Module in CRIM 103 Human Behavior and Victimology 2nd Year

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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

VICTIMOLOGY
PREPARED BY:SHENAI F. JUANCE, MSCJ-CRIM

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Note to the Readers
Human behavior in itself alone is indeed complex and it comes in limitless forms
and establishes in the most unexpected of ways. This module discusses Human
Behavior from a conventional perspective to the unthinkable, such as criminal behavior.
As a vital component of the curriculum, this material is exclusive for second year
students who are enrolled in CRIM 103 (Human Behavior and Victimology) in Central
Philippines State University taking up Bachelor of Science in Criminology.
This module aims to bridge the gap between human behavior and criminology in
the mind of the learners, as well as for them to fully grasp the role of victimology in
criminology and criminal justice.
I pray for this this material to kindle your curiosity in comprehending human
behavior and victimology as a future criminologist.
GOD BLESS!
Shenai F. Juance, MSCJ-Crim

Author
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Acknowledgment
In the completion of this material, several people had been instrumental towards
its eventual realization. Hence, the author is delighted to note their invaluable
contribution.
To the Dean of the College of Criminal Justice Education, Sir Corold A. Romano
who had shared a keen eye in examining the content of the module.
To the author’s colleagues in the College of Criminal Justice Education who had
been helpful in sharing their opinion and assistance in the making of this module.
To the students of the College of Criminal Justice Education-Hinigaran

Campus, whose unwavering will to learn despite the pandemic had inspired the
author.
To the CPSU-IMPDC personnel who had been a strong guide from the
orientation in the making of this module to the process of evaluation.
To the family of the author who had always been her source of strength.
And to the Almighty Father, for the unfailing gift of wisdom, good health and
enthusiasm to the author, may His glory be praised forever.
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Table of Contents
Page
Note to Readers
Acknowledgement
Table of Contents
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HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

VICTIMOLOGY: AN
INTRODUCTION
“Human behavior flows from three main sources: desire, emotion, and knowledge.”
Learning Outcomes:
This module aims to:
1. Explain Human Behavior on the concept of human development and abnormal

behavior.
2. Discuss the different characteristics of abnormal behavior and the strategies and
approaches for handling different kinds of abnormal behavior in relation of law
enforcement and criminal proceeding
3. Explain the study of victimology and principles and studies related to such.
4. Present techniques in assisting offenders’ reintegration and victims’ recovery.
Introduction
Criminal justice system professionals work with diverse kinds of clients. Sufficient
knowledge and proper training in the psychology of human behavior is necessary so that
they may effectively address any situation which demands understanding of a persons’
reaction and behavior. As future law enforcers, correction officers, crisis management
personnel, fire fighters and other criminal justice system professionals, it is important
that you undergo this course to be equipped with the principles of the nature of human
behavior particularly the one that concerns abnormal behavior and how it should be
dealt.
The study of Victimology is another aspect of this course, and as Criminal Justice
Education students it should be grounded early upon you how essential victims’ role and
involvement in the CJS, since that they are usually treated as an afterthought. This
results also to the inability of the system to address the needs of a victim so that
restorative justice can be achieved which consequently enhances crime prevention.
Hence, this module will introduce you to an in-depth discussion of the following
lessons:
 Understanding Human Behavior

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 Personality
 Other Related Factors of Human Behavior
 Abnormal Behavior
 Classifications of Abnormal Behavior
 Strategies and Approaches for Handling Different Kinds of Abnormal Behavior in
Relation of Law Enforcement and Criminal Proceeding
 Introduction to Victimology
 Key Figures in Victimology
 Development of Victimology
 Victimology Today
 Forensic Victimology
 Critical Dates and Key Concepts in Victimology
 Techniques in Assisting Offenders’ Reintegration and Victims’ Recovery
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Course/Year/Section _______________________ Date _______________
Start Off Activity
LESSON 1
UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Instruction. Discuss in the table below on the first column how you perceive your
behaviorin the aspect of the following: as a student, as a daughter/son, as a sibling(if
possible), as a friend. In the next column provide another person’s insights of your
behavior on the said aspects. And on the third column compare your perception to the
other person/s.
Aspects Your Perception Others’ Perception Comparison

As Student
As Child
As Sibling
As Friend
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Reflection:
From the activity what have you realized regarding your behavior as to how you
perceived it compared to others?
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LESSON 1
What is HUMAN BEHAVIOR?
Can be defined as anything an organism does that involves self initiated action
and/or reaction to a given stimulus. It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make
as they with one another, with problems, with opportunities, an working together-
aspects, in a given situation.
It can be also defined as the sum totals of man’s reaction his environment. And
the environment referred to includes not only the immediate place where the people is,
but likewise, behaviors that results out of man’s relationship with his fellow human
being, with things, with places and even the weather. All of man’s reactions from all
these mentioned stimuli are referred to a human behavior.
Two Basic Types of Behavior:
There are two basic types of behavior: (1) inherited behavior and (2) learned
behavior. Normal human beings exhibits both types of simultaneously and are able to
integrate them into a fairly stable person that they are.
1. Inherited behavior
2. Learned behavior.
Two Major Types of Behavior
1. Normal behavior (Adaptive or Adjusted behavior)

– the standard behavior, the accepted behavior because they follow the standard
norms of society.
Characteristics of a Normal Behavior
 Efficient perception of reality
 Self-knowledge
 Ability to exercise voluntary control over behavior
 Self-esteem and acceptance
 Productivity
 Ability to form affectionate relationship with others.
2. Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior)
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-A group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because they go
against the norms or standard behavior of society.
Classifications of Human Behavior:
1. Habitual - refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and

emotion.
2. Instinctive — they are generally unlearned and simply comes out, out of man’s
instinct, which can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
3. Symbolic - are behaviors that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words,
and shown through symbols or body signs.
4. Complex — are those behaviors that combines two or more of the classified ones.
Kinds of Behavior
1. Overt and Covert Behavior

-Overt behavior are those that are outwardly manifested while Covert
Behavior are those that are hidden.
2. Conscious and Unconscious Behavior
-Conscious behavior are those that the person have awareness of while
Unconscious are those that the person is unaware of.
3. Rational and Irrational Behavior
-Rational behavior are those that are acted with sanity or reason while
irrational are those behavior that is acted with no apparent reason.
4. Voluntary and Involuntary Behavior
–Voluntary Behavior are those that are done with full volition or will while
Involuntary behavior are the bodily processes that foes on even when we are
awake or asleep.
What causes humans’ to behave?
Have you ever wondered how you as a person respond with everything around
you?
You are strolling one Saturday afternoon in your favorite mall when your eyes
caught a familiar figure approaching you, you later recognize that it is your best friend
and you remembered lying to her about doing your assignments so that you can stroll
alone since you have some bad feelings towards her. So you reverted to avoid and hide
from her.
Reflect on the story above. What had caused you to revert and hide from her can
be broken down to steps that explains what causes humans to behave. Refer below for
the three causes of human behavior.
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Causes of Human Behavior:
Man behaves the way they do because of the following causes;

a. Sensation — is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause
that leads to a particular reaction or behavior, in short, the effect.
a. Visual -Sight is processed through the ‘Visual’ sense. Visual stimuli is
picked up by visual receptors located in the eye. Visual receptors are
stimulated by light, colour and movement.
b. Olfactory -Smell is processed through ‘Olfactory’ receptors located in the
nose. The olfactory senses can distinguish between a range of smells
including pungent, flowery, putrid and musty.
c. Cutaneous -Touch is processed through the ‘Tactile’ sense. Tactile
receptors identify the sensation of touch and are all over our bodies in our
skin. Some areas of our skin have more tactile receptors than other areas
e.g. mouth and hands. The tactile senses are important for identifying
touch, pressure, pain, temperature and texture.
d. Auditory-Sound is processed through the ‘Auditory’ sense. Auditory
receptors are located in the inner ear and identify loud, soft, high, low
near and far noises in the environment.
e. Gustatory -Taste is processed through the ‘Gustatory’ sense. Taste is
picked up by gustatory receptors which are located on our tongues and
are linked to our olfactory senses (smell). Sweet, sour, bitter, salty and
spicy flavours are processed through our gustatory sense.
From the story above the sensation can be identified in this statement, “your
eyes caught a familiar figure approaching you. It is through your sense of sight
that you have seen your bestfriend.
b. Perception— refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely
help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation.
For perception it is shown in this statement, “, you later recognize that it is your
best friend”.
c. Awareness — refers to the psychological activity based on interpretation or past
experience with a given stimulus or object.
The awareness part of the story can be seen in the statement, “you remembered
lying to her about doing your assignments so that you can stroll alone since you
have some bad feelings towards her”.
And the result is Human Behavior- “So you reverted to avoid and hid from her”.
Human Basic Instinct/Impulse
Another thing that affects human behavior is human Basic

1. Eros – life instinct – preservation of life
2. Thanatos – Death instinct
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ENCHANCEMENT ACTIVITY
ACTIVITY 1
Instruction. Fill the boxes below with your behavior, classify your behavior as to what
are inherited and what are those that you have learned.
My Inherited Behavior
MY TWO BASIC TYPES

OF BEHAVIOR
My Learned Behavior
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 2
Instruction. Make infographic on how human behavior is caused by Sensation,

Perception and Awareness. Pass it through the E-LMS, if not possible you can draw it
instead in the box below.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

MASTERY TEST
Instruction. From the statements given below identify whether it is an example of

NORMAL OR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR. Write OKAY if it’s NORMAL BEHAVIOR and
NOT OKAY if it’s ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR.
________________1. Cassie was a dedicated student, she involves herself in
organizations since that she can effectively form healthy relationships with others.
________________2. In the town of Banaue people practice polygamy, everyone are
required to have at least 2 wives. John had however settled with one only causing great
controversy within the locality. Identify the action of John as normal or abnormal.
________________3. Most people aging 17 have a weight of only 45-50 kg, while Mark
at 17 year old have gained 90 kg.
________________4. Julie help her mother in their shop, she is very productive for
whatever is asked of her she is quick to respond.
________________5. Claire have trouble trusting others and she often gets in trouble by
having moments wherein she would just throw anything to another when she is scared
while screaming then laughing after some time.
________________6. When arrested the serial killer was laughing and seems to be
enjoying the situation.
________________7. Janice was scolded by her mother, she cried all day, isolating
herself in her room.
________________8. Jenny while celebrating her birthday went out with her friends and
drank and dance all night.
________________9. Many people believe that the earth is round, as this what is taught
in school. Johan a retired accountant on the other hand believe that it is flat, he founded
a group named the Flat-earthers.
________________10. James killed his whole family then committed suicide, he left a
note saying that it is his way of saving them from aliens.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity
LESSON 2
PERSONALITY
Instruction. Answer the given questions below, use the space provided after each
question.
1. Discuss the difference between Human Behavior and Personality.
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2. Choose one family member and discuss below the personality of that person.
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LESSON 2
PERSONALITY
Personality
Defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines an individual

characteristics, behavior and qualities.
There are three types of personality;
1. Introvert, characterized by direction of interest toward oneself and one’s
inner world of experiences;
2. Extrovert, characterized by interests directed toward the external
environment of people and things rather than toward inner experiences and
oneself. This type are generally outgoing and sociable; and,
3. Ambivert, a mixture of between an extrovert and introvert.
Personality Factors:
1. Heredity
Heredity refers to the factors present at birth such as physical stature,
gender, energy level, attractiveness, muscular composition, reflexes and
temperament.
2. Culture
Culture exposes individuals to certain norms, attitudes, and values
passed from parents to children. Over a period of time these elements condition
and recondition each individual, friends, social groups, and work groups are other
environmental factors influencing everyone.
Personality Theories
1. Psychoanalytical Theory
Sigmund Freud developed the first comprehensive theory of
personality. He believed the human mind is dominated by the
unconscious; in other words, it is necessary to look inside the individual
and analyze the unconscious motivations that forms many of our
thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memory Personality, according to him, is
considered as a dynamic process with a constant state of tension and
conflict between the conscious and the unconscious.
Sigmund Freud identified three different parts of personality;
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1. ID -this stands for instinctual drives present at birth which

isgoverned by the “pleasure principle”, which are not social and
must be repressed or adapted so that may become socially
acceptable
2. EGO - the sensible and responsible part of an individual which
is governed by the “reality principle”, the ego compensate for
the demands of ID. It is the rational part of personality
3. SUPEREGO serves as the moral conscience. This isstructured
by what values were taught by the parents, the school and the
community, as well as belief in God; this is part is responsible for
the person to follow the moral codes of society.
2.Trait Theory
Another way of identifying composition of human personality is by using this

theory. This approach to analyzing personality focuses on specific attributes
attached to each person. Personality is viewed as being consistent situation to
situation because of individual traits such as ambition, loyalty, and aggression.
Some of the trait theories approaches, identify distinct categories and places
individuals into the correct one, while others, looks at human behavior as a result—of
blending of different characteristics.
Gordon Allport, contradicted Sigmund Freud personality theory’s on
emphasizing unconscious role, but believed on the conscious determinants of
behavior, were what really matters. Allport believed that there were specific traits
accounting for each person’s unique behavior, that his concern was more on the
uniqueness of each individual’s traits that were lasting, stable, and could be used to
predict actual human behavior. And, he identified three kinds of traits:
cardinal,central and secondary. He described a
1. Cardinal trait is a single trait dominating the behavior of an individual. He
believed, however, that most individuals do not have a single trait
controlling their behavior. This can be shown in an example of a police
officer, who administers the organization in such a manipulative way that
the performance can only be described as Machiavellian, meaning, the
officer maneuvers each policeman in order to obtain and hold on to
power.
2. Central, this includes such characteristics as being quick tempered,
aggressive, or social. These traits are basic modes of adjustments as
each individual interacts within both society and organizations.
3. Secondary traits Theses traits are sometimes displayed by individuals
but change from time to time, since they are not strong enough to
influence individual behavior successfully.
3. Humanistic Theory
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Humanistic theory is a positive approach that looks at each individual as

important in determining his or her own growth. It is seen as a very optimistic
view of human strength and looks at self-concept as the center of personality
Self-concept includes the attitudes, values, thoughts, and beliefs that individuals
have developed during a lifetime of experience.
Accordingly, this theory looks at a person as somebody who function at
the very highest level. Such a person is open, does not react defensively, gets
along well with others, and possess high- self-esteem. His fundamental desire is
to become everything he or she is capable of being, meaning, that for each
person, self-actualization is something unique, specific and totally individualized.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 3
PERSONALITY
Instruction. In the box below describe yourself in at least 20 words. Then identify each
words as to where it falls in the given table, whether Extrovert, Introvert or Ambivert.
After classifying, the column with most words is your personality type, write it in the
bottom box.
WORDS THAT DESCRIBES YOU
Extrovert Introvert Ambivert

