MODSEP Module1 L1

11/3/2022
Universidade de Brasília – UnB

Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica – ENE
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica – PPGEE
POWER SYSTEMS MODELING

MODELAGEM DE SISTEMAS DE POTÊNCIA
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Brasília,
MODSEP2022
Course presentation
Objectives
• To present and describe the modeling foundations of typical

equipment employed in Power Systems (PS)
 Models commonly used in standard simulation software
 Fundamental concepts review
 Transmission lines
 Load representation
 Transformers
 Electrical machines
 PS modeling for fault analysis
MODSEP 2
11/3/2022
Course presentation
Outline
Module Topic
1 Fundamental concepts review

2 PS modeling for fault (short-circuit) studies
3 PS modeling for transient studies (Part 1 – Overview)
PS modeling for transient studies (Part 2 – Advanced transmission line
4
modeling)
MODSEP 3
Course presentation
Grading criteria
• 3 computational projects + final project
• Final grade (FG) composed of:
P1  P2  P3  P4
FG 
4
• Approval if:
 MF ≥ 5
 Presence ≥ 75
MODSEP 4
11/3/2022
Calendar
Start/end of semester
Project
No class
MODSEP 5
Calendar
Project Expected date

Project #1 November, 29
Project #2 December, 22
Project #3 January, 31
Final project February, 16
MODSEP 6
11/3/2022
Bibliography
MODSEP 7
Module 1
Fundamental
concepts review
Lecture 1
MODSEP 8
11/3/2022
Introduction
Why modeling power systems?
• Power systems
 Mutually interacting devices
 Energy conversion
 Large scale, critical systems
 Power systems modeling
How to represent
• Increase in dimensions and complexity of PS the PS?
 Need for detailed studies and analyzes
 Must not jeopardize system operation
Computational simulations Which

components?
STATIC, TRANSIENT AND DYNAMIC ANALYZES
MODSEP 9
Introduction
Power systems expansion
Transmission 17.977 km 18.273 km 18.428 km
system of 15.269 km
CHESF 10.455 km
4.039 km
1.020 km
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2012

Source: http://www.chesf.gov.br
Increased
susceptibility to
National Interconnected System (SIN) in 2017 faults
- Presently, more than 134.000 km
≈ 3,5 turns around planet Earth
MODSEP 10
11/3/2022
Introduction
Focus of this course
Per-cent power outage causes in
TLs, transformers
SIN as per 2012 (ONS)
and electrical
machines
Transmission lines
Static
Capacitor banks
compensators
compensators
Buses
Transformers
Generators
Reactors
Synchronous
MODSEP 11
Introduction Presentation of typical

models used in such
Focus of this course Capacitive studies
currents
Fault
start Local circuit-
breaker switching
Remote circuit- Line open

breaker switching oscillations
Short-circuit Transient Stability Load Protection

analysis analysis analysis
MODSEP flow studies 12
11/3/2022
Introduction
Course motivation
• Modeling of typical components in PS

 Understanding the origin of models and terminology
 Identifying the necessary parameters in order to model components
 Learning how to compute parameters
 Representing AC signals
 Simulating the presented models
Computational simulations
Alternative Transients Program (ATP)
MODSEP 13
Fundamental concepts review

Circuit elements: active and passive
• Active and passive conventions

Passive Active
(absorbs) (provides)
MODSEP 14
11/3/2022
Fundamental concepts review

Circuit elements: active and passive
• Active  Provide energy to the circuit

 Voltage and current sources
 Convert energy from other sources into electrical energy
• Passive  Absorb or store energy

 Resistors, inductors, capacitors
 Convert energy from sources into other forms of energy
Inductors and capacitors, when connected

to a source, store energy!
MODSEP 15
Resistor
• Resistor or resistance?
 Resistor  Passive component that transforms electrical
energy into thermal energy (heat)
 Resistance  Characteristic from a resistor that refers to
the material’s opposition to current flow
• In Portuguese:
 Voltagem e amperagem Correto: Tensão e corrente
o Termos provenientes das unidades de medida

 Analogia: Volume de água ou litragem de água?
MODSEP 16
11/3/2022
Resistor
• Symbol
Color code
(Resistance value)
• Resistance unit: Ohm (Ω)

 Typical symbol: R or r
MODSEP 17
Resistor
• Resistance depends on the cross-section A and
length l
l
R
A
 Legend:
  Material resistivity (Ωm)
Good conductors  low resistivity (e.g. copper and aluminum)

