Universidade de Brasília – UnB

Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica – ENE

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica – PPGEE

POWER SYSTEMS MODELING

PPGEE3604 – MODELAGEM DE SISTEMAS DE POTÊNCIA

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Brasília,
MODSEP2022
 Module 1
Fundamental
concepts review
Lecture 5

MODSEP 2
 Previously…
Symmetrical componentes

Fortescue matrix
Vˆ0  1 1 1  Vˆa 
 ˆ 1  
V1   3 1 a a 2   Vˆb  Park

Vˆ2   a  Vˆc 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

2
  1 a

Sequence-domain impedances
Clarke
( Z s  2 Z m ) 0 0 
[ Z 012 ]   
Karrenbauer
0 (Zs  Zm ) 0
 
 0 0 ( Z s  Z m )
 Today’s lecture
• Introduction to component modeling of electrical power systems
 Synchronous generators
 Transformers
 Transmission lines
 Loads

• Sequence-domain component representation

 Synchronous generator with and without unbalance
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Transmission lines
 Loads
 Transformers

MODSEP 4
 Components modeling
Introduction
• In power systems studies
 Load flow
 Stability analysis
 Short-circuit calculations  Protection studies
 Transient simulations

• Short-circuit calculations (next module)

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Simplifications
 Equivalent component models

Component models and sequence-domain representations for studies of: short

circuit and unbalanced generation
Component models  MODSEP
Sequence-domain models 5
 Components modeling
Introduction

• Power systems

Transmission lines

Loads
Electrical machines
(generators)
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Electrical machines
(motors)

Transformers

MODSEP 6
 Components modeling
Synchronous generators

• Voltage source in series with a subtransient reactance

jX d''
Why subtransient
reactance?

Subtransient reactance (X’’d)

ÊG Transient reactance (X’d)
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Synchronous (or steady-state) reactance (Xd)

X’’d  Smallest of all

Worst short-circuit scenario
Also valid for synchronous
motors!
MODSEP 7
 Components modeling
Synchronous generators (Three-phase short circuit under no load)

2  icc'' Subtransient period

2  icc' Transient period Steady-state

2  icc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

X’’d  Smallest value

Highest short-circuit current
MODSEP 8
 Components modeling
Synchronous generators

CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT
REACTANCES X’’d, X’d, Xd :
Symmetrical 3-phase
short-circuit Double exponential short-circuit
current envelope

When the machine stabilizes,

steady-state is reached
Current “sees” Xd
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Two exponential components

Faster decay  X’’d
Slower decay  X’d

MODSEP 9
 Components modeling
Synchronous generators

Synchronous impedance (steady-state conditions)

Power flow studies

Transient impedance
Stability studies
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Subtransient impedance (smallest value of all)

Short-circuit studies

MODSEP 10
 Components modeling
Transformers
• Ideal transformer
 No leakage flux
 Negligible resistances at primary and secondary windings (no
conductor losses)
 Negligible core losses

d (t ) d ( t )
v1 (t )  N1 v2 ( t )  N 2
dt dt
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

i1 (t ) v2 (t )
v1 (t ) N1 N2 i2 (t )


MODSEP 11
 Components modeling
Transformers
• Ideal transformer
Voltage, current and number of
turns ratios:

v1 i2 N1
   
i1 i2 v2 i1 N 2

v1 v2 Impedance and number

of turns relation:
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

  2
Z2
(1)
 N1 
N1 N2   
Z2  N2 

MODSEP 12
 Components modeling
Real transformer
d (t ) d (t )
v1 (t )  N1 Core losses v2 ( t )  N 2
dt dt
i1 (t ) 
N1 N2 v2 (t )
v1 (t ) ф Coil i2 (t )
losses

x 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Need for a model that represents the transformer more realistically!

