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Department of Criminology

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

As the world seeks to slow the pace of climate change, preserve wildlife,

and support billions of people, trees inevitably hold a major part of the answer.

Yet the mass destruction of trees continues, sacrificing the long-term benefits of

standing trees for short-term gain.

Forests still cover about 30 percent of the world’s land area, but they are

disappearing at an alarming rate. Since 1990, the world has lost 420 million

hectares or about a billion acres of forest, according to the Food and Agriculture

Organization of the United Nations mainly in Africa and South America. About 17

percent of the Amazonian rainforest has been destroyed over the past 50 years,

and losses recently have been on the rise. The organization Amazon

Conservation reports that destruction rose by 21 percent in 2020, a loss the size

of Israel.

Farming, grazing of livestock, mining, and drilling combined account for

more than half of all deforestation. Forestry practices, wildfires and, in small part,

urbanization account for the rest. In Malaysia and Indonesia, forests are cut

down to make way for producing palm oil, which can be found in everything from

shampoo to saltines. In the Amazon, cattle ranching and farms particularly soy

plantations are key culprits.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products,

also fell countless trees each year. Loggers, some of them acting illegally, also
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build roads to access more and more remote forests which leads to further

deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl as land is

developed for homes.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of

human and natural factors like wildfires and overgrazing, which may prevent the

growth of young trees.

Deforestation affects the people and animals where trees are cut, as well

as the wider world. Some 250 million people living in forest and savannah areas

depend on them for subsistence and income many of them among the world’s

rural poor. Eighty percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and

deforestation threatens species including the orangutan, Sumatran tiger, and

many species of birds. Removing trees deprives the forest of portions of its

canopy, which blocks the sun’s rays during the day and retains heat at night.

That disruption leads to more extreme temperature swings that can be harmful to

plants and animals.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is eyeing

to regulate online selling and buying of chainsaws, which has boomed in recent

years on the back of the rising trend in online shopping. The public is advised to

buy chainsaws only from DENR-authorized dealers and have them registered

with the nearest DENR office. Those purchased from unauthorized sources like

online platforms are deemed illegal and subject to confiscation even without a

warrant.
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The restrictions enforced by the government on the possession and use of

chainsaws are similar to those imposed on the selling and ownership of guns as

possession of an unregistered chainsaw is a criminal offense and carries a

penalty of imprisonment and fines.

The Chainsaw Act of 2002 requires the registration of chainsaws with the

DENR, with a penalty of six years in prison or a fine of P30,000 for violators. The

DENR can issue permits to possess and/or use a chainsaw for the felling and/or

cutting of trees, timber, and other forest or agro-forest products to any applicant

who has a subsisting timber license agreement, production sharing agreement,

or similar agreements, or a private land timber permit; is an orchard and fruit tree

farmer; is an industrial tree farmer; is a licensed wood processor and the

chainsaw shall be used for the cutting of timber that has been legally sold to the

said applicant; or shall use the chainsaw for a legal purpose.

The DAO also prescribes the measures chainsaw owners and sellers

should observe when renewing their two-year registration, including their

reselling and even leasing or lending of their equipment.

This research tends to discuss and to find out the awareness of the

selective resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise

known as "Chain Saw Act of 2002. As future law enforcers, the researchers

chose this title to find out the perspective of PNP Personnel on how their

profession helps to protect the nature and to conserve it for the future. Also, they

want to know how to properly execute the law regarding the nature.
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Setting of the Study

The researchers aim to conduct the study at the Municipality of Taal,

specifically at the Taal Municipal Police Station where the respondents reside.

Taal is famous for its old ancestral houses, one particular ancestral house

where Marcela Coronel Mariño de Agoncillo grew up in Taal, Batangas built in

the 1770s by her grandparents, Don Andres Sauza Mariño and Doña Eugenia

Diokno Mariño, its poblacion is designated as a National Historical Landmark.

The municipality is known as the Balisong and Barong Tagalog Capital of the

Philippines. The town is home to hundreds of heritage structures dating from the

Spanish colonial period.

Figure 1.

Map Showing the Municipality of Taal, Batangas

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Figure 2.

Police Station of Taal, Batangas

Theoretical Framework

This study is primarily anchored in the Social Contract Theory by John

Rawls and Structural Functional Theory by Emile Durkheim.

