GP: technology note

Statements
Medi
Fake new
1. The advent of new technology and its in uence on the media gave us the term, ‘fake news’ just
a few years ago. More formally known as disinformation, this term refers to the spread of false
information with the intent to deceive, and is one of the main reasons why society today can no
longer rely on the media for objective, accurate information
2. Media has the potential to be trusted due to the presence of gatekeepers as well as rigorous
editing and fact-checking processes which ensure that published content is veri ed.
3. Esteemed media outlets that have a reputation to upkeep and have well-established protocols
will certainly strive to establish themselves as trustworthy through thorough gatekeeping and
fact-checking before publication
4. The emergence of external gatekeepers has helped mitigate the problem of disinformation to a
certain degree
5. While these checks and balances are encouraging to see, one must realise that they are
coming less and less rigorous due to the invasive presence of new media. Characterised by its
speed of publication where anyone and everyone can post information with just the click of
several buttons, traditional print outlets have become pressurised to put out content at an
equally rapid pace to maintain its share of viewers
6. The growing in uence of new media means that we can no longer trust the media due to its
lack of veracity. The problem with new media — which includes social media, video-sharing,
forums and other sharing sites on the internet — is that there are no gatekeepers. This means
that the rigorous fact-checking processes which so fundamentally de ne traditional media are
non-existent.
7. New media’s ease of contribution means that anyone, not only journalists or editors, can
contribute to the propagation of information. At best, the lack of accurate information leads to
confusion.
8. The widespread dissemination of false information on the media’s new platforms makes it
dif cult for viewers to wholeheartedly trust the media
9. Newer forms of media lend themselves to be a penchant for sensationalism. For media
sources, whether large or small, the goal of making pro ts has made the art of sensationalism
into a very attractive tool. Yet, such sensationalism makes the media less trustworthy
10. It is very dif cult to continue to trust the media due to its increasingly partisan nature. The
media outlets today seem to no longer want a beacon of objectivity but rather one to push the
journalists’ own agendas, or those of their stakeholders
11. With fewer and fewer truly objective media coverage, one cannot help but wonder if what they
read is government propaganda, ungrounded criticism or facts
12. It is very dif cult to continue to trust the media due to the prevalence of fake news. Though the
pro t motive and political leanings of media companies have always been in existence, the rise
of new media and tis rapid speed and widespread sharing have made the focus on the former
even more acute
13. In such a world where information is so readily and easily falsely construed, it is very hard for
truly objective, non-partisan media companies to survive. As a consequence, the onus of fact-
checking, then, is likely to fall on the med consumer, who must be less trusting and more well-
informed
14. The number of media portals that an average person today has access to is astounding.

Media liberating peopl

15. In today’s world, the media plays a vital role in providing information, entertainment and most
importantly, shedding light on lesser-known issues
16. The media, being an extremely important tool that has the capability to free people from
oppression, voices concerns of the public and enlightens them on pressing issues, thus acting
as a liberating force
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 17. The media is often censored and manipulated to act as a mouthpiece to promote certain
agendas
18. The media can misrepresent information when censored, and hence restricts people’s
knowledge rather than liberates them with access to a range of viewpoints
19. The media has become an essential tool that serves to free many people across the globe from
oppression by being a voice that sheds light on their predicaments
20. New media, with its global outreach and lightning fast speed of information dissemination, has
made possible the rise of a phenomenon known as citizen journalism. Given that everyone with
internet access and the ability to type can now partake in the news dissemination process, new
media has given a voice to the common people who are now able to raise issues and garner
support and help.
21. In the realm of arts, the media has liberated people from both geographical and economic
constraints and boundaries and has successfully immersed them in the appreciation of the arts.
In the past, the arts, in the form of music, plays and lms, were restricted to the rich and the
wealthy or could be appreciated only by those who are physically close to theatres, museums
or cinemas. However, with media coverage in the form of television shows, radio and
magazine, these art forms are accessible to anyone with a television or a computer
22. The media has freed people from geographical and physical boundaries and allowed them
access to an entirely new world and countless different cultures through accessible mediums

Problems of journalis
23. Theodore Roosevelt once commented on the mass media and journalism speci cally — ‘the
power of the journalist is great, but he is neither respected nor admired for it, unless it is used
right,’ The former president of the United States aptly summed up what the mass media should
aim to do: tell the truth and not abuse their power of massive in uence.