MODSEP 13
 Components modeling
Simplified transformer model
Core losses
i1 (t )

N1 N2 v2 (t )
v1 (t ) ф i2 (t )
Coil losses


r1 jx1 jx2 r2
N1 : N2
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 i1
i i1'   
i2

v1 rc jxm e1 e2 v2
icp im
    14
 Components modeling
Simplified transformer model
r1 jx1 jx2 r2
N1 : N2
 i1
i i1'   
i2

v1 rc jxm e1 e2 v2
icp im
   
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

r1 e r2: Primary and secondary coil losses, respectively

x1 e x2: Primary and secondary leakage fluxes, respectively

rc e xm: Core losses (eddy currents and hysteresis), respectively

It is possible to suppress the ideal transformer and refer r2 and x2 to the primary 15
 Simplified transformer model
Remarks about the MAGNETIZATION CURRENT:
Negligible in non-saturated i1, short and i2, short  i
transformers

2 2
N  N 
jx2   1  r2   1 
r1 jx1  N2   N2 

 i 
i1 i2
N1 N2  N 
v1 rc jxm v2   1 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 N2 
icp im
 

The magnetization branch usually is not considered in

short-circuit studies, except in some particular cases
depending on the transformer connection 16
 Simplified transformer model
Remarks about
COIL LOSSES:
jx1  r1 jx2  r2
2
N 
2
 N1 
jx2   1  r2   
r1 jx1  N2   N2 

x
 i 
i1 i2
N1 N2  N 
v1 rc jxm v2   1 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 N2 
icp im
 

The resistance representing the coil losses are usually disregarded

in short-circuit studies 17
 Components modeling
Transformers
• In short-circuit studies  One reactance per phase
i2
i1  Is it influenced by the
i1 jxT  N1 N2  transformer connections?

 
Connections are considered in
 N1  the sequence-domain analysis
v1 v2   
 N2 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

What about transformer

  phase shift?

Usually accounted for in short-

circuit calculations
18
 Components modeling
Transmission lines
• Several models Typical general classification
 Voltage levels and lengths (at 60 Hz):
Short lines: L ≤ 80 km
 Losses along the line
Medium lines: 80 km < L ≤ 150 km
 Capacitive effect Long lines: L > 250 km
 Travelling-wave propagation

Characteristic VL ≤ 150 kV 150 kV < VL ≤ 400 kV VL > 400 kV

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Short line L ≤ 80 km L ≤ 40 km L ≤ 20 km

Medium line 80 km < L ≤ 200 km 40 km < L ≤ 200 km 20 km < L ≤ 100 km

Long line L > 200 km L > 200 km L > 100 km

MODSEP 19
 Components modeling
Transmission lines
Distributed line parameters
LONG LINES: TW propagation

rLT jxLT

Corrected y y Corrected
admittances for j LT j LT admittances for
long lines 2 2 long lines
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Remarks about the LINE SHUNT ADMITTANCE:

ACCOUNTED in the study of MEDIUM AND LONG LINES

NEGLECTED in the study of SHORT LINES

MODSEP 20
 Components modeling
Transmission lines Why is the Vnom considered in
the classification of line

x
models?
rLT  jxLT

x x
rLT jxLT

y LT y LT
j j dv(t )
2 2 icap (t )  C
dt
icap icap
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

“…in short circuit-calculations, it is usual to neglect the shunt components,

considerably smaller than the series componentes. For high voltage values, one can
disregard the series resistance (which cannot be performed in distribution
systems)…” Translated from: book Circuitos Polifásicos (W. Almeida, F. Freitas)
MODSEP 21
 Components modeling
Transmission lines
Remarks about the TRANSMISSION LINE
MODEL:
il jxLT
Discussed simplifications acceptable for
SHORT-CIRCUIT STUDIES
 
Need for more accurate models in order
to carry out
v1 v2 TRANSIENT ANALYZES

Examples:
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

  1) Traveling waves simulations

2) Capacitive effect analysis in
protection functions
Simplified model 3) Ferroressonance simulations

MODSEP 22
 Components modeling
Loads
• In short-circuit studies
 Typically neglected
 Load current << Fault current
 In some cases, represented as impedances (little influence in calculations)
 Can be modelled as Y- or Δ-connected impedances
 System reactances prevail  Short-circuit currents approximately
lagging 90° with respect to voltage
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 The load contribution is, in general, small

Depending on the system loading, load currents may affect protection

algorithms performance

Alternative forms (stability and power flow studies)

Constant impedance, constant current, constant power and ZIP
MODSEP 23
 Components modeling
Generic three-phase loads Zm
a a
b b zY zY
z Zm
Zm
Zm
z z Zm zn
zY
Zm
c c
Zm
a
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

b
zY zY
Zm
Based on
Zm zY impedances
Zs and Zm
MODSEP 24
c
 Components modeling
Sequence-domain representation

• Symmetrical short circuit calculations

 The models discussed so far remain suitable
 Asymmetrical short-circuit and unbalanced generation?