Social Contract Theory says that people live together in society in

accordance with an agreement that establishes moral and political rules of

behavior. Some people believe that if we live according to a social contract, we

can live morally by our own choice and not because a divine being requires it.

The contract here pertains to the law enforce in the community. Without law, the

society will be normless, and people will behave inappropriately.

Structural Functional Theory is an orientation that focuses on structure the

patterning of roles, the form of institutions, and the overall articulation of

institutions in a society and seeks to explain these structures in terms of their

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function’s contributions to the stability and persistence of societies. The society

sees the Police as enforcers of law, thus, it is their role to secure the peace and

order of the community, as well as the safety and security of the civilian sector of

the society.
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Conceptual Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of the police

personnel in terms  Data Gathering
of: through
1.1 age distribution of
1.2 gender self-designed Formulation of
1.3 civil status Questionnaires
1.4 religion recommendations to
1.5 educational  Evaluation of
attainment the awareness enhance the level of
of the selective
Awareness of the resident of awareness of the
selective resident of Barangay
Barangay Cultihan, Cultihan, Taal, residents of
Taal, Batangas on Batangas on the
the Chain Saw Act Chain Saw Act Barangay Cultihan,
of 2002 in terms of: of 2002 through
2.1 ownership the answers of Taal, Batangas on
2.2 possession; the respondents
2.3 sale the Chain Saw Act
2.4 importation  Tabulation and
and use of Interpretation of of 2002
chainsaws gathered data
2.5 penalizing
violations

Figure 3.
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Department of Criminology

Conceptual Paradigm

This study will be inclined to determine the perception of Taal PNP

Personnel on the importance of Criminology Profession in peace and order.

The input includes the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of

Age, Gender, Civil Status, and Educational Attainment. It also includes the

awareness of the selective resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on

R.A. 9175 otherwise known as "Chain Saw Act of 2002" in terms of ownership,

possession, sale, importation and use of chainsaws and penalizing violations.

Data gathering, distribution of survey questionnaires evaluation of the

answers of the respondents and tabulation and interpretation of data gathered is

included in the process.

The output contains the formulation of recommendations to enhance the

level of awareness of the residents of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on the

Chain Saw Act of 2002.

Statement of the Problem

This research intends to find out the awareness of the selective

resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise known as

"Chain Saw Act of 2002".

Specially, this study sought to answer the following.

1. What is the demographic profile of respondent in term of?

1.1 age;

1.2 gender;

1.3 civil status;

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1.4 religion; and

1.5 educational attainment?

2. What is the awareness of the selective resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal,

Batangas on the Chain Saw Act of 2002 in terms of:

2.1 ownership;

2.2 possession;

2.3 sale;

2.4 importation and use of chainsaws; and

2.5 penalizing violations?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the awareness of the selective

resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on the Chain Saw Act of 2002

and the demographic profile of the respondents?

4. Based on the study, what recommendations can be formulated to further

enhance the level of awareness of the residents of Barangay Cultihan, Taal,

Batangas on the Chain Saw Act of 2002?

Hypothesis

This study tested the following hypotheses:

There is no significant relationship between the awareness of the selective

resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on the Chain Saw Act of 2002 and

the demographic profile of the respondents.

Assumption of the Study

The research study is anchored on the assumption that the respondents

will be honest in answering the questionnaires which data to be gathered by the

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researchers are valid and reliable for correlation. In addition, the research study

is believed to be timely and relevant to the respondents that will result into an

outcome providing basis of knowledge from the questions.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will mainly focus on the awareness of the selective resident of

Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise known as "Chain

Saw Act of 2002". Fifty (50) residents of Taal, Batangas will be the respondents

of the study.

Significance of the Study

The study on the awareness of the selective resident of Barangay

Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise known as "Chain Saw Act of

2002" would be beneficial to the following:

To the PNP, as an organization, it was clear perspective that awareness

of every policeman on their duties and responsibilities may help attain the

institution’s goals and be reflected on their over-all performance, as a whole.

To the community members of Taal for they will be given ideas when

about R.A. 9175 otherwise known as "Chain Saw Act of 2002". Their minds will

be aware.

To the Rizal College of Taal, this would be a reference for the

enhancement of their curriculum for Bachelor of Science in Criminology.

To the Criminology students, the results of this study may help them a

lot in improving the teaching-learning process of criminology education. They

may determine the aspects in criminology that may be added in the curriculum.
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To the present researchers, the result of this study will enable them to

apply what they have learned, and they can adapt such knowledge once they

become connected with the police service.