Technology and A
24. With their amazing ingenuity, human beings have for centuries conceived, invented and
designed machine after machine to make their lives easier and satisfy their desires. Machines
act as multipliers of human ability that allow people to accomplish more in life. However, in
creating machines that are ever more useful, Man has made himself ever less useful
25. Our professional skills are a major casualty of automation. Across a wide swathe of industries,
the role of human beings has been minimised as machines take over a myriad of functions
26. In the area of sports, our skills have also largely declined as a result of technological
advancements. The proliferation of new and ever more advanced forms of indoor
entertainment has enticed us to carry our more and more of our recreational activities in the
comfort of our homes
27. The most deleterious deterioration in human skills is in the area if interpersonal skills, as many
people have experienced a severe degradation of their communication skills
28. New technologies create more problems than bene ts because they are often liable to
discriminate use, especially during the transition period from old to new technologies where
tech-savvy Singaporeans ock to try them out.
29. Growing up in the digital revolution, technologically savvy young adults are the newly
empowered, smart consumers of travel. With easy access to the Internet and a pro cient
command of technology, these digital natives are enabled to compare prices and navigate
travel review sites, blogs and online communities effortlessly in the creation of their own
personalised travel plans
30. In their travels, this new generation of explorers are eager to tell the untold, oftentimes through
their social media personalities. As networking sites become ride with documentation of exotic
travels, vacation experiences have coalesced around picture-perfect shots of key destinations.
The idea of travelling becomes indubitably linked to the pictorial representation of the
experience
31. Since its inception, technology has always served to meet the needs of humanity, and ful lled
whatever purpose required at the time of each invention. In fact, all technology has been borne
out of some desire wanting to be satis ed, be it one of pleasure or of convenience, of safety or
of prolonging one’s life. Yet, mindful of technology’s established dominance and success in
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 economic realms, social activists insist there is now an urgent need for the efforts of technology
to steer towards social contribution, aiding disparate minorities that genuinely require
assistance
32. Critics of technology’s current purposes narrowly target its consumer-centric intents,
lambasting the ways that technology furtively engineer new needs rather than solve current
problems
33. The contention that technology should deviate from its pro t-driven path is a naïve one as it
fails to recognise that altruism today cannot stay relevant in an economy where money is the
most crucial resource.
34. Another chief reason purported for the fallacy of a wealth-centred application of modern
technologies is that it excludes groups that cannot afford them, consequently constructing a
technological divide between privileged and disadvantaged parties
35. Considering the resource scarce environment and the protectionist attitudes of organisations
that have hoarded precious natural resources, a focus on nancial gain is arguably the most
ef cient and productive tactic for technology to continually extend convenience to the lives it
touches without losing momentum.
36. Economic gain is crucial for the generation of technologies we cannot do without, and essential
for ensuring that it reaches as wide an audience that it can be of value to
37. The distress over how technology is only being used for nancial bene t is mistakenly
undertaken. In fact, today’s situation deliberates that this application is not only acceptable, but
should be the only way it is used
38. Technology’s inherent purposes, that of contribution to humanity, is essentially determinant on
the responsibility of its masters, and the aws resulting from the misuse of that power should
be redirected to those who use it, instead of being unfairly angled to be the fault of nancial
gain.
39. Over the last two centuries, industrial revolutions have opened up millions of jobs, shifting large
labour forces to operate new factories and machinery. At present, as the digital revolution of
Industry 4.0 unfolds before our eyes, the nature of work and the workplace is again being
rede ned.
40. The rapid development of arti cial intelligence will steal livelihoods in the coming years. As
research and development improves, machines are becoming increasingly cost-effective and
more adept at completing some tasks, as compared to human labour
41. There are still jobs today that cannot be replaced by digitalisation and arti cial intelligence.
42. Other distinctively human traits play a big part in making a single career a reality in this age of
disruption. Apart from creativity, our quality of love, compassion and empathy offer great
longevity, as jobs that largely involve such human emotions are unlikely to be wiped out by
arti cial intelligence
43. Amidst accelerated advancements in arti cial technology, anxieties over a zero-sum showdown
between man and machine are mounting. AI is already replacing human intervention in a range
of applications, from low-level tasks such as scheduling appointments to complex solutions
such as surge pricing models used by ride-hailing services. It is increasingly conceivable that at
some point in the future, the need for human input will be removed altogether
44. Instead of forcing humans into obsolescence, machines are much more likely to be supporting
tools for us
45. A future with AI is a future where man and machine coexist and complement each other. As
creators of AI technology, humans must seize the opportunity to augment the strengths of
human intelligence with AI. Despite remarkable processing powers, there are areas of human
intelligence that simply cannot be programmed. AI is not to be feared. Combining AI with these
fundamental human skills can amplify the social impact that we ca make on a global scale and
unleash greater human potential to think, feel and create
46. The relentless rise of science over the centuries, from the days of the great ancient Greek
philosopher-scientists such as Democritus and Aristotle to the present day’s biological
experiments with implanting human glial cells into the brains of rodents, has not only captured
the imagination of the human race but also gradually planted and nurtured the seed of doubt in
the human consciousness about our traditional religious beliefs
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 Examples + Explanation