Insulators high resistivity (e.g. paper and glass)
MODSEP 18
11/3/2022
Resistor
• In circuit analysis, the relation V x I is given as:
OHM’S LAW
v   Ri v  Ri
 With:
v  voltage (V) i  current (A) R  resistance ()
MODSEP 19
Resistor
Dissipated power
dw(t )
• Power = energy transferred along time: p (t ) 
dt
dw dq dw
p  p  vi With:
v  voltage (V)
dq dt dt
i  current (A)
• Ohm’s law gives:
v  Ri
v2
v p and p  Ri 2
i R
R
MODSEP 20
11/3/2022
Resistor
Dissipated power
• Dissipated energy w is given as:
t2
w   p (t )dt kWh!
t1
v2
• We know that p  Ri e p  2
. Therefore:
R
t2 t
1 2
w  R  i (t ) dt
2
or w   v (t ) 2 dt
t1
R t1
MODSEP 21
Inductors and capacitors

• Non-linear elements
 For resistors, the voltage varies linearly with current
 Inductors and capacitors: non-linear V x I relationship
• Devices present in several equipment

 Capacitors
o Capacitor banks, analog filters etc.
o Transmission line models, capacitive voltage
transformers (CVT).
 Inductors
o Electrical motors, reactors, analog filters etc.
o Electrical machines models and transformers.
MODSEP 22
11/3/2022
Inductor
• What is an inductor?
 Passive electrical device that stores energy into a
magnetic field
 The device is named inductor and its property is the
inductance
• Construction
 Conductive material coil + ferromagnetic material
What makes a wire an

MODSEP inductor? 23
Inductor
The basics
Magnetic
field inside
the turns of
a coil
Right hand
rule
Concentration of
magnetic flux lines inside
the coil
MODSEP 24
11/3/2022
Inductor
The basics
From the electromagnetic theory:
Voltages are induced when a time-
varying magnetic flux occurs
In the inductor:
The magnetic flux depends on
the current flowing through the
coil
THEREFORE:
The voltage induced in the coil terminals
depend on the current flowing in the coil
MODSEP 25
Inductor
Symbol and V x I relationship
In DC steady-state
(including faults)
Inductor  short-circuit
di (t )
v (t )  L
dt
Inductance
• Inductance unit: Henry (H)

 Typical symbol: L
MODSEP 26
11/3/2022
Inductor
V x I relationship
t il ( t )
di
vL
dt
vdt  Ldi  v( )d   Ldi
t0 il ( t0 )
t
1
il (t )   v ( )d  il (t0 )
L t0
MODSEP 27
Inductor
Power
di d 1 
p  vi  L i   Li 2 
dt dt  2 
Energy
dwl di
p  L i  dwl  Lidi
dt dt
wl il ( t )
 dw  L  idi  wl 
1
2

L il (t ) 2  il (t0 ) 2 
0 il ( t0 )
MODSEP 28
11/3/2022
Capacitor
• What is a capacitor?
 Passive electrical component that stores energy into an
electric field
 Capacitor is the device, capacitance its characteristic
• Construction
 Two parallel conductive plates (electrodes) charged with
different potentials + dielectric medium in between
Where the current

MODSEP originates from? 29
Capacitor
Voltage
Capacitor initially is in an ELECTRICALLY
NEUTRAL state
When a VOLTAGE is applied, charges

move with respect to its
Plate area ELECTROSTATIC EQUILIBRIUM state
Once the charges are reorganized,

Electric
field
there is NO CURRENT FLOW, due to the
DIELECTRIC medium
Separation between plates
MODSEP 30
11/3/2022
Capacitor
Voltage However, when voltage changes,
CHARGES MOVE
Charge
Considering a dielectric CROSS-SECTION,
when VOLTAGES CHANGE in time, the
Plate area POSITIONS OF CHARGES also change
Electric A CHANGE IN A CHARGE POSITION

field causes CHARGE FLOW, resulting in a
CURRENT (DISPLACEMENT CURRENT)
Separation between plates
MODSEP 31
Capacitor
In DC steady-state
Capacitor  Open circuit
dv (t )
i (t )  C
dt
Capacitance
• Capacitance unit: Farads (F)

 Typical symbol: C
MODSEP 32
11/3/2022
Capacitor
t vc ( t )
dv
iC
dt
idt  Cdv  i( )d   Cdv
t0 v c ( t0 )
t
1
vc (t )   i ( )d  vc (t0 )
C t0
MODSEP 33
Capacitor
Power
dv d  1 2 
p  vi  vC   Cv 
dt dt  2 
Energy
dwc dv
p  vC  dwc  Cvdv
dt dt
wc vc ( t )
 dw  C  idi  wc 
1
2