Sequence-domain models

IN THE SEQUENCE-DOMAIN:
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Representation of power system components

POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO SEQUENCE

As previously discussed
BALANCED SYMMETRICAL MUTUALLY DECOUPLED POWER SYSTEMS

MODSEP 25
 Sequence-domain modeling
Procedure
Vabc  Zabc  Iabc

F  V012  Zabc  F  I012

F 1  F  V012  F 1  Zabc  F  I012

[1]
V012  F 1  Zabc  F  I 012
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z 012

Decoupled sequence-
V012  Z012  I012
domain system

MODSEP 26
 Sequence-domain modeling
Three-phase impedance
Applying KVL to phase a:
Iˆa
a Vˆan  Z Y  Iˆa  Z n  Iˆn
 b
ZY But we already know that:
 ˆ ZY
Ib
Iˆn  Iˆa  Iˆb  Iˆc
Vˆan
Therefore:
Vˆbn
ZY Zn Vˆan  ZY  Iˆa  Zn  ( Iˆa  Iˆb  Iˆc )
Iˆc
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

c Vˆan  ( ZY  Zn )  Iˆa  Zn  Iˆb  Zn  Iˆc

 Vˆ Iˆn
   cn n Vˆbn  Zn  Iˆa  ( ZY  Zn )  Iˆb  Zn  Iˆc

Vˆcn  Zn  Iˆa  Zn  Iˆb  ( ZY  Zn )  Iˆc

MODSEP 27
 Sequence-domain modeling
Three-phase impedance

Vˆan  ( ZY  Z n )  Iˆa Vˆbn  Z n  Iˆa  ( ZY  Z n )  Iˆb Vˆcn  Z n  Iˆa  Z n  Iˆb

 Z n  Iˆb  Z n  Iˆc  Z  Iˆ
n c  ( ZY  Z n )  Iˆc

In matrix form:
Vˆan  ( ZY  Z n ) Zn Z n   Iˆa 
ˆ      Iˆ 
V 
 bn   Z ( Z  Z ) Z
n Y n n   b
Vˆcn   Z n Zn ( ZY  Z n )  Iˆc 
 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z abc

Need to perform: Z012  F 1  Zabc  F

MODSEP 28
 Sequence-domain modeling
Three-phase impedance
Z012  F 1  Zabc  F
Assuming ABC system:

1 1 1  ( Z Y  Z n ) Zn Z n  1 1 1
Z012  1 a a 2    Zn Z n   1 a 2 a
1
( ZY  Z n )
3     
1 a 2 a   Z n Zn ( ZY  Z n ) 1 a a 
2

( ZY  3Z n ) 0 0
Z012   0 ZY 0
 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 0 0 ZY 
Three decoupled systems:

Vˆ0  ( ZY  3Zn )  Iˆ0 Vˆ1  ZY  Iˆ1 Vˆ2  ZY  Iˆ2

Z0  ZY  3Z n Z1  ZY Z2  ZY
MODSEP 29
 Sequence-domain modeling
Three-phase balanced Yn impedance

Iˆa Iˆ0 ZY
Zero
a sequence
Vˆ0
 b 3Z n

 ˆ ZY ZY
Ib

Vˆan Iˆ1
Positive
Vˆbn sequence
Vˆ1 ZY
ZY Zn
Iˆc 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

c
 Vˆ Iˆn
   cn n 
Iˆ2
Negative
sequence
Vˆ2 ZY

MODSEP
 30
 Sequence-domain modeling
Three-phase balanced Y impedance
Iˆa 
a Iˆ0 ZY
Zero
 b sequence
Vˆ0
 ˆ ZY ZY
Ib 

Vˆan

Vˆbn

c
Iˆc
ZY
x Zn   Positive
sequence
Vˆ1

Iˆ1
ZY
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Vˆ Iˆn
   cn n

What about Δ Iˆ2
Negative
loads? sequence
Vˆ2 ZY
Analysis based on the Δ-
MODSEP
 31
Y transform
 Sequence-domain modeling
Three-phase balanced Δ impedance
Caution: Does not represent the
internal Δ characteristics  Z
Iˆa Iˆ0
Zero 3

a Vˆ
Vˆab 
 b
sequence 0
 
Z
Iˆb
Vˆca
Z Z 
Vˆbc Iˆ1
Positive ˆ Z
sequence 1
V
3
Iˆc 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

  c


3-wires circuit: From the Δ-Y transform: Iˆ2
Negative ˆ Z
Z V
Zn   ZY  sequence 2 3
3 
MODSEP 32
 Sequence-domain modeling
Generic three-phase load
Iˆa
a
Iˆb Vˆan   Z aa Z ab Z ac   Iˆa 
Three-phase ˆ    
Vbn    Z ba Z bc    Iˆb 
b
load impedance Z bb
Iˆc 
c Vˆcn   Z ca Z cb Z cc   Iˆc 
 
n
Z abc
Need to perform:

Z012  F 1  Zabc  F
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Z0 Z 01 Z 02  1 1 1   Z aa Z ab Z ac  1 1 1
Z012   Z10 Z1 Z12   1 a a 2    Z ba Z bc   1 a 2 a
1
Z bb
  3     
 Z 20 Z 21 Z 2  1 a 2 a   Z ca Z cb Z cc  1 a a 
2

MODSEP 33
 Sequence-domain modeling
Generic three-phase load
Z0 
1
Z aa  Z bb  Z cc  2 Z ab  2 Z ac  2 Z bc 
3

Z1  Z 2 
1
Z aa  Z bb  Z cc  Z ab  Z ac  Z bc 
Iˆa 3
a

b
Iˆb Three-phase Z 01  Z 20 
1
3
Z aa  a 2 Z bb  aZ cc  aZ ab  a 2 Z ac  Z bc 
load impedance
Iˆc

Z aa  aZ bb  a 2 Z cc  a 2 Z ab  aZ ac  Z bc 
c 1
Z 02  Z10 
n 3
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z12 
1
3
Z aa  a 2 Z bb  aZ cc  2aZ ab  2a 2 Z ac  2 Z bc 

Z 21 
1
3
Z aa  aZ bb  a 2 Z cc  2a 2 Z ab  2aZ ac  2 Z bc 

MODSEP 34
 Sequence-domain modeling
Generic three-phase load
Iˆa
a Z aa  Z bb  Z cc  Z p
Balanced
Iˆb
b
Three-phase load Zab  Zba  Zbc  Z cb  Z ac  Z ca  Z m
load impedance
Iˆc
c Z p Zm Zm 
 
n Z abc  Zm Zp Zm 
Therefore:  Z m Zm Z p 
Z01  Z10  Z02  Z 20  Z03  Z30  Z12  Z 21  0
Z0 0 0
Z0  Z p  2Zm
Z012   0 Z1 0
 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z1  Z 2  Z p  Z m  0 0 Z 2 

  
Iˆ0 Iˆ1 Iˆ2
Zero Positive Negative
sequence Vˆ0 Z0 sequence Vˆ1 Z1 sequence Vˆ2 Z2
   35
 Components modeling
Example 1

• A balanced load, Y connection, is connected in parallel with a

balanced capacitor bank, Δ connection. The Y-load has
impedance ZY = 3 + j4 Ω, per phase, and has neutral grounded
by a reactance Xn = 2 Ω. The capacitor bank has reactance Xc =
30 Ω, per phase. Draw the equivalent sequence networks for
this load and calculate the sequence impedances.
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 36
 Components modeling
Example 1

 jX c

ZY
 jX c

ZY ZY

jX n  jX c
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Δ-Y transform
Obtaining the single-phase equivalent circuits in
the sequence-domain
MODSEP 37
 Components modeling
Example 1
Z0  ZY  3  jX n

j
Xc Z0  3  j 4  3  j 2
Zero ZY
3
sequence Z0  3  j10 
3  jX n
Z 0  10.4473.30 

Positive Xc
j  X 
sequence ZY
3 Z1  Z 2   ZY //  j c 
 3 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

(3  j 4)(  j 30 / 3)
Z1  Z 2 
(3  j 4)  (  j 30 / 3)
Negative
Xc
sequence ZY j Z1  Z 2  7.45426.57  
3
MODSEP 38
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators
Êa
  Iˆa

Êb
  Iˆb

Iˆn Zn
Êc
 Iˆc
 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Applying KVL to the meshes composed of phases and neutral:

Phase A Zn Iˆn  Eˆ a  Z s Iˆa  Zm Iˆb  Zm Iˆc  Vˆan  0 We know that:

Phase B Zn Iˆn  Eˆb  Z s Iˆb  Zm Iˆa  Zm Iˆc  Vˆbn  0 Iˆn  Iˆa  Iˆb  Iˆc
Phase C Zn Iˆn  Eˆ c  Z s Iˆc  Zm Iˆa  Zm Iˆb  Vˆcn  0
MODSEP 39
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators
 
Vˆan  Eˆ a  Z s Iˆa  Zm Iˆb  Zm Iˆc  Zn Iˆa  Iˆb  Iˆc

 Eˆ  Z Iˆ  Z Iˆ  Z Iˆ  Z Iˆ  Iˆ  Iˆ 
Substituting
Vˆbn
Iˆn
b s b m a m c n a b c

Vˆcn  Eˆ  Z Iˆ  Z Iˆ  Z Iˆ  Z Iˆ  Iˆ  Iˆ 
c s c m a m b n a b c

Vˆan  Eˆ a  Z s Iˆa  Zm Iˆb  Zm Iˆc  Zn Iˆa  Zn Iˆb  Zn Iˆc

Expanding Vˆbn  Eˆb  Z s Iˆb  Zm Iˆa  Zm Iˆc  Zn Iˆa  Zn Iˆb  Zn Iˆc

Vˆcn  Eˆ c  Z s Iˆc  Zm Iˆa  Zm Iˆb  Zn Iˆa  Zn Iˆb  Zn Iˆc

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆan  Eˆ a  Z s  Zn Iˆa  Zm  Zn Iˆb  Zm  Zn Iˆc

Rearranging
for matrix Vˆbn  Eˆb  Zm  Zn Iˆa  Z s  Zn Iˆb  Zm  Zn Iˆc
form
Vˆcn  Eˆ c  Zm  Zn Iˆa  Zm  Zn Iˆb  Z s  Zn Iˆc 40
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators
Cast in matrix form:
Vˆan   Eˆ a   Z s Zm Z m   Iˆa  1 1 1  Iˆa 
ˆ  ˆ      
Vbn    Eb    Z m Zs Z m    Iˆb   1 1 1   Iˆb   Z n
  
Vˆcn   Eˆ c   Z m Zm Z s   I c  1 1 1  Iˆc 
ˆ
   

We know that:  ˆ   Eˆ 0  Vˆan  Vˆ0   Iˆa   Iˆ0 

Ea
ˆ  ˆ  ˆ  ˆ ˆ  ˆ 
E
 b  F   E1  V
 bn   F  V1  I
 b  F   I1 
 Eˆ c   Eˆ 2  Vˆcn  Vˆ2   Iˆc   Iˆ2 
       
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

   
Therefore, by decoupling the system via symmetrical components:

Vˆ0   Eˆ 0   Z s Zm Zm   Iˆ0  1 1 1  Iˆ0 

       
F  Vˆ1   F   Eˆ1    Z m Zs Z m   F   Iˆ1   1 1 1  F   Iˆ1   Z n
   
Vˆ2   Eˆ 2   Z m Z s   ˆ   Iˆ2 
    Zm  I 2  1 1 1   41
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators

Vˆ0   Eˆ 0   Zs Zm Zm   Iˆ0  1 1 1  Iˆ0 

ˆ ˆ  1     
V
 1  F 1
 F  E
 1  F Z Zs Z m   F   Iˆ1   F1 1 1 1  F   Iˆ1   Z n
 m   
Vˆ2   Eˆ 2   Z m Zm Z s  I2 
ˆ 
1 1 1
  Iˆ2 
       
[1] Z 012  3 0 0
 0 0 0
 
0 0 0
Therefore:
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆ0   Eˆ 0   Z s  2 Z m 0 0   Iˆ0  3 0 0  Iˆ0 

ˆ  ˆ      
V1    E1    0 Zs  Zm 0    Iˆ1   0 0 0   Iˆ1   Z n
  
Vˆ2   Eˆ 2   0 0 Z s  Z m   Iˆ2  0 0 0  Iˆ2 
   

MODSEP 42
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators
Zero
Vˆ0  Eˆ0  Iˆ0 ( Z0  3Zn )
sequence
Vˆ0   Eˆ 0   Z 0 0 0   Iˆ0   Iˆ0 
ˆ ˆ       Positive
Vˆ1  Eˆ1  Z1 Iˆ1
V1    E1    0 Z1 0    Iˆ1   3Z n  0  sequence