Technology replacing human

1. When Hanson Robotic’s Sophia, the humanoid robot, was publicised as a semi-sentient entity,
‘she’ was presented as being a few software updates away from matching human intelligence.

2. In the Chinese Room Argument, philosopher John Searle demonstrates that the best forms of
AI merely imitate human intelligence. In the thought experiment, Searle imagines a rule book
for responding to Chinese characters, which allows people who do not understand Chinese to
accurately manipulate the Chinese symbols to produce responses to actual Chinese speakers

3. Luminance, a legal AI programme, classi es large volumes of data for lawyers and reduces
hours of processing into mere minutes.

4. Amper is an AI-powered platform that churns out codes of music samplers based on genres
and moods selected by the user.
1. Programmes can create musical patterns and mimic human voice, but an algorithm lacks
sentiment in creation, which is essential to the artistic experience. Hence, human inputs are
important to transform raw material of patterns and sounds into a piece of music that is
interesting or pleasant to listen to

5. Agbots are robots used in agriculture to help improve ef ciency and reduce reliance on manual
labour. They not only automate slow, repetitive and dull tasks, allowing farmers to focus on
improving overall production yields, but are also able to perform more nuanced tasks such as
tailoring pesticide application to where it is needed and monitoring water, soil and stock
conditions

6. Cyber-agriculture is the application of machine learning technology to farming. This entails

using computers to track a plant’s characteristics over tie and search for the right balance of
temperature, humidity, light levels and exposure to produce the tastiest and healthiest version
of the crop

7. In 2018, a battle of tunes was held in Singapore’s Victoria concert hall. Two pieces were judged
on their playability, orchestration and style. One of the pieces was written by MorpheuS, a
software that makes use of deep learning to compose music. It was rst created to push limits
and test if mathematical solutions could be applied to creative problems. The other was written
by a human being. The results? Humanity, one. Machines, zero.
1. Most of such deep-learning algorithms are only god at generating short fragments of music.
When it comes to longer pieces, that lack an understanding of ow, continuity and complex
coherence to create a piece that is emotionally and artistically compelling.
2. Humans create with intuition, while machines can only optimise the information they are fed
with

8. In the annual Hannover Messe trade fair held in Hannover, Germany, more than 6,500
exhibitors and 250,000 visitors came together to explore possibilities and innovations in
advanced manufacturing
1. Despite such huge interest in machine-driven manufacturing today, the future is not
preordained by the machines; it is created by humans. The shift in landscape of careers
may be unavoidable, but as arti cial intelligence expert Kai-Fu Lee believes the new age of
technological advancements is here to remind us what it is that makes us human

9. OpenAI, an Elon Musk-backed company, recently announced that it had arrived at a research
breakthrough with a text prediction and generation software which could write reasonably good
stories, based on just a few leading words
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 10. According to a report by the World Economic Forum, more than 58 million new jobs will be
created within the next few years. For instance, AI will be more adept at language translation,
causing less human translators to be in demand.