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PERSONALITY REVEAL:
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

MASTERY TEST
Instruction. Below are scenarios given by the teacher, identify in each item what is
being explain if it is ID, EGO or SUPEREGO by underlining a different color for each.
Use the guide below.
ID- BLUE, EGO- GREEN and SUPEREGO- YELLOW
1. In line at the barbeque stand, Amy was so hungry that she shoved a handful of
barbeque in her mouth.
2. On the playground, two kids were making fun of Glen because he is short and
dark-skinned. John was tempted to join in so that he could make friend with the
two boys but he thought about how bad Glen must have felt and how it is a sin to
make fun of others as taught by his parents, so he decided not to join the boys
and instead he told them to stop it.
3. Jenny wanted to borrow her Mom’s lipstick, but she knew her Mom would be
angry, so she asked her permission first.
4. Sally was thirsty, However, she knew that her server would be back soon to refill
her water glass, so she waited until then to get a drink.
5. A baby is crying because of the heat.
6. The cashier charged a couple of only one meal even though they had ordered
two, the couple could have gotten away and not spoke about it. But they pointed
the cashier’s mistake and paid for the other meal. They wanted to be honest to
help the owner and employees.
7. Liz cannot remember the answer to question number 3, even though she had
studied well. Kim was the smartest student in their class, he is seating beside
her, she could see Kim’s answers sheet. When the teacher turned her back
Maggie almost cheated but her conscience stopped her. Instead she just
guessed the correct answer and passed her paper.
8. Joey likes Kate so much. So he courted her even if she already is in a
relationship.
9. A bag of cash was discovered by Jim, he was thinking of keeping it but he
remembered that it is a form of theft and he can be punished by law so he turned
over it to authorities.
10. The killer killed all the members of the organization for he hate them and wanted
to seek revenge.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity

LESSON 3
OTHER RELATED FACTORS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Instruction. Answer the given questions below, use the space provided after each
question.
1. What is your reason for enrolling in this course?
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2. Discuss how that reason had lead you into enrolling in this course.
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3. Also in times when you wanted to give up how was that reason able to help you
or push you to continue
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LESSON 3
Motivation
Refers to the influences that govern the initiation, direction, intensity and
persistence of behavior. Motivation is defined as the state or condition of being induced
to do something. The term itself comes from the Latin word meaning “to move” and
implies that something is causing someone to move toward the accomplishment of a
goal. Motivation to work can be described as dynamic forces within an individual which
account for the intensity, direction, and relative persistence of the effort spent at work.
Motivation is the inner state that causes a person to behave in a way designed to
satisfy a need. In other words, motivation explains why we, as human beings, act the
way we do. The motivation process begins with physical and psychosocial needs or
deficiencies which lead to the accomplishment of certain goals.
Motivation and the Motivation Process
The study of motivation and the motivation process can be traced back
ages back, including attempts to describe, explain, and predict goal-oriented
behavior in the early centuries. This ongoing interest in the recent times, is based
on the assumption that those in authority need to know what turns people on or
off about their given tasks or works.
Needs. Something that exist within people that moves them to
engage in work-related behavior in an effort to
accomplish personal goals.
Drives. Dynamic inner forces created and energized by human
needs.
Tension. The frustration or discomfort caused by unfulfilled
human
needs.
Motives Inner impulses, drives, needs, and abstract values that
energize, activate, move, and direct behavior that is
designed to achieve specific goals.
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Goals. Objects, conditions, or activities toward which a particular

motive is directed.
Incentives. Internal and external incentives, such as anticipated
satisfaction )positive or negative), social reinforcement,
and
financial rewards provide the input for goal- oriented
behavior designed to reduce the tension caused by
unfulfilled human needs.
Performance. The purposeful activity that results from an
individual’s goal-oriented behavior and normally evaluated
in terms of specific outcomes.
Motivation. Psychosocial process which produce an attitude that
results in an action leading to a particular result.
Internal motivation. Comes from within the person (based on
needs, drives, feelings, desires, and values) and activates
certain conscious and unconscious behaviors designed to
produce satisfaction.
External motivation. Involves the application of incentives to
encourage patterns of behavior that will contribute to
accomplishment of goals and objectives.
Motivation as the Force behind Human Behavior
In a glance, leading others as they pursue an organization’s mission,

goals, and objectives, is the essence of police management. Leadership does
not exist in a vacuum. There is a symbolic relationship between leadership,
motivation, and performance in complex goal-oriented police departments. It is
believe that highly motivated police officers and even private individuals, working
smarter are more productive and produce better quality products or services than
their less motivated fellow officers and co-workers. Many police administrators
subscribe to the saying that overall, “Productivity is achieved through excellence,
and excellence is achieved by having an organization of highly motivated police
officers.”
Abraham H. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs
According to Abraham H. Maslow, the creator of the hierarchy of human

needs, activate, fuel, and shape the internal drive to overcome inertia or inactivity
affiliated with status quo. He classified them as physiological or survival needs,
safety or security needs, belongingness or social needs, self-esteem or ego
needs, and self-actualization or fulfillment needs. These terms are ordinarily
defined as follows:
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Survival needs. The most basic of all human needs is to sustain life.
Biological maintenance requires food, water, air, shelter, sex, and so on.
Because of the nature of the life cycle, the satisfaction of physiological needs is
of limited duration. As soon as one need is satisfied, it is replaced by another
need.
Security needs. Security needs comes, once basic survival needs have
been met.
Social needs. Once physiological and security needs have been
satisfied, socials needs emerge as a very important source of motivation.
Ego needs. The ego-esteem need has two dimensions or measures
First, people have a need to be respected by significant others for who
they are and what they can contribute of capable of doing, to the group he
or she belongs. They have the desire to be competent and look to the
work group as a source of recognition, acceptance, prestige, and
Self-actualization needs. The need for self-actualization is triggered
when people achieve a measure of satisfaction for their physiological,
security social and ego- needs. Self-actualization is the need to grow, to
be creative, and to fulfill one’s potential. While self-actualization differs
from one person to another, it causes people to pursue interests and
knowledge for their own life.
Behavioral Patterns as to how people interact, termed as Ego States:
1. Parent-Ego State - protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refer to laws,

rules and standard.
2. Adult-Ego State - more upon reason, factual, flexible, view others as co-
equal, and reasonable.
3. Child- Ego State - dependent, rebellion, selfish, demanding, impatient and
emotional.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 4
Instruction. From Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, Identify from the box below to which
need does the words belong.
Family Savings Self-fulfillment

Medicine Financial Plan House Security system
Food House Tenure in work
Work Relationship Promotion
Medals Water Graduation
Certificate of Honor Friends A community
Burial Plan Happiness Insurance
Dream Job Organizational Membership Locks
NEEDS EXAMPLES
Survival
Security
Social
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Ego
Self-actualization
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

MASTERY TEST
Instruction. Use the term under Motivation and Motivation Process in making a story.
Be free in choosing the theme and the content of the story as long as it is not vulgar,
lewd, discriminatory or abusive. Then identify in each part of the story stands for the
each of the terms indicated in the Motivation and Motivation Process. Write your story in
the box and in identifying you may use crayons in indicating parts through colors and just
remember to put a legend.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity

LESSON 4
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Instruction. Collage pictures that depicts Abnormal Behavior in your own

understanding. Put it in the box below. Then discuss in the space below the box
why you have chosen those pictures.
Discussion:
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LESSON 4
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
What is abnormal behavior? Since ab means ‘away from ‘, abnormal behavior

can be defined as a behavior which is away from or deviating from normal behavior on
the other hand, is one that is within the concept of a person as his own behavior which
he or she, sees normal, and that people who behave as they do, are likewise normal,
and those that do not behave similarly are abnormal. Normal behavior is actually an
embodiment of an ideal, such as the case of an ideal policeman, ideal husband, ideal
professor etc.. Normal behavior is that which follows this ideal model, and abnormal
behavior is that which deviates from it.
In our society, abnormal behavior is most of the time referred to as “sick”
behavior. The professional judgment as to whether behavior is obviously abnormal is
independent on the presence of certain symptoms which are characteristic of mental
illness. For example, does the person hears voices which are not there or suffers
hallucination, or false beliefs which are strongly held despite reality or delusions? Or, is
the person depressed? One of the basis of the abnormality of the behavior is the degree
of the ineffectiveness of the individual’s behavior. Is the person able to continue working
or does his behavior interfere to such a degree that work is impossible? In this regard
behavior which is ineffective,self-defeating, self -destructive, and which separates the
individual from those who are important to him, is regarded as abnormal.
Common Misconceptions about Abnormal Behavior
In spite of the technical explanations on abnormal behavior, society still associate

it with the strange, the alien, and the unknown. As a result, abnormal behavior is most of
the time a cause of fear, hostility and misunderstanding. Attitudes toward it are shaped
more often by rumor and popular stereotypes than by direct contact, experience and
information. The feelings and behavior of mentally ill persons have no relationship to the
feelings and behavior of the mentally healthy. Some mentally ill persons experience
delusions. A delusion may be defined as a false belief which is strongly held despite all
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test of reality. Many of us have experienced beliefs that later turn out to be false. The
difference is that the mentally healthy individual is able to check his beliefs against
reality and to modify his thinking based on the evidence presented. The delusion of the
mentally ill person are not subject to the challenge of reality. Any attempt to convince
him that not all his relatives are out to kill him is not true, may turn against the person
telling him that, that because of his disturbed thinking that person is a fool for not
believing him or that he is also one of those planning to kill him.
These are some of the popular misconceptions about mental illness and the
emotionally disturbed. Understanding these misconceptions is important because they
tend to misled people against those mentally ill and prevent them from dealing with such
persons in a more accepting, human, and professional manner.
The following are the general and specific characteristics of behavior which can
be used to serve as guidelines in assessing the problems:
1. Appropriateness
Normal behavior tends to be appropriate to the situation; abnormal behavior
tends to be inappropriate. The basis of a behavior’s appropriateness includes
assessment of not only the behavior itself but also the situation in which it is happening..
2. Flexibility
Normal behavior tends to be flexible; abnormal behavior tends to be inflexible.
Normal behavior, regardless of the place, tends to be .flexible and can be change in
order to fit the given situation.
3. Impulsivity
Abnormal behavior, since it is related in part to uncontrolled or partially controlled
needs and drives, tends to be impulsive. Normal behavior is more likely to be a result of
a consideration of its consequences, with important decisions being given careful
thought before implementation.
Causes of Abnormal Behavior
Frustration
The term frustration is widely used in the study of human behavior, but not
always defined in the same way. Frustration is used to refer to the situation which blocks
motivated behavior.
 Forms of Conflict
The most severe and persistent frustration are those that
arise from the conflict of motives with respect to objects, people,
or attitudes and beliefs. This can be seen in the clashing of
attitudes about sin with forms of social or sexual motivation. We
have four basic forms of conflict, they are:
 Double Approach Conflict
-A conflict that arises when two desirable
activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously.
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 Double Avoidance Conflict

- A conflict that arises when two undesirable
situations in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to
the other .
 Approach- Avoidance Conflict
-A kind of conflict that results when a person faces
situation having both desirable and undesirable feature.
 Multiple- Approach Avoidance Conflict
-A kind of conflict that results when person is in aa
situation in which choice must be made between two or
more alternatives.
Manifestations of Frustration
The immediate reactions in frustration are in the nature of a general disturbance.

The individual is likely to show anxiety, irritability, emotional tension, depression, and
fatigue. An almost permanent component of frustration is anxiety, a state of fear and
apprehension the basis of which may be completely unrecognized by the individual. The
frustrated individual is usually restless and unhappy.
Frustration happens when a person is blocked in the satisfaction of a need. An
individual faced with frustration becomes anxious and restless and tries to seek or look
for means of relieving these anxieties. He tries to engage in various forms of activities
that are intended to satisfy his needs and reduce his tension.
A. Reactions to Frustration
People differ in the way they react to frustration. This could be attributed to individual
differences, and the way people were prepared in the developmental tasks they ‘faced
during the different early stages of their lives. These developmental tasks refers to the
tasks imposed on the individual by maturation and culture that prepares a person to the
next stage of life. The way people react to frustration is sometimes referred to as coping
mechanism. Generally, people who suffers frustration reacts in one or two ways; by
fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of breaking down the
obstacles preventing the person from reaching his goal; or by getting angry and
becoming aggressive; or by running away from the problem referred to as flight, which
can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent, and giving up without a
fight. All of these reactions to frustration is known as fight-flight.
B. Frustration Tolerance
Individuals also differs in their capacity to tolerate unadjusted states, or frustration-

tolerance. Some can manage to withstand prolonged periods of tensions without
showing any sign of abnormality. Others become neurotic or psychotic, or convert their
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frustrations into anti-social acts or becomes alcoholics or drug addicts. Most normal
persons react to frustration in the following ways:
 Direct approach — can be seen among people who handle their problems in a
very objective way. They identify first the problem, look for the most practical and
handy way to solve it, and proceeds with the constructive manner of utilizing the
solution which will produce the best results.
 Detour- when an individual realizes that in finding for the right solution of the
problem, be always end up with a negative outcome or result. Thus, he try to
make a detour or change direction first and find out if the solution or remedy is
there.
 Substitution — most of time are resulted to in handling frustration when an

original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the intended result,
thus the most practical way to ice the problem, is to look for most possible or
alternative means.
 Withdrawal or retreat — is corresponding to running away from the problem or
flight which to some, is the safest way.
 Developing feeling of inferiority — comes when a person is unable to hold on
to any solution which gives a positive result. Being discourage to go on working
for a way to handle a frustration could result to diminishing self-confidence, until
the time when inferiority complex sets in.
 Aggression — is a negative outcome of a person’s inability to handle frustration
rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one’s negative
attitudes towards life both in the personal and professional aspect.
 Use of defense mechanism - is the most tolerated way of handling frustration. It
is man’s last result when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated
situation or event.
Defense Mechanism
Defense mechanism— are unconscious psychological processes that serve as a