To the future researchers, it would contribute new knowledge and would

serve as a major breakthrough for further study in this area.

Objectives of the Study

The study tends to identify the awareness of the selective resident of

Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise known as "Chain

Saw Act of 2002". It also seeks to find possible recommendations to further

enhance the level of awareness of the residents of Barangay Cultihan, Taal,

Batangas on the Chain Saw Act of 2002.

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are conceptually and operationally defined for better

understanding of this study:

Chainsaws- is a portable gasoline-, electric-, or battery-powered saw that cuts

with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. It

is used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting

firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and harvesting of firewood.

Deforestation- the purposeful clearing of forested land. Throughout history and

into modern times, forests have been razed to make space for agriculture

and animal grazing, and to obtain wood for fuel, manufacturing, and

construction.

Drilling- the process of cutting holes in a solid material using a rotating cutting

tool.

Erosion- the geological process in which earthen materials are worn away and

transported by natural forces such as wind or water.

Farming- is growing crops and keeping animals for food and raw materials.

Forestry- is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using,

conserving and repairing forests, woodlands, and associated resources for

human and environmental benefits.

Grazing- a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock is allowed

outdoors to roam around and consume wild vegetations in order to convert

the otherwise indigestible (by human gut) cellulose within grass and other
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forages into meat, milk, wool and other animal products, often on land

unsuitable for arable farming.

Logging- is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for

transport. It may include skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees

or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars.

Mining- the process of extracting useful materials from the earth. Some

examples of substances that are mined include coal, gold, or iron ore. Iron

ore is the material from which the metal iron is produced.

Urbanization- the process by which large numbers of people become

permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.

Wildfires- is an uncontrolled fire that burnt in the wildland vegetation, often in

rural areas.
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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Foreign Literature

Hamel (2017) explained deforestation as the permanent removal of trees

from forests. Permanent removal of the trees means new trees will not be

replanted. This large-scale removal of trees from forests by people results in

increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because trees are no

longer absorbing carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. As a result, the carbon cycle

is affected. According to National Geographic, agriculture is the primary cause of

deforestation. Farmers remove trees on a large-scale basis to increase acreage

for crops and livestock.

According to Butler (2019), the local level is where deforestation has the

most immediate effect. With forest loss, the local community loses the system

that performed valuable but often under-appreciated services like ensuring the

regular flow of clean water and protecting the community from flood and drought.

The forest acts as a sort of sponge, soaking up rainfall brought by tropical storms

while anchoring soils and releasing water at regular intervals. This regulating

feature of tropical rainforests can help moderate destructive flood and drought

cycles that can occur when forests are cleared. When forest cover is lost, runoff

rapidly flows into streams, elevating river levels and subjecting downstream

villages, cities, and agricultural fields to flooding, especially during the rainy

season. During the dry season, such areas downstream of deforestation can be

prone to months-long droughts which interrupt river navigation, wreak havoc on

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crops, and disrupt industrial operations. Situated on steep slopes, montane and

watershed forests are especially important in ensuring water flow and inhibiting

erosion, yet during the 1980s, montane forests suffered the highest deforestation

rate of tropical forests.

Caparini (2018) states that the primary duties of police are to protect

victims and potential victims and promote offender accountability by consistently

enforcing laws and procedures so that all “honor” crimes and killings are

investigated and addressed by the criminal justice system. To give effect to this

goal, laws should authorize police, by judicial authorization where appropriate, to

enter premises, conduct arrest of the primary aggressors, and confiscate

weapons or dangerous substances in cases involving “honor”. Laws should

charge police to work in coordination on the response to “honor”-based violence

with advocates, health care providers, criminal justice actors, including

prosecutors, child protection services, local businesses, the media, employers,

religious leaders, health care providers, clergy and organizations working with

victims and immigrant communities. Police in contemporary peace operations are

mandated with an array of critical tasks, including supporting the re-

establishment of law and order; providing operational support to host-state

police; protecting civilians and UN staff and facilities; and assisting with capacity-

building, training and the reform and reconstruction of police and other law-

enforcement institutions. In the exceptional circumstances of missions with

executive mandates, UN police are directly responsible for upholding and

enforcing the law while rebuilding the host-state’s police institutions.

