Chapter 2 RESEARCH DESIGN METHODOLOGY Research Technical Design For th is study, the researchers applied the technical experimental type of research. F Experimental res | ‘earch is an attempt by the researchers to maintain control cover © all factors that may affect the result of an experiment. In doing this, the researchers attempt to determine or predict what may occur. The research method reflects the procedures that enable the researchers to test the hypothesis attempting to predict the event that may occur in experimental setting by controlling the effects of manipulation of the mixtures. The research method for this consisted of the :following steps. First was the collection and preparation of data, materials and instruments needed for making the polymer fiber mixture. The data needed are the principles of fiber reinforced concrete ratio and the theory of ratio and proportion. The two components of PFRC are concrete mix and polymer fiber. 1. Mix the materials proportionally according to mixture type by manual method with the use of trowel for small quantity to be produced, 2. After mixing, the polymer fiber concrete sample will be poured into rectangular mold with proper consolidation. 3. Let the sample set and cure until the specified time of test.‘The polymer concrete sample will undergo through ASTM C78 ASTM C78 is the Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading). The next step is the analysis and interpretation of test result obtained. It considers justifying the effectiveness of the waste polymer fiber in concrete pavements. Procedure and Method of the Study * Conduct of the Study This showed the planning of activities using a Gantt chart. It was a timetable of every activity that will take place during the study. See Appendix This study is conducted during the second semester of academic year 2011- 2012 at University of Rizal System — Morong, Campus. native material. se polymer fibers and form a title of "Waste PolymerCollection a reparation of matarals and Waaments | Mixing oF proporioned malevale Molding of the concrate mixin a beam mold Curing sample unti'the specified time of test i Testing sample through ASTM C78” | Analysis and interpretation of test results ! Completion of the research Figure 3 Flow chart of the Study of Waste Polymer Fibers in Concrete Pavementaccurate control of Materials and test condition, Using concrete that can be consolidated by mixing the material Nd undergo curing, This research will also use the following Sub-Procedures for the Preparation of testing the concrete specimen using the water absorption test, and fexray Strength test, + Conduct of Experiment The steps done during the Entire preparation and testing of the Polymer fiber concrete mixture samples are ag follows: Preparation of Materials ‘The start of the preparation 'S by collecting waste polymer fibers from carpet industry, textle industry, from disposed tires or plastics. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 53 will be used for the Study. Locally available quartzite aggregate with amaximum size of aggregate of 10mm and 20mm, anda pitsand were used as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate, Fespectivelymixing the Components The materials must be Necessarily mixed in right proportion to obtain the right consistency fOr molding. twill be meg by hands and or by feet to mix all the elements of polymer fibers and the cement together This step is called tempering. Too much water added 0 he mixture wil decrease Quality. Ibis done to make the mixture homogenous and smooth,’ Figure 5 Materials after the mixing Molding Molding utilizes the mixture. The concrete mix will be transferred into an empty beam mold, using a scoop for guidance. Using a mallet to knock the beam’s side after pouring in each layer, Knocking the side forces the new and old layers to mix and toFiguree “ Transfering of mixture into beam mold Curing The concrete mixture will be water Cured in a specified time of test. The beams. are immediately placed where they are going to stay until the concrete sets up.in initial curing. During this phase, the beams can Stay in this location for up to 48 hours, but must be kept at a temperature between 60° and 80° F and in a moist environment. Keep the beam out of the sun is a top priority for proper curing? 