safety valve that provides relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. They are forms of
self-deception, which a person may not be aware of. Defense
mechanism is resorted to whenever equilibrium is threatened by severe emotional injury
arising from frustration.
It should be noted that,, with the possible exception of repression, none of the so called
defense mechanisms are necessarily pathological or harmful to the individual using
them. All of us use these psychological defense mechanism daily to protect us against
guilt, tension, anxiety, inferiority and other uncomfortable feelings. It is only when these
mechanism are employed indiscriminately and inappropriately or are not adequately
developed that they become harmful to oneself and others. Among the most common
ones used are:
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 Displacement — strong emotion, such as anger, is displaced onto another

person or object as the recipient of said emotion (anger), rather than being
focused on the person or object which originally was the cause of said emotion.
 Rationalization-- is the defense mechanism that enables individuals to justify
their behavior to themselves and others by making excuses or formulating
fictitious, socially approved arguments to convince themselves and others that
their behavior is logical and acceptable.
 Compensation — is the psychological defense mechanism through which
people to overcome the anxiety, associated with feelings of inferiority and
inadequacy in one are of personality or body image, by concentrating on another
area where they can excel.
 Projection— manifest feelings and ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or
the superego— and are projected onto others so that the seem to have these
feelings or ideas, which. free the individual from the guilt and anxiety associated
with them
 Reaction formation.— is defined as the development of a trait or traits which
are theopposite of tendencies that we do not want to recognize. The person is
motivated to act in a certain way, but behaves in the opposite way.
Consequently, he is able to keep his urges and impulses under control.
 Denial---When a person uses this mechanism, he refuses to recognize and deal
with realitybecause of strong inner needs.
 Repression— is an unconscious process where by unacceptable urges and/or
painful, traumatic experiences are completely prevented from entering
consciousness.
 Suppression — which is sometimes confused with that of repression, is a
conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing
thoughts and experiences by pushing them out of his mind.
 Identification — in this defense mechanism, an individual seeks to overcome his
own feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the
characteristics of someone who is important to him. An example, is a child who
identifies with his parents who are seen as models of intelligence, strength and
competence.
 Substitution — through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to
overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals and
gratifications. Unanswered emotions of love, unfulfilled longings, unattainable
plans and ambitions, and unacceptable urges and impulses, will create feelings
of anxiety and guilt unless some substitute gratification is attained.
 Fantasy — this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious
drives do not materialize.
 Regression-- when a person uses this defense mechanism, he reverts to a
pattern of feeling, thinking, or behavior which was appropriate to an earlier stage
of development.
 Sublimation — is the process by which instinctual drives, consciously
unacceptable are diverted into personally and socially accepted channels. An
example, is when an individual with a strong sex drive and an urge to look at the
naked body may become a photographer taking nude pictures for a specific
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purpose, or a man with strong homosexual feelings may become a physical

therapist for personal satisfaction through his profession. Sublimation is a
positive and constructive mechanism for defending against otherwise
unacceptable impulses and needs.
Unhealthy Results of Frustration
Some persons are incapable of making effective adjustments to their frustration.

They have not learned healthy and effective adjustment habits, so that, they are not
emotionally ready to cope with difficult problems confronting them. As a result they may
react to frustration in a random, impulsive, and inadequate manner that does not relieve
them of tension, but, in fact increases the maladjustment.
From the point of view of human adjustment, a normal person is one who
behaves according to the norms and standards of the society. When a person’s behavior
deviates too far from these norms, it is considered as abnormal behavior. In the final
analysis the demarcation line between the normal and abnormal behavior, the sane and
insane, is generally a matter of degree. However, a person is said to be normal and well-
adjusted person when he or she exhibits the following characteristics:
(a) free expression of personality
(b) adequate security feelings
(c) efficient contact with reality
(d) adoptability to group norms
(e) emotional maturity
(f) adequate self-knowledge
(g) integrated and consistent personality
When a person fails to meet the criteria enumerated above, we refer to the
person as abnormal. When an individual is frustrated in his attempts to adjust himself to
difficult situations over a long period of time, he may try to escape from life’s conflicts
and suffer any of the following abnormalities:
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 5
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Instruction. From your own experiences write an essay on how you have
encountered conflicts. You must give one example for each conflict.
1. Approach-Approach Conflict.
2. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict.
4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict

36
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 6
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Instruction. Choose at least 5 of the defense mechanism, make a skit and then act it
out. Do this with your family members or whoever you are with at home. Videotape it
then pass it in the E-LMS.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 7
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Instruction: Since we have discussed about frustration, reflect how you as a student and
as an individual react to frustration. After that evaluate yourself if your reaction is healthy
or not. Then on the last box give yourself recommendation on how you should react next
time when frustrated.
Reaction to Frustration
Evaluation
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Recommendation
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity
LESSON 8
CLASSIFICATION OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Instruction. One way or another we have observed or come across another person who acts
differently than the most of us and establishes abnormal behavior in interaction, particularly
those that we can see in the streets. In the space below discuss your own encounter and
observance of such person suffering from mental illness.
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LESSON 5
Classification of Abnormal Behaviour

1. NEUROSIS/ NEUROTIC OR PSYCHONEUROTIC BEHAVIOR
-An anxiety centered on worry and depression.These are groups of MILD
FUNCTIONAL PERSONALITY DISORDERS. In this kind of disorder
hospitalization is not required.
2. PSYCHOSIS/PSYCHOTIC BEHAVIOR
-There is a significant distortion of reality-delusion, hallucination, repression.A
more serious type of mental disorder. Disorders falling under this requires
Hospitalization.
3. Psychopathic Behavior - stemmed from immature and distorted personality
development.
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Disorder Category Short Description
Neurodevelopmental A group of conditions that arise in the developmental period

disorders and include intellectual disability, communication disorders,
autism spectrum disorder, motor disorders, and ADHD
Schizophrenia Disorders characterized by one or more of the following:

Spectrum delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech,
disorganized motor behavior, and negative symptoms
Bipolar and Related Characterized by mania or hypomania and possibly

depressed mood; includes Bipolar I and II, cyclothymic
disorder
Depressive Characterized by sad, empty, or irritable mood, as well as

somatic and cognitive changes that affect functioning;
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includes major depressive and persistent depressive

disorders
Anxiety Characterized by excessive fear and anxiety and related

behavioral disturbances; Includes phobias, separation
anxiety, panic attack, generalized anxiety disorder
Obsessive- Characterized by obsessions and compulsions and includes

Compulsive OCD, hoarding, and body dysmorphic disorders
Trauma- and Characterized by exposure to a traumatic or stressful event;

Stressor- Related PTSD, acute stress disorder, and adjustment disorders
Dissociative Characterized by a disruption or disturbance in memory,

identity, emotion, perception, or behavior; dissociative identity
disorder, dissociative amnesia, and
depersonalization/derealization disorder
Somatic Symptom Characterized by prominent somatic symptoms to include

illness anxiety disorder somatic symptom disorder, and
conversion disorder
Feeding and Eating Characterized by a persistent disturbance of eating or eating-

related behavior to include bingeing and purging
Elimination Characterized by the inappropriate elimination of urine or

feces; usually first diagnosed in childhood or adolescence
Sleep-Wake Characterized by sleep-wake complaints about the quality,

timing, and amount of sleep; includes insomnia, sleep terrors,
narcolepsy, and sleep apnea
Sexual Dysfunctions Characterized by sexual difficulties and include premature

ejaculation, female orgasmic disorder, and erectile disorder
Gender Dysphoria Characterized by distress associated with the incongruity

between one’s experienced or expressed gender and the
gender assigned at birth
Disruptive, Impulse- Characterized by problems in self-control of emotions and

Control, Conduct behavior and involve the violation of the rights of others and
cause the individual to be in violation of societal norms;
Includes oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality
disorder, kleptomania, etc.
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Substance-Related Characterized by the continued use of a substance despite

and Addictive significant problems related to its use
Neurocognitive Characterized by a decline in cognitive functioning over time

and the NCD has not been present since birth or early in life
Personality Characterized by a pattern of stable traits which are inflexible,

pervasive, and leads to distress or impairment
Paraphilic Characterized by recurrent and intense sexual fantasies that

can cause harm to the individual or others; includes
exhibitionism, voyeurism, and sexual sadism
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
PERSONALITY DISORDER CHARACTERISTICS
Paranoid Personality Disorder Characterized by suspicious , rigidity,
envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-
importance, argumentativeness and
tendency to blame others of one’s own
mistakes.
Schizoid Personality Disorder Characterized by inability to form social
relationship and lack of interest in doing
so. They lack social skills, they are so-
called “loners”.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Characterized by over sensitivity,
avoidance of communication and
superstitious thinking is common
Histrionic Personality Disorder Characterized by immaturity, excitability,
emotional instability and self-
dramatization
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Characterized by exaggerated self-
importance. The person usually expects
and demands special treatment
Compulsive Personality Disorder Characterized by excessive concern
with rules and order; the person is
over conscientious, serious and with
difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
Borderline Personality Disorder Characterized by instability, drastic mood
shifts and behavior problems. Displays
intense anger outburst with little
provocation and he is impulsive,
predictable.
Avoidant Personality Disorder Characterized by hypersensitivity to
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rejection and apprehensive alertness

to any sign of social derogation.
Dependent Personality Disorder Characterized by dependence on other
people; panics when alone ; lacks
confidence
Passive- Aggressive Personality Characterized by Being hostile
Disorder expressed in indirect and non-violent
ways.
Anti-social Personality Disorder Characterized by Violations of rights of
others without remorse or loyalty.
SEXUAL DEVIANT BEHAVIORS
Sexual Behavior Leading to Sex Crimes: Characteristics

AS TO SEXUAL REVERSALS:
Homosexuality Sexual activity with the same sex
Transvetism Dressing as a member of the opposite
sex.
Fetishism Sexual gratification by looking at some
body parts, underwear or other objects
associated with opposite sex.
AS TO CHOICE OF PARTNER:
Pedophilia child of either sex
Bestiality intercourse with animals
Auto- sexual Masturbation
Gerontophilia elder person
Necrophilia Corpse
Incest By reason of blood relation cannot legally

marry.
AS TO SEXUAL URGE
Satyriasis An excessive desire of men to have
sexual intercourse.
Nymphomania Women with excessive to sexual urge.
AS MODE OF SEXUAL EXPRESSION
Oralism use of mouth or tongue as a way of
sexual interaction
Kinds of Oralism
 Fellatio Male sex organ to the mouth of the
women coupled with the act of sucking.
 Cunnilingus Licking the external female genetalia.
 Anilism Licking the anus.

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Sado-masochism( Algolagnia) Pain; cruelty for sexual gratification.
Kinds of Algolagnia
 Sadism Infliction of physical pain on the partner.
 Masochism Pain to oneself to achieve sexual

pleasure.
AS TO THE PART OF BODY

 Sodomy Sexual act through the anus of sexual
partner.
 Uranism Fingering, holding the breast, licking parts

of the body.
 Frottage Rubbing the sex organ against the body

part of another person.
 Partialism Sexual libido on any part of the body of

sexual partner.
AS TO THE VISUAL STIMULUS

Voyeurism the peeping Tom”; through clandestine
peeping
Scoptophilia the intentional act of watching people
undress.
AS TO NUMBER OF PARTICIPANTS
Troilism two women versus one man or vice-versa
Pluralism group of persons;couple to couple sexual

relations.
OTHER SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES

Exhibitionism indecent exposures
Coprolalia obscene language

Don Juanism without permanency of sexual partner.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 9
Classifications of Abnormal Behavior
Instruction. Simplify the table of classification of Mental Disorder by providing only
keywords in the corresponding rows.
Disorder Category Keyword/s
Neurodevelopmental
disorders
Schizophrenia
Spectrum
Bipolar and Related
Depressive
Anxiety
Obsessive-
Compulsive
Trauma- and
Stressor- Related
Dissociative
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Somatic Symptom
Feeding and Eating
Elimination
Sleep-Wake
Sexual Dysfunctions
Gender Dysphoria
Disruptive, Impulse-
Control, Conduct
Substance-Related
and Addictive
Neurocognitive
Personality
Paraphilic
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 10
Instruction. Research true crime cases wherein the criminal was found to have a
personality disorder as diagnosed. Indicate in your report the following:
 How the crime was committed?

 What are the characteristics of that person that establishes a personality
disorder?
 How the personality disorder lead to the commission of crime?
Provide pictures and make it brief.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 11
Instruction.
1. Which sexual deviant behavior will most likely lead to crime and why? Choose at
least 5.
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2. Research cases that were committed here in the Philippines wherein the reason
for the commission of the crime is the sexual deviant behavior of the perpetrator.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 12
Instruction. From the list of convicted serial killers choose two (2). Make an in-depth
and detailed report regarding the said subjects, your report must include the following.
 Profile
 Brief circumstance of the case
 Detailed description of the personality and behavior of the subject growing up or
before the commission of the crime.
 How they were brought up by their parents or guardian.
 Detailed description of the personality and behavior of the subject while on the
process of committing and concealing the crime.
 Detailed description of the personality and behavior of the subject after being
arrested and while detained or undergoing trial.
 Compare the behavior of your subjects with each other, indicate similarities or
relevance is any.
 Compare the subjects’ personality and behavior to other normal people.
 Provide your conclusion.
Remember to keep in mind while making your report to focus on their behavior and
peculiar qualities. Put your report in a short bond paper you may pass a softcopy
through email (shenaijuance@gmail.com) or a hardcopy to passes after arrangement
with the teacher.
List of Subjects
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 Ted Bundy
 Jeffrey Dahmer
 Aileen Wuornos
 John Wayne Gacy
 Dennis Nilsen
 Richard Ramirez
 Fred and Rosemary West
 Charles Manson
 Rodney Alcala
 Gary Ridgway
 Myra Hindley
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity
LESSON 6
Strategies and Approaches for Handling Different Kinds of Abnormal Behavior in

Instruction.
1. Research if the Philippines have a system or program wherein suspects are
required to undergo psychological examination as part of the investigation
process? Pass a softcopy of your research through e-mail.
2. Research as well if there is a program or assistance given to criminals suffering
mental illness.
3. In your own opinion, are these programs you have researched being observed
well in the criminal justice system?
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LESSON 6
Strategies and Approaches for Handling Different Kinds of Abnormal Behavior in
In Hostage Situation the negotiator encounters very diverse types of hostage takers and
often times they exhibit abnormal behaviors which may be validated by records from
history of such person or later after the situation have been resolved. Presented below is
a table which shows the characteristics of an abnormal behavior and strategies on how
to deal with it.
Negotiation Strategy for Psychotic
Characteristics Negotiation Strategy

