Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society

Scientific Revolution
How can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea. It includes
ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and
observations about the natural
and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual
activity. It encompasses a
systematic and practical study
of the
natural and physical world.
This process of study
involves systematic
observation and
experimentation.
3. Science as a body of
knowledge. It is a subject or a
discipline, a field of study, or a
body of
knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the
natural and physical world.
4. Science as a personal and
social activity. This explains
that science is both knowledge
and
activities done by human beings
to develop better understanding
of the world around them. It
is a means to improve life and
to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.
The idea of science revolution
claimed to have started in the
th
early 16 century up to the
th
18
century in Europe.
Scientific Revolution was
the period of enlightenment
when the developments in
the fields of
mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and
chemistry transformed the
views of society about
nature. It explained the
mergence or birth of modern
science as a result of these
developments from
the disciplines mentioned.
Lesson 2:
Intellectual
Revolutions That
Defined Society
Scientific Revolution
How can science be defined?
1. Science as an idea. It includes
ideas, theories, and all available
systematic explanations and
observations about the natural
and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual
activity. It encompasses a
systematic and practical study
of the
natural and physical world.
This process of study
involves systematic
observation and
experimentation.
3. Science as a body of
knowledge. It is a subject or a
discipline, a field of study, or a
body of
knowledge that deals with the
process of learning about the
natural and physical world.
4. Science as a personal and
social activity. This explains
that science is both knowledge
and
activities done by human beings
to develop better understanding
of the world around them. It
is a means to improve life and
to survive in life. It is
interwoven with people’s lives.
The idea of science revolution
claimed to have started in the
th
early 16 century up to the
th
18
century in Europe.
Scientific Revolution was
the period of enlightenment
when the developments in
the fields of
mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and
chemistry transformed the
views of society about
nature. It explained the
mergence or birth of modern
science as a result of these
developments from
the disciplines mentioned.
Scientific Revolution
 Science is as old as the world
itself. There is no individual
that can exactly identify when
and where science began. From
genesis of time, science has
existed. It is always interwoven
with
the society.
Definition of Science
1. Science as an idea. It
includes ideas, theories, and all
available systematic
explanations and
observations about the natural
and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual
activity. It encompasses a
systematic and practical study
of the
natural and physical world.
This process of study
involves systematic
observation and
experimentation.
Scientific Revolution
Science is as old as the world
itself. There is no individual
that can exactly identify when
and where science began. From
genesis of time, science has
existed. It is always interwoven
with
the society.
Definition of Science
1. Science as an idea. It
includes ideas, theories, and all
available systematic
explanations and
observations about the natural
and physical world.
2. Science as an intellectual
activity. It encompasses a
systematic and practical study
of the
natural and physical world.
This process of study
involves systematic
observation and
experimentation.
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

The intellectual revolution pertains to the period of paradigm shifts or changes in the scientific beliefs
that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people (Hintay, 2018).

THREE REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

1.) Ideas of known intellectuals

2.) Information Revolution
3.) Cradles of Early Science

IDEAS OF KNOWN INTELLECTUALS

COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

In the 16th century, Ptolemy introduced the geocentric model where it showed that the earth is
the center of the universe which was thought to be true by most of the people at that time.

NICHOLAS COPERNICUS

Copernicus is an astronomer who contradicts the geocentric model and proposed the
Heliocentric Theory where planets revolve around the sun.
 The change from the belief of Geocentric to Heliocentric happened through the contributions of
other important persons such as :

 Brahe’s observation of the star Cassiopeia

 Kepler stated that the planets move in elliptical orbits and the sun at the center
 Galileo Galilei developed telescope and observed Venus
 Isaac Newton’s law of gravitation

The Copernican revolution influences conceptual changes in cosmology, religion, physics and
philosophy.

DARWINIAN REVOLUTION

UNITED KINGDOM

CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)

Formulated his book “On the Origin of Species” in 1859 that presented evidence on how species
evolved over time and “The Descent of Man (1817)” that introduced the idea of all organic life under the
realm of revolutionary thinking.

Darwin proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection where organisms change overtime
as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. The changes that allow an organism to
better adapt to its environment can help it survive and have more offspring

There are 2 main points in his theory:

1. All life on Earth is connected and related to each other

2. This diversity of life came about because of the modifications in populations that were driven by
natural selection

Natural Selection – Survival of the Fittest

FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

SIGMUND FRUED (1856-1939)

Freud founded psychoanalysis.