2Figure 7 Polymer fiber Concrete mixture subjected for water curing Testing the Concrete Sample ‘The testing of the concrete specimen is based on ASTM C78, ASTM C78 is the Standard Test Method for for Flexural Strength of Concrete using simple beam with Third-Point Loading. To get the Classification and characteristics of concrete, it has to undergo water absorption test and flexural strength test. The Flexural Strength Test was applied in the SATEC™ Series 300DX testing system, @ flex fixture. Specimen geometry is in the form of a beam that is 6 x 6 inches with a minimum length of 21 inches ‘The 300DX is a servo-controlled system, which allows the test to perform automatically within a closed loop. The water absorption test is to determine the Percentage of water absorption of Concrete. A sensitive balance capable of weighin: IN 0.1% of the mass of the Specimen and ventilated oven is né iples from different mixtures 22_— cted for testing should by colle oo taken, Immerse. Completely dried specimen in clean water tempel +2°Cfo ata "24 hours. And Remove the specimen and wipe out any water (Mz). Water absorption Salutation, guy by Mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold yaterin given by the formuta, M2~M, Sow = 2 = Nh 100 The next step i : P is the evaluation Of the developed molds by experts the utilizing to ration of sé the prepal ‘ample pavement ang achieving the objectives stated in this study. inall ; Finally, the results of the test and evaluations made by the experts and engineer, the best mixture will make use of to the preparation of Plastic- Soil sample pavement. ee et te an making the sample pavement, Project Design Model In this research, concrete mix with waste polymer fiber is established based on the design of concrete mixture and its laboratory test data on construction and material testing laboratory manual. When computing the material quantities for a concrete mix, these are useful factors and information. 2.65 7 The average specific gravity of sand is 2 Fineness of cement in size from 0.5 um to 100 ym. 3. 1 Ounce = 0.0000295735296 Cubic Meters 234. 8 ounce 5210grams of OPC. 5. Bounce =789 grams of Sand 1 bag of cement = 40 kilogram 7. 1 bag of Sand =159 kilogram These useful actor and information will be used for establishing the ratio of cement from Polymer fiber, sand against water. Using the ratio and proportion, weight of tne materials divided by the absolute volume of concrete is equal to weight of the material divided by the volume of the beam molds. This equation will be the basis of the ratios of concrete mix with polymer fibers, ASTM C78 is the Standard Test Method for for Flexural Strength of Concrete using simple beam with Third-Point Loading, flexural strength of the specimen can be calculated by three halves of maximum load carried by the specimen multiplied by the length of the span divided by width multiplied by the square of its thickness. Flexural Strength = 2bd? where: + Fis the load (force) at the fracture point (N) + Lis the length of the support span (mm) + bis width (mm) + dis thickness (mm) Water absorption calculation, %W by mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold water in given by the formula, 24Chapter 3 PRESENTA. TIO} N. ANALYSIS AND DESIGN RESULT This chepler resents the po ect de; Ae ign and comput design results and wpe nas 2nd interpretation op ne putations, desigr project Desian Computation This section shows th © Polymer fiber concrete mix proportioned by volume, ventional method and by ' e ™aSs, mix proportion used in the polymer fiber mixture, mmary of materials ne = Sded in making the sample, sample load (kN) tested by the fexural strength testing machine and the water absorption of the sample. ‘The method used in expressing the proportion of ingredients here is the same as that of preparing the proportion of concrete mix vihich is in terms of parts or ratios. For example, the conventional mixture Shows a concrete mix of proportion 1:2:4 which means that for every part of cement used in the mixture, a corresponding two parts fine aggregate and four parts coarse aggregate should also be added. As a part, the researchers used another Proportion of concrete mix that instead of the 28 days curing period; it will be only be cured in 7 days. By using cement factor. Bi Cement factor is the quantity of cement fained in a unit volume of concrete or mortar, preferably