\7-b aaa a principle of momen. Experimental determination of mass of a body using principle of moments Principle of moments : If a body is in equlibrium position under a ae _ forces, the sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anticloc! loments,, i, Ameter scale is placed horizontally on a stand at its centre of the gravity (G), ii, A known weight W, is suspended at a pointA ata distance d, from the centre of gravity (G). iii. A unknown weight W, is suspended at a point B at a distance d, from the centre of gravity (G). iv. The distances d, and d,are adjusted until the scale reaches to the equilibrium position. Measure d, and d,. v. The experiment is repeated by changing the values of W, in equilibirium position, The readings are tabulated. ded aa O Tabulation : Wy w, Sno | w, 4, d, W, = wixd, | dq, ‘i 2 3 According to the principle of moment, In equilibrium position, The sum of clockwise moments = The sum of anticlockwise moments W, xd, W,xd, W,xd The weight of the body w,= —— 2 8we gPhysics-1 RESULTANT AND DIRECTION OF TWO FORCES 1. Find the resultant of two forces 30 N and 40 N acting at an angle 90°to each other. Given data: P = 30N, Q = 40N and @= 90° Magnitude of the resultant R = Direction of the resultant @ = Solution: i) Magnitude of the resutant of two forces R = \PQ7+2PQcos0 Squaring on both sides R? = P2+Q?+2PQcos0 R? = 302+402#2 x 30 x 40 x cos 90° (cos90° = 0) R? = 900+1600 + 0 R? = 2500 R= V2500 R= 50N ii) Direction of the resultant of two forces Q sind = tant ——— Si (= cosé ) 40.sin90° [ sin90°=1 = tan" ( 30+40.c0s90° cosets =tan* (Gr, >) wm (8 a@ = 53°7!oe: aring Physics -1 18-9 brimental determination of co-efficient of viscosity of high viscous liquid kes method, Co-efficient of viscosity :The co efficient of viscosity is defined as the tangential force acting per unit area to maintaining unit Velocity gradient between two liquid layers. Terminal velocity : The constant velocity attained by the freely falling body through highly viscous liquid is known as terminal velocity. i. The highly viscous liquid (castor oil) taken in a tall glass jar. Two marks are made on the jar at the points A and B (AB=h). ii, A steel ball is taken and its radius (r) is determined using a screw gauge. ili, The steel ball is gently dropped on the liquid in the jar. The time taken by the ball to travel the distance AB=h is calculated using a stop clock. iv. The experiment is repeated by using various balls having different radii The readings are tabulated. Glass jar Glass bead Castor oil Tabulation : E Ball Radius r r Time t r’t 1. 2. 3. L 2 POS (| Nsom 9A [te co-efficient of viscosity of highly viscous liquid 9 = 21al awn quid ace wring Physics -1 ae YS 8b {ibe an experiment to determine the surface tension of water by using ‘Surface tensio! ry rise method. surface tension is the force acting per unit length of a line drawn on the liquid surface, that force acting perpendicular to the line and parallel to the liquid surface. Experiment : i, The capillary tube and a pointer are dipped vertically in a beaker of water. ii. The capillary tube is partially immersed in water and the tip of a pointer touches the surface of water. Due to surface tension, water rises in the capillary tube. Left Top Right Bottom iii, The horizontal cross wire of a microsope is focused on the meniscus of water in the capillary tube. Now, h,-is taken in the vertical scale. iv. The horizontal cross wire of a microsope is focused on the tip of the pointer. Now, h,is taken. The capillary rise h=h,-h,. The readings are tabulated. \v. The microscope is focused at the bore of the capillary tube. The diameter and the radius of the tube is determained. Microscope reading Capillary ise Sno Water level in Water level in he(h,-h,) Capillary tube (h,) beaker (h,) i — 2. Theo | Nm Surface tension of water T = 23\9@ derive the path of the projectile is a Parabola: Trajectory: The path of the projectile in a projectile motion is called “Trajectory i. Consider a body projected from a point “O" with velocity “u". Let, a be the angle of projection and OAB be the trajectory. ii, The velocity u-can be resolved into two components. 