Social Medi
Social Media’s in uence upon the younger generation
11. The Conrad Hilton resort in the Maldives started offering Instagram butler services where
‘Instatrails’ are conducted at the most photogenic spots in the area, along with advice on how
to get the best pictures

12. Vacation packages offered by El Camino Travel now include an Instagram photographer to
delver carefully edited ‘candid’ pictures of participants

13. Across Asia, photogenic attractions are on the rise. The treetop platforms of the Kalibiru
Tourism Village in Indonesia have been speci cally redesigned and converted into a full-
edged destination for social media photo opportunities

14. In recent years, instances of tourists paying for exotic sel es with their lives have become fairly
ubiquitous. More than 250 sel e-related deaths have been reported worldwide in the past six
years and the bulk of these fatalities involved young people. The causes of death ranged from
drowning and falling from heights to being hit by oncoming trains and being mauled by a bear

15. In 2017, the top-ten most Instagrammed location also coincided with popular tourist attractions,
including the Eiffel Tower, Brooklyn Bridge and Disney parks across the world

Social Media liberating peopl

16. The protests and riots on the streets of Tripoli against Gadda ’s regime were rst made known
to the international community through amateur footage uploaded by Facebook and twitter
users, which went on to enlighten the world about the injustice that was ongoing in the region.
This even prompted a NATO air raid led by France on Gadda ’s troops, as a sign of support for
the people of Libya and their plight.
1. This exempli es the media’s power to liberate the common people from injustice and grant
them the freedom to express their opinions

17. Music is no longer restricted to certain regions or countries as iTunes and Billboard Magazines
are excellent presentations of how, even with regards to the arts, the media has freed people
from geographical and physical boundaries and allowed them access to an entirely new world
and countless different cultures through something as accessible as MTV or a Bollywood
movie

The truth and lies perpetuated by medi

18. In the cases of Abu Ghraib and the Guantanamo Bay prison scandals, the media was able to
uncover footage of American soldiers abusing the rights of prisoners. Many documentaries
such as Discovery Channel’s ‘Air Crash Investigation’ also do the same thing and uncover
truths behind conspiracies and cover-ups, and can equip people with this knowledge, freeing
them from deceit and fraudulent theories

The degradation (in quality, etc) of medi

19. In the late 1990s, the reality television genre made its debut on the screen with the much
touted series ‘Survivor’.
1. The emergence of this genre was in large part as a protest against the affected melodrama
of soap opera viewers, as people wanted to see real people in real life situations. Ironically,
the genre has degenerated into a host of miniature soap operas, which if not completely
scripted, are very much edited and doctored to present a more dramatic and unre ective
piece of the actual reality that goes on during the lming.
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20. The standard formula of cat- ghting, sex and romance, which has the additional advantage of
low cost production, has resulted in endless spin-offs of this successful prototype. The popular
programme ‘The Bachelor’ has spawned ‘Who Wants to Marry a Millionaire?’, ‘Joe Millionaire’
and ‘Average Joe’, to name a few
1. After watching the same content labelled under different television titles, people will
become rather desensitised to the predictability of the endless stream of gossip, and can
only wonder at the rapid evanescence of the initial attraction the programme’s novelty held

Technology widening inequity and inequalit

21. Even as loyal Apple customers around the developed world eagerly await the release of the
next version of the iPhone, millions of people in sub-saharan Africa and Asia, continue to live
their lives, untouched even by basic technologies like electricity and proper sanitation
1. The point here is not to begrudge how people choose to spend their hard-earned money or
pour cold water on technological innovations. It is simply to point out the fact that millions of
technologies that can be used to immensely improve millions of lives are not put to that use
just because of a lack of nancial bene t. For instance, Malaria kills about a million people
around the world every year and yet there are no vaccines currently available for it, as
malaria is a disease of poverty, only infecting people living in abject living environments.
Since governments in malaria-plagued countries are too poor and lack the expertise to fund
vaccine research, while pharmaceutical companies see no incentive in researching for
vaccines or drugs for a disease that only affects the poor, the future for areas stricken by
malaria looks bleak
2. The development of technology today is driven primarily by market forces, as it means that
only those with a certain degree of purchasing power can set the agenda and bene t from
the fruits of technology