expressed as weight, but frequently given as bags of cement per cubic yard of concrete. The more cement were added on the mixture, the lesser the days of its curing. The researchers used this cement factor because in roads curinggy0uld NOt #2KE T0n9 Periog toy - i Affer aquoh delay 10 traffic, Ct the flow of many commuters thus causing Table 4 Table 1 shows the co) ' Nerete mix proportioned which explains that for every 13.25 of cement, the corre: i bag Sponding volume that will be mixed for sand is .6 cubic meter and .7 cubic meter for gravel in Class A hl Concrete Mix 550 flex Proportion by Volume : = (beam) = In for concrete mix 550 flex at 7 days used by the researchers and it explained that for every 20 kg. of cement, there should be 2 beams of sand and 2 % beam of gravel for Mix 550 flex at 7 days. The researchers use the beam molder in proportioning the materials. The cement used was 20 kg. To proportion it with gravel and sand, the researchers use the beamoo the dimension of the beam wag ge xe x24", . ion, 2 ns for sand and 2 ¥% for grave} 4", hence by ratio and proportion, rea! pat POYMEr fiber Concratg mix vy * ’s lex at 7 daye pOYMEr fiber and 95% concrete mix 550 'YS by Volume Polymer fiber 5% Chart 1 show that the volume of 5% Polymer fiber and 95% concrete mix 550 flex at 7 days for a total of 100%, were used as mixture sample A.chart 2: Polymer fiber Coneret © mi with gp tex AT OVS by Volume 18% Polymer fer and 86% concrete ee P | | | | | | i | | 4 rt 2 show thé Cha w that the volume of 15% Polymer fiber and 85% concrete mix 550 fex at 7 days for a total of 100%, were used as mixture sample B. Table 3 below shows the Maximum Load or Failure Load in Kilo Newton (kN) tested by the Flexural Strength Testing Machine. itis measured by breaking the specimens in flexural force and the maximum load or failure load acquired is recorded. Flexural strength can be calculated by tres halves of maximum load carried by the specimen multiplied by the length of the span divided by width multiplied by the square ofits thickness. The Flexural Strength testing machine is located at Department of Public Works and Highways in Binangonan, Rizal.The concrete withor Uut Polymer fiber has the lowest mi I “ ‘aximum load compared to the other concrete mix with pol i Polymer fiber. Mix 1 has the highest maximum load then it is the most accepted mix and'was used to make a sampli © ‘ imple. Table 4 polymer Fiber Concrete Mixture Maximum Flexural Strength Tested by the FSTM (flex) ne ultimate flexural strength that the samples can carryhe F9U PEIOW Shows the FPtal oF gag Sample, Polymer Fiver concrete Mix 1Binx 2dinx 4 in 16in Figure 8 Detail of Polymer-Fiber Concrete Sample Pavement Absorption of the Sampletable above shows the Water The ncrete *BSorption of the Polymer fiber co ent sample. yn water absorption ig Calculateg Using formula; 1c 7 Me~M, %W = x 100 My ipping in men w; ‘ight after dippin ight of the specimen, AS 35.6 kilograms and the weight weig The yS Was 37.2 then Substituting it: 7 da cin wale!elow s| ne figure b hows the © deta oy tainer and sealed at the to YMer fiber Concrete pavement mounted 17 wr t 7 Water inside f WATER LEVEL, Container PAVER SPECIMEN ' Figure 9 Detail of Polymer Fiber Concer crete ae Pavement Mounted with a Container For concrete pavers, the test Procedure involves drying the specimen to a ant weiht, weighing it immersing it in water for 7 days and weighing it again. The 7 inweight as a percentage ofthe original weight is expressed as its absorption ( ee ). The average absorption of the test sample shall not be greater than 5% ihno individual unit greater than 7%. vi 33dicates finances of one 6" the researchers for the materials needed in polymer role mixture. Table 6 Bill of Materials for Conerete with Polymer Fiber m= fiber Ee Table 7 ent Cost comparison of polymer fiber concrete over normal concrete pavem' [oosy [oe] ea [sre oer] [2513.00 | Cement [12.12 | ee ee Pate 6626.00 Price 34eb 7 shows the comparison of - i Olymer fi ve. THs table also shows the fiber Concrete tj stimate quan Mure over no mal i ti ne of concrete mixture, ity of Materials ie Cubic meter by vo pesign Results Table 2 Concrete Mix 550 flex Proportion by Volume Table 3 Polymer Fiber Concrete Mixture Maximum Load! Failure Load Tested by the FSTM (KN) Concrete wiout Polymer fiber 28.4 KN 75 KN 39.1 KN (8790 