Vˆ2   Eˆ 2   0 0 Z 2   Iˆ2  0
      Negative
Vˆ2  Eˆ 2  Z 2 Iˆ2
sequence

SEQUENCE-DOMAIN GENERATOR MODELS:

In case of unbalanced generation
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

VOLTAGE SOURCES: POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND ZERO ≠ 0

In case of balanced generation (short-circuit analysis)
VOLTAGE SOURCES: POSITIVE ≠ 0, NEGATIVE AND ZERO = 0
Reactances of Z0, Z1 e Z2
It is usual to neglect the resistances, remaining jx0, jx1 e jx2
43
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators (Balanced generation)
Typical approximations:
Iˆa
 Êa Êb  Z 0  Z g 0  3Z n , Z g 0  0
jX ''
jX ''
Iˆb
d
  d

Z1  jX d''

X d''  X q''
Zn Êc Z2  j
2

Iˆn jX d'' Iˆc jX d''  Subtransient reactance
jX d'  Transient reactance
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

In the sequence-domain: jX d  Synchronous reactance

Z0 Z1 Z2
   
Zero Iˆ0 Positive Iˆ1 Negative Iˆ2
sequence
3Z n Vˆ0 sequence Ê1 Vˆ1 sequence Vˆ2

   44
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators (Unbalanced generation)
Typical approximations:
Iˆa
 Êa Êb  Z 0  Z g 0  3Z n , Z g 0  0
jX ''
jX ''
Iˆb
d
  d

Z1  jX d''

X d''  X q''
Zn Êc Z2  j
2

Iˆn jX d'' Iˆc jX d''  Subtransient reactance
jX d'  Transient reactance
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

In the sequence-domain: jX d  Synchronous reactance

3Z n     
Iˆ0 Iˆ1 Iˆ2
Zero
sequence
 Vˆ0
Positive
sequence Ê1 Vˆ1
Negative
sequence Ê 2 Vˆ2
Ê0  
    45
 Sequence-domain modeling
Synchronous generators
• In the presence of current Î1 in the stator
 Magnetic flux  In sync with rotor
 Increased magnetic flux concatenates with rotor
 Z1  Increased value

• In the presence of current Î2 in the stator

 Magnetic flux  Opposite to rotation
 Oscillating flux with 2ω
 Increased magnetic flux concatenates with rotor
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Z2  Increased value, but different

• In the presence of current Î0 in the stator

 Resulting magnetic flux equals 0  Components in phase for the 3 phases
 Z0  Less than Z1 e Z2  Z0 ≈ 0 46
 Sequence-domain modeling
Conclusion: for the synchronous motors, the same model as the
Motors generator, except for the current now flowing into the component.
For induction motors, the voltage source is removed.
Synchronous Induction
Iˆ0 Z m0 Iˆ0 Z m0

 
Zero
sequence Vˆ0 3Z n Vˆ0 3Z n
 

Iˆ1 Z m1 Iˆ1 Z m1
Caution:
 
 Characteristics
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Positive
sequence Vˆ1 Eˆ m1 Vˆ1 of the faulted
  
motor!

Iˆ2 Z m2 Iˆ2 Z m2

 
Negative
Vˆ2 Vˆ2
sequence
  47
 Sequence-domain modeling
Transmission lines

• Static elements  X1 = X2
• Reactances X1 and X2
 Basically, tower geometry and conductor types
• Reactance X0
 Several factors (conductors, materials, soil properties, frequency etc.)
 Complex calculations  Earth return formulas (Carson)  Average values (for
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

now)

X 0  (2 to 5)  X 1
MODSEP 48
 Components modeling
Transmission lines
Ideally transposed line:
Î abc Z s, abc Î 'abc
Z p Zm Zm  Y p Ym Ym 
 
   
Ysh ,abc Ysh ,abc ˆ'
Z s ,abc   Z m Zp Z m  Ysh,abc  Ym Y p Ym 
V̂abc V
2 2
abc
 Z m Zm Z p  Ym Ym Y p 
 

Z0 0 0
Z0  Z p  2Zm Y0 0 0  Y0  Y p  2Ym
Z s ,012   0 Z1 0 Ysh,012   0 Y1 0 
   
 0 Z 2  Z1  Z 2  Z p  Z m Y1  Y2  Y p  Ym
0  0 0 Y2 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Zero sequence Positive sequence Negative sequence