Disorganized Thinking  Do not try to convince them that
 Delusions false belief – often of delusions are wrong; and
persecution or grandeur despite  Allow subject to explain in order to
evidence to the contrary. develop honesty, trust, rapport
 Thoughts spill out in no logical and empathy.
order, leaps from one idea to  Try to understand; and
another.  Comments should be specific and
Disturbed Perception clear.
 Hallucinations –all 5 senses with  No sudden movements, watch for
no known cause. expanded space, avoid getting to
Inappropriate emotions/actions close or staring; and
 Laughs at funerals, cries when  Offer protection and medication to
others laugh, performs compulsive avoid them from feeling alone.
or senseless acts e.g. rocking,  Constant reassurance to address
rubbing , twisting hair. fear.
Other characteristics  May have a negative attitude to
 Socially withdrawn, aloof. mental health professionals; and
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detached:  Avoid getting the family/clergy as

 Disoriented/confused/paranoid intermediaries.
 Argumentative, suspicious of
others, over reacts;
 Acts peculiarly such as collecting
rubbish and talking to
himself/herself; and
 Belief that his/her body thoughts is
controlled by external force.
Negotiation Strategy for person with Depressive Mood

 Sadness  Be patient-listen
 Hopelessness  Use of empathy
 Helplessness  Expect honesty about situation
 Unworthy, self-blame (guilt)  Expect ambivalence
 Brooding over past event (tearful)  Discuss real world-here and now
 Sleep/appetite disorder  Find hopes (hooks) – expand
 Psychomotor reaction retarded. options
 May be situational, long term  Beware sudden movements
problems.  Caution in use of family/friends as
 Recent loss of ____ intermediaries.
 Suicidal, but not always  Ask about suicides
 Beware of medication usage  Beware of sudden improvements
 Self-neglect – may indicate suicide
 Difficulty in processing  Beware suicide by cop
information.  Ask about medication
 Consider basic human needs
 Speak slowly, clearly, repeat and
check understanding.
Negotiation Strategy for Inadequate

53

 Low self-esteem, poor  Allow to ventilate to identify the
achievement history why/needs
 Poor planner – lacks follow  Provide understanding and
through uncritical acceptance
 Probable marital and employment  Stay with subject, become
problems significant other – we can work
 Chaotic family relationship together.
 Excessive/exorbitant and  Minimize show of force
 Changing demands  Build/inflate ego- help save face
 Suicide potential high  Once rapport developed –
 Seeks attention/audience become more directive.
 Wants to prove can do something  Beware family, friends as
 May like attention and not want to intermediary.
end incident.  Potential from sudden surrender.
 Offer prospect of continued
support/attention after incident.
Negotiation Strategy for Anti-socials aka Psychopaths/ Sociopaths

 No conscience – lacks guilt or  Keep ego in mind-they need to
remorse, inability to love, no feel in charge.
empathy – bully.  Establish credibility – does not
 Selfish, no loyalty respect compassion.
 Manipulative, charmer - likes  Expect instrumental demands
power/ controlling other  May respond to deals/sell outs to
 Sexually experimenting better their position
 Seeks immediate gratification,  Help save face
thrill seeker.  Beware non police intermediaries
 Low anxiety, blames others –  Negotiator – need to keep them
never their fault busy/become source of
 Frustration tolerance low – may stimulation.
turn to his/her for simulation.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 13
STRATEGIES AND APPROACHES FOR HANDLING DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR IN RELATION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL
PROCEEDING
Instruction. The teacher will divide the students into two groups. The students must
communicate with their group mates using online or wired means. Different set of
activities will be given for each group which are as follows:
Group 1
 Formulate with your group a proposal which contains a program that assist
suspects, respondents and criminal with exhibiting unusual actions or was
already diagnosed with mental illness.
 Your proposal must contain the following: Rationale, Program (proposed
activities, support your program, basis of the program), Conclusion.
Group 2
 Make a video which is focused on raising awareness on Mental Health.

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 Provide tips and strategies and discuss why it is important to give attention on
Mental Health.
Pass all output on the teacher’s e-mail shenaijuance@gmail.com
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity
VICTIMOLOGY
LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY
Instruction.
1. Analyze our CJS, do you think there is enough attention given to victims?
Discuss your answer.
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2. In your own opinion should victim’s role in crime be given attention and studies
for crime investigation?
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3. How can studying victim’s role help in the process in the Criminal Justice
System?
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4. As a Criminology student are you also interested in studying Victimology, why or

why not?
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5. What do you think is the difference between a Criminologist and a Victimologist?

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VICTIMOLOGY
LESSON 1
INTRODUCTION TO VICTIMOLOGY
Who is a Victim?
Historically, the Latin term victima was used to describe individuals or animals
whose lives were destined to be sacrificed to please a deity. It did not necessarily imply
pain or suffering, only a sacrificial role. In the nineteenth century, the word victim
became connected with the notion of harm or loss in general ( Spalek 2006 ). In the
modern criminal justice system, the word victim has come to describe any person who
has experienced injury, loss, or hardship due to the illegal action of another individual,
group, or organization (Karmen 2004 ).
What is Victimology?
The scientific study of crime victims is called ‘victimology’, after Benjamin
Mendelsohn who coined the term in 1947. Comparable to criminology, where the
offender plays a central role, the focus of victimologists lies with the victim and the
different aspects of victimization. Victimology is:
‘[t]he scientific study of the extent, nature, and causes of criminal victimization, its
consequences for the persons involved and the reactions hereto by society, in particular
the police and the criminal justice system as well as voluntary workers and professional
helpers.’
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It is the study of the etiology (or causes) of victimization, its consequences, how
the criminal justice system accommodates and assists victims, and how other elements
of society, such as the media, deal with crime victims. Victimology is the science,
victimologists use the scientific method to answer questions about victims. For example,
instead of simply wondering or hypothesizing why younger people are more likely to be
victims than are older people, victimologist conduct research to attempt to identity the
reasons why younger people seem more vulnerable.
Origin of the term Victimology
The term victimology first appeared in 1949, in a book about murderers written
by forensic psychiatrist Fredric Wertham. It was used to describe the study of individuals
harmed by criminals (Karmen2007 ). Today, as explained in our Preface, victimology
refers generally to the scientific study of victims and victimization, including the
relationships between victims and offenders, investigators, courts, corrections, media,
and social movements ( Karmen 1990 ).
Other sources claimed that Benjamin Mendelsohn first used the word in 1947 to
describe the scientific study of crime victims.
Victimization
This refers to an event where persons, communities and institutions are damaged or
injured in a significant way. Those persons who are impacted by persons or events
suffer a violation of rights or significant disruption of their well being.
History of Victimology
It is important to acknowledge where the field of victimology originated and how it

has developed. To that end, this section involves a general overview of the victim’s role
in various systems of justice throughout history. It will conclude with a more specific
rendering of the contributions of selected victimologists, subsequent research, and its
impact on the discipline.
Jerin and Moriarty (1998 , 6) contend that there are three distinct historical eras
defining the victims’ role within justice systems: the golden age , the dark age , and the
reemergence of the victim.
THE GOLDEN AGE
This was before and throughout the Middle Ages (about the 5 th through 6th
century), the burden of the justice system, informal as it was, fell on the victim. When a
person or property was harmed, it was up to the victim and the victim’s family to seek
justice
It was reportedly a time when personal retribution was the only resolution for
criminal matters. As such, victims actively sought revenge or demanded compensation
for their losses directly from those who wronged them (Karmen 2007; Shichor and
Tibbetts 2002 ). Doerner and Lab (2002 , 2) go so far as to describe this as a victim
justice system as opposed to a criminal justice system, explaining that
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it was up to victims or their survivors to decide what action to take

against the offender. Victims who wished to respond to offenses could not
turn to judges for assistance or to jails for punishment. These institutions
did not exist yet. Instead, victims had to take matters into their own
hands.
Justice is achieved via retaliation, which means that the justice system operated
under the principle of lextalionis. Punishment is based on the notion of retribution
which means that a criminal would be punished because he or she deserved it, and the
punishment would be equal to the harm caused. The concept of restitution is popular
during this period as well, for instance, a criminal who stole a person’s cow likely would
have to compensate the owner (the victim) by returning the stolen cow and also giving
him or her another one.
Early criminal codes incorporated these principles. The Code of Hammurabi was
the basis for order and certainty in Babylon. In the code, restoration of equity between
the offender and the victim was stressed. An important point that must be noted in this
age is that crime was considered a harm against the victim, not the stateconsequently
early response to crime is centered on victim as well and not the state.
Consider the following realities of this type of justice:
 The less power or perceived character one had, the less able to report and
sustain sympathy for actual victimization;
 The more power or perceived character one had, the more able to abuse the
power of accusation (make false allegations for personal gain);
 Given the absence of any standard of evidence, and the known fallibility of
eyewitness accounts, the likelihood of being wrong in one’s accusations was
necessarily high;
 Making an accusation could result in generations of retaliation, including dishonor
for children and grandchildren;
 Committing a crime could result in generations of retaliation, including dishonor
for children and grandchildren;
 In patriarchal systems, women and children were often forced to pay the price of
crimes committed by their adult male kinsman, becoming victims without any
voice or recourse.
The list of problems does not end here, but the point is that this was not a golden
age for victims or offenders by any stretch of the imagination. Although it might look
good to some through the distance of time, the sword of justice swings erratically and
irrevocably under such circumstances—and it still favors the favored.
THE DARK AGES
It was during the Industrial Revolution, when criminal law shifted to considering
crimes violations against the state rather than the victim. Once the victim ceased to be
seen as the entity harmed by the crime, the victim became secondary.
In these emerging criminal-oriented justice systems, offenses were increasingly
viewed as perpetrated against the laws of the king or state, not just against a victim
or the victim’s family.
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It has been argued that the so-called dark ages of victimology were the result of
the emergence of structured local governments and the development of formal legal
statutes. These were a byproduct of more stable economic systems, which came about
through urbanization and the industrial revolution as well as the rise in power of the
Roman Catholic Church (Karmen 2007; Shichor and Tibbetts 2002 ). As families moved
away from their farms and into cities, neighborhoods became depersonalized; the old
tribal systems, based on culture and kinship, were no longer viable (Doerner and Lab
2005 ).
Eventually, focus shifted towards offender punishments and rights, as opposed to
victim rights and restoration. Subsequently, as formal systems of criminal justice rose
and spread, victim involvement eroded to little more than that of witness for the police
and prosecution ( Doerner and Lab 2002 ; Karmen 2007). As Doerner and Lab (2002 ,
3) explain:
The development of formal law enforcement, courts, and
correctional systems in the past few centuries has reflected an interest in
protecting the state. For the most part, the criminal justice system simply
forgot about victims and their best interests.
This shift most certainly benefited the state- by allowing it to collect fines and monies
from these newly defined harms- victim did not fare as well. Instead of being the focus,
the crime victim was effectively excluded from the formal aspects of the justice system.
A result of this ongoing evolution is that modern criminal justice systems do not
necessarily seek to help the victim in a given case. In modern Western cultures, for
example, society at large is the intended beneficiary: the criminal justice systems seek to
separate criminals from society, to deter others from acting criminally via ever-harsher
punishments, and ultimately to prevent future victimizations. Whether this is actually
being accomplished is a matter of debate, and individual victims are often left by failed
law enforcement efforts to seek remedy for the harms they suffer in civil court.
REEMERGENCE OF THE VICTIM
It soon became the consensus amongst various groups, including journalists,

social scientists, and those involved directly with the criminal justice system, that
“victims were forgotten figures in the criminal justice process whose needs and
wants had been systematically overlooked but merited attention” (Karmen 2007,
27). This period is called reemergence of the victim which occurred in the 1950s and
1960s, when a small number of people began to recognize that those who were most
affected by criminal acts were rarely involved in the process. Unsettled with the fact that
victims’ rights and needs had gone by the wayside, they fought to bring this disparity to
the public’s attention (Karmen 2007).
During the same time, a collection of sociologists, criminologists, and legal
scholars came to the same realization—that victims were being overlooked as a source
of information about crime and criminals. Their interest in studying victims is what
ultimately led to the birth of traditional victimology as a discrete scientific endeavor.
While victims’ rights were gaining attention, victimology, in its early years, did not seek to
address the needs of victims and alleviate their suffering. Rather, it came from a desire
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to better understand the victim’s role in the criminal act, relationship to the offender, and
culpability ( Doerner and Lab 2002 ). Scholarly works during this period focused not on
the needs of crime victims but on identifying to what extent victims could be held
responsible for being victimized. In this way the damage the offender cause was
ignored. Instead, the ideas of victim precipitation, victim facilitation and victim
provocation emerged. It is from this research that the field of criminology formally
spawned the subspecialty of victimology, and by the early 1970s courses on the subject
were being taught at universities across the United States. As announced and described
in Time Magazine (1971) :
At its last conference, the International Criminological Society included a special
session on the behavioral patterns of victims. For the first time in the U.S., three courses
in victimology are being offered, one at the University of California, the others at
Northeastern University and at Boston University Law School. A major book on the
subject is nearing publication, and an international conference devoted solely to
victimology has been scheduled for Jerusalem in 1973.
Most behavioral scientists agree with University of Montreal Criminologist Ezzat
Abdel Fattah, who contends that “there are people who attract the criminal as the lamb
attracts the wolf.” Some of these victims are masochistic or depressed; Criminologist
Hans von Hentig described them as longing “lustfully” for injury.
Others, says Northeastern University Victimologist Stephen Schafer, have
certain personality traits—for example, the Kennedys’ ambition for power—that invite
attack by “offending the offender.” Israeli Criminologist Menachem Amir, who set up the
victimology course at Berkeley, cites cultural factors: to participate in certain lifestyles,
such as prostitution and drug addiction, is to court trouble. There are some occupations,
too, that are likely to attract violence: cab driver, bank teller, and policeman, among
others. The motivation for seeking these jobs sometimes includes an unconscious need
to be a victim, or a wish to defy fate.
The type of crime often fits the behavior that provoked it. Theft, for instance, is
often stimulated by the victim’s negligence, swindles by his greed, and blackmail by his
guilt. Murder can be invited by belligerence: in 1969 a national study of bus drivers
showed that three who were killed during robberies had vowed not to let “any punk kid”
rob them, and had carried and tried to use guns in violation of company rules. In other
cases, suicidal wishes have provoked murder—a phenomenon that the mother of
Congressional Medal of Honor Winner Dwight Johnson may have recognized when she
surmised that her son, shot while committing a holdup, had “tired of life and needed
someone else to pull the trigger.”
Many of the early research in victimology is foundational to questions that are still being
asked today. A discussion of the early victimologists and their thinking is warranted.
THE ROLE OF THE VICTIM IN CRIME: VICTIM PRECIPITATION, VICTIM