Ibs) (6384 Ibs) (10678 lbs) five acFiver Concrete Mixturg May Table 4 mum Fi Muy eXural g trength Tested by the FSTM (flex) and Interpretation of Result B inthis research, the Polymer fiber concrete Pavement has a 47.5 kN of force and yer each the minimum 30KN allowable force for residential purposes and can be rier if more testing of mix is performed, Water absorption recorded was 4.37 percent. The average absorption of a ample tO pass must not be greater than 5%. This shows that the concrete mix is not yemeable so water cannot penetrate the steel bar inside the Pavement. These test result lymer Fiber Concrete can be used avantageously over norms nt. Since this project comes from waste 36material, the cost of constr truction will be ill be greatly reduced and at the same time the output has higher flexural strength Over normal concrete paver ment, Waste Polymer Fi iber Reinforced Concrete Pay vement requ requires specific design consideratio ‘ions and construction procedures to obtain optimu Im performance.Chapter 4 SUMMARY OF DESIGN RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION This chapter presents the performance and efficiency, limitation and capability, conclusion and recommendation summary of Design Results The flexural strength of Concrete is the most common performance measure used by the engineer in designing beams, pavements and other structures. A concrete flexural strength requirement in Pavement is 30 MPa. This special type of Polymer fiber concrete Pavement has a strength ranging to 30 to 47 MPa based on the data results, itis suitable for roads as a paving material with no or less maintenance but it stilrequires more testing of proportion that to achieve higher strength. It is environmental friendly because the result of this polymer fiber concrete pavement study is to promote effective disposal of these non bio-degradable synthetic fibers. Since these Polymer fibers come from wastes, it greatly lessens the cost of construction for pavement. Advantages and Disadvantages ADVANTAGES Water logging is a Major reason for potholes in roads. WBM and Asphalt roads are permeable to water which damages the road and sub grade. But PFRC roads are highly impermeable to water so they will not allow water logging and water being Coming out on surface from Sub grade.. tivities related to ‘eel corrosion will be ri Iced while using jintenance act lated to st i i ION will be red ile sit RC: fresh concrete poly \ Fete polymer fibers reduces the settlement of agg egate particl ment surface resulti jn Oe "Nd In an impermeable and more durable, skid resistant erent Fibers reduce plastic shrinkage and Substance cracking. Fibers also provide esidual strength after cracking occurred, The use of PFRC produces concrete of improved abrasion resistance and impact resistance. PFRC also enhances ductile and flexural toughness of concrete. The use of fibers in‘concrete can result in cement saving up to 10% and in the presence of fly ash, savings may be up to 35%. DISADVANTAGE Fibers which are too long tend to “ball” in the mix and create workability problems. Conclusions The researchers conclude that Waste Polymer Fiber Reinforced Concrete can be used advantageously over normal concrete pavement. Since this project comes from waste material, the cost of construction will be greatly reduced and at the same time the output has higher flexural strength over normal concrete pavement. Waste Polymer Fiber Reinforced Concrete Pavement requires specific design considerations andic dures t i sruction proces 0 obtain opt on PtiMum performance, | Ina fas iippines, road ist developing county je PnlPPH Networks ensure mobilty of resoure aed eS, Cor smmunicati F ntule to growth and development lunication and in turn Resistance to change t '9¢ though however small disturbs our society, hence we are reluctant to accey always Pt even the best. I's high time that we overcome the resistance ich for the “, and reat Peaks. Waste Polymer Fiber Reinforced Concrete opens a new hope redeveloping and globalizing the quality and reshaping the face of our roads. Recommendation Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusions, the researchers offer the following recommendations: 1. Proper construction must,be considered in making of this concrete pavement. 2. Sub base must be considered not only the concrete pavement itself.