Iˆ0 Z s,0 Iˆ0' Iˆ1 Z s ,1 Iˆ1' Iˆ2 Z s,2 Iˆ2'

     
Ysh , 0 Ysh , 0 Ysh ,1 Ysh ,1 Ysh , 2 Ysh , 2
Vˆ0 Vˆ0' Vˆ1 Vˆ1' Vˆ2 Vˆ '
2
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
MODSEP 49
 Components modeling
Series impedance (short line)
Iˆa Z aa
a a'
Iˆb Z bb Balanced
b b' Vˆaa '   Z aa Z ab Z ac   Iˆa  impedance Z p Zm Zm 
ˆ      
Iˆc Z cc
Vbb'    Z ba Z bb Z bc    Iˆb  Z 
c  abc Zm Zp Zm 
c'
Vˆcc '   Z ca Z cb Z cc   Iˆc   Z m Zm Z p 
 
n n

1 1 1  Z p Zm Z m  1 1 1  Z p  2Z m 0 0  Z0 0 0
   
Z012  1 a a 2   Zm Z m   1 a 2 a 0 0 0
1
Zp 0 Z p  Zm Z1
3     
a   Z m Z p  1 a a 2   Z p  Z m   0
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

1 a 2 Zm 0 0 0 Z 2 

Zero Positive Negative

sequence sequence sequence
Iˆ0 Iˆ1 Iˆ2
     
Vˆ0 Z0 V̂0' Vˆ1 Z1 Vˆ1' Vˆ2 Z2 V̂2'
     
MODSEP 50
 Components modeling
Example 2
• A balanced load Δ-connected (ZC = 30/40o Ω) is fed through a short
transmission line (Zs = 1/85o Ω e Zm = 0) by a three-phase source Y-
connected, which supplies unbalanced voltages given as:

Vˆan   2770 
ˆ   
V 
 bn   260  120 V
Vˆcn   295115 
   
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Assume that the neutral source is bolted grounded and the internal
impedance is negligible. Determine the line currents by using the
symmetrical components method.

MODSEP 51
 Components modeling
Example 2

Zs
Vˆan Iˆa
ZC
Zm
Zs ZC
Vˆbn Zm Iˆb ZC
Zm
Zs
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆcn Iˆc
Unbalanced generator Transmission line Load
V0, V1 and V2 Z0, Z1 and Z2 Z0, Z1 and Z2
MODSEP 52
 Components modeling
Example 2 – Generator
UNBALANCED GENERATION:
Zero sequence Vˆ0 Sources in the zero, positive and negative
sequence equivalent circuits

1
Vˆ0  1 1 1   2770 
ˆ   
V
 1  1 a 2
a   260  120 

Positive sequence Vˆ1 Vˆ2  1 a a   295115 
2
 
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Vˆ0   15.9162.11 
ˆ  
 1 
V  277.10   1. 77 V
Vˆ   9.21  143.41 
Negative sequence Vˆ2  2  

MODSEP 53
 Components modeling
Example 2 – Short transmission line
Iˆ0 Z0
 
Zero sequence Vˆ0 V̂0'  Z0  Z s  2Z m 
  Z    Z  Z 
 1  s m 

 Z 2   Z s  Z m 

Iˆ1 Z1
 Z 0  (185 )  2  0

 
 Z    (185 )  0 
Vˆ1 Vˆ1'
Positive sequence

 1  

 Z 2   (185 )  0 

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Z 0  185 


Iˆ2 Z2  Z   185  
   1  
Negative sequence Vˆ2 V̂2'  Z 2  185 

 

MODSEP 54
 Components modeling
Example 2 – Δ-connected load
  Z 0   ZY  3Z n 
ZC Z    Z 
Iˆ0
Zero sequence 3   1 Y 
Vˆ0  Z 2   ZY 

 Z 0  ( Z C 3)  3Z n 
 Z    ( Z 3) 
  1  C 
Iˆ1  Z 2   ( Z C 3) 
Positive sequence ZC
Vˆ1
3
 Z 0  (1040 )  


Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Z    (1040 )  
 1  
  Z 2   (1040 ) 


Iˆ2
ZC
Negative sequence Vˆ2
3
 MODSEP 55
 Components modeling
Example 2 – Solution
Z0