FACILITATION, AND VICTIM PROVOCATION
The first studies of crime victims did not portray victims as innocents who were
wronged at the hands of an offender. Rather, concepts such as victim
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Victim Facilitation – occurs when a victim unintentionally makes it easier for

an offender to commit a crime. Unlike precipitation, facilitation helps understand why
one person may be victimized over another but does not connote blame and
responsibility.
For example: A woman accidentally
Victim Precipitation - -is defined as the extent to which a victim is
responsible for his or her own victimization. Victim precipitation acknowledges that
crime victimization involves at least two people-an offender and a victim- and that
both parties are acting and often reacting before, during and after the incident.
For example:
Victim Provocation – occurs when a person does something that incites
another person to commit an illegal act. Provocation suggest that without the victim’s
behavior, the crime would not have occurred. Provocation therefore connotes blame, in
fact the offender is not at all responsible.
For example:
Victimological studies into the causes of victimization tend to focus more on the
concept of ‘victim facilitation’ – which unintentional actions on the part of a person
facilitate in his victimization – rather than the concepts of ‘victim precipitation’ or ‘victim
provocation’, which suggest blame and responsibility and have a negative undertone.
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 1
UNDERSTANDING VICTIMOLOGY
Instruction. Collage pictures that depicts the concept and idea in each of the age or era
in Victimology and paste it in the box provided for each era below. Explain below the box
on the space provided your reason for choosing such image.
The Golden Age
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The Dark Ages
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Reemergence of the Victim

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ACTIVITY 2
UNDERSTANDING VICTIMOLOGY
Instruction. Explain the difference between Victim Precipitation, Victim Facilitation and
Victim Provocation by telling a story that highlights such, do this by recording your voice.
Send the voice recording through the Instructor’s Messenger.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity
Key Figures In Victimology and Classification of Victims
I.
Instruction. Research a case where the victim can be held responsible or has a part in
the commission of the crime against them. Include the facts of the cases in the box
below.
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II. ..
1. Give a list of group or sector of individuals that are most likely to be victimized in
your own opinion. Give at least 10 examples.
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LESSON 2
KEY FIGURES
As mentioned earlier, the origins of scientific victimology can be attributed to a

few key figures in criminology, including Hans von Hentig, Benjamin Mendelsohn,
Stephen Schafer, and Marvin Wolfgang (Karmen 2007). Their early work involved the
first attempts at studying the victim-offender relationship in a systematic fashion,
however misguided by generalizations, personal bias, and professional agendas. Each
of them will be discussed, as their approaches to victim study are the most relevant to
some of the questions posed by modern-day forensic victimologists.
Just as criminologist attempts to identify factors that produce criminality,
victimologist seek to answers similar probing questions regarding cause of victimization.
Hans von Hentig

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He was criminologist from Germany seeking to develop better crime prevention

strategies. Having researched the factors that predisposed one to criminality, he began
to wonder what might cause a victim to become a victim. Specifically, Von Hentig
believed that some victims contributed to their own victimization by virtue of many
converging factors, not all of which were in their control.
Von Hentig was perhaps the first to systematically study the role victims could
play in the crimes committed against them ( VanDijk 1999 ). He later published The
Criminal and His Victim: Studies in the Sociobiology of Crime (1948), which
contained a chapter devoted solely to discussing these theories. Von Hentig argued for
acknowledging the responsibility some victims had in becoming victimized. He even
developed a system of categorizing victims along a continuum that depended on their
contribution to the criminal act, though currently his terminology may be considered
offensive to some.
Von Hentig originally classified victims into one of 13 categories, which could
easily be described as a list of characteristics that increase victim vulnerability or
exposure to danger (adapted from pages 404–438, with discussion by the authors):
1. The Young: Von Hentig was referring to children and infants. From a
contemporary point of view, children are physically weaker, have less mental
prowess, have fewer legal rights, and are economically dependent on their
caretakers (parents, guardians, teachers, and so forth); they also have the
potential to be exposed to a wider range of harm than adults. Moreover, they
are less able to defend themselves and sometimes less likely to be believed
should they seek assistance. This includes children who suffer emotional,
physical, and sexual abuse at home because of abusive parents (often under
the influence of drugs and alcohol); children who are bullied at school
because of some aspect of their appearance or personality; and children
who are forced into acts of prostitution or sold into slavery by impoverished
parents. Each suffers different levels and frequencies of exposure to different
kinds of harm.
2. The Female: Von Hentig was referring to all women. From a contemporary
point of view, many women are physically weaker than men. Many have
been culturally conditioned, to varying degrees, to accept male authority.
And many women are financially dependent on the men in their lives
(fathers, husbands, and so forth). To make matters worse, many Western
women are conditioned to believe that their value is associated with their
bodies, or specifically, their sexuality. In extreme cases, this can lead to low
self-esteem, depression, substance abuse, promiscuity, and prostitution, with
varying exposure to harm.
3. The Old: Von Hentig was referring to the elderly. In a contemporary sense,
they have many of the same vulnerabilities as children: they are often
physically weaker, mentally less facile, and may be under someone else’s
care. This can expose them to a range of harms, from the theft of personal
property to physical abuse. However, they are also particularly vulnerable to
confidence scams, as they can have greater access to money, along with
poor memory and a sense of pride that may combine to prevent them from
reporting loss.
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4. The Mentally Defective and Deranged: Von Hentig was referring to the
feeble-minded, the “insane,” drug addicts, and alcoholics. Those who suffer
from any of these conditions have an altered perception of reality. As a
consequence, depending on the level of their affliction, personality, and
environment, these potential victims may harm themselves and others to
varying degrees. They may also suffer many of the same general kinds of
exposures as children and the elderly.
5. Immigrants: Von Hentig was referring to foreigners unfamiliar with a given
culture. Anyone traveling to a culture different from their own is subject to
varying gaps in communication and comprehension. This can, depending on
where they go and whom they encounter, expose them to all manner of
confidence schemes, theft, and abuse, to say nothing of prejudices.
6. Minorities: Von Hentig was referring to the “racially disadvantaged,” as he
put it. What this truly means is prejudice. Groups against which there is
some amount of bias or prejudice by another may be exposed to varying
levels of abuse and violence.
7. Dull Normals: Von Hentig was referring to “simple-minded persons,” as he
put it. From a contemporary viewpoint, we might consider these as having
the same types of exposure to harm as those who are mentally defective and
deranged.
8. The Depressed: Von Hentig was referring to those with various
psychological maladies. From a contemporary viewpoint, those who are
depressed may expose themselves to all manner of danger, intentional and
otherwise. Additionally, they may take psychotropic medication that alters
perception, affects judgment, and impairs reasoning.
9. The Acquisitive: Von Hentig was referring to those who are greedy and
looking for quick gain. Such individuals may suspend their judgment, or
intentionally put themselves in dangerous situations, in order to achieve their
goals.
10. The Wanton: Von Hentig was referring to promiscuous persons. People
who engage in indiscriminate sexual activity with many different partners
expose themselves to different levels of disease and varying personalities.
Some of these personalities may be healthy and supportive; some may be
narcissistic, jealous, and destructive.
11. The Lonesome or Heartbroken: Von Hentig was referring to widows,
widowers, and those in mourning. From a contemporary standpoint,
loneliness is at epidemic proportions, with more than half of marriages
ending in divorce, the rise of the culture of narcissism since the late 1970s
(see Lasch 1979 ), and diminishing intimacy skills across all cultures. This
category does not apply only to those in mourning; those who are lonely or
heartbroken are prone to substance abuse, and can be easy prey for con
men, the abusive, and the manipulative.
12. The Tormentor: Von Hentig was referring to the abusive parent. In
contemporary terms, there are abusive caretakers, intimates, and family
members of all kinds. All such abusers expose themselves to the harm they
inflict, the resulting angst, and the degree to which their victims fight back.
For example, an abusive mother who gets drunk and punches a child
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exposes herself to the dangers of injuring her hand, of misjudging her strike
and even her balance, and of the child punching back.
13. The Blocked, Exempted, or Fighting: Von Hentig was referring to victims
of blackmail, extortion, and confidence scams. In contemporary times, such
victims are still exposed to continual financial loss or physical harm, or must
suffer the consequences that come from bringing the police in to assist. In
such cases, the attention of law enforcement, and any subsequent publicity,
may be the very thing that the victim wishes to avoid.
From a research point of view, these are interesting and even somewhat useful
classifications with important theoretical implications, though the terminology is
sometimes inappropriate. However, the case-working victimologist must study each
victim to determine the extent to which such a classification has a bearing on the harm
suffered within a particular crime. Some children are smart and fast; many women are
strong and self-assured; some of the elderly are quick and resourceful; immigrants learn
languages and customs; and the “blocked” may decide to go to the police. In short,
many of the generalizations suggested in this typology may not hold when applied to a
specific crime or victim.
Benjamin Mendelsohn
A French-Israeli lawyer who began studying victims in 1947 (Karmen2005 ).

While working on the defense of a rape case, he became interested in the correlations
between rapists and their victims. He found that there was often a strong interpersonal
relationship between the two, and that it could lead some victims to unknowingly invite or
even cause their own victimization ( Meadows 2007 ).
He formulated the concept of victim precipitation and victim prone which suggest
that many victims shared an unconscious capacity for being victimized.
He developed a typology that categorizes the extent to which a victim is culpable
in his or her demise. However, while Von Hentig’s typology explains victim contribution
based on personal characteristics, Mendelsohn’s typology uses situational factors.
Mendelsohn’s six victim types, as adapted from Meadows (2007 , 22) are:
1. Completely innocent victim: Exhibits no provocative or contributory
behavior prior to the offender’s attack.
2. Victim due to ignorance: Unwittingly does something that places him or
her in a position to be victimized.
3. Voluntary victim: Suicides, or those injured while participating in high-risk
crimes such as drug abuse or prostitution.
4. Victim more guilty than the offender: Victim provokes a criminal act (e.g.,
throws the first punch in a fight but ends up the loser).
5. Most guilty victim: The initial aggressor, but due to circumstances beyond
his or her control ends up the victim (e.g., attempts to rob a convenience
store but is shot by the storeowner).
6. Simulating or imaginary victim: A pretender, or false reporter.
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The danger with Mendelsohn’s typology is that it doesn’t always come with
explicit instructions. It does have some important conceptual value, in showing a
continuum of possible victim culpability or precipitation. However, if applied broadly,
simplistically, and without careful investigation into the facts, it could be misused. Before
these descriptors can be applied to a specific case, attention must be paid to the details.
This means accepting that not every prostitute or drug user is a voluntary victim; not
every bar fight involves a more guilty or most guilty victim; and not everyone who fails to
exhibit provocative behavior prior to an attack is completely innocent. While
Mendelsohn’s typology is interesting in theory, its application to specific cases can be
problematic, if not entirely inappropriate, when contextual information is not investigated
and considered
STEPHEN SCHAFER, PHD
He was a professor of sociology at Northeastern University in Boston,

Massachusetts. In 1968, he published what is regarded by some as the first textbook on
the subject of victimology, The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional
Responsibility. According to Van Dijk, this work was significant to the advance of
victimology, as it was an “independent study of the relationships and interactions
between offender and victim, before, during, and after the crime” (1999, 2).
Schafer’s study involved interviews with criminals and aimed to build upon the
typologies using social characteristics and behavioras presented in previous works by
focusing on victim culpability or on how responsible they are for their own victimization
Schafer proposed seven types of victim responsibility (or victim precipitation),
which are essentially a variation on the work of Von Hentig’s typology based on personal
characteristics and Mendelsohn’s typology rooted on behavior.
SEVEN TYPES OF VICTIM RESPONSIBILITY (or victim precipitation)
1. Unrelated victims (no victim responsibility)
2. Provocative victims (victim shares responsibility)
3. Precipitative victims (some degree of responsibility)
4. Biologically weak victims (no responsibility)
5. Socially weak victims (no responsibility)
6. Self-victimizing (total victim responsibility)
7. Political victims (no responsibility)
In reviewing his typology, it can be found as incomplete for it fails to address
victimization in general sense but rather had taken specific situations into classification
that mitigate victim responsibility because they increase general vulnerability. Under this
classification a line is drawn between the provocative, the precipitative and self-
victimizing however the examples cited in the literature is unclear how these typologies
can be applied to a certain case as defining situation of victimization is highly subjective.
Also, Schafer has inappropriately defined (and therefore presumptively assumed) the
specific responsibility of each victim type. There appears to be no room for mitigating
circumstances once a victim is put in a particular slot, which is what a pedantic or
bureaucratic victimologist could do with this labeling system.
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Socially weak victims, such as immigrants, are regarded as having no

responsibility, but what if they are shot while robbing a convenience store? Biologically
weak victims, such as the elderly, are also regarded as having no responsibility, but
what if they are abusing alcohol and become a rancorous precipitative drunk, only to
start a physical altercation at home that they lose? The relationships between victims
and criminals are far too complex for such rigid presumptions.
Despite of criticism in his work, Dr. Schafer’s contribution in victimology must not
be dismissed. In fact for anyone studying victimology it is a requirement to read his book
The Victim and His Criminal: A Study in Functional Responsibility to fully grasp the
foundational ideas in victimology.
MARVIN E. WOLFGANG, PHD
He was a professor of criminology, legal studies, and law at the Wharton School,
and founding director of the Sellin Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, at
the University of Pennsylvania. His work Patterns of Criminal Homicide was the first
to present empirical research findings as support for his theories in victimology. His
research focused on homicides occurring in Philadelphia from 1948-1952.
Wolfgang Research on Homicides related to the study of Victimology
He examined some 558 homicides to further understand the extent of the role of the
victim in the commission of crime against them. He found cases where victim is the
direct, positive precipitator in the homicide, he labelled such cases as victim precipitated.
He further found that 26% of all homicides in Philadelphia during this period were victim
precipitated. For example, it is when the victim would be the first to brandish or use a
weapon, the first to strike a blow, and the first to initiate physical violence.
Wolfgang also identified the following factors that were common in such homicides:
a. Often in victim precipitated homicide the victim and the perpetrator know each
other.
b. Often these cases involve male offender and male victims that have a history of
violent offending himself.
c. Alcohol play a great role in victim precipitated homicides.
His study made way for others to expand his definition to include felony related homicide
and Subintentional Homicide.
Subintentional Homicide
Occurs when the victim facilitates his or her own death by using poor judgement,
placing himself or herself at risk, living a risky lifestyle or using alcohol or drugs. In the
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US a study of subintentional homicide found that as many as three-fourths of victims

