considered that No pt = 2. For other values of of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (EEE),
No pt number of switches can also be done in a similar manner. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore,
and the B.Tech. degree in Electrical Engineering
Thus the derivation of number of switches for No pt = 2 is (EE) from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
shown below: Bombay, India. Since Sept. 2005, he has been
! a faculty member with the Department of EEE,
NL
η = blog2 c + No pt log2 M IIT Guwahati, presently working as a Professor
No pt and was the former Head of Centre for Career
Development. Before joining IIT Guwahati, he
NL !
2η − N o p t log2 M = did postdoctoral research at the Department of EE, Pennsylvania State
No pt !(NL − No pt )! University, USA and at the Department of Electrical Communication
NL (NL − 1) Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and worked as a Software
Considering No pt = 2, 2η −2 log2 M = Engineer with the Mphasis, Pune. His research interests are in the broad
2 areas of printed antennas, passive microwave devices, spatial modulation,
NL2 − NL − 2η −2 log2 M +1 = 0 cooperative communications, and optical wireless communications. He
√ has authored the book Fundamentals of MIMO Wireless Communications
1 + 1 + 4 × 2(η −log2 M +1) (Cambridge University Press, 2017), co-authored the book MIMO Wireless
NL = Communications Over Generalized Fading Channels (CRC Press, 2017) and
√ 2 published numerous journal and conference articles in the area of his research
1 + 1 + 4 × 2 (η −log2 M +1) interests. Prof. Kshetrimayum is on the editorial board of AEU International
OGS M
Nsw = . (34) Journal of Electronics and Communications, International Journal of RF
4 and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering and Physical Communication.
Similarly for OIQSM, number of switches required is calcu- He has served on the committees of several IEEE conferences in various
capacities such as TPC Chair (Communications track) of the National
lated as shown below: Conference on Communications (NCC) 2016. He is a Fellow of the IET, UK
!
NL and a Senior Member of the IEEE, USA.
η = 2 log2 M + 2blog2 c
2
η − 2 log2 M
!
NL
log2 =
2 2
NL (NL − 1)
= 2(η −2 log2 M )/2
2
NL2 − NL − 2((η −2 log2 M )/2+1) = 0
√
1 + 1 + 4 × 2(η −2 log2 M )/2+1
NL =
√ 2
OIQS M 1 + 1 + 4 × 2(η −2 log2 M )/2+1
Nsw = . (35)
4
Please note that only the positive square root is considered
for switch calculation in OGSM and OIQSM as number of
switches cannot be less than 1 or negative. The exact number
of switches are rounded off to the nearest integer value.

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