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According to Dowd (2021), criminologist plays an important role in society

by bringing about deeper understanding of how, when and why deviant behavior

occurs. As a subfield of sociology, criminology examines criminal acts in a

societal context with the ultimate goal of crime reduction and prevention. Some

criminologists work as detectives, FBI agents or forensic analysts profiling

criminals and investigating cases. Others find jobs in academia or government

agencies that research criminology theories and advocate for criminal justice

reforms. Opportunities can also be found in corrections, drug treatment and

related criminal justice agencies. A career in criminology offers a comfortable

salary and a favorable job outlook in the years ahead.

He added that studying the role of criminology in society, researchers

hope to learn more about the roots of violence, effects of early trauma and

impact on victims. Findings can be used to develop effective programs that

identify and intervene when children and adolescents display aggressive and

antisocial behavior. Offender rehabilitation programs can be designed with lower

rates of recidivism based on studies and research recommendations.

He stressed the importance of criminology is also evident in preventing,

investigating and resolving cybercrime, terrorism and criminal acts that cross

borders, according to the Birmingham City School of Social Sciences.

Criminologists must have an expanded worldview and work collaboratively with

professionals around the globe to eradicate crime. Learning from others and

sharing research with colleagues abroad can make the planet a safer place.

Criminology is a fascinating subject that can help alleviate social injustice,

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poverty, discrimination and opportunity gaps that contribute to addictions and

crime. Aspiring criminologists can pick from crime-related majors in criminology,

sociology, corrections or law enforcement. Examples of criminology course

subjects include juvenile offenders, victim advocacy, gangs, criminal law,

government and police reform.

Zouev (2016) explains the roles of police in peace and order situations. He

stated that police reinforce and re-establish security through patrolling,

community-oriented policing and other operational support, advising domestic

police services, increasing compliance with international human rights standards,

and restoring and promoting public safety and the rule of law. Police provide

operational support to host-state counterparts including to protect civilians; help

facilitate secure elections; investigate incidents of sexual and gender-based

violence; prevent and address serious organized crime and violent extremism;

and promote environmental sustainability. Police also assist with the reform,

restructuring and development of host-state police services and other law

enforcement agencies.

Local Literature

Garce (2017) explained the importance of peace and order to political

stability and economic prosperity. The Philippine National Police has been

mandated under RA 6975 as amended by RA 8551 and further amended by RA

9708 which states that the PNP shall enforce the law, prevent and control crimes,

maintain peace and order, and ensure public safety and internal security with the

active support of the community.

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Since, the creation of PNP, it has been undergoing changes in policing to

provide for the needs of an everchanging and more complete society while

shaping and maintaining a well-trained, competent workforce to accomplish that

mission. The challenges of promoting peace and order and ensure public safety

is the primordial responsibility of the state to give the populace a peaceful place

to live, work and do business. The police forces are the most visible entity of the

criminal "justice system. Whose duties does not confine on handling

emergencies, solve crime but also to prevent the crime through police community

relations. Such changes are fundamental to the community policing philosophy.

Police o!!icer today become more representative o! the communities they serve,

they will be better understanding the problems they must address.

As officers become better educated, they will be better equipped to

devise solutions to community problems. Police presence allows rapid

recognition of law enforcement officers as readily identifiable with badge, patches

and gun belt which conveys power and authority bestowed upon them. The

police uniform and equipment play a major part in their ability to gain cooperation

and compliance from the public. Much from their authority comes simply from

what they are wearing. Community recognize and react to visible symbols of

authority. The community expects much from the police in terms of law

enforcement, expect if it adversely impacts them and expects the police to help

them when they have a problem. Citizens become incensed when crime

flourishes, they hold the police responsible for combating crime. Generally, the

Philippine National Police is understood as having three distinct functions, crime

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prevention, crime solution and law enforcement. but, among these functions, the

most basic is the crime prevention which is an intervention in the criminal events

and its impact on individuals and society.

Musico (2018) discussed the signing of Republic Act No. 11131, or the

Philippine Criminology Profession Act of 2018. The new law aims to govern the

examination, registration and licensure of criminologists; supervise, control and

regulate the practice of criminology; and develop professional competence of

criminologists. It said the state recognizes the importance of criminology

profession in national security, public safety, peace and order, and in nation

building and development.

The Professional Regulatory Board for Criminologists will be created to

administer, supervise, and monitor licensure examination, registration,

membership, and practice of criminology.

The Board will also receive complaints and decide on the matter as to the

malpractices and unethical conduct in the practice of the criminology profession

and disqualify licensure examination applicants who has been previously

convicted of a crime with finality involving moral turpitude.