 ZC
Zero Iˆ0  0 A
sequence Vˆ0 Iˆ0 3

Z1
Vˆ1 277  1,77 
Iˆ1  
 Z1  ( Z C 3) 10.7343.78
Positive Vˆ1 Iˆ1 ZC
sequence

3 Iˆ1  25.82  45.55 A
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Z2
V ˆ 9.218   143.41

 Iˆ2  2

Iˆ2 ZC Z 2  ( Z C 3) 10.7343.78
Vˆ2
Negative
sequence 3

Iˆ2  0.8591172.81 A
MODSEP 56
 Components modeling
Example 2 – Solution

 Iˆa  1 1 1   Iˆ0  1 1 1  0 
ˆ    
 I b   1 a
2
a    Iˆ1   1 a 2 a   25.82  45.55 
 Iˆ  1 a a 2   Iˆ2  1 a a 2   0.8591172.81 
 c 

 Iˆa  25.21  46.76 

ˆ    
 b 
I  25 .76 196. 34 A
 Iˆ   26.6773.77  
 c  
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Observation:
We solved the circuit and accounted for
the generation unbalance, load
connection and line voltage drop.

MODSEP 57
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers
• Different models for zero, positive and negative sequences
• Series static elements  X1 = X2 (Short-circuit test)

i1 jxT i2' jX1  jxT

Positive
 
sequence

v1 v2'
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

jX 2  jxT
 
Negative
Caution: The zero sequence models sequence
depends on the transformer
connection. MODSEP 58
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers

• Why does the zero sequence model depend on the connection?

 Zero sequence needs a return path
 Currents in phase  Needs a path

• Primary ampères-turns are compensated by the secondary

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

 Only flow into the system if such path exists

 Without a path  Zn ≈ ∞, zero seq. remains “contained” in
the windings

MODSEP 59
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers

Iˆa 0  Iˆ0  Iˆ0  Iˆ0  Iˆa  Iˆa Iˆa

Iˆ0 Iˆb
Iˆ0
 Iˆ0  Iˆ0

Iˆb0  Iˆ0  Iˆb  Iˆb

Iˆ0
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

3Iˆ0
 Iˆ0  Iˆ0  Iˆc  Iˆc Iˆc

Iˆc 0  Iˆ0 Δ = zero sequence filter

MODSEP 60
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers

• Rules for 0 sequence transformer modeling

 Switches are included in the model previously discussed
 Switches are closed/open accordingly to the connection

X0 X0
j j
2 2
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

x jxm

xm >> X0 May affect results in connections Yn-Y

MODSEP 61
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers

Connection Zero sequence representation

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 62
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers

Connection Zero sequence representation

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 63
 Components modeling
Two-winding transformers

Connection Zero sequence representation

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

MODSEP 64
 Two-winding transformer model
Connection Yn – Y (Caution)

Xeq = jX0/2 + jxm ≈ jxm

jX 0 / 2 jX 0 / 2

jxm
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Conclusion: For a Yn-Y connection, depending on the value of

jxm, a possibly significant current may flow through the
magnetization branch, resulting in transformer saturation
MODSEP 65
 Components modeling
Three-winding transformers

• Positive and negative sequence models remain the same

Positive sequence Negative sequence

P jX1 ( P) jX1 ( S ) S P jX 2 ( P) jX 2 ( S ) S
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

jX1 (T ) T jX 2 (T ) T

MODSEP 66
 Components modeling
Three-winding transformers
• Same rules for zero sequence

jX P jX S
P S

jX T
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

T
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 Components modeling
Example 3

• Consider a power system, ABC sequence, balanced

generationg, with the following single-line diagram:
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

• Obtain the system reactance diagram in the sequence-

domain, including the load. The generator and load neutrals
are bolted grounded.

MODSEP 68
 Components modeling
Example 3
Zero sequence

X 0,G X 0,T X 0,LT X Y ,C

Z n ,G  0 3Z n ,C  0
Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

X 0,G X 0,T X 0,LT X Y ,C

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 Components modeling
Example 3

Positive sequence

X 1'',G X 1,T X 1,LT

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Eˆ1,G X Y ,C

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 Components modeling
Example 3

Negative sequence

X 1'',G X 1,T X 1,LT

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

X Y ,C

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 Universidade de Brasília – UnB
Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica – ENE
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica – PPGEE

QUESTIONS?

Prof. Amauri Martins, D.Sc.

Brasília,
MODSEP2022