CLARIFICATION/DEFECATION

• To remove non-sugars and impurities

– Liming
– Sulphitation
– Phosphatation
– Carbonation

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Juiceclarification

25
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FLOW DIAGRAM

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• PROCESS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• FILTRATION
• Clarified mud from the clarifier further filtered in rotary filter.
Mud & sludge are stick on the periphery of rotating drum by the
action of suction. Solid cake removes from the drum by doctor blade.
 FILTRATION
• Mud from
clarifier still
contain some
residual juice
• Filtered to
extract residual
juice in Rotary
Vacuum Filters

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FLOW DIAGRAM

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• PROCESS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Evaporation
• Evaporators are used in process industry to concentrate liquids.
• The operation is performed normally by use of low pressure, dry &
saturated steam.
• The evaporator consist a heat exchanger in inner section .
• In the evaporator feed interred at upper section and concentrated
thick liquor exit at bottom section.
• Multiple effect evaporator increase quality

Multiple effect
evaporator
 EVAPORATION
• Juice evaporated to obtain super saturated
solution
• Increase concentration of juice from 15ᴼ brix
to 65ᴼ brix
• Juice preheated to
around 107-110ᴼC
• Two types of evaporators
– Single effect evaporators
– Multiple effect evaporators

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MULTI-EFFECT
EVAPORATOR

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 CONT…
• Steam used to evaporate juice
• 1 liter steam to evaporate 4
liter juice
• Steam temperature 113-
130ᴼC at 1st pan and
55ᴼC at last pan
• Each subsequent vessel with
decreasing pressure
• Last pan being under almost a
total vacuum

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FLOW DIAGRAM

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• PROCESS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Crystallization
• In the field of engineering crystallization process
considered as mass transfer operation.
• Purest form of substance is obtained.
• The object of the process is usually the recovery of the
solute (crystals) from the solvent.
• Process consist 3 major events:
• Clustering
• Nucleation
• growth
 CRYSTALLIZATION
• Carried out in single effect high-vacuum boiling
Pans

• Brix are increased from 65ᴼ to 75ᴼ by boiling at

60ᴼC

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 CONT…
• Massecuite
– mixture of crystals and mother
liquor (molasses) resulting from the
crystallization
• Transferred to
crystallizer at low
temprature

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FLOW DIAGRAM

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• PROCESS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Separation /centrifugation
• Separate sugar from molasses /mother liquor
• Centrifuge operates at 100-1800 rpm
• Molasses pass through perforations
• Sugar crystals are washed with 85ᴼC water
• Raw sugar and molasses produced

centrifuge
CENTRIFUGATION

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Sugar .... Raw -.... Clarified .,... Sugar
Cane Sugar Sugar Crystals
Juice Juice

, ,lr .,r
.Bagasse Mill Mud Molasses

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FLOW DIAGRAM

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REFINING
• PROCESS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Refining
• A sugar refinery is a refinery which processes raw sugar into white
refined sugar.
• Refining process consist of 4 step ;
• Affination - dissolving off some surface impurities
• Carbonatation - removing further impurities that precipitate
from solution with calcium carbonate
• char filtration - removing further impurities with activated
carbon
• Recovery - using a vacuum process . The liquor left
over from the preparation of white sugar and the
washings from the affination stage both contain sugar which it
is economic to recover.
• PROCESS OF SUGAR PRODUCTION
• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Refining process
RECEIVING AND STORAGE

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 AFFINATION
• Mixture of raw sugar with high purity syrup
(85%) called magma
• Melts outermost layer of the raw sugar crystal at
50ᴼC
• Centrifugation to remove resulting syrup from
melting of the outer layer

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 MELTING
• Affinated sugar dissolved
with hot condensate to
conc. of 72ᴼ brix
• Melted at 85ᴼC in Batch or
continuous melter

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 PURIFICATION
• Remelt may contain some impurities and
colorants
• Liming
1. Partial 2. Complete
• Carbonization
• Colorants remover by decolorization

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 DECOLORIZATION
• Two methods
1. Granular activated carbon (GAC)
2. Ion exchange resine

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 EVAPORATION &
CRYSTALLIZATION
• Sugar syrup evaporated up to super saturation
• Crystallization
• Centrifugation to obtain refined sugar crystals

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• MANUFACTURING PROCESS
• Drying
• Drying is very essential mass transfer operation in processing sugar
cane into sugar.
• The wet raw sugar from centrifuges goes to rotary drier to remove the
water from the wet sugar to reduce moisture content to 0.5-2%; using
hot air at 110ºC which flow counter currently with sugar.