Censorship and Privac

22. The ‘Great Firewall’ of China cooks out all pro-democratic websites and seven search engines
such as Google, replacing them with its own censored versions such as Baidu. In this manner,
all the exposure that the people receive about events are restricted to what the authorities
allow, leaving the people with misconceptions and incomplete information, as seen in the
Chinese Xin Hua News Agency’s minimal coverage of the devastation caused by the Sichuan
Earthquake, which the government sought to downplay
1. This showcases how the media can misrepresent information when censored, and hence
restricts people’s knowledge rather than liberating them by providing them the access to a
wide range of viewpoints

23. The hacking scandal that brought down British tabloid The News of the World in 2011 is a
prominent example of the violation of the rights of individuals caused by the press and media.
Reporters from the paper were found to have hacked the phones of celebrities, politicians and
members of the British Royal Family. What shocked the country and world even more was the
revelation that the newspaper had intruded into the phones of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler
and victims of the 7 July 2005 terror attacks on the London Underground train network.
1. The freedom of the press cannot be allowed to extend so far that it eviscerates he
fundamental right of individuals to privacy, which is also integral to a person’s dignity

24. In 2005, New York Times reported Judith Miller served 85 days in jail for contempt of court
when she refused to disclose the source that leaked the identity of undercover Central
Intelligence Agency agent Valerie Plume.
1. When a con dential source violates a federal law in leaking information to the press, it can
harm the nation’s security. Hence, journalists should not be allowed to undermine national
security in the name of press freedom

25. In recent times, a particularly notable example of the media undermining national security is the
alleged Russian exploitation of the US presidential elections in 2016 by spreading fake news
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 on Facebook using highly sophisticated programs such as ‘bots’ or autonomous programmes

designed to behave like humans online
1. Such disinformation campaigns, if not regulated, can undermine not only national security
but even the sovereignty of the state itself

26. The ‘Jasmine Revolution’ or ‘Arab Spring’ in 2011 spread across international borders in a
couple of weeks, prompting several countries’ citizens to revolt against oppressive regimes. In
Tunisia, the Ben Ali government was successfully ousted and the oppressed were liberated. In
a similar manner, the new media has emboldened many young Zimbabweans to stand up to
their previous dictator Robert Mugabe. Through the ‘ThisFlag’ movement, a wave of online
activism was seen, forcing the Zimbabwean African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF)
regime to respond to an upsurge in online activism
1. With its inexorable reach, new media had helped liberate those who are unable to fend for
themselves through gathering online support, instead of enslaving them

27. Edward Snowden’s National Security Administration (NSA) revelations in 2013 lends testament
to this phenomenon as it con rmed public concerns on online surveillance of new media

28. In 2016, Teresa May introduced the Investigatory Powers Act in the United Kingdom to
heighten mass surveillance and decryption of new media.
1. It appears that individuals continue to remain powerless to the loss of one’s privacy, where
all information and movements online are being observed and scrutinised
2. Mass surveillance indubitably demands total control and power to any private information of
an individual
3. Government surveillance of new media has led to the loss of individual privacy. With full
power in the hands of the government, it is not uncommon for the government to utilise
their power to their bene t, through mass surveillance. Hiding behind the reason for
security, the government demands access to all sorts of information, even private
conversations between two individuals on Twitter. In fact, social media mass surveillance is
permitted by law. The Economist takes this further by comparing government mass
surveillance to a giant ‘panopticon’, where individuals will remain vulnerable to the
surveillance carried out by the government

Science and Technology VERSUS Religio

29. In pre-scienti c times, Man believed that disease purely had supernatural causes, in which one
would fall ill if had had offended the gods. The remedy, therefore, was to repent and undertake
penance.
1. Hence, Science provides more objective evidence on many matters, as it is based on
observable and measurable evidence. This is particularly true on matters of physical reality
such as the causes of disease or the operation of an airplane

30. The Theory of Evolution and subsequent research provide an impressive body of evidence that
we evolved from ape-like creatures, and ultimately from a single-cell organism. However, it
begs the question, where did the rst few organisms come from? How did such supposedly
simple organisms have the amazing functionality of not only being able to reproduce, but also
to steadily become millions of times more complex? In other words, even the simplest single-
cell organism is a more complex and intricate machine than any device mankind has created
1. There are multiple questions that stubbornly occupy the minds of a very substantial
proportion of our species - notably the origins of our existence, and its meaning

