CC1CC1

& CC2
& CC2Revision Notes
Revision Notes

CC1: States of Matter

● Solid
↳ The particles, or atoms and molecules, are tightly
packed together.
↳ The particles are free to vibrate but cannot move.
↳ They can only change volume and shape when exposed
to an external force or cut into smaller pieces.
● Liquid
↳ They are incompressible liquid matter that is not
pressure dependent.
↳ If the pressure and temperature remain constant, they have a fixed volume.
↳ When exposed to temperatures above their specific melting points, solids have a tendency to
transform into liquids, subject to pressure properties.
● Gas
↳ Particles are randomly arranged and can move quickly in all directions and are far apart.
↳ A liquid can be converted to a gas by heating it to the boiling point while maintaining constant
pressure, or by decreasing pressure while maintaining constant boiling point.

CC2: Separation Techniques

● Filtration
↳ A physical method of separating insoluble solids from liquids.
↳ Filtration is a physical separation process that uses a filter medium
with a complex structure through which only fluid can pass to
separate solid matter and fluid from a mixture.
↳ Filtration is a technique for separating an insoluble solid from a liquid.
It can be used to separate sand from a sand-water mixture or excess
reactant from a reaction mixture.
↳ Filtration is critical for keeping water and chemicals clean, pure, and
free of contaminants. We might not have safe drinking water if it weren't for filtration, which
plays an important role in removing sediment, sand, gravel, carbon, and other unwanted
particles.
↳ Filtration is the process of separating an insoluble solid from a pure liquid or solution. Filtration is
usually done by folding a circle of filter paper into a cone and placing it in a filter funnel. The
filtrate is the liquid that flows through the filter paper, while the residue is the solid that remains
on the filter paper.
● Crystallisation
↳ A physical method of separating soluble solids from liquids.
↳ Crystallisation is the process by which a solid forms in which the atoms
or molecules are highly organised into a structure known as a crystal.
↳ A soluble material is separated from a solvent by crystallisation. For
instance, salt can be extracted from a salt solution by crystallisation.
↳ Crystallisation is effectively used as a purification technique to separate
the product from impurities and the process solvent.
↳ In an open container, the solution is heated. The solvent molecules
begin to evaporate, leaving the solutes behind. As the solution cools, solute crystals begin to form
on the solution's surface. Crystals are collected and dried as needed for the product.
● Chromatography
↳ Paper chromatography is used to separate
dissolved chemical substances in a mixture.
↳ Chromatography is the separation of
components in a mixture. To begin the process,
the mixture is dissolved in a substance known as
the mobile phase, which carries it through a
second substance known as the stationary
phase.
↳ Chromatography can be used to separate coloured compound mixtures. Ink, dyes and food
colouring agents are examples of mixtures that can be separated using chromatography.
↳ Chromatography is useful as it is a purification tool, separating the components of a mixture for
use in other experiments or procedures.
↳ The separated mixture is dissolved in a fluid known as the mobile phase. This helps the mixture
move through the stationary phrase.
↳ Compounds are separated because they move at different speeds through the stationary phase.
● Simple Distillation
↳ Simple distillation is used to separate two liquids with
different boiling points.
↳ Simple distillation involves boiling the liquid mixture and
immediately condensing the resulting vapours.
↳ Simple distillation is a technique for removing a solvent
from a solution. Water, for example, can be separated
from salt solution using simple distillation. Because water
has a much lower boiling point than salt, this method
works. Water evaporates when the solution is heated.
↳ Distillation is useful as it separates from salt solution using simple distillation.
● Fractional Distillation
↳ Fractional distillation is used to separate two liquids with similar
boiling points.
↳ The difference between simple distillation and fractional distillation is
fractional distillation separates liquids with similar boiling points and
not different ones like simple distillation.
↳ Process
- Evaporation. Crude oil is heated until it evaporates. Crude oil
vapour is put into a fractionating column at the bottom and
rises upwards.
- Condensation. The temperature is highest at the bottom of the
column.
- Collection. The fractions are collected.
↳ Fractional distillation is a method for separating a liquid from a mixture of two or more liquids.
↳ Fractional distillation is very useful when separating more than two types of liquids from a
homogeneous mixture.