Animal or not?

Animal or not?
Animal or not?
Animal or not?
Animal or not?
Animal or not?
Animal or not?
What is an
animal?
Perpetuation of Life:
Animal Reproduction
 W h at i s a n a n i m a l ?

A n a n i ma l p e r t a i n s t o a n y o f t h e e u ka ryo t i c
multicellular organisms that comprise the
biological kingdom of Animalia.
 Vo c a b u l a r i e s

Gametes – A gamete i s a mature reproductive or sex

cell that contains a haploid number of chromosomes

Diploid – refers to the cell containing two sets of

homologous chromosom es wherein each chromosome
in a set is obtained from each of the two-parent cells.

Haploid – haploid pertains to a condition, a cell, or

an organism that has half of the usual complete set
of chromosomes in somatic cells.
 Perpetuation of Life:
Characteristics of animals
 Characteristics of animals
E u ka r yo t i c H e t e ro t ro p h i c

Generally motile Re s p i re A e ro b i c a l l y

Multicellular

Specialized sensory organ

Re p ro d u c e S e x u a l l y & A s e x u a l l y
 A n i m a l s a re e u ka r y o t i c

 Are organisms
whose cells
contain a
nucleus and
other
membrane-
bound
o rga n e lle s.
 A n i m a l s a re h e t e ro t ro p h i c

 A heterotroph is an organism
that does not have the ability to
chemically produce (i.e.
synthesize) its own food from
inorganic molecules.
 Animals depend on other
organisms for food. Animal
carnivores, for instance, are
adapted to hunting their prey
while others scavenge for
animal carcasses or remains.
 A n i m a l s a re ge n e ra l l y m o t i l e.

 They have the capacity to

move at will. They can
spontaneously and actively
move by metabolically
utilizing energy (e.g. ATP)
during the process and with
the aid of muscles and
locomotory structures (e.g.
arms, legs, wings, fins, tails,
etc.).
 S e s s i l e l at e r i n l i f e.

Mussels

Sponges
Barnacles
 Animals possess specialized sensory organs

 Animals possess
specialized sensory
organs such as eyes,
ears, nose, skin, and
tongue. These sensory
organs are vital for use
in recognizing and
responding to stimuli in
the environment.
 A n i m a l s a re m u l t i c e l l u l a r

 The animal body is composed of several cells

performing specific functions as opposed to
b a c t e r i a a n d m o s t p r o t i s t s t h a t a r e u n i c e l l u l a r.
The cells may then be organized into various
a n im a l t issu e s, su ch a s ep i t h e l i a l t issu e s,
c o n n e ct ive t i ssu e s, mu scl e t is s u e s, n e rvo u s
t i s s u e s, a n d va s c u l a r t i s s u e s.
 A n i m a l s r e s p i r e a e ro b i c a l l y

 Animals respire aerobically, taking in oxygen (inspiration) and

then releasing carbon dioxide (expiration). Oxygen is
important to cell respiration as it serves as the final electron
acceptor in redox reactions during the synthesis of metabolic
energy.
 An i m a l s rep ro d u c e sex u a l l y a n d a sex u a l l y

 They produce a haploid sperm cell (a male sex cell)

and a haploid ovum (a female sex cell) that unite at
fertilization to form a diploid zygote. Conversely, some
animals are capable of asexual reproduction.
S ex u a l rep ro d u c t i o n i s t h e p ro c e s s o f j o i n i n g
the haploid gametes (sex cells) to form a
d i p l o i d c e l l c a l l e d a z ygo t e.
Animal Reproduction:
Asexual Reproduction
I n a s e x u a l r e p ro d u c t i o n , a f u s i o n o f t h e
e g g c e l l a n d s p e r m c e l l d o e s n o t o c c u r,
r e p ro d u c t i o n i s m a i n l y t h ro u g h m i t o s i s
which creates a clone of the parent.
Asexual Reproduction
 Budding
It occurs when individuals
a r i s e t h ro u g h o u t t h e
o u t g ro w t h s o f a p a r e n t .
This can create a colony
of individuals attached to
a parent, such as in
c o r a l s.
 Fi s s i on
It is the separation
/division of an organism
to form individuals of the
a p p ro x i m a t e l y s a m e s i z e.
 Frag m e n t at i o n &
Rege n e rat i o n

I t i s w h e n a n a n i m a l ’s
body breaks into
d i f f e r e n t p a r t s, w h i c h
later regenerat e to form
several individuals .
Pa r t he noge n e s i s
A form of asexual
r e p ro d u c t i o n b y s e l f -
impregnation resulting in
t h e p ro d u c t i o n o f a
z y g o t e f ro m a n
u n f e r t i l i z e d e g g. T h u s, i t
is also referred to by
many as “virgin bir th”.
 This Lady
Lizard
C a n Rep ro d u c e
Without a Mate
Self-fertilization
may help the
world ’s largest
l i z a rd s u rv i ve.
 Shark Surprises
Aquarium With
Rare ‘Virgin Birth’
For the f irst time,
scientists have
recorded a shark
sw i t ch i n g fro m
sexual to asexual
rep ro d u c t i o n .
 World's Longest
S na ke Ha s Vi rg i n
Birth—First
Recorded in Species
An 11-year-old
reticulated python
p ro d u c e d si x b ab i e s
without mating in
2012.
A d v a n t a ge s o f A s e x u a l Re p ro d u c t i o n

• A population can be increased rapidly

w h e n c o n d i t i o n s a re f av o ra b l e.
• C a n ex p l o i t s u i t abl e e nv i ro n m e n t s
q u i c k l y.
• More time and energy ef f icient.
• Rep ro d u c t i o n i s c o m p l e t e d mu ch fa s t e r
t h a n s ex u a l rep ro d u c t i o n .
D i s a d v a n t a g e s o f A s e x u a l R e p ro d u c t i o n

• Limited genetic variation in the population.

• Po p u l at i o n s a re v u l n e rabl e t o ch a n ge s i n
conditions and may only be suited for one
habitat.
• Th e d i s e a s e i s l i ke l y t o a f fe c t t h e w h o l e
p o p u l a t i o n a s n o g e n e t i c v a r i a t i o n e x i s t s.