were subintentional.
MENACHEM AMIR
He is a student of Marvin E. Wolfgang, similar to his mentor he utilized empirical

investigation however he focuses on rape incidents reported to the police. He also
conducted his study using data from Philadelphia, although he examined rapes that
occurred from 1958 to 1960. His study highlighted how victims precipitated their own
rapes and identified common attributes of victim-precipitated rapes.
Basing on his data he labeled almost 1 in 5 rapes as victim precipitated, his study was
very controversial- it was attacked for blaming victims, especially woman for their own
victimization. Since that in his study he concluded women became victim due to the
influence of alcohol and that the victim was likely to engage in seductive behavior, wear
revealing clothes, use risqué language, and have a bad reputation.
Two Major Types of Victimology according to Jan Van Dijk
Jan Van Dijk a professor of victimology at Tilburg University, he proposed two

major types of victimology in 1999, which are general victimology and penal victimology.
1. General Victimology - General victimology studies victimity in the broadest
sense, including those that have been harmed by accidents, natural disasters,
war, and so on ( VanDijk 1999 ). The focus of this type of victimology is the
treatment, prevention, and alleviation of the consequences of being victimized,
regardless of the cause.
2. Penal Victimology - Interactionist (or penal) victimologists, on the other hand,
generally approach the subject from a criminological or legal perspective, where
the scope of study is defined by criminal law. According to VanDijk (1999 , 2)
“the research agenda of this victimological stream combines issues concerning
the causation of crimes with those relating to the victim’s role in the criminal
proceedings,” where victims are only those who become such as a result of a
crime. Generally speaking, this type of victimology advocates for victims, for their
rights or in relation to certain types of prosecutions.
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Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 3
KEY FIGURES
Instruction. Basing on Hentig’s 13 categories, research true crime cases that had
transpired with the victim/s having an unconscious participation because of their
characteristics. Identify at least 3 cases then classify the victim as to what category
under Hentig’s classification. Fill the spaces below with the facts of the case, provide
your reference in the bottom part of the paper.
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Hentig’s 13
Categories of Victim
True Crime
Examples
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 4
KEY FIGURES
Instruction. Fill the table below with the highlights of the work of important personalities
in the field of Victimology.
Personality Significant Contribution

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HANS VON HENTIG
BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
STEPHEN SCHAFER, PHD
MARVIN E. WOLFGANG, PHD
MENACHEM AMIR
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity
Victims’ Right Movement

Instruction.
1. As a Filipino how do you view victim’s participation in the Criminal Justice
System in the Philippines?
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2. Can you identify remarkable change in the victims’’ welfare program here in our
country? Discuss your answer.
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LESSON 3
The Victims’ Right Movement
This discussion will largely focus on the setting of development of victimology in

the United States, since it is where it had started, development in the Philippine setting
shall be discussed later in this module.
Efforts in emphasizing victims’ rights to the attention of the public significantly
began in the United States during the mid-1900s, before then victims began to get based
on how much they contributed to their own victimization, due to the early researches on
victim precipitation and provocation. However, as an outgrowth of social movements
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sympathetic attention was given to crime victims which marked the shift in how were
viewed not only by the public but also by the criminal justice system.
As crime rates soared in the 1960s in the United State, so as the number of
people directly and indirectly harmed by crime. As a response, the President’s
Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice was formed. One of their
responsibility was to conduct the first ever government-sponsored victimization survey,
called the National Crime Survey and was later known the National Crime Victimization
Survey. The Survey showed a discrepancy that although official crime rates were on the
rise, they paled in comparison with the amount of victimization uncovered. This was
found because official data sources of crime rates are based on those crimes reported or
otherwise made known to the police, whereas National Crime Survey relied on victims to
recall their own experiences. Further, victims were asked in the survey whether they
reported their victimization to the police, and if not, why they chose not to report.
Because of this a picture of victimization emerged, and this picture was far different than
previously depicted. The reluctance of victim to report was discovered and several social
movement were underway that further moved crime victims into the collective American
consciousness. The following are various movements that
The Women’s Movement
The goal of this movement is to help female victims of crime, particularly the
victims of sexual assault and domestic violence perceived as by product of sexism,
traditional sex roles, emphasis on traditional family values, and economic subjugation of
women. Feminist run this movement and were concerned with how female victims were
treated by the criminal justice system, they pushed for victims of rape and domestic
violence to receive special care and services. The following are significant result of this
movement:
 Shelter and rape centers started appearing in 1970’s.
 A push toward children’s rights can be attributed to this movement as well.
Three critical developments arose from the recognition of women and children as victims
and from the opening of victims’ services devoted specifically to them.
 First, the movement brought awareness that victimization often entails emotional
and mental harm, even the absence of physical injury.
 Second, the criminal justice system was no longer relied on to provide victims
with assistance in rebuilding their lives, thus additional victimization by the
criminal justice system could be lessened or avoided altogether.
 Third, because these shelters and centers relied largely on volunteers, services
were able to run and stay open even without significant budgetary support.
The Civil Rights Movement
Another important development of victims’ right was the civil rights movement,
which had advocated against racism and discrimination, noting that all Americans have
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rights protected by the U.S Constitution. Such movement created awareness of the
mistreatment of minorities, in that it identified how minorities are mistreated by the
criminal justice system, both as offenders and victims.
The ideologies of the women’s movement and civil rights movement merged to
create a victim’s right movement largely supported by females, minorities, and young
persons who pushed forward a victims’ agenda that concentrated on making procedural
changes in the operation of the criminal justice system.
Effect of the Victim’s Right Movement
Victims Right Movements have significant effect in the processing in the criminal
justice system, one significant effect is the early programs for crime victims,
development of victim organizations and most importantly in the legislation and policy.
1. Early Programs for Crime Victims
The state of California was the first to organize a victim compensation
program in 1965. The purpose of Victim Compensation Program is to allow for
victims to be financially compensated for uncovered cost resulting from their
victimization.
In 1972, the first three victim assistance program was organized, two of
which were rape crisis centers, which were founded by volunteers.
The first prototypes for what today the victim/witness assistance
programs housed in district attorney's offices were funded in 1974 by the Federal
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration.
The purpose of these programs is the following:
 Notify victims of the critical dates of their cases
 Create separate waiting areas for victims
 Make social services referrals for victims.
 Provide input on criminal justice decisions that involved them, such as bail and
plea bargain
 Notify about critical points of their cases-not just court dates
 Going to court with victims
Victim/witness assistance programs continue to provide similar services today.
2. Development of Victims Organization
During the 1970s, secondary victims or those persons whose love ones have
been murdered was given attention to. Most of the time when a loved ones is
murdered those whom are left requires special needs to which people around them
are not aware of or does not know how to respond to them. In response to the
particular needs of homicide survivors the following organizations was organized:
1974- Familiess and Friends of Missing Person
1978- Parents of Murdered Children
1980- Mothers against Drunk Driving
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The purpose of these groups is to provide support for their members and
others, as well as advocate for laws and policy changes that reflect groups'
missions. Since victims organizations are increasing in number, the National
Organization for Victim Assistance was developed in 1975, the purpose of
which is to:
1. Consolidate the purposes of the victims' movement
2. To hold national conferences and provide training for persons working
with crime victims.
Legislation and Policy
1980- Wisconsin became the first state to pass a Victim's Bill.

The National Organization for Victim Assistance created a new policy platform
that included the initiation of a National Campaign for Victim Rights, which included
National Victims' Right Week, implemented by then President Ronal Reagan.
Also, there is the creation of Task Force on Violent Crime which recommended
that Presidents' Task Force on Victims of Crime be commissioned by Attorney General
William French Smith. Here below are some recommendations during the hearing held
by the President's Task Force:
1. Federal legislation to fund state victim compensation programs and local victim
assistance programs.
2. Recommendations to criminal justice professionals and other professionals
about how to better treat crime victims.
3. Creation of a task force on violence within families.
4. An amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide crime victims' rights(yet to
be passed).
One of the initiative of the task force is the Victims of Crime Act(1984) which was
passed and created Office for Victims of Crime in the Department of Justice and
established the Crime Victims Fund and victim compensation. This law was amended in
1988 to require victim compensation coverage to nonresident commuters and visitors.
From 1980s to 1990s legislation and policy continued to be implemented. In
1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act was passed by Congress,
included the Violence Against Women Act. This law provides funding for research and
for the development of professional partnership to address the issues of violence against
women.
In 1998, a publication called New Directions from the Field: Victim's Right and
Services for the 21st Century was released by the Attorney General Janet Reno and the
Office for Victims of Crime.
Purpose of the Publication

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1. Reviewed the status of the recommendations and initiatives put forth by the
President Reagan's Task Force.
2. Identified some 250 new recommendations for victims' right, victim advocacy,
and services.
Some Basic Rights Afforded to Victims
1. Right to be present at trial

2. Right to be provided awaiting area separate from the offender and people
associated with the offender during stages of the criminal justice process.
3. To be notified of the key events in the criminal justice process.
4. To testify at parole hearings
5. To be informed of the rights
6. To be informed of compensation programs.
7. To be treated with dignity and respect.
These rights continue to be implemented and expanded through various pieces of
legislation, such as Crime Victim's Rights Act, which is part of the Justice for All Act of
2004 signed in to law by then-president George W. Bush.
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 5
THE VICTIMS’ RIGHT MOVEMENT
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Instruction. Having learned the different movements in the United States that had
influenced the great attention given to the welfare of the victims, use it as a guide in
researching for how or what are the movements or program in the Philippines that had
influenced victim’s assistance in the CJS. Cite as well legislations and policies applicable
to victim welfare and protection in the Philippines. Provide your answer on the spaces
provided below.
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Start Off Activity
VICTIMOLOGY TODAY
84
Instruction. Give your idea on how you perceive the Philippines Criminal Justice
System in term of Victim Welfare.
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LESSON 4
VICTIMOLOGY TODAY
The study of victimology nowadays covers a wide range of topics, including

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 Crime victims
 Causes of victimization
 Consequences of victimization
 Interaction of victims with criminal justice system
 Interaction of victims with other social service agencies and programs and
 Prevention of victimization
Each of these topics is discussed below.
CRIME VICTIMS
In the study of victimology, the very first focus must be who was victimized by the
crime.
In the determination of victims, official date sources are utilized, in the United
State victimologist are likely to utilized the Uniform Crime Reports, while in the
Philippines victim information can be accessed by personally requesting reports and
data from law enforcement agencies- yet in both setting, such is an imperfect source of
victim information because it does not include detailed and thorough information about
the crime victims. As a result, victimologist must take the effort of conducting surveys
and interviews to determine the extent of victims' victimization, typical characteristics of
victims and characteristic of their victimization incidents.
Through victimization survey, a picture of a "typical" victim was identified-young
male who lives in urban areas. This does not mean that other people cannot be
victimized, this finding only showed that in most crime data, and victim survey the most
common victims were found to be young males living in an urbanized area. Other groups
that was found to be prone to victimization are children, women, older people, homeless
individual, person with mental illness, disabled persons and prisoners.
SPECIAL POPULATION VULNERABLE TO VICTIMIZATION
1. Children
2. Women
3. Older people
4. Homeless Individual
5. Person with mental illness
6. Disabled Persons
7. Prisoners
CAUSES OF VICTIMIZATION
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It is difficult to point out reason why a person may be victimized, we could arrive with
different explanations like- is it because of something he did, who he is, his associates,
or could he just be in wrong place in a wrong time, or just some sort of bad luck. This is
the very topic that victimologists dares to explore, many researches have been
conducted which came in to conclusion regarding causes of why people are victimized,
these are better termed as theories of victimizations.
These theories explains why some people are most likely to be victimized.
1. Routine Activities Theory
2. Risky Lifestyle Theory
Correlates of Victimology
5. Child Abuse.
Cost of Victimization
One of the effect of crimes is the mass cost in incur. This cost of victimization incur
either be tangible,or those that can be quantify or intangible, which refers to that cannot
be or are difficult to quantify. Below are the examples for both.
Tangible Cost of Victimization
-stolen or damaged property

-treatment for injuries
-cost of burial expenses
Intangible Cost of Victimization
-mental and psychological effect
Cost also include monies spent in the criminal justice system in preventing and
responding to crime and monies spent to assist crime victims.
Recurring Victimization
An additional cost of victimization is the real risk of being victimized against that many
victim face. Studies shows that some victims do not suffer a single victimization alone
but rather, victimized again and sometimes again and again. In this way, a certain
subset of victims appears to be vulnerable to revictimization. There are researches that
describes which victims are at risk to recurring victimization
Two man theories explaining recurring victimization