It will also monitor all colleges and universities offering criminology

program and recommend sanctions to the Commission on Higher Education

(CHED).

Under the law, fines of up to PHP500,000 and up to six-years

imprisonment shall be imposed against any person who practice criminology

without a valid certificate of registration and attempt to illegally use the seal.
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Arnilla & Rubias (2016) explained Republic Act No. 6506 that defines a

Criminologist as any person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who

has passed the examination for criminologists and is registered as such by the

Board of Criminology. The law likewise recognizes the expertise of Criminology

graduates which includes, among others, a law enforcement administrator,

executive, adviser, consultant or agent in any government agency and as

technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics, questioned documents, police photography,

lie detection, forensic chemistry and other scientific aspects of crime detection.

The focus of criminology graduates then is employment in the police service.

From the big cities to the countryside, nine out of ten students in criminology

school anchored their dreams for employment in the police service. Reeling from

a military past, the newly instituted national in scope and civilian in character

police organization rose from the ashes of the Philippine Constabulary-Integrated

National Police. At that time, police applicants must have at least 72

baccalaureate units along with other physical and legal requirements.

According to Paragas & Mesinas (2021), the peace and order situation in

the Philippines is an important duties and responsibilities of Philippine National

Police for it was mandated by the Philippine Constitution that the state shall

establish one national police, which is civilian in character and national in scope.

The Philippine government has recognized the important role of the internal

security and maintenance of peace and order in nation building. The 1987

Constitution stated one of the state principles that:

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The maintenance of peace and order, the protection of life, liberty and

property and the promotion of the general welfare are essential for the enjoyment

by all the people of the blessings of democracy. The government is facing with

various social problems and concerns and one of these problems is criminality,

which affects every aspect of community life.

The campaign against crime is a continuing concern of Philippine National

Police. PNP alone cannot do fighting criminality and its causes such as poverty,

unemployment and other problems of socio-economic opportunities. Trust and

participation of the community is very important to realize this goal. In doing this,

effective crime prevention and strategies must be developed to suppress this

primary problem of the community, and because the police are known as the

crime buster, they often criticize by the public for not doing their job well. On the

other hand, the citizens need to consider that the Philippine National Police

remain as a crime buster to maintain the peace and

order in this country.

The PNP has been duty-bound to change its strategies to this primary task

in prioritizing its objectives on pre-emptive campaign of criminality in the

community. The Philippine National Police also launch an intensive and

sustainable information campaign on their program to all external and internal

stakeholders to facilitate their participation and involvement. One of these

stakeholders is the local government unit; the PNP and its stakeholders must go

hand in hand to establish public safety, which is the fundamental obligation of the

state to its citizen.

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Sararaña (2021) discussed the peace and order situation in Cebu

Province is still manageable despite the lack of manpower of the police due to

the pandemic. On the decision to open Cebu Province to tourists from other

areas of the country, he said that the police would support the programs of the

governor, but they would still help ensure the balance between health and

livelihood. That is what the governor wants to boost our tourism. And the PNP

supports the governor’s program to improve the livelihood of the Cebuano.

However, PNP also ensure a balance between health and livelihood. He also

said that the provincial tourism task force would release the new guidelines about

these tourism activities.

Foreign Studies

Hill (2016) outlines and explores three generations of approaches to

ending conflict culminating in the broadening concepts of, and approaches to,

peace and human security in the post-cold war era. It aims to develop a useful

typology for analysis, as well as detailing and critiquing an emerging approach to

ending so-called 'intractable' conflict, which in the post-cold war environment is

dominated by questions of legitimacy related to identity, representation, power

sharing, and claims to sovereignty. This development has occurred within the

static framework of territorialism and state-centricity as the basic foundation for

Lee & Moore (2018) explored how peacemaking can facilitate a better

understanding of the role of police for citizens, officers, and students who study

criminal justice. Peacemaking is a way of thinking and acting that emphasizes

“mercy and compassion” within processes and outcomes for the criminal justice
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system. Three major themes of peacemaking are connectedness, care, and

mindfulness. We believe that a peacemaking approach could help officers

develop the interpersonal skills and critical and dynamic thinking they will need to

be more successful on the streets. Peacemaking also could help strengthen

police-community relations and help the public better understand the roles and

functions of police. Stories that exemplify the peacemaking approach to policing

are provided and discussed.