1) Horizontal component of velocity “ucosa” and ii) Vertical component of velocity “usina” iv. After t-seconds at a point “P” ‘The horizontal displacement of the body = x i The vertical displacement of the body =y Engineering Physics. < Z using ° Mucosa, B x Expression for maximum range : The horizontal displacement = Horizontal velocity x time x=ucosaxt | FS ‘Time t= cosa Equation of motion : $ = ut aa at?- In the vertical direction, Displacement s = y | Velocity u ising x os p- Time t = cosa * ucosta, Acceleration a = -g ‘Substituting these values in equation (1) we get, cue 2 + +o) y= using. sq * 2 69) costa using 4». 9 _oe cosa °)” Dutcosra *) oe = 2 (xe) y= tana. 0) - Foo" (2) Equation (2) similar to the equation of the parabola yebx-cx?. Therefore, the “path of the projectile is @ parabola” 35Solution : : Vv Anglo banking @ = tan~ €) 4c C4) = tan" \30x9.8 tan (100 294 = tan" (0.34014) = 18°47!sering Physics -1 —= i about an 20.4 wethe expression for kinetic energy of a rigidbody rotating +1 sists of a large i. Consider a rigid body rotating about an axis XOX', The rigid body con Tt, ete, number of particles. 2 ys ii, Let m,m,.m, ete. be the masses of the particles situated at distances from the fixed axis. locities of ili, All the particles rotate with the same angular velocity @. But, the linear vel the particles are different a x! Kinetic energy of a particle = mv? 2 = L moe * Wr) = mr 9 w+ 1 The kinetic energy of the 1 particle => myr i “ne The kinetic energy of the 2 particle = —— m,r2@ The kinetic energy of the 3° particle = 1 mye 2gy a Mis The kinetic energy of the n® particle = + m.1,70" The kinetic energy of the rigid body 1 1 = G my 7a + z mage + mar (2mr ow = (IFEmr) Moment of inertia I= Emr? The kinetic energy of the rigid body = 1 Je? 2 [50]sooring Physics -1 20-\0 “e the expression for the escape velocity = ; , -ape velocity: The minimum velocity required to project a body in upwards to escape from the gravitational force is called “escape velocity”. Consider a body of mass “m" placed on the earth. Let "M” be the mass of the earth and its radius “R", When a body is on the surface of the earth The weight of the body =mg = --~ (1) By Newtons’ law of gravitation, The gravitational force F = a (2) @ eM f ¥, (2) = (1) => <2 = mg R? dr m GM= gR* O When a body is above the surface of the earth The given kinetic energy to the body (K.E) stm The work done by the body y= GMm_ R (3)= (4) => + my 2= GMm 2) Oe = 26M R vex 2gR? (GM =gr2) Escape veloc ty V, 52neering Physics -1 2) _——S=— ——— sscribe an experiment to determine the frequency of the tuning fork using «we SOnometer. i. A sonometer consists of a hollow wooden box. A nail is fixed at one end and a smooth pulley is fixed at the other end of the box. ii, One end of a string is tied to the nail and the other end passes over the smooth pulley is attached to the weight. A,B and C are three knife edges placed on the box. ii. A suitable tension is applied to the string by the load. A small paper rider is placed on the wire between Aand C. iv. The stem of the fork is kept on the sonometer box. Now, the string is made tc vibrate. The knife edge C is adjusted till the paper rider, falls down. Now, the vibrating length AC = ¢is measured. v. The experiment is repeated for different loads and the vibrating lengths are noted “| sno Load(M)kg | Vibrating length AC = € @ M @ 1 L 7 E | = 4 . | The linear density m = ar’p Where, Fis the radius of the string. is the density of the stringwale’. Me™ VY. — Orb (3x10): L — M = 0-2xID Am |