- State Dependence
- Risk Heterogeniety
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THE CRIME VICTIM AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
In the study of victimology it is important to understand the interaction of a victim

with the Criminal Justice System. It is undeniable that many people who are victimized
by crime do not report their experiences to the police, reasons why victims remain silent
are varied but often it include an element of suspicion and distrust of the police. Some
victims worry that police will not take them seriously or will think what happened to them
is worth the police's time. Others may be worried that calling the police will effectively
invoke a system response that cannot be erased or stopped, even when the victim
wishes not to have the system move forward. An example of such a victim is one who
does not want to call the police after being hit by her partner because she fears the
police will automatically and mandatorily arrest him. Another is that some victims due to
constrictions financially hesitate to report since processing in the criminal justice system
would mean absence to work on certain days if the victim is currently employed and as
well as the cost of other miscellaneous aspects such as transportation and meals.
Whatever the reason, without report, the victim will not activate the formal criminal
justice system, which will preclude an arrest and may preclude the victim from receiving
victim services explicitly to reporting.
Upon reporting, both the victim and suspect enter the world of criminal justice system,
given that the Philippines Criminal Justice System recognizes many crimes as harms
against the state, with that victim usually are seen as witness rather than being the
aggrieved that they are. This being the case, victims do not always find they are treated
with dignity and respect, given that victim's rights movement in the Philippines is not so
popular, victims do not always find they are treated with respect. The strong
implementation of victim support programs is undeniably still in the process of
development in the Philippines. Police and prosecutors' offices must initiate victims'
assistance programs through which victims can receive information about available
services, these programs also must offer personal assistance and support, such as
attending court sessions with the victim or helping submit a victim impact statement.
For victimologist, the experience of the crime victim after the system is put into
motion is an area ripe for research study. The goal is to understand how victims view
their interaction with the criminal justice system so that victim satisfaction can be
maximized and any additional harm caused to the victim can be minimized.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT VICTIM TYPES
CRIME VICTIM AND SOCIAL SERVICES
Social services is another organization and agency wherein victim may come into
contact with. The harm inflected upon the victim as a result of the crime may mean the
need for medical, psychological, social and other services which may address each
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victim's unique and special needs. As a result, professionals in these fields such as
psychologist, nurses, doctors, hospital staffs, social workers, social service workers and
the likes may come into interraction with the victim. Although these professionals may
have undergone training with respect to victim assistance, some are not aware of the
crucial role they play in the process of assisting victim and often are oblivious of how
they should be sensitive in dealing with them with their needs.
Being victimized may touch multiple aspects of victim's life. Their interaction does
not limit to what is stated above, crime victims may seek help from insurance agents for
the repair or substitution of what is lost to them. If the victim is a student, a special care
should be given by the school or if employed the person may require consideration from
the employer. All person, agency or organization that is in one way or another related
with the victim may find themselves dealing with a victim aftermath situation in which
they are not particularly attuned. The more knowledge people have about victimization
and its impact on victims, the more likely victims will be treated satisfactorily.
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

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ACTIVITY 6
VICTIMOLOGY TODAY
Instruction. Interview one crime victim who was able to report a crime to the police or
barangay, if the person is within your locality and if after taking precautionary measures
you can conduct a face-to-face interview, but if you were able to identify one from
different locality it is encouraged that you utilize wired or online means to have the
interview. Also for privacy concerns, you can hide the name and identity of the victim.
Use the guide below to know what questions to ask.
1. Ask for a brief introduction of her/herself.
2. Allows interviewee to discuss how he/she was victimized.
3. Ask politely how it affected her/him physically, emotionally and socially.
4. Ask about how the authorities had processed the case.
5. Ask for the interviewee’s recommendations if he/she have any.
Make a report on this and send via e-mail- shenaijuance@gmail.com
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity

90
LESSON 5
FORENSIC VICTIMOLOGY
Instruction. Research a case wherein the victim was also held accountable and have
incurred charges as well. And give your thoughts on the case. Present your report
below.
LESSON 5
FORENSIC VICTIMOLOGY
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Forensic victimology is a subdivision of interactionist victimology, in which victims

are defined by having suffered harm or loss due to a breach of law. It involves the
accurate, critical, and objective outlining of victim lifestyles and circumstances, the
events leading up to their injury, and the precise nature of any harm or loss suffered.
This is a unique and general study of violent crime victims for the purposes of
addressing investigative and forensic issues, has been an implicit feature of the field
since its inception. However, forensic victimology has been inappropriately folded in with
treatment, punishment, and even advocacy-oriented goals. Expropriated from scientific
study and commonly disguised as professional compassion to serve nonscientific
agendas, explicit discussions of what may be viewed as forensic victimology by
behavioral scientists have been limited.
In studying Forensic Victimology it is important to understand that investigative
and forensic venues are quite different in scope, structure, and function. The questions
they need answered are particular to their unique geographical variations. They also
represent very different standards of evidence. What may be investigatively useful
speculation or theory at one point may lack the sufficiency for subsequent court-worthy
opinions. Given the capacity for investigative work to find its way into court, this
distinction must be ever-present and crystal clear.
What is distinct with Forensic Victimology is among other discipline of Victimology is the
following:
PHILOSOPHY OF FORENSIC VICTIMOLOGY
1. In forensic victimology; the victim evidence must be gathered and examined in a

consistent, thorough, and objective fashion as with any other form of
evidence;
2. Interpretations of victim evidence must comport with the tenets of the scientific
method, whether examining the results of a rape kit or assessing victim risk.
3. It does not take sides and it does not seek to intrude on the ultimate issues of
guilt, innocence, or victimity.
4. Forensic Victimology should accurately, critically, and objectively describe the
victim in order to better understand victims, crime, criminals, and forensic issues.
5. It does not seek to restore victims to the state they were in prior to being
victimized, nor does it wish to assign blame to victims.
6. This study is designed to look beneath victim stereotypes, in a scientific manner,
in order to improve the understanding of the dynamics of the criminal act as well
as the victims themselves
However, there is an awareness that the victim evidence gathered, as well as
subsequent interpretations, may be used by others for these purposes at a later time,
also seeking out and presenting information about victims to help determine whether a
crime has been committed, whether the statements made by victims are sufficiently
reliable as corroborative evidence, and to determine who committed the crime and in
what context.
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PURPOSES OF FORENSIC VICTIMOLOGY
Forensic victimology is an applied discipline as opposed to a theoretical one. The

forensic victimologist seeks to examine, consider, and interpret particular victim
evidence in a scientific fashion in order to answer investigative and forensic (i.e., legal)
questions.
1. Assist with contextualizing allegations of victimization;
2. Help support or refute allegations of victimization;
3. Help establish the nature of victim exposure to harm or loss;
4. Assist with the development of offender modus operandi and motive;
5. Help establish an investigative suspect pool;
6. Assist with the investigative linkage of unsolved cases.
It is important to outline the value of Forensic Victimology in investigative and
forensic purposes to provide readers with an applied understanding of its principles and
practice
The guiding principle for studying victims in investigative and forensic contexts is
this:
“a comprehensive understanding of the victims and their circumstances
will allow for an accurate interpretation of the nature of their harm or loss, and it
will also teach us about their offender. The less we know about the victim, the less
we know about the crime and the criminal. Consequently, the way we collect and
develop victim evidence is just as important as our eventual interpretations: they
must not be weak, narrow, or based on unproved assumptions.”
It follows that in order to meet the definition of scientific study that victimology
aspires to, forensic victimology must be conducted with a scientific mindset by those
properly educated and trained to employ the scientific method. Any other approach is out
of step with this philosophy, serving some other purpose or rationale.
The question now is how scientific method be conducted, here is a guide from
Turvey (2008 , 47) explains:
“The scientific method is a way to investigate how or why something

works, or how something happened, through the development of hypotheses and
subsequent attempts at falsification through testing and other accepted means. It
is a structured process designed to build scientific knowledge by way of
answering specific questions about observations through careful analysis and
critical thinking. Observations are used to form testable hypotheses, and with
sufficient testing hypotheses can become scientific theories. Eventually, over
much time, with precise testing marked by a failure to falsify, scientific theories
can become scientific principles. The scientific method is the particular approach
to knowledge building and problem solving employed by scientists of every kind.
It is important to explain that scientists use the scientific method to build

knowledge and solve problems; its use defines them. If one is doing something
else, then one is not actually a scientist. As Faigman et al . (1997 , 48) warns:
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“Not all knowledge asserted by people who are commonly thought of as

scientists is the product of the scientific method.”
RATIONALE
1. Forensic victimology is intended to serve the justice system by educating it.

2. It is aimed at helping provide for informed investigations, requiring scientific
examinations of victim evidence presented in court, and more informed legal
outcomes.
In the investigative realm, forensic victimology provides for the consistent
recognition, collection, preservation, and documentation of victim evidence, Questions
are asked, context is established, and history is documented. Each piece of victim
evidence is scrutinized by investigators and then acted upon again and again until it is
an exhausted possibility. This informs the nature, scope, and depth of the investigation.
It can also lead to the discovery of additional relevant or dispositive evidence. Ultimately,
forensic victimology assists with answering the question of whether and how criminal
charges and civil liabilities may be appropriate, which is going to be decided by the
court. An expert witness is required in order to introduce and explain various kinds of
evidences.
Forensic victimology is a form of evidence that informs the nature, scope, and
depth of any legal proceedings to be decided by the trier of fact (a judge or jury). When
presented by a forensic expert, it involves the scientific interpretation of various kinds of
victim evidence gathered during the investigation and any subsequent analysis.
Ultimately, it assists with demonstrating the actual limits of victim evidence—which
criminal or civil theories it supports and which it refutes.
SUMMARY
In the sphere of criminal justice, the word “victim” describes any person who has
experienced injury, loss, or hardship due to the illegal action of another individual or
organization (Karmen 2004). Victimology, refers to the scientific study of victimization,
including the relationships between victims and offenders, investigators, courts,
corrections, media, and social movements There is a clear gap in the victimology
literature, however: little research or attention is paid to the idiographic and nomothetic
study of violent crime victims for the purposes of addressing investigative and forensic
issues as described in Turvey (2008). This type of analysis may be referred to as
forensic victimology, which differs markedly from traditional forms of general or
interactionist victimology. Forensic victimology is the objective study of victims, with a
focus on impartiallyand completely describing all aspects of their life and lifestyle
in order to gain a better understanding of how they came to become victimized, how the
crime took place, and their relationship with the offender.
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The philosophy behind studying victims in investigative and forensic contexts is that
a complete understanding of victims and their circumstances will allow for a
comprehensive and correct interpretation of the nature of their suffering, and it will also
speak volumes about the person who committed an offense against them. Like all types
of evidence, victim information is of much more use if it is developed and interpreted in a
consistent and scientific fashion.
The rationale for using forensic victimology in criminal cases is that victim information
can serve the justice system by educating it. The aim of forensic victimology is to assist
in providing informed investigations, to require scientific examinations of victim evidence
that is presented in court, and to result in more informed legal outcomes. Forensic
victimology does not take sides, and it does not seek to intrude on the ultimate issues of
guilt, innocence, or victimity.
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

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ACTIVITY 7
Forensic Victimology
Instruction.
1. Discuss how forensic victimology can assist in crime investigation.

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2. Should the victim be treated as responsible during investigation as though they
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3. In your own opinion, if the result of Forensic Victimology investigation showed

that the victim is somewhat responsible for the crime committed, should the
result be used against the victim in court?
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Start Off Activity
LESSON 7
Techniques in Assisting Offenders’ Reintegration and Victims’ Recovery
Instruction. Research model correctional institutions in the aspect of offenders’

reintegration and choose one and discuss their program below.
98
LESSON 7
ASSISTING OFFENDERS’ REINTEGRATION

The Bureau of Corrections and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology is the
two major institutional corrections in the Philippines. The former focuses on
National/Insular Prisoners or those sentenced to an imprisonment term of more than 3
years, while the latter is in-charge of City, Municipal and District Prisoner.
Each agencies have programs which exemplifies assistance in successful
reintegration of prisoners to the society which is based on the United Nations Standard
Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
Social Relations and After-care
Special attention shall be paid to the maintenance and improvement of
such relations between a prisoner and his family as are desirable in the best
interest of both.
From the beginning of a prisoner’s sentence consideration shall be given
to his future after release and he shall be encouraged and assisted to maintain or
establish such relations with persons and agencies outside the institution as may
promote the best interest of his family and his own social rehabilitation.
1. Services and agencies, governmental or otherwise, which assist
released prisoners to re-establish themselves in society shall
ensure, so far as is possible and necessary, that released
prisoners be provided with appropriate documents and
identification papers, have suitable homes and work to go to, are
suitably and adequately clothed having regard to the climate and
season, and have sufficient means to reach their destination and
maintain themselves in the period immediately following their
release.
2. The approved representatives of such agencies shall have all
necessary access to the institution and to prisoners and shall be
taken into consultation as to the future of a prisoner from the
beginning of his sentence.
3. It is desirable that the activities of such agencies shall be
centralized or coordinated as far as possible in order to secure the
best use of their efforts.
99
ASSISTANCE FOR VICTIM RECOVERY

The Philippines have the following laws which supports victims to their recovery:
a. Republic Act 8505 - Rape Victim Assistance and Protection Act of 1998
An Act Providing Assistance and Protection for Rape Victims, Establishing for the
Purpose a Rape Crisis Center in Every Province and City, Authorizing the Appropriation
of Funds Therefor, and for other Purposes.
Under Sec. 3 of the said law it provides the establishment of a Rape Crisis Center.
It provides that, The Department of Social Welfare and Development

(DSWD), the Department of Health (DOH), the Department of the Interior and
Local Government (DILG), the Department of Justice (DOJ), and a lead non-
government organization (NGO) with proven track record or experience in
handling sexual abuse cases, shall establish in every province and city a rape
crisis center located in a government hospital or health clinic or in any other
suitable place for the purpose of:
a) Providing rape victims with psychological counselling, medical and health
services, including their medico-legal examination;
b) Securing free legal assistance or service, when necessary, for rape
victims;
c) Assisting rape victims in the investigation to hasten the arrest of
offenders and the filing of cases in court.
d) Ensuring the privacy and safety of rape victims;
e) Providing psychological counselling and medical services whenever
necessary for the family of rape victims;
f) Developing and undertaking a training program for law enforcement
officers, public prosecutors, lawyers, medico-legal officers, social
workers, and barangay officials on human rights and responsibilities;
gender sensitivity and legal management of rape cases; and
g) Adopting and implementing programs for the recovery of rape victims.
The DSWD shall be the lead agency in the establishment and operation
of the Rape Crisis Center.
For the effective assistance on the needs of the victims Sec. 4.of the R.A. 8505
provides the Duty of the Police Officer.
The said law provides that upon receipt by the police of the complaint for
rape, it shall be the duty of the police officer to:
a) Immediately refer the case to the prosecutor for inquest/investigation if

the accused is detained; otherwise, the rules of court shall apply;
b) Arrange for counselling and medical services for the offended party; and
c) Immediately make a report on the action taken.
100
It shall be the duty of the police officer or the examining physician, who
must be of the same gender as the offended party, to ensure that only
persons expressly authorized by the offended party shall be allowed inside
the room where the investigation or medical or physical examination is being
conducted.
For this purpose, a women's desk must be established in every police

precinct throughout the country to provide a police woman to conduct
investigation of complaints of women rape victims. In the same manner, the
preliminary investigation proper or inquest of women rape victims must be
assigned to female prosecutor or prosecutors after the police shall have
endorsed all the pertinent papers thereof to the same office.
Under Sec. 5. it provides Protective measures which should be taken in order to

protect the privacy of the victim, it state that,
At any stage of the investigation, prosecution and trial of a complaint for

rape, the police officer, the prosecutor, the court and its officers, as well as the
parties to the complaint shall recognize the right to privacy of the offended party
and the accused. Towards this end, the police officer, prosecutor, or the court to
whom the complaint has been referred may, whenever necessary to ensure fair
and impartial proceedings, and after considering all circumstances for the best
interest of the parties, order a closed-door investigation, prosecution or trial and
that the name and personal circumstances of the offended party and/or the
accused, or any other information tending to establish their identities, and such
circumstances or information on the complaint shall not be disclosed to the
public.
The investigating officer or prosecutor shall inform the parties that the
proceedings can be conducted in a language or dialect known or familiar to them.
b. Crime Victim Compensation Program
The Philippines has a victim compensation program to provide financial compensation

for victims of violent or personal crime and unjust imprisonment or detention.
Eligibility Requirements
Report to police. Yes.