Molony (2019) focused on exploring the practical implications of applying

Pepinsky and Quinney’s (1991) theory of ‘peacemaking criminology’ to criminal

justice policies. Peacemaking criminology is a perspective on crime that suggests

that alternative methods can be used to create peaceful solutions to crime.

Peacemaking criminology can be implemented in society to reduce the amount of

violence in the criminal justice field, and I argue that this perspective on crime

can improve the administration of equitable justice more so than the current

approach. The implementation of peacemaking criminology would be a radically

different approach than current practices and methods of policing and the judicial

process. The underlying goal of peacemaking criminology is to use a non-violent

approach to solving crime. The uniqueness of peacemaking criminology and its

lack of use within the administration of justice leave many within the criminal

justice field skeptical of its efficacy. This article will explicate those features of

peacemaking criminology that are criticized or supported by criminologists in the

field today. Focusing on these critiques of this perspective on crime, I will attempt

to demonstrate how peacemaking criminology can be used to address issues of

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domestic violence, mandatory arrest policies and community policing. Of these

three issues, the examples illustrated in this paper are intended to demonstrate

how the implementation of peacemaking criminology can create a more effective

criminal justice system in America.

Schaefer (2018) discussed the role conflicts which face the police officer

in the field. Society sees the officer as a law enforcer, yet the major portion of an

officer's time is spent in nonlaw enforcement duties. Three typologies developed

in a previous study, law enforcer, peacekeeper, and service provider, are

explained. The law enforcer role limits itself to law enforcement, preferring to see

service calls and social service functions left to other agencies. The servicer

orientation includes taking care of problems for people who cannot or will not

take care of themselves. Petty problems in this context are not resented, since

these officers view their role primarily as helping the public in any way possible.

The peacekeeper sees a balance between law enforcement and service duties

as a proper description of a police officer's role. A survey of 64 police officers in a

medium-sized city is presented. It found 16 of the officers thought of themselves

as law enforcers, 16 as service providers, but the majority as peacekeepers. The

peace keeping function seemed to solve the role conflict problem for the majority

of officers. The role selected had a significant effect on behavior and attitudes.

The law enforcers wanted more authority, had a greater knowledge of the law,

tended to use force more often, distrusted the public more, and were more in

favor of legal action. The service-oriented officers were at the low end of the

scoring scale on all these factors, while the peacekeepers clustered in the
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middle. It is suggested that a police officer's perception of self strongly affects

discretionary behavior.

The attempted organization of political community. Classic forms of

peacekeeping, international mediation/negotiation, and conflict resolution

approaches constitute the first two generations of activity and are essentially

mono-dimensional activities. In the contemporary environment in which local,

regional, and global actors and the norms pertaining to human security and

human needs have accrued enhanced legitimacy through a growing consensus

at most levels of political inter-action, space and access has been created for the

utilization of more sophisticated tools. The three generations outlined here

indicate the progression of peace strategies into more diverse multidimensional

approaches in a global environment in which a wider recognition of human needs

has led to a conceptual shift towards forms of human security rather than state

security. This, however, raises the suspicion that the creation of peace is a

totalizing practice based on universal claims that are difficult to substantiate or

justify. Finally, some conditions are proposed for a fourth-generation approach

that may emerge from this debate.

Davis & Reed (2019) discussed in their paper, based on interviews

conducted with Canadian police officers who participated in the United Nation

Mission for Stabilization in Haiti, they focus on how participants negotiate the

transposition of a ‘home grown’ constabulary ethos in order to provide effective

police work in such transnational operations. While the strict transfer of domestic

police methods to the new environment is ineffective, they show that police
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officers elaborate innovative strategies and practices that reveal promising routes

for the prevention and de-escalation of violence in the peace operation context.

Such innovations may also serve as the basis for the development of more

accurate paradigms that will advance police work in a transnational context.

Local Studies

Esguerra (2019) studied the implementation of barangay ordinances on

peace and order in the Municipality of San Andres, Romblon as perceived by 48

elected barangay officials and 96 household respondents. They aimed to know

the elected officials ‘socio demographic profile such as age, sex, civil status,

educational attainment, monthly income, terms of office and number of

seminars/trainings attended; the level of respondents’ toward the extent of

implementation of barangay ordinance on peace and order; and the significant

differences of perceptions between elected officials and household respondents

toward the extent of ordinances’ implementation. Their study come up with

recommendations that elected barangay should attend more seminars /trainings

in order to upgrade their knowledge and skills specifically on ordinance’

implementation. Moreover, they should exert their best efforts in disseminating

information about the implemented ordinances in order to increase the level of

awareness of their constituents.