C v c ( t ) 2  v c ( t0 ) 2 
0 v c ( t0 )
MODSEP 34
11/3/2022
Alternate current circuits

Why AC? Final decades of XIX century
Current War
Thomas Edison
Defended DC
Nikola Tesla
Defended AC
MODSEP 35
A bit of history…
• Conflict: Edison x Tesla (Current war)
 Energy transmission and distribution
 Edison electrocuted animals  to defend DC
• Dispute intensified when Tesla was hired to construct a

transmission line between Niagara and Bufalo, NY
So what to use?
• DC circuits
DC: no voltage induction across coils
 First to exist terminals (inductors)
 Two terminals (+ and -)

AC: voltage induction across the terminals
of coils (inductors)
• AC single-phase circuits
 Two terminals (phase and neutral)
MODSEP 36
11/3/2022
A bit of history
• Voltage elevation  Transformers

 Transformers are based on the voltage induction
due to magnetic flux variations in coils
This is not possible in DC

circuits!
MODSEP 37
A bit of history…
• Advantages of using elevated voltages
 Resistors dissipate energy
 Adoption of AC circuits: reduction of losses
Voltage
elevation
p  v.i
Reduction of
losses
Power
generated Current
 p  R.i 2
remains reduction
constant
In this case, the use of increased voltage
values is useful!
AC for transmission and distribution
38
11/3/2022
Specific cases – DC links
Cost AC
DC
Return/investment
cost
Cost comparison: AC versus DC lines

MODSEP 39
AC voltages generation
Introduction
• Sinusoidal alternate voltages may be generated from several sources
 Generating plants
 Fed by waterfalls, oil, nuclear fission etc.
• Generation of electrical energy = Electromechanical conversion

 The generator is the most important device
 Generators are also known as alternators
• To understand AC generation
 Review of electromagnetism basic concepts
MODSEP 40
11/3/2022
Fundamentals of electromagnetism
When we discussed inductors…
What if we produce magnetic
field variations by moving the
coil?
MODSEP 41
Magnetic 0o
field 90o
lines 180o
270o
Conductive 360o (0o)
winding
Induced AC
voltage
MODSEP 42
11/3/2022
d ( t )
Faraday-Lenz law v (t )   N
dt
𝝅 rad
180o 270o
0o 90o 𝟑𝝅 360o (0o)
0 rad 𝝅 rad
rad 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 rad
MODSEP 43
Three-phase circuits
Reasons for using a 3φ circuit
By using a
By using 3 three-phase
circuit
single-phase
circuits Iˆn  0 The return
the return conductor is
conductor is NOT
necessary necessary
MODSEP
Saves $$$ 44
11/3/2022
Three-phase generation
Rotor moves Rotor:
at frequency ω Magnet or coils fed with
DC
3 phases
Phases
Windings: position or
Phases at which AC rotor rotation
voltages are induced direction
Neutral determines
the PHASE
MODSEP
SEQUENCE 45
Phase B
120o
120o
Phase A
120o
Phase C MODSEP 46
11/3/2022
Va Vb Vc Va Vb Vc
Voltage [V]
Time [s]
ABC phase
sequence
Phase sequence
Order in which the voltage waveforms of a
polyphase AC source reach
MODSEPtheir respective peaks 47
Phase
Fase BC
120o
120o
Phase A
120o
Phase
Fase CB MODSEP 48
11/3/2022
Va Vc Vb Va Vc Vb
Voltage [V]
Time [s]
CBA phase
sequence
MODSEP 49
AC generation
Wind farms
Hydroelectric plants
Nuclear plants
Thermoelectric plants
MODSEP 50
11/3/2022
Alternate signals
Characteristics and definitions
Period (T)
Time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic
waveform
T
MODSEP 51
MODSEP 51
Alternate signals
Cycle
Part of a waveform contained in a time interval equal to a period
T T
T
MODSEP 52
52
11/3/2022
Alternate signals
Frequency ( f )
Number of cycles that occur in 1 second (given in hertz)
1 hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second (cycle/seg)
If iquals 1 s
If equals 1 s f = 2/1 = 2 Hz
f = 1/1 = 1 Hz
MODSEP 53
53
Characteristic values
Frequency and period
Frequency ( f )
Number of cycles that occur in 1 second (given in hertz)
1 hertz (Hz) = 1 cycle per second (cycle/seg)
Period (T)
Time interval between successive repetitions of a periodic
waveform (seg/cycle)
cycle seg

