BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 01

DIVISION 03
CONCRETE

E D I T E D B Y A R . M A R C E M I L V. M I R A N D A , U A P
F O R D O N H O N O R I O V E N T U R A S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y
D E PA RT M E N T O F A RC H I T E C T U R E
 TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED:

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE
3.A

LIME
CEMENTING MATERIALS

One of the oldest manufactured building materials used as a mortar and

plaster by all the early civilizations:
• Egyptians used lime plaster
before 2600 B.C.
• Greeks used it extensively
for mortars and plasters
• Romans developed a
mixture of lime putty and
volcanic ash for the first
real cement.
Manufactured by the
calcination of limestone
(carbonates of calcium and
magnesium).

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Video courtesy of DW GERMANY public state-owned int’l. broadcaster

For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A

LIME
CEMENTING MATERIALS

The carbonates decompose into carbon dioxide, which is expelled, and

calcium oxide (CaO) called quicklime.
• Before quicklime can be
used, it must first be
mixed with water in the
process called slaking or
hydration.

• The lime has now

become calcium
hydroxide (Ca(OH)2),
known as slaked lime or
hydrated lime.

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Quicklime

3.A

LIME
CEMENTING MATERIALS

HYDRATED LIME mixed with water to make lime putty, is used as an

ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat Portland cement
plasters. It is also used for mixing with cement mortar or concrete to:
• increase its workability
• decrease its permeability
to water
• reduce cracking due to
shrinkage
A type of lime which will set under
water is hydraulic lime, used only
where slow underwater setting is
required.

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image courtesy of Paleotechnics - WordPress.com

For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A

GYPSUM
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Gypsum, like lime, was

used as a plaster by the
Egyptians, Greeks and
Romans.
“Plaster” from the Greek
word for both the raw
material and calcined
product. In architectural
terminology the words
“Plaster” and “gypsum”
are often used
interchangeably.

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image courtesy of alamy stock photo

For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A

GYPSUM
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Gypsum rock is ground fine and

heated (calcined) to between
162.78 °c to 171.11 °c. when it loses
about three-fourths of its combined
water.
The remaining product is Plaster of
Paris if pure gypsum is used, or
hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities
are present or added to retard the
set and improve the setting
qualities. Hard wall plaster is harder
than lime plaster, sets more quickly
and thoroughly.
DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image of gypsum mixture
For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A

GYPSUM PLASTER
CEMENTING MATERIALS

Gypsum plaster is
rendered more plastic
by the addition of
hydrated lime.
Fiber or hair is also
sometimes added for
greater cohesiveness.
The fiber may be hemp,
sisal or jute; the hair is
generally cleaned goat
or cattle hair.
DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image of gypsum PLASTER moldings
For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A

GYPSUM PLASTER
CEMENTING MATERIALS

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image of gypsum PLASTER moldings

For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A

CEMENT
CEMENTING MATERIALS

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image of gypsum PLASTER moldings

For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A
CEMENT PROCESS

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image courtesy of a visual dictionary in architecture 2nd edition by francis
d.k. ching. For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A
CEMENT PROCESS

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image courtesy of a visual dictionary in architecture 2nd edition by francis
d.k. ching. For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
3.A
CEMENT PROCESS

DIVISION 03 | CONCRETE Image courtesy of a visual dictionary in architecture 2nd edition by francis
d.k. ching. For educational purposes only intended for student visuals
CEMENTING MATERIALS 3.A

CONCRETE
3.A

CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑when mixed with water and a ❑when mixed with water, FINE
FINE AGGREGATE of LESS AGGREGATE and a LARGE
THAN 6MM (¼“) is known as AGGREGATE OF MORE THAN
MORTAR, STUCCO or 6MM (¼”) in size produces
CEMENT PLASTER. CONCRETE.
3.A

CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

❑a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and

water.
❑a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed
into predetermined size or shape
❑upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength,
hardness and durability. The hardening of concrete is
called SETTING.
❑when strengthened by embedded steel, is called
Reinforced Concrete.
❑when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass
concrete.
3.A

QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE

CEMENTING MATERIALS

Concrete should be: These are obtained through:

• Strong • careful selection of materials
• Durable • correct proportioning
• of Uniform Quality, • thorough mixing
and
• careful transporting and
• Thoroughly Sound. placing
• proper curing or protection of
the concrete after it is placed
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

a. Cement
•in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-grade
Type 1 Portland cement type C-150 conforming to the
“Standard Specifications and Test for Portland Cement” of
the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
• The kind of tests usually made are:
✓soundness, or constancy of volume
✓time of setting
✓fineness
✓tensile strength
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

a. Cement

Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately

1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

b. Aggregates
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

b. Aggregates
•inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making
concrete, should be particles that are durable, strong,
clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from
injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,
shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
substances.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

b. Aggregates
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

b. Aggregates
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

FINE AGGREGATES
(aggregates smaller than 6mm (¼”) in size) consist of sand,
stone screenings or other inert materials of similar
characteristics.

❑ Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass a

No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
❑ not more than 30% nor less
than 10% shall pass a No. 50
sieve.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

COARSE AGGREGATES
(aggregate larger than ¼” in size) consists of crushed
stones, gravel or other inert materials of similar
characteristics.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

COARSE AGGREGATES
❑ Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a size which will
readily pass between all reinforcing bars and between reinforcement
and Forms BUT NOT EXCEED 25MM (1”) IN SIZE FOR REINFORCED BEAMS,
FLOOR SLABS, & THIN WALLS.
❑ They may range up to 50mm (2”) for less highly reinforced parts of the
structures such as footings, thick walls, and massive work.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

SPECIAL AGGREGATES
such as cinders, blast furnace slag, expanded shale or clay,
perlite, vermiculite, and sawdust, may produce:
❑lightweight, nailable concrete
❑thermal insulating concrete.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c. Water
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c. Water
❑ Water combines with the cement to form a paste which
coats and surrounds the inert particles of aggregates.
❑ Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.
❑ The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly
upon the strength of the paste.
❑ If there be an excess of water the paste becomes thin and
weak and its holding power is reduced.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

WATER-CEMENT RATIO

❑ should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter,

or other deleterious substances
❑ should be reasonably clear and clean.
❑ The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c. Water
❑ This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5 gallons as
average for ordinary job conditions. The less water used in
mixing, the better the quality of concrete.
3.A

MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
CEMENTING MATERIALS

c. Water
❑ The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It should
not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to place in the
forms, nor too wet that separation of the ingredients result.