Andaya (2018) expressed that peace and order in any areas of the

Philippines has been defined as inconsistent and restless. The absence or lack

of peace and order in the community will directly affect the government’s action

towards a more progressive and well-developed economy. Peace and order must
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start in the small unit of society which is the family. Every member of the family

must be aware about crimes and its bad effects. With enough knowledge about

this matters no doubt everyone is prepared and can work independently without

living in fear. In maintaining the implementation$ the barangay officials also

portraying a heavy role in which they need to exert so much effort to protect

everyone’s security.

Aside from the Philippine National Police or PNP’s important presence to

community, officials decided to build a committee responsible for keeping peace

and order during nighttime. These men so-called barangay “tanods” which they

are to prevent those unlawful acts happening during darks hours that possibly

create chaos and eradicate the implementation of peace and order that is

installed to the people.

His study would also like to determine if peace and order is well-

implemented and well-maintained in the municipality of Damulog because no one

can tell when and where crimes will exist, how does barangay officials, law

enforcers and barangay tanods do their respective tasks so they can secure

everyone’s life and their possible ways to lessen the increasing number of crime

rate annually in the said place.

Besa (2021) studied the implementation of the peace and order programs

with the leadership styles of barangay captains in General Santos City,

Philippines in terms of their vision and mission, barangay plans, policies and

programs. It also includes the effects of the implementation of peace and order

programs in their respective jurisdiction. It was found that the level of

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implementation of its programs is effective, and the leadership styles was found

to be democratic.

His study on the implementation of peace and order and the leadership

styles of leaders in the city was done to determine the level of its programs

implementations and same time to determine the leadership style utilized by their

barangay captains in General Santos City, Philippines.

To determine the level of implementation of peace and order programs

and its leadership styles, the research utilized descriptive design where

inferential statistics was used to arrive in the significance of the implementation

of the programs and the leadership styles.

The level of implementation of peace and order programs in the

barangays of General Santos City is effective. Leadership styles of the barangay

captains in the implementation of mission and vision of the barangay, and the

plans, programs and policies are democratic particularly in the following areas of

barangay mission and vision and its plans, programs and policies.

The two groups of respondents, the community leaders and the

employees perceived that the level of implementation which includes barangay

mission and vision, and plans, programs and policies is effective. The leadership

styles of the barangay captains in the implementation of the peace and order

programs in the barangays of General Santos City, Philippines was found to be

democratic.

According to Mangilimutan (2020), peace is indivisible and global because

it is the foundation of the survival of humanity. Ensuring peace and security of the
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people is vital in maintaining economic development, social order, and political

stability. In the Philippines, the functionality of community peace and order and

public safety (POPS) is strictly monitored by the government. Their descriptive-

comparative study assessed the extent of implementation of the POPS in terms

of crime prevention and control, anti-illegal drugs, public safety, and enforcement

of ordinances. It also investigated the differences in the implementation of the

program when the communities are grouped according to variables. Further, it

explored the challenges and suggestions of community leaders. Using a

researcher-made survey questionnaire, data were gathered from respondents.

Findings revealed a great extent of implementation, but there were significant

differences when barangays were grouped into variables. The findings were

utilized as bases for an enhanced POPS program.

The study of Bautista & Ramos (2017) pursued the following objectives: a)

to present the profile of the PNP in terms of age, gender, educational attainment,

and length of work experience; b) determine the strategies utilized by the PNP in

maintaining peace and order; and c) to find out the significant difference in the

strategies utilized by the PNP in maintaining peace and order when they are

grouped according to age, gender, educational attainment, and length of work

experience. Their study made use of the descriptive research design. The

descriptive design is a dynamic logical analysis of a present condition a goal

towards a direct effort to improve the situation. The study was conducted at the

Police Precincts in Barangay Cogon and Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. A letter-

request for the permission to conduct the study was sent to the Precinct
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Commanders of Barangay Cogon and Lapasan with the endorsement of the

Dean, College of Law Enforcement and Public Safety. The respondents

comprised of thirty (30) PNP who were assigned in Police Precincts of Barangay

Cogon and Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City. A quota sampling was applied. The

basis of selection is at least two years of work experience in the said precincts.