seg cycle
1 f T  1
1 1
f  or T 
T f
MODSEP 54
11/3/2022
Alternate signals
Instantaneous value
Amplitude of the waveform at any instant of time (e.g. v1,
v2,…, i1, i2, i3,…)
MODSEP 55
55
Alternate signals
Peak value
Maximum waveform value measured from zero
(e.g. vp, ip, vm, im)
MODSEP 56
56
11/3/2022
Alternate signals
Peak-to-peak value
Difference between the values of the positive and negative peaks
(e.g. vpp, ipp)
MODSEP 57
57
Alternate signals
Angular frequency ( ω )
Number of revolutions
(1 revolution = 2π)
occurring in 1 period T
(given in rad/seg)
(angular velocity)
Winding
2 angular
  2f position
T MODSEP 58
11/3/2022
Alternate signals
Amplitude and phase
Vm
𝝅 rad
180o 270o
0o 90o 𝟑𝝅 360o (0o)
0 rad 𝝅 rad
rad 𝟐 𝟐𝝅 rad
𝟐
-Vm Initial phase angle

Amplitude Angle
v ( t )  Vm  sen (  t   )
MODSEP 59
Frequency
v1  1  sen ( 2 1  t  0 ) v2  1  sen ( 2 3  t  0 )
1 Hz 3 Hz
60
11/3/2022
Frequency and phase v2  1  sen ( 2 1  t   )

v1  1  sen ( 2 1  t  0 ) v2  1  sen ( 2 1  t  45 )
θ 1 Hz v2 (0)  0,7071
1  sen (0   )  0,7071
0,7071   sen 1 v2 (0)  45
0,7071
1 Hz
0
(Ref) 61
Phase angle
sin(x) > 0
(0o ≤ θ < 180o)
sin(x) < 0
(180o ≤ θ < 360o) 62
11/3/2022
Phase angle
If the curvature intersects the horizontal axis to the left
of the origin with positive slope (increasing function)
Vm  sen (  t   )
v1  Vm  sen ( 2f  t  0 )
v2  Vm  sen ( 2f  t   2 )
v3  Vm  sen ( 2f  t   3 )
63
Phase angle
If the curvature intersects the horizontal axis to the right of
the origin with positive slope (increasing function)
Vm  sen (  t   )
v4  Vm  sen ( 2f  t   4 )
64
11/3/2022
Phase relations Same frequency sinusoidal signals

PHASOR representation!
Relationship between the phases of two waveforms

Measure between two points on the horizontal axis at which the
two curves have the same slope
v3 leading w.r.t. v2  θ3 – θ2
v3 leading w.r.t. v1  θ3
v2 leading w.r.t. v4  θ2 + θ4
v2 lagging w.r.t. v3  θ3 – θ2
v1 lagging w.r.t. v3  θ3
v4 lagging w.r.t. v2  θ2 + θ4 65
Universidade de Brasília – UnB

Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica – ENE
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica – PPGEE
QUESTIONS?

Brasília,
MODSEP2022

MODSEP Module1 L1

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11/3/2022

Universidade de Brasília – UnB

POWER SYSTEMS MODELING

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

• To present and describe the modeling foundations of typical

1 Fundamental concepts review

• 3 computational projects + final project

• Final grade (FG) composed of:

Project Expected date

Final project February, 16

 Must not jeopardize system operation

Computational simulations Which

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2003 2012

Introduction Presentation of typical

Remote circuit- Line open

Short-circuit Transient Stability Load Protection

• Modeling of typical components in PS

Fundamental concepts review

• Active and passive conventions

Fundamental concepts review

• Active  Provide energy to the circuit

• Passive  Absorb or store energy

Inductors and capacitors, when connected

o Termos provenientes das unidades de medida

• Resistance unit: Ohm (Ω)

  Material resistivity (Ωm)

Good conductors  low resistivity (e.g. copper and aluminum)

Inductors and capacitors

• Devices present in several equipment

What makes a wire an

• Inductance unit: Henry (H)

Where the current

When a VOLTAGE is applied, charges

Once the charges are reorganized,

Separation between plates

Electric A CHANGE IN A CHARGE POSITION

• Capacitance unit: Farads (F)

Alternate current circuits

• Dispute intensified when Tesla was hired to construct a

 Two terminals (+ and -)

• Voltage elevation  Transformers

This is not possible in DC

Specific cases – DC links

Cost comparison: AC versus DC lines

• Generation of electrical energy = Electromechanical conversion

-Vm Initial phase angle

Frequency and phase v2  1  sen ( 2 1  t   )

Phase relations Same frequency sinusoidal signals

Relationship between the phases of two waveforms

Universidade de Brasília – UnB

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

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