Filing period. Within 6 months from when the victim
suffered damage or injury or within 6
months after the victim was released from
imprisonment or detention.
Foreign citizen eligibility. Citizens of foreign countries are eligible to

apply for compensation.
101
Claimants
 Victims of crime
 Dependents of homicide victims
 Victims who were unjustly imprisoned or
detained
Procedures A claimant can obtain an application from

the Board of Claims through the Secretariat
of the Board of Claims, Department of
Justice, Republic of the Philippines. Victims
should submit copies of all medical records
from treating hospitals and physicians with
the application. The Board of Claims is
required to render a decision within 30 days.
Benefits and Award Limits The maximum award to victims of crime or

the dependents of homicide victims is
PHP10,000. The maximum award to victims
of unjust imprisonment or detention is
PHP60,000.
Compensable costs
 Medical expenses
 Mental health expenses
 Lost wages
 Lost support for dependents of homicide
victims
 Funeral and burial expenses
Emergency awards. The program does not offer emergency

compensation awards; however, the Board
takes into account the urgent needs of
applicants from depressed areas by
processing their claim more quickly than the
allotted 30-day review.
Funding sources. The program is funded by the government

of the Philippines.
102
Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

ACTIVITY 8
Instruction. With the whole class formulate a program that focuses on techniques on
how to assist offenders’ reintegration and victims’ recover. It should include the
following.
 Title of the Program

 Rationale
 Proposed Program (activities, key persons)
 Discussion of the Program
 Generalization
103
Critical Dates and Key Concepts in Victimology
Critical Dates in Victimology
o 1924 Edwin Sutherland includes a chapter on victims in his criminology

textbook.
o 1937 Beniamin Mendelsohn publishes his writings on the rapist and his
victim.
o 1941 Hans von Hentig publishes article on victim and criminal
interactions.
o 1947 Beniamin Mendelsohn coins the term “victimology” in a French
journal.
1948 Hans von Hentig publishes his book The Criminal and His Victim.
1949 Frederic Wertham first used the word “victimology” in a book Show
of Violence.
o 1957 Margery Fry proposes victim compensation in the London Times.
o 1958 Marvin Wolfgang studies homicide victims; uses the term “victim
precipitation”.
o 1963 New Zealand enacts the first Criminal Compensation Act.
o 1965 California is the first state in the USA to start Victim Compensation.
o 1966 Japan enacts Criminal Indemnity Law.
o 1966 USA starts to survey crime victims not reported to the police
o 1967 Canada creates a Criminal Compensation Injuries Act as does
Cuba and Switzerland.
o 1968 Stephan Schafer writes the first victimology textbook The Victim and
His Criminal.
o 1972 The first three victim assistance programmes are created in St.
Louis, Missouri, San Francisco, California and in Washington, D. C.
o 1973 the first international symposium on victimology is held in
Jerusalem, Israel.
o 1974 the first police-based victim advocate project is started in Fort
Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
o 1975 The first “Victim Rights’ Week” is organized by the Philadelphia
District Attorney, Pennsylvania, USA.
o 1976 John Dussich launches the National Organization of Victim
Assistance (NOVA) in Fresno, California, USA.
o 1976 Emilio Viano launches the first scholarly journal devoted to
victimology.
o 1976 James Rowland creates the first Victim Impact Statement in Fresno,
California, USA.
o 1979 The World Society of Victimology is founded in Munster, Germany.
104
o 1980 Mothers Against Drunk Drivers (MADD) is founded by Candi

Lightner after one of her twin daughters was killed by a drunk driver who
was a repeat offender.
o 1981 President Ronald Reagan proclaims the first national Victims’ Rights
Week in April.
o 1982 the first Victim Impact Panel established by MADD to educate drunk
drivers about how their victims suffered, started in Rutland,
Massachusetts, USA.
o 1984 The Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) establishes the national Crime
Victims Fund from federal crime fines to pay for state victim
compensation and services.
o 1985 The United Nations unanimously adopts the Declaration of Basic
Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
o 1987 The US Department of Justice opens the National Victims Resource
Centre in Rockville, Maryland.
o 1988 The first “Indian Nations: Justice for Victims of Crime” conference is
held by the Office for Victims of Crime in Rapid City, South Dakota, USA.
o 1990 The European Forum for Victim Services was founded by all the
national organizations in Europe working for victims of crime in
consultative status with the Council of Europe and the UN.
o 1999 The United Nations and the US Office for Victims of Crime publish
the Guide for Policymakers on the Implementation of the United Nations
Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse
of Power and the Handbook on Justice for Victims: On the Use and
Application of the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of
Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.
o 2002 On 11 April, 66 the Rome Statute was ratified & went into force on 1
July at which time the International Criminal Court became effective and it
included the creation of a Victim and Witness Unit.
o 2003 On October 2nd the Tokiwa International Victimology Institute, in
Mito Japan opened its doors to promote victim rights, to conduct
seminars, courses, publish an international journal, and host annual
symposia and lectures and research about victimology.
o 2004 The World Society of Victimology at its annual Executive Committee
meeting in Orlando, Florida adopts a dramatic new strategic plan to
commit itself to the ideals and promises of the UN Declaration (see
Appendix A).
o 2005 Japan puts the UN Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime
and Abuse of Power into their national legislation by adopting a new
fundamental law for crime victims. To ensure that the principles would be
initiated, the Prime Minister established a cabinet level committee. The
new law includes services for victims, restitution from the offender,
information about criminal justice and a right to formally participate in the
criminal justice process.
105
KEY CONCEPTS IN VICTIMOLOGY
A. Concepts 1. “Victim” has it roots in the early religious notions of suffering,

sacrifice and death. This concept of “victim” was well known in the ancient civilizations,
especially in Babylonia, Palestine, Greece, and Rome. In each of these civilizations the
law mandated that the victim should be recognized as a person who deserved to be
made whole again by the offender.
2. “Crime victim” is a person who has been physically, financially or emotionally
injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone committing a crime.
3. “Victimogenesis” refers to the origin or cause of a victimization; the
constellation of variables which caused a victimization to occur.
4. “Victim Precipitation” a victimization where the victim causes, in part or totally,
their own victimization.
5. “Vulnerability” is a physical, psychological, social, material or financial
condition whereby a person or an object has a weakness which could render them a
victim if another person or persons would recognize these weaknesses and take
advantage of them.
6. “General Victim” is a person who has been physically, financially or
emotionally injured and/or had their property taken or damaged by someone, an event,
an organization or a natural phenomenon.
7. “Victimization” refers to an event where persons, communities and institutions
are damaged or injured in a significant way. Those persons who are impacted by
persons or events suffer a violation of rights or significant disruption of their well being.
8. “Victimology” is an academic scientific discipline which studies data that
describes phenomena and causal relationships related to victimizations. This includes
events leading to the victimization, the victim’s experience, its aftermath and the actions
taken by society in response to these victimizations. Therefore, victimology includes the
study of the precursors, vulnerabilities, events, impacts, recoveries, and responses by
people, organizations and cultures related to victimizations.
9. “Abuse of Power” is the violation of a national or international standard in the
use of organized powerful forces such that persons are injured physically, mentally,
emotionally, economically, or in their rights, as a direct and intentional result of the
misapplication of these forces.
10. “Victim Assistance, Support or Services” are those activities which are
applied in response to victimizations with the intention of relieving suffering and
facilitating recovery. This includes offering information, assessments, individual
interventions, case advocacy, system advocacy, public policy and programme
development.
11. “Victim Recovery” is the resumption of the same or better level of functionality
as was enjoyed prior to victimization. Persons who have been victimized vary in their
level of mental health and wellbeing prior to their victimization. Consequently,
victimization affects each person in a different way and causes differing degrees of injury
or trauma. In their recovery it is necessary for victims to first try to regain their previous
level of functioning plus learn from their misfortune and hopefully exceed their previous
106
level of functionality. To be recovered suggests that a person has at least regained their
prior level of well-being and at best, has exceeded it. This state may be measured by
identifying their previous mental condition and determining if they have at least regained
that prior status using the criteria of: trust in others, autonomy of self, individual initiative,
competency in daily activities, self-identity, interpersonal intimacy, control over personal
situations, successful relationships, safety in daily activities, acknowledgment of
memory, trauma symptoms have become manageable, self esteem is restored,
resourcefulness is achieved, and there is an improved ability to ward off potential
threats.
12. “Child Abuse” is the intentional application of sexual, physical, emotional or
psychological injury to a child to include neglect at the hands of her or his parents or
care-provider within the confines of their family or place of care.
13. “Victim Offender Mediation” (VOM) is a formal process for face-to-face
meetings in the presence of a trained mediator between a victim of a crime and his/her
offender who committed that crime. This is also called victim-offender dialogue, victim-
offender conferencing, victim-offender reconciliation, or restorative justice. Often the
victim and the offender are joined by their respective families and community members
or other persons related to the crime event. In these meetings, the offender and the
victim talk to each other about the victimization, the effects it had on their lives, and their
feelings about it. The aim is to create a mutually agreeable plan to repair any damage or
injury that occurred as a result of the crime in the hopes of permanently eliminating the
conflict that caused the crime in the first place.
14. “Restorative Justice” is a systematic formal legal response to crime
victimization that emphasizes healing the injuries that resulted from the crime and
affected the victims, offenders and communities. This process is a departure from the
traditional retributive form of dealing with criminals and victims which traditionally have
generally perpetuated the conflict which resulted in the original crime.
15. “Victim Trauma” includes emotional and physical experiences that produce
pain and injuries. Emotional injury is a normal response to an extremely abnormal event.
It results from the pairing of a painful or frightening emotional experience with a specific
memory which emerge and have a longlasting effect on the life of a person. The more
direct the exposure to the traumatic event, the higher the risk for emotional harm and
prolonged effects.
16. “Crisis Intervention” is the provision of emergency psychological care to
traumatized victims so as to help them return to an adaptive level of functioning and to
prevent or mitigate the negative impact of psychological and emotional trauma.
17. “Compensation” is a formal administrative procedure provided by law which
provides only money to victims for “out of pocket” real expenses directly resulting from
the victimization to be paid by the state after the victim is found to qualify according to
specific criteria determined by the respective state or federal law.
18. “Restitution” is a formal judicial procedure used by a judge after guilt is
determined as part of a sentence which can provide money and/or services to the victim
for damages or suffering which resulted from the victimization to be paid or performed by
the offender.
19. “Victim Survey” is a periodic data collection and analysis process conducted
usually by a government entity within the general population to study information about
crime victims regardless whether they reported their victimization to the police or not. It
107
typically uses a face-to-face or telephone interview (or sent questionnaire) and covers
demographics, attitudes about crime and details about the victimizations experienced
over the previous six months.
20. “Victim Rights” are privileges and procedures required by written law which
guarantee victims specific considerations and treatment by the criminal justice system,
the government and the community at large.
REFERENCES
Dean Ricardo M. Guevara and Dean Felipe S. Bautista, Sociology of Crimes and
Ethics
Calima, Manwong, San Diego, Criminal Sociology, Ethics and Human Relation
Brent E. Turvey. (2014) Victimology: A Brief History with an Introduction to

Forensic Victimology
108
Appendices
109
SHENAI FACTO
JUANCE is an instructor of
Add your kinakusgang Central Philippines State
picture here University. She obtained her
college degree, Bachelor of
Science in Criminology, Magna
Cum Laude at La Carlota City
College class of 2016. In the present year 2020, she finished her
Master of Science in Criminal Justice with specialization in
Criminology in Bago City College.
(NOTE: Include your professional affiliation, highest educational attainment,

designation/position, organizations, relevant trainings, conferences attended, experiences in the
field, etc.)

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1

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

PREPARED BY:SHENAI F. JUANCE, MSCJ-CRIM

Note to the Readers

Shenai F. Juance, MSCJ-Crim

To the students of the College of Criminal Justice Education-Hinigaran

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND

This module aims to:

1. Explain Human Behavior on the concept of human development and abnormal

 Understanding Human Behavior

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity

Aspects Your Perception Others’ Perception Comparison

UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

What is HUMAN BEHAVIOR?

Two Basic Types of Behavior:

Two Major Types of Behavior

1. Normal behavior (Adaptive or Adjusted behavior)

Classifications of Human Behavior:

1. Habitual - refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in language and

1. Overt and Covert Behavior

What causes humans’ to behave?

Causes of Human Behavior:

Man behaves the way they do because of the following causes;

Another thing that affects human behavior is human Basic

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

MY TWO BASIC TYPES

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Instruction. Make infographic on how human behavior is caused by Sensation,

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Instruction. From the statements given below identify whether it is an example of

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Start Off Activity

Defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and traits that defines an individual

1. ID -this stands for instinctual drives present at birth which

Another way of identifying composition of human personality is by using this

Humanistic theory is a positive approach that looks at each individual as

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

WORDS THAT DESCRIBES YOU

Extrovert Introvert Ambivert

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Start Off Activity

OTHER RELATED FACTORS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

Motivation and the Motivation Process

Goals. Objects, conditions, or activities toward which a particular

Motivation as the Force behind Human Behavior

In a glance, leading others as they pursue an organization’s mission,

Abraham H. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

According to Abraham H. Maslow, the creator of the hierarchy of human

Behavioral Patterns as to how people interact, termed as Ego States:

1. Parent-Ego State - protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refer to laws,

Name: ____________________________________ Score ______________

Family Savings Self-fulfillment

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