The data were collected through a standardized questionnaire which answered

the specific objectives of the study. The data were presented and analyzed

through the frequencies, percentages, and the null hypothesis was tested

through the F-test and t-test. The salient strategies utilized by the PNP in the

maintenance of peace and order were protecting and preserving the crime

scene, conformance to patrol guidelines and procedures when responding to

calls for police assistance. Conformance to patrol procedure was the least

manifested strategy in the maintenance of peace and order. Length of service

appeared as significant differentiating factor which affects the strategies utilized

by the PNP in maintaining peace and order. It can be stated that the longer the

work experience, the more skillful and expert the PNP become in the

performance of peace and order function. Meanwhile, age, gender, and

educational attainment incur no significant bearing to the PNP strategies in the

sustenance of peace and order.

Relevance of the Reviewed Literature and Studies to the Present

Investigation

Foreign Literature discusses the importance of the Criminology Profession

in a society. Every role of a Criminologist, even their possible future work is also
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discussed here. Most foreign literature sees the Criminologist as peacekeepers

in an area. There is peace when there are laws that are enforced and when the

people who enforce them have authority.

There are studies done in other countries that express the role of the

police in maintaining peace in a place or country. In other countries, most of the

police have completed a Criminology course, so, these studies helped a lot in the

current study because it gave an idea of how important the Criminology

Profession is to having peace and order in a country.

Even in the local literature the importance of Criminologists in society is

also mentioned. It also said that the Police are important in maintaining peace

and order of an area.

Local studies have emphasized the implementation of ordinances and

laws related to peace and order. Most of these studies involve the police as

enforcers of ordinances and laws related to maintaining the peace of an area.

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURE

This chapter presents the research design in terms of research method,

methodology, population and sampling scheme instrument, respondents and

statistical treatment of data gathered.

Research Method

This study utilizes the descriptive method of research. This method was

deemed appropriate to be used since such method describes the nature of the

phenomenon under investigation after a survey of current trends, practices and

conditions that relate to that phenomenon. In this study, the the awareness of the

selective resident of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise

known as "Chain Saw Act of 2002".

Population and Sampling Scheme

The information was gathered from a Barangay in Taal, Batangas. From

the total population of the residents in Taal, Batangas, the researchers used the

Random Sampling Techniques that will represent the entire population.

Description of the Respondents

The respondents of the study include residents of Taal, Batangas. They

were asked to answer the questionnaire on their awareness on R.A. 9175

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otherwise known as "Chain Saw Act of 2002". All in all, there are 50 respondents

of the study.

Research Instruments

The research utilized the survey questionnaires as the main tool for

gathering the data needed for the research. It consists of three parts.

Part I of the instrument was designed to draw information on the profile of

the respondents in terms of: Age, Gender, Civil Status, and Educational

Attainment. Part II of this instrument are the awareness of the selective resident

of Barangay Cultihan, Taal, Batangas on R.A. 9175 otherwise known as "Chain

Saw Act of 2002".

Validation of Instruments

Upon deciding on the topic, the researchers prepared the draft of the

questionnaires based on the statement of the problems. It was presented to the

adviser and faculty members who are experts and they corrected, commented

and suggested for the improvement of the questionnaires.

After integrating the comments, the questionnaires were reviewed in

accordance with suggestions and recommendations that had been given. It was

returned to the adviser and faculty members and experts for final justification.

Upon receipt of the validated questionnaires, the researchers administered them

to the respondents to answer the questionnaires. The statistician evaluated the

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reliability of the result of the survey questionnaires that have been made by the

researchers.

Procedure in Gathering Data

Upon the approval of the thesis proposal, the researchers asked

permission from the Barangay Captain to conduct the study through a formal

letter or request. The researchers explained to the respondents the purpose of

the survey and assured them the confidentiality of their responses. The

researchers distributed the questionnaire to the target respondents. After the

retrieval of the questionnaires, the data were tallied and tabulated, analyzed and

interpreted using statistical tools.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To give clearer meaning to the data gathered and appreciate their

significance in relation to the problem under study, the answer given in each item

was presented in the tables. The tallied responses were then transformed into

percentage using the following formula:

Percentage. To find out the value of the part from its whole as shown in

the profile of respondents.

X
P= x 100
N

Where:

P = Percentage

X = Frequency

N = Total number of Respondents

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100 = Constant Multiplier