31. There are many highly logical individuals who have found great meaning in religious faith, such
as former US president Barack Obama, Nobel Prize-winning Physicist Max Planck, and the
Dalai Lama
1. Even though Science has raised many doubts about the ideas of divine creator, it has
never been able to disprove it comprehensively, nor replace the idea with a truly factual
alternative. Even if one were to believe that the universe came into being through a Big

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 Bang, and living creatures came into existence by chance and then evolved, science
provides little to no conclusive answer to what the meaning of our lives is.
2. On the other hand, religion offers the conceptually straightforward idea of a relationship
with a divine being or the pursuit of a divine quest through an act of faith as the basis for a
good life — which brings immense ful lment to millions around the world. Hence, when it
comes to scrutinising the intricacies of human life and the morality of mankind, religion
forms a better foundation for our actions than science

32. One thinks of how Isaac Newton’s idea of absolute space - once considered to be a fact - was
debunked later by Albert Einstein’s General theory of Relativity, which turned the foundations of
physics on its head. However, no one can truly guarantee whether Einstein’s theory is a myth
as well.
1. This is because, opposed to what 21st-century sensibilities think, a fundamental basis of
scienti c assertions is their fallibility. Hence, all scienti c claims are made with the
readiness to be retracted in the presence of contradictory evidence in the future

33. Advancements in biomedical sciences and technology have dramatically increased the
lifespans of the human race by almost double of our ancestors, with cures and treatments for
illnesses long thought to be deadly being available in local drug stores all across the world. For
example, the discovery of penicillin in 1928 allowed doctors to nally be able to treat illnesses
and infections that for centuries had been taking the lives of many

34. The advent of science and modern healthcare has caused a 90% decline in the infant mortality
rate from 1915 to 1997, and a 99% decline in the maternal mortality rate in the same period.
1. Scienti c research and discoveries have changed the way healthcare and health in general
is perceived, completely revolutionising the way we live our lives and what we believe the
be possible. In contrast, it seems that religion has merely given people a way of dealing
with the emotional toll that chronic illnesses can have on them, rather than providing any
de nitive treatment that could help to actually solve or cure illnesses

35. Across the world, young people are growing less religious – a study conducted by the Pew
Research Centre indicates that in 41 out of 106 countries surveyed, young adults are
increasingly less likely to be af liated to religious groups. Religions across the world have
largely been relegated to performing ceremonial roles on special occasions, as opposed to how
science and technology have basically been able to capture global focus and attention

36. Countries across the world have agreed that an understanding of science is necessary in order
to understand how things in the world work and the overall nature of the physical world itself.
This can be seen through the prominence of science in education systems around the world,
instilling in the society the reasons behind many of the phenomenon that we witness during our
lives. Former US President Barack Obama notably pledged more than $240 million in schemes
to promote the role of scienti c study in an average American student’s education.
1. Science has allowed society to fully grasp the natural world and understand things such as
the water cycle, vegetation, gravity often to the detriment of religion as religious beliefs
become undermined by scienti c understanding. This greater grasp of the world around us
has allowed us to innovate and improve, no longer fearing natural disasters such as
earthquakes and tsunamis as the wrath of god and instead understanding why these
events happen and developing ways to predict them and protect ourselves from them

37. It is widely known that in many religions that act of murder is a sin and the Christian Bible even
goes so far as to tell its followers to “love thy neighbour as thyself”, demonstrating how religion
often holds people to a higher moral code and reinforcing that notions of right and wrong come
naturally to most. Legal traditions, which often draw inspiration from conventional moral
standards, have been in uenced by religion at some point or the other. In Thailand, Buddhist
concepts of cosmic law and religion have been awlessly integrated with modern concepts of
public administration and legal process, introducing a framework for both religious discourse
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 and legal authority. That said, it should be noted that religion may not be perfect in this aspect –
religion is often used to justify acts of bigotry such as homophobia, as the Westboro Baptist
Church suggests.
1. Despite its aws, religion does serve as a guide in many ways to how people should act, as
all religions do tend to promote good behaviour and practises and reinforce strong moral
character. Science on the other hand intrinsically lacks emotion and any moral compass as
science is in essence entirely based on facts and outcomes.
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