1974

HUMAN DNA :
± 3 BILLION BASE PAIRS
± 30.000 GENES
± 2 METERS LONG
ALUR INFORMASI GENETIK (EKSPRESI GEN)

protein
DNA mRNA
A
C
U A
A G
C
A
Transcription G Translation
A
C
U
G
U
A
C

Phenotype
¨ Chromosome: the physical structure,
composed largely of DNA and protein that
contains the genes of an organism
¨ Genome : one complete set of genetic
information from a genetic system
¨ DNA : structural molecule of the
chromosome, contains the genes of an
organism
¨ Gene: the basic unit of heredity; it contains
the information to synthesize RNA
molecules and, in most cases, one
polypeptide
NUCLEIC ACID

2 TYPES :
• DEOXYRIBO NUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
• RIBO NUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
à Polymer of nucleotides à Polynucleotides
• Sugar
• Nitrogen bases
• Phosphate group

NITROGEN BASES
 DNA
¨ Double strand
¨ Nitrogen Bases :
¡ Purine (Adenine = A & Guanine = G)
¡ Pyrimidine (Cytosine = C & Thymine =T)
¡ Base pairing : A-T, G-C
¨ Sugar: Deoxyribose
¨ Template for :
ú Replication
ú Transcription
• Direction : 5’ à 3’ ; ANTI PARALEL
• COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING : A-T, G-C
DNA
STRUCTURE
 DNA
ISOLATION

PURE DNA

IN-VITRO
MANIPULATION

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
TECHNIQUES
 Properties of DNA
• Denaturation & Renaturation of DNA

The DNA double helix can unwind to form

single strands when subjected to :

– extremes of pH
– increased temperature
– decreased dielectric constant by alcohols, ketone, etc.
– exposure to amides or urea
DENATURATION RENATURATION
PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction
 RNA
¨ Single strand
¨ Nitrogen Bases :
¡ Purine (Adenine = A & Guanine = G)
¡ Pyrimidine (Cytosine = C & Uracil =U)
¡ Base pairing : A-U, G-C
¨ Sugar: Ribose
¨ Involved in protein synthesis
¨ 3 RNAs
¡ mRNA (messenger RNA) – contain CODON
¡ tRNA (transfer RNA) – contain ANTI-CODON
¡ rRNA –- ribosomal structure
Secondary structure
DNA to PROTEIN

DNA (GEN)
ATGTTACAAAAAAGGGGCCACTCA

Transkripsi

mRNA
AUGUUACAAAAAAGGGGCCACUCA

Translasi

PROTEIN
Met-Leu-Glu-Lys-Arg-Gly-His-Ser